Compounds > cholecalciferol
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cholecalciferol

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Description

Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5280795
CHEMBL ID1042
CHEBI ID28940
SCHEMBL ID3126
MeSH IDM0004229

Synonyms (186)

Synonym
provitina
vitamin d (cholecalciferol)
vitamin d assay system suitability
ak r215 component colecalciferol
CHEMBL1042
colecalciferolum
ak-r215 component colecalciferol
vitamin d3 (as cholecalciferol)
vitamin d3; cholecalciferol
(+)-vitamin d3
delta-d
(3s,5z,7e)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol
CHEBI:28940 ,
(3beta,5z,7e)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol
oleovitamin d3
colecalciferol
cc
(5z,7e)-(3s)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol
vigantol
cholecalciferol (jp17/usp)
D00188
colecalciferol (inn)
delta-d (tn)
quintox
PRESTWICK_63
BPBIO1_000460
ACON1_001997
delsterol
nsc375571
nsc-375571
(5z,7e)-(3s)-9,10-seco-5,7,10(19)-cholestatrien-3-ol
LMST03020001
BSPBIO_000418
MEGXM0_000458
NCGC00091072-01
trivitan
feracol
UPCMLD-DP152:001
deparal
vigorsan
ricketon
9,10-secocholestra-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol, (3beta,5z,7e)-
vitinc dan-dee-3
einecs 200-673-2
arachitol
rampage
9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol, (3beta,5z,7e)-
epa pesticide chemical code 202901
einecs 215-797-2
irradiated 7-dehydrocholesterol
d3-vicotrat
colecalciferolo [dcit]
colecalcipherol
9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-beta-ol
7-dehydrocholesterol, irradiated
cholecalciferolum
cholecalciferol, d3
duphafral d3 1000
vi-de-3-hydrosol
neo dohyfral d3
nsc 375571
colecalciferolum [inn-latin]
ccris 6286
hsdb 820
ebivit
ccris 5813
d3-vigantol
9,10-seco(5z,7e)-5,7,10(19)-cholestatrien-3-ol
67-97-0
calciol
cholecalciferol
C05443
vitamin d3
cholecalciferol, meets usp testing specifications
cholecalciferol, >=98% (hplc)
cholecalciferol (d3), analytical standard
cholecalciferol, analytical standard
DB00169
NCGC00159331-02
UPCMLD-DP152
vitamin d-3
PRESTWICK3_000429
(1s,3z)-3-[(2e)-2-[(1r,3as,7ar)-1-[(1r)-1,5-dimethylhexyl]-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1h-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylene-cyclohexanol
9,10-secocholesta-5(z),7(e),10(19)-trien-3(.beta.)-ol
NCGC00159331-04
SMP1_000068
vitamin d3 emulsifiable
1406-16-2
9,10-seco(5z,7e)-5,7,10(19)-cholestatrien-3beta-ol
vitamin d 3
BMSE000507
()-vitamin d3
(1s,3z)-3-[(2e)-2-[(1r,3ar,7as)-7a-methyl-1-[(2r)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1h-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidene-cyclohexan-1-ol
HMS2096E20
(1s,3z)-3-[(2e)-2-[(1r,3as,7ar)-7a-methyl-1-[(2r)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1h-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidenecyclohexan-1-ol
9vu1ki44gp ,
unii-9vu1ki44gp
dtxcid306294
dtxsid6026294 ,
micro-dee
AKOS015950641
S4063
HY-15398
CS-1179
vi-de3
colecalciferol [inn]
1c6v77qf41 ,
colecalciferolo
colecalciferol d3
unii-1c6v77qf41
dp-r206
cyclohexanol, 3-((2e)-2-((1r,3as,7ar)-1-((1r)-1,5-dimethylhexyl)octahydro-7a-methyl-4h-inden-4-ylidene)ethylidene)-4-methylene-, (1s,3z)-
cholecalciferol [usp:ban:jan:iso]
cholecalciferol [usp-rs]
cholecalciferol [hsdb]
colecalciferol [who-ip]
cholecalciferol [jan]
cyclohexanol, 3-[(2e)-2-[(1r,3as,7ar)-1-[(1r)-1,5-dimethylhexyl]octahydro-7a-methyl-4h-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylene-, (1s,3z)-
cholecalciferol [usp monograph]
vitamin d3 [fcc]
dp-r206 component vitamin d3
9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol, (3.beta.,5z,7e)-
vitamin d3 [mi]
cholecalciferol [iso]
cholecalciferol [inci]
colecalciferolum [who-ip latin]
vitamin d assay system suitability [usp-rs]
cholecalciferol [ep monograph]
cholecalciferol [orange book]
colecalciferol [who-dd]
colecalciferol [mart.]
vigantoletten
(3.beta.,5z,7e)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol
cholecalciferol [vandf]
fosamax plus d component cholecalciferol
colecalciferol [ema epar]
cholecalciferol component of fosamax plus d
SCHEMBL3126
Q-201931
9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3?-ol
vidde-3-hydrosol
mfcd00078131
bdbm50030475
cholecalciferol, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
cholecalciferol for system suitability, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
AC-8884
cholecalciferol, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
vitamin d3 (cholecalciferol)
cholecalciferol (vitamin d3), pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
(5e,7e)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10-trien-3-ol
cholecalciferol d3
devaron
9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol
3-beta,z,7e-9,10-secocholestr-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol
(3beta,z,7e)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol
videkhol
granuvit d3
colecalciferol, british pharmacopoeia (bp) reference standard
9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3beta-ol
vitamin d3 10 microg/ml in acetonitrile
Q139347
9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol, (3b,5z,7e)-
CCG-268466
(s,z)-3-(2-((1r,3as,7ar,e)-7a-methyl-1-((r)-6-methylheptan-2-yl)octahydro-4h-inden-4-ylidene)ethylidene)-4-methylenecyclohexan-1-ol
BS-42465
(1s,3z)-3-[(2e)-2-[7a-methyl-1-(6-methylheptan-2-yl)-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1h-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidenecyclohexan-1-ol
cholecalciferol; 67-97-0
cholecalciferol for system suitability
usepa/opp pesticide code: 202901
colecalciferol (mart.)
colecalciferolum (inn-latin)
(1s,3z)-3-((2e)-2-((1r,3ar,7as)-7a-methyl-1-((2r)-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1h-inden-4-ylidene)ethylidene)-4-methylidene-cyclohexan-1-ol
cholecalciferol (ep monograph)
5,7-cholestadien-3-betal-ol
osteo-vit3
growth supportpatch, hautuki
a11cc05
cholecalciferol (usp:ban:jan:iso)
cholecalciferol (usp monograph)
novel-d3
cholecalciferol (usp-rs)
(5e,7e)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3beta-ol
cholecalciferol impurity a (ep impurity)
decalcitrol
vitaminum d3
vita-desic

Research Excerpts

Overview

Cholecalciferol (VIT-D) is a known modulator of oxidative stress and angiogenesis. It is an essential steroid produced in the skin by solar ultraviolet B radiation (UVB 290-315nm) CholecalCiferol is a common dietary supplement as a precursor of active vitamin D.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Cholecalciferol (VIT-D) is a known modulator of oxidative stress and angiogenesis."( Vitamin-D3 (α-1, 25(OH) 2D3) Protects Retinal Pigment Epithelium From Hyperoxic Insults.
Anandula, VR; Carpentier, G; Chevour, P; Das, D; Firoz, A; Ghosh, A; Jayadev, C; Jeyabalan, N; Krishna, L; Kumaramanickavel, G; Murali, S; Murugeswari, P; Shetty, R; Vinekar, A, 2020)		1.28
"Cholecalciferol was shown to be an effective, tolerable, inexpensive pharmacotherapeutic option to overcome vitamin D deficiency, with a possible modulating effect on fetuin-A, among hemodialysis patients. "( The impact of cholecalciferol on markers of vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients: A randomized placebo controlled study.
Alshahawey, M; El Borolossy, R; El Wakeel, L; Elsaid, T; Sabri, NA, 2021)		2.42
"Cholecalciferol is an essential steroid produced in the skin by solar ultraviolet B radiation (UVB 290-315nm). "( Vitamin D production after UVB exposure - a comparison of exposed skin regions.
F Holick, M; Gillstedt, M; Krogstad, AL; Landin-Wilhelmsen, K; Larkö, O; Osmancevic, A; Sandström, K; Wennberg Larkö, AM, 2015)		1.86
"Cholecalciferol (CCF) is a common dietary supplement as a precursor of active vitamin D. "( Cholecalciferol inhibits lipid accumulation by regulating early adipogenesis in cultured adipocytes and zebrafish.
Choi, HS; Jung, YN; Kang, S; Kim, JH, 2016)		3.32
"Cholecalciferol (100,000 IU) is a safe, effective, and simple way to increase calcidiol concentrations. "( Pharmacokinetics of a single, large dose of cholecalciferol.
Armas, LA; Heaney, RP; Ilahi, M, 2008)		2.05

Effects

Cholecalciferol has potential, as a clinical drug, to protect renal function in I/R-induced AKI through reducing ROS production. deficiency has been associated with stress-related psychiatric disorders, particularly depression.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Cholecalciferol therefore has potential, as a clinical drug, to protect renal function in I/R-induced AKI through reducing ROS production, NF-κB activation and GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis."( Cholecalciferol pretreatment ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury through inhibiting ROS production, NF-κB pathway and pyroptosis.
Li, J; Liu, D; Ma, J; Qian, W; Wang, D; Wu, W; Yu, D; Zhang, T; Zhang, Z; Zhao, Y, 2022)		2.89
"Cholecalciferol deficiency has been associated with stress-related psychiatric disorders, particularly depression. "( Involvement of serotonergic neurotransmission in the antidepressant-like effect elicited by cholecalciferol in the chronic unpredictable stress model in mice.
Camargo, A; Dafre, AL; de Almeida, GRL; de O Dalsenter, Y; Engel, WD; Moretti, M; Neis, VB; Platt, N; Rodrigues, ALS; Rosa, PB; Rosado, AF; Selhorst, I; Werle, I, 2022)		2.38
"Cholecalciferol has effects similar to those of calcitriol on growth, MMP activity, and VDR."( Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) inhibits growth and invasion by up-regulating nuclear receptors and 25-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) in human prostate cancer cells.
Tokar, EJ; Webber, MM, 2005)		2.49

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Cholecalciferol, vitamin D3, plays an important role in bonemetabolism by regulating extracellular levels of calcium. "( Multifunctional hydroxyapatite and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for the local delivery of cholecalciferol.
Ajduković, Z; Ignjatović, N; Uskoković, D; Uskoković, V, 2013)		2.04

Treatment

Cholecalciferol treatment reduced the median concentration of soluble Klotho (from 438.73 pg/ml; interquartile range, 257.99-865.51 pg/ML; to 370.94 pg/ ml; 181.72-710.91 pg/ ML; P <0.05) Cholecal ciferol also increased concentrations of serum 25(OH)D by (19.3 ± 8 ηg/mL, P = .001; 12.2 ± 9ηG/L), and 24,25( OH)2D (1.14 ± 0.89ηL), but returned these values to the controls.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Cholecalciferol treatment increased 25OHD levels and reduced parathormone, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in C-cohort patients, whereas no significant changes in these parameters were observed in P-cohort patients."( Vitamin D Status, Cardiovascular Risk Profile, and miRNA-21 Levels in Hypertensive Patients: Results of the HYPODD Study.
Abate, V; Buondonno, I; D Amelio, P; D Elia, L; De Filippo, G; Fallo, F; Faraonio, R; Martinelli, F; Muscariello, R; Rebellato, A; Rendina, D; Strazzullo, P; Succoio, M, 2022)		1.44
"Cholecalciferoltreated rats had increased acetyl CoA carboxylase 2 protein expression and decreased expression of malonyl CoA decarboxylase."( Cholecalciferol affects cardiac proteins regulating malonyl-CoA availability and intracellular calcium level.
Culafic, T; Ivkovic, T; Koricanac, G; Kostic, M; Romic, S; Stanisic, J; Stojiljkovic, M; Tepavcevic, S, 2023)		3.07
"Cholecalciferol treatment resulted in stable calcium concentrations and a substantial increase in calcitriol."( High doses of cholecalciferol alleviate the progression of hyperparathyroidism in patients with CKD Stages 3-4: results of a 12-week double-blind, randomized, controlled study.
Dezfoolian, H; Elvarson, F; Isaksson, E; Linde, T; Ljunggren, Ö; Sterner, G; Westerberg, PA, 2018)		1.56
"Cholecalciferol treatment effectively increased 25(OH)D concentrations, but surgery resulted in a decrease in 25(OH)D concentrations at day 3 in both arms."( Vitamin D to Prevent Lung Injury Following Esophagectomy-A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Cooper, MS; D'Souza, VK; Dancer, RCA; Fraser, WD; Gao, F; Howells, PA; Mahida, RY; Martineau, AR; Parekh, D; Perkins, GD; Scott, A; Tan, L; Tang, JCY; Thickett, DR; Tucker, O, 2018)		1.2
"Cholecalciferol treatment reduced the median concentration of soluble Klotho (from 438.73 pg/ml; interquartile range, 257.99-865.51 pg/ml; to 370.94 pg/ml; 181.72-710.91 pg/ml; P <0.05)."( Cholecalciferol supplementation reduces soluble Klotho concentration in hemodialysis patients.
Brzósko, S; Goździkiewicz, J; Hryszko, T; Koc-Żórawska, E; Myśliwiec, M; Rydzewska-Rosołowska, A; Zelazowska-Rutkowska, B, 2013)		2.55
"Cholecalciferol treatment increased concentrations of serum 25(OH)D by (19.3 ± 8 ηg/mL, P = .001; 12.2 ± 9 ηg/mL, P = .0001) and 24,25(OH)2D (1.14 ± 0.89 ηg/mL, P = .0024; 1.0 ± 0.72 ηg/mL P = .0002), and reduced serum PTH (-11 ± 21 pg/mL, P = .0292; -42 ± 68 pg/mL, P = .0494) in normal and CKD subjects, respectively. "( Activation of FGF-23 mediated vitamin D degradative pathways by cholecalciferol.
Alshayeb, H; David, V; Gyamlani, GG; Quarles, LD; Showkat, A; Wall, BM, 2014)		2.08
"Cholecalciferol treatment, 2000 vs 800 IU/d, did not reduce falls (28%; 95% CI, -4% to 68%), but reduced the rate of hospital readmissions by 39% (95% CI, -62% to -1%)."( Effect of high-dosage cholecalciferol and extended physiotherapy on complications after hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial.
Bischoff-Ferrari, HA; Bretscher, B; Can, U; Dawson-Hughes, B; Egli, A; Looser, S; Minder, E; Mueller, NJ; Orav, EJ; Platz, A; Stähelin, HB; Theiler, R; Vergopoulos, A; Willett, WC, 2010)		1.4
"Cholecalciferol treatment reduced perseverative behavior that is associated with developmental alcohol exposure in a dose-dependent manner."( Cholecalciferol attenuates perseverative behavior associated with developmental alcohol exposure in rats in a dose-dependent manner.
Happer, JP; Idrus, NM; Thomas, JD, 2013)		2.55
"Cholecalciferol treatment returns these values to the controls which might be due mainly to the increased number of Ca2+ pump units."( Effect of vitamin D deficiency on lipid composition and calcium transport in basolateral membrane vesicles from chick intestine.
Alisio, A; Cañas, F; de Bronia, DH; Pereira, R; Tolosa de Talamoni, N, 1997)		1.02
"Cholecalciferol treatment (500 IU at 72 h) significantly enhanced selenite uptake, a response that decreased when the vesicles were stored at room temperature for 2.5 h prior to the uptake measurement."( Relationship of membrane-bound sulfhydryl groups to vitamin D-stimulated uptake of [75Se]Selenite by the brush border membrane vesicles from chick duodenum.
Mykkanen, HM; Wasserman, RH, 1990)		1
"Treatment with cholecalciferol is effective for the normalization of 25(OH)D, demonstrating a beneficial effect on the calcium-tropic axis in other populations; however, its effect on the PTH/vitamin D/calcium and FGF23/klotho/phosphorus axis in RTR has not been reported."( [Vitamin D and its positive effect on the PTH/vitamin D/calcium-FGF23/klotho/phosphorus axis in kidney transplant recipients].
Balcázar-Hernández, L; Basurto, L; González-Virla, B; Jiménez Martínez, MDC; Manuel-Apolinar, L; Martínez Ordaz, JL; Mendoza-Zubieta, V; Reza-Albarrán, AA; Vargas Ortega, G, 2023)		1.25
"The treatment with cholecalciferol also normalized the smooth muscle cell membrane potential of de-endothelialized mesenteric arteries of SHR and their hyperpolarizing responses to alpha 2-adrenergic agonists, which were depressed in untreated SHR."( Recovery of impaired K+ channels in mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats by prolonged treatment with cholecalciferol.
Borges, AC; Feres, T; Paiva, TB; Vianna, LM, 1999)		0.83
"Treatment with cholecalciferol or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) increases activity and changes electrophoretic mobility of alkaline phosphatase (alkPase) from duodenal brush border of vitamin D-deprived chicks. "( Changes of intestinal alkaline phosphatase produced by cholecalciferol or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in vitamin D-deficient chicks.
Asteggiano, CA; Blanco, A; Cañas, FM; Cortes, CS; Moreno, J; Pereira, R; Tolosa, N, 1985)		0.87

Toxicity

Cholecalciferol supplementation with 10,400 IU daily is safe and tolerable in patients with MS and exhibits in vivo pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects. In patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, who are vitamin D deficient, administration of large doses of cholecalCiferol for few days can be a safe option to treat mild to moderate pneumonia.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" On the basis of both renal calcification and body weight, the present studies would suggest that 25(OH)D3 is 5 to 10 times more toxic than vitamin D3."( Safety of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol as a source of cholecalciferol in poultry rations.
Gray, RW; Hollis, BW; Quarles, CL; Yarger, JG, 1995)		0.61
"1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1 alpha,25(OH)2D3) has recently been reported to exert a toxic effect on both rat and human glioma cell lines."( Cytotoxic effects of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and synthetic vitamin D3 analogues on a glioma cell line.
Baudet, C; Binderup, L; Brachet, P; Chevalier, G; Naveilhan, P; Wion, D, 1996)		0.29
" dose of TPA, but these adverse effects became less intense or disappeared when a lower dose of TPA was used."( Effect of intravenous infusions of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in patients with myelocytic leukemia: preliminary studies on therapeutic efficacy and toxicity.
Cao, GS; Chang, RL; Conney, AH; Han, ZT; Liu, XJ; Newmark, HL; Sun, JZ; Tian, GF; Yang, RY; Zhu, XX, 1998)		0.3
" Moreover, 45,000 IU/kg of dietary vitamin A ameliorated the potential toxic effects of feeding high levels of vitamin D3, 25-(OH)D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 to young broiler chickens."( The influence of vitamin A on the utilization and amelioration of toxicity of cholecalciferol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, and 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol in young broiler chickens.
Aburto, A; Britton, WM; Edwards, HM, 1998)		0.53
" Excessive exposure, as in sunbathing, only contributes to the adverse effects, like sunburn and suppression of cellular immunity in the short term, and 'photoaging' and skin cancer in the long term."( [Adverse effects of sunlight on the skin].
de Gruijl, FR, 1998)		0.3
" These results indicate that 25-OH-D3 is safe for use in laying hen feed as a source of vitamin D3 at 82."( Safety of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 as a source of vitamin D3 in layer poultry feed.
Lanenga, M; McNaughton, JL; Stark, LE; Terry, M, 1999)		0.3
"The Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences states that 95 microg vitamin D/d is the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL)."( Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level.
Chan, PC; MacFarlane, GD; Vieth, R, 2001)		0.31
"The 100-microg/d dosage of vitamin D3 effectively increased 25(OH)D to high-normal concentrations in practically all adults and serum 25(OH)D remained within the physiologic range; therefore, we consider 100 microg vitamin D3/d to be a safe intake."( Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level.
Chan, PC; MacFarlane, GD; Vieth, R, 2001)		0.31
" Since both H(2)O(2) and 6-OHDA may injure cells via free radical and reactive oxygen species, the neuroprotection seen here may operate via a reversal of such a toxic mechanism."( Vitamin D(3) attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity in rats.
Borlongan, CV; Chen, HH; Cherng, TL; Hoffer, BJ; Wang, JY; Wang, Y; Wu, JN, 2001)		0.31
"The drug is safe and has potential benefits at serum concentrations where effects begin to be noted in vitro."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of ILX23-7553, a non-calcemic-vitamin D3 analogue, in a phase I study of patients with advanced malignancies.
Bonate, P; Bryan, M; Camastra, D; Chanel, SM; Harrison, J; Hollis, BW; Novick, SC; Owusu, K; Pliner, L; Saunders, T; Soignet, S; Wieder, R; Williams, T, 2003)		0.32
" Safety was assessed through concomitant medications, adverse events, laboratory evaluations, and physical examinations."( A multicenter, double-blind, safety study of QR-333 for the treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy. A preliminary report.
Farez, C; Khodabandehlou, T; Le Devehat, C; LeFante, C; Richard, JL; Rosenbloom, RA; Valensi, P, )		0.13
" Eleven patients in the QR-333 group reported 23 adverse events (all mild or moderate); 4 in the placebo group reported 5 events (all moderate)."( A multicenter, double-blind, safety study of QR-333 for the treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy. A preliminary report.
Farez, C; Khodabandehlou, T; Le Devehat, C; LeFante, C; Richard, JL; Rosenbloom, RA; Valensi, P, )		0.13
" Safety was monitored based on adverse events recorded during the treatment period and on the results of laboratory tests, including measurement of creatinine and uric acid levels."( Clinical and laboratory safety of one year's use of a combination calcium + vitamin D tablet in ambulatory elderly women with vitamin D insufficiency: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Brazier, M; Fardellone, P; Grados, F; Kamel, S; Maamer, M; Mathieu, M; Morel, A; Sebert, JL, 2005)		0.33
" Treatment-related adverse events were reported in 21 (22."( Clinical and laboratory safety of one year's use of a combination calcium + vitamin D tablet in ambulatory elderly women with vitamin D insufficiency: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Brazier, M; Fardellone, P; Grados, F; Kamel, S; Maamer, M; Mathieu, M; Morel, A; Sebert, JL, 2005)		0.33
" However, topical agents can be associated with unwanted and potentially toxic side effects that make physicians reluctant to prescribe them, and patients intentionally discontinue treatment with these topical agents."( The roles of safety and compliance in determining effectiveness of topical therapy for psoriasis.
Corvari, L; Stein Gold, L, 2007)		0.34
" The data support the feasibility of pharmacologic doses of vitamin D3 for clinical research, and they provide objective evidence that vitamin D intake beyond the current upper limit is safe by a large margin."( Safety of vitamin D3 in adults with multiple sclerosis.
Kimball, SM; O'Connor, P; Ursell, MR; Vieth, R, 2007)		0.34
"Vitamin D(3) at doses equivalent to 2000 IU/d for 1 yr is safe in adolescents and results in desirable vitamin D levels."( Short- and long-term safety of weekly high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in school children.
El-Hajj Fuleihan, G; El-Rassi, R; Kimball, S; Maalouf, J; Mahfoud, Z; Nabulsi, M; Vieth, R, 2008)		0.35
"Short-term, high-dose oral cholecalciferol treatment of vitamin D deficiency in hemodialysis patients appears to be effective and with no evidence of toxic effects."( Efficacy and safety of a short course of very-high-dose cholecalciferol in hemodialysis.
Huang, R; Long, Q; Raggi, P; Singapuri, S; Tangpricha, V; Wasse, H, 2012)		0.92
"6%) developed hypercalciuria, no significant adverse events were observed."( Efficacy and safety of high dose intramuscular or oral cholecalciferol in vitamin D deficient/insufficient elderly.
Basaran, S; Guzel, R; Seydaoglu, G; Tellioglu, A, 2012)		0.63
" Eighty-four adverse events (AEs) were reported in 24 of 32 subjects receiving DP-R206, and 14 AEs were reported in 8 of 29 subjects receiving the vitamin D3 24,000-IU tablet."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of vitamin D3 in DP-R206 (150-mg ibandronate/24,000-IU vitamin D3 tablet) and as monotherapy (24,000 iu) in healthy male Korean adults.
Chae, SW; Im, YJ; Jeon, JY; Jun, H; Kim, EY; Kim, MG; Kim, Y; Lee, JW; Lee, SY; Lee, TW; Park, TS, 2014)		0.4
" Their combined use has made it possible to increase an overall survival but they are still penalized by adverse effects and toxicity."( Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the first-line treatment with somatostatin combined with melatonin, retinoids, vitamin D3, and low doses of cyclophosphamide in 20 cases of breast cancer: a preliminary report.
Colori, B; Di Bella, G; Mascia, F; Ricchi, A, 2013)		0.39
"To the best of our knowledge, adverse effects of SMF from MRI devices on the bone health of MRI workers were detected for the first time."( [Are there any adverse effects of static magnetic field from magnetic resonance imaging devices on bone health of workers?].
Akkaya, N; Akkaya, S; Güngör, HR; Ok, N, 2014)		0.4
" In addition, vitamin D3 did not significantly increase the incidence of adverse effects, including total adverse effects, gastrointestinal adverse effects and fluctuation of blood pressure."( Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Dong, J; Liao, L; Shang, H; Wang, H; Zhang, D; Zhao, J, 2014)		0.4
" And it does not increase any adverse effects than control, even in combination therapy with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers."( Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Dong, J; Liao, L; Shang, H; Wang, H; Zhang, D; Zhao, J, 2014)		0.4
" No adverse clinical symptoms were noted."( Pharmacokinetics and safety issues of an accidental overdose of 2,000,000 IU of vitamin D3 in two nursing home patients: a case report.
Drabbe, M; Fleuren, H; van den Ouweland, J; Vollaard, H, 2014)		0.4
"We previously reported that the intensive cholecalciferol treatment (100 000 IU every 2 weeks for 2 months) was safe in RTR."( VITamin D supplementation in renAL transplant recipients (VITALE): a prospective, multicentre, double-blind, randomized trial of vitamin D estimating the benefit and safety of vitamin D3 treatment at a dose of 100,000 UI compared with a dose of 12,000 UI
Alberti, C; Colas, S; Courbebaisse, M; Prié, D; Souberbielle, JC; Thervet, E; Treluyer, JM, 2014)		0.67
"To determine whether supplementation with vitamin D improves resilience to the adverse effects of earthquakes."( Effect of monthly vitamin D3 supplementation in healthy adults on adverse effects of earthquakes: randomised controlled trial.
Camargo, CA; Chambers, ST; Florkowski, CM; Jennings, LC; Livesey, JH; Murdoch, DR; Priest, PC; Scragg, R; Slow, S; Stewart, AW, 2014)		0.4
" The primary endpoint in the current analysis was the self reported effects and overall adverse impact of the Christchurch earthquakes as assessed by questionnaire four months after the most destructive earthquake on 22 February 2011, which was used as the index event."( Effect of monthly vitamin D3 supplementation in healthy adults on adverse effects of earthquakes: randomised controlled trial.
Camargo, CA; Chambers, ST; Florkowski, CM; Jennings, LC; Livesey, JH; Murdoch, DR; Priest, PC; Scragg, R; Slow, S; Stewart, AW, 2014)		0.4
" There was no significant difference in the number of self reported adverse effects between those receiving vitamin D supplementation and those receiving placebo."( Effect of monthly vitamin D3 supplementation in healthy adults on adverse effects of earthquakes: randomised controlled trial.
Camargo, CA; Chambers, ST; Florkowski, CM; Jennings, LC; Livesey, JH; Murdoch, DR; Priest, PC; Scragg, R; Slow, S; Stewart, AW, 2014)		0.4
"In this trial, vitamin D supplementation did not reduce the adverse impact of earthquakes in healthy adults."( Effect of monthly vitamin D3 supplementation in healthy adults on adverse effects of earthquakes: randomised controlled trial.
Camargo, CA; Chambers, ST; Florkowski, CM; Jennings, LC; Livesey, JH; Murdoch, DR; Priest, PC; Scragg, R; Slow, S; Stewart, AW, 2014)		0.4
"The IR was safe and effective in obtaining sufficient levels of vit."( A 24-month prospective study on the efficacy and safety of two different monthly regimens of vitamin D supplementation in pre-menopausal women with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Andreoli, L; Cutolo, M; Dall'Ara, F; Piantoni, S; Piva, N; Tincani, A; Zanola, A, 2015)		0.42
" After 12 weeks supplementation, both D3 doses were safe and well tolerated."( Safety and Efficacy of High-dose Daily Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Children and Young Adults With Sickle Cell Disease.
Bertolaso, C; Dougherty, KA; Schall, JI; Smith-Whitley, K; Stallings, VA, 2015)		0.42
" As part of a randomized placebo-controlled trial, we determined if supplementation with 7000-IU/d vitD3 for 12 months in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-Infected subjects was safe and/or associated with metabolic outcomes."( Comprehensive Safety Monitoring of 12-Month Daily 7000-IU Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children and Young Adults.
Hediger, ML; Rutstein, RM; Schall, JI; Stallings, VA; Zemel, BS, 2016)		0.43
" Safety was defined by a low incidence (<5%) of the study-defined serious adverse events-that is, elevated serum calcium plus 25(OH)D >160 ng/mL-and no changes in hematologic, liver, renal, metabolic, lipid, or inflammatory status."( Comprehensive Safety Monitoring of 12-Month Daily 7000-IU Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children and Young Adults.
Hediger, ML; Rutstein, RM; Schall, JI; Stallings, VA; Zemel, BS, 2016)		0.43
" No subject experienced a serious adverse safety event; none had 25(OH)D >80 ng/mL at any time."( Comprehensive Safety Monitoring of 12-Month Daily 7000-IU Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children and Young Adults.
Hediger, ML; Rutstein, RM; Schall, JI; Stallings, VA; Zemel, BS, 2016)		0.43
" Cholecalciferol substitution was well tolerated without adverse effects."( Efficacy and safety of body weight-adapted oral cholecalciferol substitution in dialysis patients with vitamin D deficiency.
Lhotta, K; Mündle, M; Sprenger-Mähr, H; Zitt, E, 2015)		1.58
" None of the subjects in either group developed any adverse events during the supplementation protocol."( Bioavailability and Safety of Vitamin D3 from Pizza Baked with Fortified Mozzarella Cheese: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Al-Khalidi, B; Chiu, W; Rousseau, D; Vieth, R, 2015)		0.42
"Vitamin D3 is safe and bioavailable from fortified mozzarella cheese baked on pizza."( Bioavailability and Safety of Vitamin D3 from Pizza Baked with Fortified Mozzarella Cheese: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Al-Khalidi, B; Chiu, W; Rousseau, D; Vieth, R, 2015)		0.42
" Adverse events were minor and did not differ between the 2 groups."( Safety and immunologic effects of high- vs low-dose cholecalciferol in multiple sclerosis.
Baynes, M; Bhargava, P; Calabresi, PA; Eckstein, C; Gocke, A; Mowry, EM; Ntranos, A; Sotirchos, ES; Steinman, L; Van Haren, K, 2016)		0.68
"Cholecalciferol supplementation with 10,400 IU daily is safe and tolerable in patients with MS and exhibits in vivo pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects in MS, which include reduction of interleukin-17 production by CD4(+) T cells and decreased proportion of effector memory CD4(+) T cells with concomitant increase in central memory CD4(+) T cells and naive CD4(+) T cells."( Safety and immunologic effects of high- vs low-dose cholecalciferol in multiple sclerosis.
Baynes, M; Bhargava, P; Calabresi, PA; Eckstein, C; Gocke, A; Mowry, EM; Ntranos, A; Sotirchos, ES; Steinman, L; Van Haren, K, 2016)		2.13
"This study provides Class I evidence that cholecalciferol supplementation with 10,400 IU daily is safe and well-tolerated in patients with MS and exhibits in vivo pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects."( Safety and immunologic effects of high- vs low-dose cholecalciferol in multiple sclerosis.
Baynes, M; Bhargava, P; Calabresi, PA; Eckstein, C; Gocke, A; Mowry, EM; Ntranos, A; Sotirchos, ES; Steinman, L; Van Haren, K, 2016)		0.95
"Currently available evidence suggests that active vitamin D3 is effective in treating secondary hyperparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy, and improving malnutrition and microinflammation in MHD patients, without obvious adverse events."( [Efficacy and safety of active vitamin D3 supplement in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a meta-analysis].
Gao, P; He, L; Li, M; Lin, M; Zhao, T, 2015)		0.42
" No adverse effects were observed."( Safety and Efficacy of Banaba-Moringa oleifera-Green Coffee Bean Extracts and Vitamin D3 in a Sustained Release Weight Management Supplement.
Kaats, GR; Preuss, HG; Stohs, SJ, 2016)		0.43
"VD replenishment is safe and can be effectively achieved by means of the employed cholecalciferol dosage in the majority of patients."( Efficacy and safety of vitamin D supplementation in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Bednarek, A; Chudek, J; Karwasiecka, D; Kubeczko, M; Nowara, E; Spychałowicz, W; Wdowiak, K; Wojnar, J, 2016)		0.66
" Individual administration of vitamin A or vitamin K with a toxic dose of vitamin D improved the biochemical and histopathological abnormalities of hypervitaminosis D3."( Comparison between the protective effects of vitamin K and vitamin A on the modulation of hypervitaminosis D3 short-term toxicity in adult albino rats.
El-Kenawy, Ael-M; Elshama, SS; Osman, HE; Youseef, HM, 2016)		0.43
" Treatment was well tolerated with no product associated adverse events (AE) and only a few mild and expected side effects."( An open-label clinical trial assessing the efficacy and safety of Bend Skincare Anti-Aging Formula on minimal erythema dose in skin.
Morse, NL; Reid, AJ; St-Onge, M, 2018)		0.48
"Recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide evidence for a possible beneficial impact of vitamin D supplementation on health outcomes beyond bone health, but there are few reviews of noncalcemic adverse effects from long-term supplementation."( Noncalcemic adverse effects and withdrawals in randomized controlled trials of long-term vitamin D2 or D3 supplementation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Malihi, Z; Mm Lawes, C; Scragg, R; Wu, Z, 2017)		0.46
"The aims of this systematic review of vitamin D supplementation in RCTs were as follows: to determine whether all adverse effects, when combined, are reported equally between treatment arms; to identify the most common noncalcemic adverse effects reported; and to ascertain whether withdrawal rates, as a marker of clinical adverse effects, differ between treatment arms."( Noncalcemic adverse effects and withdrawals in randomized controlled trials of long-term vitamin D2 or D3 supplementation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Malihi, Z; Mm Lawes, C; Scragg, R; Wu, Z, 2017)		0.46
"Overall, these findings suggest that vitamin D, by itself, does not increase the risk of noncalcemic adverse effects."( Noncalcemic adverse effects and withdrawals in randomized controlled trials of long-term vitamin D2 or D3 supplementation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Malihi, Z; Mm Lawes, C; Scragg, R; Wu, Z, 2017)		0.46
"8%) taking placebo reported ≥1 adverse event."( Monthly high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation and self-reported adverse events in a 4-year randomized controlled trial.
Camargo, CA; Huang, Y; Khaw, KT; Lawes, CMM; Malihi, Z; Scragg, R; Toop, L; Waayer, D; Wu, Z, 2019)		0.51
"3 years did not affect participant-reported adverse events."( Monthly high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation and self-reported adverse events in a 4-year randomized controlled trial.
Camargo, CA; Huang, Y; Khaw, KT; Lawes, CMM; Malihi, Z; Scragg, R; Toop, L; Waayer, D; Wu, Z, 2019)		0.51
" Incidence rate of adverse effects was 19."( Efficacy and safety of cholecalciferol-augmented anti-tuberculosis therapy for treatment of naïve patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: A randomized, controlled, clinical study.
Abd-Ellatief, RB; Hasanain, AFA; Nafee, AMA; Zayed, AAH, 2019)		0.82
" In addition, adding vitamin D3 to ATT provides extra protection against the hepatic and muscular adverse effects of ATT."( Efficacy and safety of cholecalciferol-augmented anti-tuberculosis therapy for treatment of naïve patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: A randomized, controlled, clinical study.
Abd-Ellatief, RB; Hasanain, AFA; Nafee, AMA; Zayed, AAH, 2019)		0.82
"High-dose oral Vitamin D3, 5000 IU/day was safe and well tolerated in subjects with epilepsy."( Safety and tolerability of Vitamin D3 5000 IU/day in epilepsy.
Curtis, A; DeGiorgio, CM; Hertling, D; Markovic, D; Murray, D, 2019)		0.51
" These results support stoss therapy as an effective and safe alternative therapy for the treatment of paediatric vitamin D deficiency."( Safety and effectiveness of stoss therapy in children with vitamin D deficiency.
Biggin, A; Fiscaletti, M; Gunasekera, H; Hayes, E; Kilo, T; Munns, C; Tannous, P; Wood, N; Zurynski, Y, 2020)		0.56
" None of the included studies reported severe adverse events associated with vitamin D supplementation."( Efficacy and Safety of Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Gonzalez, A; Gui, L; Huang, L; Qiu, M; Wu, X; Yue, J; Zheng, R; Zhu, S, 2019)		0.51
" The most common adverse events were injection site pain and swelling."( A comparative study of the efficacy and safety of intralesional measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine versus intralesional vitamin D3 for the treatment of warts in children.
Gautam, U; Jain, SK; Kushwaha, RK; Mohta, A; Nyati, A; Sharma, P, 2020)		0.56
"Lead (Pb) is a known toxic heavy metal which accumulates in different tissues and causes oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation."( Protective Effect of Vitamin D3 Against Pb-Induced Neurotoxicity by Regulating the Nrf2 and NF-κB Pathways.
Afsharzadeh, N; Hoseinrad, H; Moosazadeh Moghaddam, M; Mousazadeh, A; Shahrestanaki, JK; Yadegari, P, 2021)		0.62
" Regarding serious adverse effects, none was reported in both groups."( Efficacy and safety of weekly vitamin D
Díaz-Niño de Rivera, R; Esquivel-Valerio, JA; Galarza-Delgado, DA; Garza-Elizondo, MA; Garza-Guerra, AJ; Lozano-Plata, LI; Serna-Peña, G; Sifuentes-Ramírez, J; Silva-Luna, K; Vega-Morales, D, 2021)		0.62
" In patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, who are vitamin D deficient, administration of large doses of cholecalciferol for few days can be a safe option to treat mild to moderate COVID-19 pneumonia."( Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) with Low Dose Vitamin C as a Safe and Effective Therapeutic Modality in an Adult with COVID-19 Pneumonia.
Khan, ST; Siddiqui, E; Subhani, F; Waheed, S; Zahid, RO, 2021)		1.23
" Adverse effects were observed through the presence of hypercalcemia/hypercalciuria."( Safety and effectiveness of vitamin D mega-dose: A systematic review.
Ataide, FL; Carvalho Bastos, LM; Freire de Carvalho, J; Skare, TL; Vicente Matias, MF, 2021)		0.62
"The study demonstrated that vitamin D mega-dose therapy is effective in normalizing serum vitamin levels, and the toxicity assessed through adverse effects was low, with no expressive clinical significance."( Safety and effectiveness of vitamin D mega-dose: A systematic review.
Ataide, FL; Carvalho Bastos, LM; Freire de Carvalho, J; Skare, TL; Vicente Matias, MF, 2021)		0.62
" Calcifediol, as well as cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), is efficient and safe in the general population, although calcifediol has certain advantages over cholecalciferol, such as its rapid onset of action and greater potency."( Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency with Calcifediol: Efficacy and Safety Profile and Predictability of Efficacy.
Pérez-Castrillon, JL; Pludowski, P; Usategui-Martín, R, 2022)		1.02
"Study outcomes will determine what dose of baclofen is safe to prescribe to those receiving methadone, to inform a subsequent proof-of-concept trial of the efficacy baclofen to facilitate opiate detoxification."( FORWARDS-1: an adaptive, single-blind, placebo-controlled ascending dose study of acute baclofen on safety parameters in opioid dependence during methadone-maintenance treatment-a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study.
Barker, D; Cro, S; Lingford-Hughes, AR; Mozgunov, P; Nahar, L; Paterson, LM; Paterson, S; Phillips, R; Smith, C, 2022)		0.72
"Calcifediol is a safe and efficacious alternative for oral Vitamin D supplementation in young adults."( Efficacy, safety, and dose-response effects of calcifediol supplementation on 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in healthy adults: An open-label, interventional pilot study.
Bhadada, SK; Das, L; Dutta, P; Holick, MF; Marwaha, RK; Sachdeva, N; Singhmar, S; Thakur, N, )		0.13

Pharmacokinetics

A mild degree of pharmacokinetic interaction was observed when bazedoxifene and cholecalciferol were administered concomitantly to healthy male volunteers. Pharmacokinetic analysis of 25-hydroxycholecalCiferol in affected lambs following intramuscular injection of 1,000,000 IU vitamin D3 indicated that transport of vitaminD3 from the site of injection to the liver was rapid.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" After 3 mo of oral steroid therapy (Norinyl, 2 mg; norethindrone + mestranol), the antipyrine half-life was increased in 3 of 6 subjects, phenylbutazone half-life was not consistently altered, and vitamin D3 half-life was increased in 3 of 4 patients."( Effect of oral contraceptives on plasma clearance.
Bressler, R; Carter, DE; Christian, D; Haussler, MR; Heine, MW; Hughes, MR, 1975)		0.25
" Pharmacokinetic analysis of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in affected lambs following intramuscular injection of 1,000,000 IU vitamin D3 indicated that transport of vitamin D3 from the site of injection to the liver and its metabolism to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol were rapid."( Pharmacokinetics and amounts of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in sheep affected by osteodystrophy.
Hidiroglou, M; Ivan, M; Williams, CJ, 1979)		0.79
" The half-life of the injected vitamin D3 was about 6 min."( Plasma clearance, transfer, and distribution of vitamin D3 from intestinal lymph.
Berg, T; Drevon, CA; Dueland, S; Helgerud, P; Pedersen, JI, 1983)		0.27
"The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of 45Ca administered intravenously at a dose of 50 microCi in young lambs."( Pharmacokinetic study of 45Ca administered intravenously following intramuscular injection of vitamin D3 or 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in early weaned lambs.
Hidiroglou, M; Raffy, S; Toutain, PL; Zhao, X, 1999)		0.3
"We present here the first pharmacokinetic model describing the time-course of 25(OH)D."( Determination of optimal cholecalciferol treatment in renal transplant recipients using a population pharmacokinetic approach.
Benaboud, S; Courbebaisse, M; Friedlander, G; Hirt, D; Legendre, C; Prié, D; Souberbielle, JC; Thervet, E; Treluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2013)		0.69
" To inform the design of prenatal vitamin D3 trials, we conducted a pharmacokinetic study of single-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in women of reproductive age."( Pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of vitamin D3 (70,000 IU) in pregnant and non-pregnant women.
Al Mahmud, A; Baqui, AH; Black, RE; Raqib, R; Roth, DE, 2012)		0.38
" The primary pharmacokinetic outcome measure was the change in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration over time, estimated using model-independent pharmacokinetic parameters."( Pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of vitamin D3 (70,000 IU) in pregnant and non-pregnant women.
Al Mahmud, A; Baqui, AH; Black, RE; Raqib, R; Roth, DE, 2012)		0.38
" The pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using a non-compartmental approach."( A simple and sensitive method for determination of vitamins D3 and K1 in rat plasma: application for an in vivo pharmacokinetic study.
Darlington, JW; Gershkovich, P; Ibrahim, F; Sivak, O; Wasan, KM, 2014)		0.4
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of vitamin D3 following intravenous administration were: AUC0-∞ = 11323 ± 1081 h × ng/mL, Vd = 218 ± 80 mL/kg, CL = 8."( A simple and sensitive method for determination of vitamins D3 and K1 in rat plasma: application for an in vivo pharmacokinetic study.
Darlington, JW; Gershkovich, P; Ibrahim, F; Sivak, O; Wasan, KM, 2014)		0.4
" A higher dose of vitamin K1 should be used in future studies for accurate estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters."( A simple and sensitive method for determination of vitamins D3 and K1 in rat plasma: application for an in vivo pharmacokinetic study.
Darlington, JW; Gershkovich, P; Ibrahim, F; Sivak, O; Wasan, KM, 2014)		0.4
"A pharmacokinetic study was conducted to assess the biochemical dose-response and tolerability of high-dose prenatal vitamin D3 supplementation in Dhaka, Bangladesh (23°N)."( Pharmacokinetics of high-dose weekly oral vitamin D3 supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Akhtar, E; Al Mahmud, A; Baqui, AH; Black, RE; Raqib, R; Roth, DE, 2013)		0.39
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated, and the 90% CIs of the ratios of the geometric means of the parameters were determined from the logarithmically transformed data by using ANOVA."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of vitamin D3 in DP-R206 (150-mg ibandronate/24,000-IU vitamin D3 tablet) and as monotherapy (24,000 iu) in healthy male Korean adults.
Chae, SW; Im, YJ; Jeon, JY; Jun, H; Kim, EY; Kim, MG; Kim, Y; Lee, JW; Lee, SY; Lee, TW; Park, TS, 2014)		0.4
" Concentration of these two agents was determined in rat plasma after simultaneous subcutaneous administration in free form or when loaded into SLNs thus establishing pharmacokinetic application of the developed procedure."( Development of a validated UPLC method for simultaneous estimation of both free and entrapped (in solid lipid nanoparticles) all-trans retinoic acid and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and its pharmacokinetic applicability in rats.
Chauhan, AS; Kaur, IP; Kumar, M; Sahwney, S; Sharma, G; Singh, G; Singh, S; Singla, D, 2014)		0.6
" A total of 171 25(OH)D concentrations were used to perform a population pharmacokinetic analysis."( Determination of optimal vitamin D3 dosing regimens in HIV-infected paediatric patients using a population pharmacokinetic approach.
Benaboud, S; Blanche, S; Bouazza, N; Chappuy, H; Foissac, F; Frange, P; Friedlander, G; Meyzer, C; Souberbielle, JC; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2014)		0.4
" The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of oral supplementation versus a single intramuscular injection of cholecalciferol in healthy individuals."( Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Single Intramuscular High Dose versus an Oral Long-Term Supplementation of Cholecalciferol.
Dölle, S; Drozdenko, G; Heine, G; Krannich, A; Worm, M; Wylon, K, 2017)		0.87
" The current work describes a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for D2 and 25OHD2 and the use of a previously developed D3-25OHD3 PK model [1] for comparing D3 and D2-related exposures."( Model-based meta-analysis for comparing Vitamin D2 and D3 parent-metabolite pharmacokinetics.
Gastonguay, MR; Ocampo-Pelland, AS; Riggs, MM, 2017)		0.46
" This study developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model utilizing published human data on the metabolic cascade of orally derived, low-concentration (placebo, 5 μg and 10 μg) supplementation of vitamin D over the course of 28 days in the absence of sunlight."( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of vitamin D.
Evans, MV; Sawyer, ME; Tran, HT, 2017)		0.46
"A randomized, double-blind crossover trial was performed in 6 malabsorptive patients and 10 healthy participants who were given 900 µg of either vitamin D3 or 25(OH)D3 orally followed by a pharmacokinetic study (PKS)."( A pilot-randomized, double-blind crossover trial to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of orally administered 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and vitamin D3 in healthy adults with differing BMI and in adults with intestinal malabsorption.
Apovian, CM; Charoenngam, N; Desai, S; Holick, MF; Kalajian, TA; McCarthy, A; Shirvani, A; Yoon, GH, 2021)		0.62
"Comparative pharmacodynamic (PD) analyses on different dosing schedules for cholecalciferol supplementation are limited."( Pharmacodynamics of Oral Cholecalciferol in Healthy Individuals with Vitamin D Deficiency: A Randomized Open-Label Study.
Adami, G; Benini, C; Bertoldo, E; Fassio, A; Fracassi, E; Gatti, D; Gatti, M; Milleri, S; Rossini, M; Viapiana, O, 2021)		1.15
" This study aimed to examine the pharmacokinetic interactions between these two drugs and the tolerability of their combined administration in healthy male subjects."( Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Bazedoxifene and Cholecalciferol: An Open-Label, Randomized, Crossover Study in Healthy Male Volunteers.
Bae, KS; Cho, YS; Han, S; Hong, SH; Jung, J; Kim, H; Lee, MH; Lee, SH; Lim, HS; Yoon, SK, 2023)		1.16
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the non-compartmental method."( Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Bazedoxifene and Cholecalciferol: An Open-Label, Randomized, Crossover Study in Healthy Male Volunteers.
Bae, KS; Cho, YS; Han, S; Hong, SH; Jung, J; Kim, H; Lee, MH; Lee, SH; Lim, HS; Yoon, SK, 2023)		1.16
"A mild degree of pharmacokinetic interaction was observed when bazedoxifene and cholecalciferol were administered concomitantly to healthy male volunteers."( Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Bazedoxifene and Cholecalciferol: An Open-Label, Randomized, Crossover Study in Healthy Male Volunteers.
Bae, KS; Cho, YS; Han, S; Hong, SH; Jung, J; Kim, H; Lee, MH; Lee, SH; Lim, HS; Yoon, SK, 2023)		1.39

Compound-Compound Interactions

The other patch was treated with microneedling combined with topical cholecalciferol. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effect of topical vitamin D (cholecalCiferol) combined with micronesia.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Previous experiments have shown that a variety of agents that interfere with the activity of the transcription factor NF-kB significantly enhanced the differentiation of HL-60 leukemia cells when combined with low levels of the monocytic/macrophagic differentiating agent vitamin D3."( Induction of the differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in combination with low levels of vitamin D3.
Sartorelli, AC; Sokoloski, JA, 1998)		0.3
"In the first oftwo experiments, 123 calf-fed steers were used over a 2-yr period to evaluate the effects of trenbolone acetate (TBA)-based implants administered alone or in combination with zeranol implants on fresh beef muscle quality, color, and physiological maturity of the carcass."( Effects of implant regimens (trenbolone acetate-estradiol administered alone or in combination with zeranol) and vitamin D3 on fresh beef color and quality.
Johnson, DD; Reiling, BA, 2003)		0.32
" The pyrolysis product were separated With an HP-5 column and identified by the NIST mass spectral search program in combination with the correlation of boiling point and retention time (BP-RT)."( Study of thermal behavior of vitamin D3 by pyrolysis-GC-MS in combination with boiling point-retention time correlation.
Liu, B; Sun, Y; Wang, G; Xie, B; Zhang, R, )		0.13
" Therefore, we performed the treatment of pigmented lesions with NF1 by intense pulsed-radio frequency (IPL-RF) in combination with topical application of vitamin D(3) ointment."( Treatment of pigmented lesions of neurofibromatosis 1 with intense pulsed-radio frequency in combination with topical application of vitamin D3 ointment.
Furumura, M; Nakayama, J; Sato, N; Yoshida, Y, 2007)		0.34
" The aim of this study was to investigate the possible influence of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (calcitriol) and 1alpha,24(R)-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (tacalcitol) in monotherapy and in combination with budesonid R (BR) on NP fibroblast proliferation."( Influence of vitamin D(3) analogues in combination with budesonid R on proliferation of nasal polyp fibroblasts.
Fraczek, M; Gawron, W; Latocha, M; Rostkowska-Nadolska, B, 2009)		0.35
" In the present study, we investigated the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), vitamin D₃ and resveratrol alone and in combination with adenosine analogues, 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (2CdA) and 9-β-d-arabinosyl-2-fluoroadenine (F-ara-A), on the methylation and expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) tumour suppressor gene in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells."( Comparative effects of retinoic acid, vitamin D and resveratrol alone and in combination with adenosine analogues on methylation and expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue tumour suppressor gene in breast cancer cells.
Bednarek, A; Fabianowska-Majewska, K; Salamé, P; Stefanska, B, 2012)		0.38
"To evaluate the effects of different doses of phytoestrogen (genitein) combined with calcium and vitamin D3 on preventing osteoporosis in ovariectomized (OVX) mice."( [Effects of phytoestrogen, genistein combined with calcium and vitamin D3 on preventing osteoporosis in ovariectomized mice].
Gao, L; Wang, Q; Xue, Y; Zhang, Y, 2011)		0.37
"It was lower stimulative effect of low dose of phytoestrogen (genitein) combined with calcium and vitamin D3 on elevating uterine weight in ovariectomized mice."( [Effects of phytoestrogen, genistein combined with calcium and vitamin D3 on preventing osteoporosis in ovariectomized mice].
Gao, L; Wang, Q; Xue, Y; Zhang, Y, 2011)		0.37
"We assessed the effects of progressive resistance training (PRT) combined with a protein-enriched diet facilitated through lean red meat on lean tissue mass (LTM), muscle size, strength and function, circulating inflammatory markers, blood pressure, and lipids in elderly women."( Protein-enriched diet, with the use of lean red meat, combined with progressive resistance training enhances lean tissue mass and muscle strength and reduces circulating IL-6 concentrations in elderly women: a cluster randomized controlled trial.
Daly, RM; Dunstan, DW; Grimes, CA; Mundell, NL; Nowson, CA; O'Connell, SL, 2014)		0.4
"5 μg/day) for 4 weeks, and then they were given pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN)-α2a plus ribavirin therapy in combination with either vitamin D3 for 48 or 72 weeks according to the response-guided manner."( Randomized study comparing vitamin D3 and 1α-Hydroxyvitamin D3 in combination with pegylated interferon/ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C.
Asabe, S; Funyu, J; Hashimoto, Y; Hosoda, Y; Inao, M; Koshima, Y; Mochida, S; Nakayama, N; Nishikawa, K; Omori-Mizuno, Y; Tanaka, M; Tomita, K; Yakabi, K, 2015)		0.42
" In conclusion, vitamin D3 supplementation in combination with weight-loss of at least 5% of baseline weight was associated with significant reductions in levels of IL6."( Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Combination with Weight Loss on Inflammatory Biomarkers in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
de Dieu Tapsoba, J; Duggan, C; Imayama, I; Korde, L; Mason, C; McTiernan, A; Wang, CY, 2015)		0.42
" Our aim in this research was to study the effects of vitamin D3 combined with metformin on the apoptosis induction and its mechanisms in the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231."( Synergistic antitumor activity of vitamin D3 combined with metformin in human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells involves m-TOR related signaling pathways.
Chen, J; Gao, JM; Gao, MT; Guo, LS; Li, CY; Li, HX; Liang, JQ; Wang, QL; Wu, YJ; Zhang, SY, 2015)		0.42
" Vitamin D compounds have been shown to exert synergistic effects when used in combination with different agents used in anticancer therapies in different cancer models."( Vitamin D derivatives potentiate the anticancer and anti-angiogenic activity of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in combination with cytostatic drugs in an A549 non-small cell lung cancer model.
Filip-Psurska, B; Kutner, A; Maj, E; Milczarek, M; Psurski, M; Wietrzyk, J, 2018)		0.48
" Individuals from each group completed a 12-week NW training program (3 times a week/2 hours) combined with randomized Vitamin D supplementation (HD = high dose: 4000 IU/day or LD = low dose: 800 IU/day)."( The Effect of Nordic Walking Training Combined with Vitamin D Supplementation on Postural Control and Muscle Strength in Elderly People-A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Antosiewicz, J; Gmiat, A; Kochanowicz, A; Kortas, J; Mieszkowski, J; Niespodziński, B; Prusik, K; Ziemann, E, 2018)		0.48
" An ultralow concentration of the local anesthetic agent bupivacaine reduced 5-HT-evoked intracellular Ca2+ release, and an ultralow concentration of the phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor sildenafil in combination with vitamin D3 reduced ATP-evoked intracellular Ca2+ release."( Anti-inflammatory effects induced by ultralow concentrations of bupivacaine in combination with ultralow concentrations of sildenafil (Viagra) and vitamin D3 on inflammatory reactive brain astrocytes.
Hansson, E; Skiöldebrand, E, 2019)		0.51
" The current study aimed to determine whether the allogenic response of adoptively transferred memory T cells in mice was suppressed by vitamin D3 monotherapy alone or in combination with monoclonal antibody treatment."( Vitamin D3 combined with antibody agents suppresses alloreactive memory T-cell responses to induce heart allograft long-term survival.
Dai, H; Di, A; Luo, X; Ma, Y; Qi, Z; Wang, C; Xi, Y; Xie, B; Xu, S; Yan, G, 2021)		0.62
" Recipient mice were administered vitamin D3 alone or in combination with monoclonal antibodies (anti-CD40L/ anti-LFA-1)."( Vitamin D3 combined with antibody agents suppresses alloreactive memory T-cell responses to induce heart allograft long-term survival.
Dai, H; Di, A; Luo, X; Ma, Y; Qi, Z; Wang, C; Xi, Y; Xie, B; Xu, S; Yan, G, 2021)		0.62
"Vitamin D3 efficiently protected allografts from memory T-cell allo-responses when combined with anti-CD40L/anti-LFA-1 antibodies therapy."( Vitamin D3 combined with antibody agents suppresses alloreactive memory T-cell responses to induce heart allograft long-term survival.
Dai, H; Di, A; Luo, X; Ma, Y; Qi, Z; Wang, C; Xi, Y; Xie, B; Xu, S; Yan, G, 2021)		0.62
"In the present study, we assessed the adjunct effect of vitamin D3 in combination with Fluconazole (FLZ) against Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) in mice."( Prophylactic and Therapeutic Role of Vitamin D3 in Combination with Fluconazole Against Vaginal Candidiasis in a Murine Model.
Allemailem, KS, 2021)		0.62
" To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effect of topical vitamin D (cholecalciferol) combined with microneedling in the treatment of depigmented patches of vitiligo."( Efficacy of topical vitamin D combined with microneedling in the treatment of vitiligo: A comparative study.
Adel Abd El Azim, A; Galal, SA; Salem, MW, 2023)		1.13
" The other patch was treated with microneedling combined with topical cholecalciferol."( Efficacy of topical vitamin D combined with microneedling in the treatment of vitiligo: A comparative study.
Adel Abd El Azim, A; Galal, SA; Salem, MW, 2023)		1.14
"Topical cholecalciferol is a relatively effective and safe alternative in the treatment of stable vitiligo and its combination with microneedling increases its efficacy."( Efficacy of topical vitamin D combined with microneedling in the treatment of vitiligo: A comparative study.
Adel Abd El Azim, A; Galal, SA; Salem, MW, 2023)		1.34

Bioavailability

The amount of fat with which vitamin D is ingested does not seem to significantly modify the bioavailability of vitamin D3. The food matrix has apparently little effect on vitamin D bioavailability. sucrose polyesters (Olestra) and tetrahydrolipstatin (orlistat) probably diminish vitamin D absorption.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In both the jejunum and the ileum a linear relationship was found between the absorption rate of the vitamin and its intraluminal concentration."( Vitamin D-3 intestinal absorption in vivo: influence of fatty acids, bile salts, and perfusate pH on absorption.
Hollander, D; Muralidhara, KS; Zimmerman, A, 1978)		0.26
"Oral vitamin D3 was poorly absorbed by 4 out of 6 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis; absorption was negatively correlated with faecal fat excretion."( Absorption, hydroxylation, and excretion of vitamin D3 in primary biliary cirrhosis.
Grundman, MJ; Krawitt, EL; Mawer, EB, 1977)		0.26
" These results are interpreted to indicate that, in Finland, the commonly used amounts of dietary vitamins A and E or their bioavailability in vitamin-mineral concentrates are not sufficient to maintain serum concentrations in winter even close to the levels found in horses on pasture."( Vitamin A, E and D nutrition in mares and foals during the winter season: effect of feeding two different vitamin-mineral concentrates.
Koskinen, E; Mäenpää, PH; Pirhonen, A, 1988)		0.27
" The average rate of absorption of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] was two- and fivefold higher than that of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and vitamin D3 (D3), respectively."( Intestinal metabolism and portal venous transport of 1,25(OH)2D3, 25(OH)D3, and vitamin D3 in the rat.
Baylink, DJ; Lau, KH; McDonald, GB; Schy, AL; Wergedal, JE, 1985)		0.27
" This last value is similar to the magnesium absorption rate in untreated normal subjects."( Effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on jejunal absorption of magnesium in patients with chronic renal disease.
Fordtran, JS; Lerman, M; Morawski, S; Pak, CY; Schmulen, AC; Vergne-Marini, P; Zerwekh, J, 1980)		0.26
" Because vitamin D3 absorption rate is partly regulated by the dimensions of the unstirred water layer, we assessed the dimensions of the UWL of our aging animals."( Influence of aging on vitamin D absorption and unstirred water layer dimensions in the rat.
Hollander, D; Tarnawski, H, 1984)		0.27
" When rats were cannulated in the intestinal lymph duct and given an intraduodenal bolus of [3H]retinol and 14C-labelled vitamin D-3, 14C-labeled vitamin D-3 appeared later in the intestinal lymph than [3H]retinol and the rate of absorption of vitamin D-3 was still maximal at a time when that of retinol had declined."( Lymphatic absorption and transport of retinol and vitamin D-3 from rat intestine. Evidence for different pathways.
Berg, T; Blomhoff, R; Drevon, CA; Dueland, S; Helgerud, P; Norum, KR; Pedersen, JI, 1984)		0.27
" Nonesterified vitamin D2 is well absorbed both in very young and older infants, although absorption efficiency increases with age, perhaps due to increased bile acid secretion."( Effect of age on the intestinal absorption of vitamin D3-palmitate and nonesterified vitamin D2 in the term human infant.
Guy, DG; Hansen, JW; Hollis, BW; Lowery, JW; Pittard, WB, 1996)		0.29
"Obesity-associated vitamin D insufficiency is likely due to the decreased bioavailability of vitamin D(3) from cutaneous and dietary sources because of its deposition in body fat compartments."( Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity.
Chen, TC; Holick, MF; Lu, Z; Matsuoka, LY; Wortsman, J, 2000)		0.31
" This effect could not be explained by an higher P bioavailability in the 25OHD3-fed chickens."( Performance and bone development in broiler chickens given 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.
Bar, A; Plavnik, I; Razaphkovsky, V; Vax, E, 2003)		0.55
"The goals of the experiments reported in this paper were to explore skin bioavailability and cell growth inhibitory activity of new vitamin D3-based conjugates studied as a potential drug complex for psoriasis."( Vitamin D3-based conjugates for topical treatment of psoriasis: synthesis, antiproliferative activity, and cutaneous penetration studies.
Ben-Shabat, S; Benisty, R; Sintov, AC; Wormser, U, 2005)		0.33
"We conducted 2 studies to determine the effect of vitamin D-fortified cheese on vitamin D status and the bioavailability of vitamin D in cheese."( Bioavailability of vitamin D from fortified process cheese and effects on vitamin D status in the elderly.
Hogie-Lorenzen, T; Hollis, BW; Johnson, JL; Mistry, VV; Specker, BL; Vukovich, MD, 2005)		0.33
", cheese, yogurt, and ice cream) with vitamin D3; however, the inherent complexity of these foods may influence the stability and bioavailability of this nutrient."( Interactions of vitamin D3 with bovine beta-lactoglobulin A and beta-casein.
Forrest, SA; Rousseau, D; Yada, RY, 2005)		0.33
" The mean oral bioavailability of alendronate or colecalciferol is similar when administered alone or as one once-weekly tablet containing alendronate/colecalciferol 70 mg/2800 IU."( Alendronate/colecalciferol.
Curran, MP; Reynolds, NA, 2005)		0.33
"The aim of the present study was to compare the bioavailability of calcium from calcium carbonate and milk and to investigate if 1,200 IU of cholecalciferol a day increased intestinal absorption of calcium."( Bioavailability of calcium: comparison of calcium carbonate and milk and the effect of vitamin D, age, and sex using 24-hour urine calcium as a method.
Eskildsen, PC; Hitz, MF; Jensen, JB, 2005)		0.53
" The bioavailability of cholecalciferol from bread is not known."( Bread fortified with cholecalciferol increases the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in women as effectively as a cholecalciferol supplement.
Huttunen, M; Jakobsen, J; Kärkkäinen, MU; Lamberg-Allardt, CJ; Natri, AM; Palssa, A; Piironen, V; Salo, P; Salovaara, H; Vikstedt, T, 2006)		0.96
"To examine the correlation between the in vitro solubilization process of lipophilic compounds from different lipid solutions and the corresponding in vivo oral bioavailability data."( Use of a dynamic in vitro lipolysis model to rationalize oral formulation development for poor water soluble drugs: correlation with in vivo data and the relationship to intra-enterocyte processes in rats.
Dahan, A; Hoffman, A, 2006)		0.33
" The absolute oral bioavailability of the drugs from the tested formulations was investigated in rats."( Use of a dynamic in vitro lipolysis model to rationalize oral formulation development for poor water soluble drugs: correlation with in vivo data and the relationship to intra-enterocyte processes in rats.
Dahan, A; Hoffman, A, 2006)		0.33
" The bioavailability of progesterone correlated with the in vitro data, despite its significant pre-systemic metabolism."( Use of a dynamic in vitro lipolysis model to rationalize oral formulation development for poor water soluble drugs: correlation with in vivo data and the relationship to intra-enterocyte processes in rats.
Dahan, A; Hoffman, A, 2006)		0.33
"Many types of vitamin supplements are available on the market, but little is known about whether cholecalciferol obtained from fat-containing capsules differs in bioavailability from that of solid tablets."( A randomised comparison of increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration after 4 weeks of daily oral intake of 10 microg cholecalciferol from multivitamin tablets or fish oil capsules in healthy young adults.
Holvik, K; Lofthus, CM; Madar, AA; Meyer, HE; Stene, LC, 2007)		0.76
" Our aim was to characterize the bioavailability of vitamin D from fortified cheeses."( The bioavailability of vitamin D from fortified cheeses and supplements is equivalent in adults.
Rousseau, D; Sidhom, G; Vieth, R; Wagner, D; Whiting, SJ, 2008)		0.35
"There is a strong interest in developing an in vitro arsenic (As) model that satisfactorily estimates the variability in in vivo relative oral bioavailability (RBA) measurements."( In vitro model improves the prediction of soil arsenic bioavailability: worst-case scenario.
Datta, R; Makris, KC; Nagar, R; Quazi, S; Sarkar, D; Sylvia, VL, 2008)		0.35
" In addition, MART-10 has a lower affinity for DBP and less substrate degradation by CYP24A1 compared to 1alpha,25(OH)2D3, indicating that MART-10 has more bioavailability and a longer half-life."( Evaluation of 19-nor-2alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 as a therapeutic agent for androgen-dependent prostate cancer.
Chen, TC; Chiang, KC; Flanagan, JN; Holick, MF; Kittaka, A; Mathieu, JS; Nakabayashi, S; Persons, KS; Sakaki, T; Spanjaard, RA; Zhao, X; Zheng, S, 2009)		0.35
"The objective was to compare the bioavailability of vitamin D(2) and vitamin D(3) from orange juice with that from vitamin D(2) and vitamin D(3) supplements."( Fortification of orange juice with vitamin D(2) or vitamin D(3) is as effective as an oral supplement in maintaining vitamin D status in adults.
Ameri, A; Biancuzzo, RM; Bibuld, D; Cai, MH; Chen, TC; Holick, MF; Klein, EK; Reitz, R; Salameh, W; Winter, MR; Young, A, 2010)		0.36
"To evaluate the bioavailability of vitamin D in capsules as compared with oily drops in nuns living in a closed community with very low sun exposure."( Bioavailability of vitamin D3 in non-oily capsules: the role of formulated compounds and implications for intermittent replacement.
Andrade, LD; Bandeira, F; Coelho, IM; Diniz, ET; Griz, L; Saldanha, L, 2010)		0.36
" The bioavailability of vitamin D(3) is similar in the combination tablets and when administered alone."( Bioavailability of alendronate and vitamin D(3) in an alendronate/vitamin D(3) combination tablet.
Chavez-Eng, C; Constanzer, M; Denker, AE; Gottesdiener, K; Larson, P; Lazarus, N; Maganti, L; Porras, A; Ramakrishnan, R; Scott, BB; Wagner, JA; Woolf, E, 2011)		0.37
"Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 (IGFBP-6) is a secreted glycoprotein that reduces the bioavailability of IGFs."( A novel interaction between insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 and the vitamin D receptor inhibits the role of vitamin D3 in osteoblast differentiation.
Chen, H; Cui, J; Huang, B; Ma, C; Ma, X; Qiu, J; Wang, X, 2011)		0.37
" The bioavailability of vitamin D during malnutrition is unknown."( Bioavailability of vitamin D in malnourished adolescents with anorexia nervosa.
Brown, JN; Divasta, AD; Feldman, HA; Giancaterino, C; Gordon, CM; Holick, MF, 2011)		0.37
"Despite severe malnutrition, young women with AN had a similar bioavailability of oral ergocalciferol as the healthy-weighted controls."( Bioavailability of vitamin D in malnourished adolescents with anorexia nervosa.
Brown, JN; Divasta, AD; Feldman, HA; Giancaterino, C; Gordon, CM; Holick, MF, 2011)		0.37
" In mice, cholecalciferol bioavailability was 15-fold lower in the presence of β-sitosterol (p<0."( Phytosterols can impair vitamin D intestinal absorption in vitro and in mice.
Amiot, MJ; Borel, P; Bott, R; Gleize, B; Goncalves, A; Lairon, D; Nowicki, M; Reboul, E, 2011)		0.77
"We evaluated the long-term bioavailability and metabolism of a single po or intramuscular (im) high dose of ergocalciferol (D₂) or D₃."( Long-term bioavailability after a single oral or intramuscular administration of 600,000 IU of ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol: implications for treatment and prophylaxis.
Carlucci, L; Cipriani, C; McMahon, DJ; Minisola, S; Nieddu, L; Pepe, J; Piemonte, S; Romagnoli, E; Russo, S; Singh, R, 2013)		0.6
" Therefore, the current study suggests that the βlg/D3 complex can effectively be used for the fortification of milk products and low-fat content foods to improve the intake and bioavailability of D3."( Increased stability and protease resistance of the β-lactoglobulin/vitamin D3 complex.
Alvarez, P; Beyssac, E; Diarrassouba, F; Garrait, G; Remondetto, G; Subirade, M, 2014)		0.4
" Simultaneous administration of these two vitamins and their improved and prolonged bioavailability has scope for their use in treatment and control of tuberculosis."( Development of a validated UPLC method for simultaneous estimation of both free and entrapped (in solid lipid nanoparticles) all-trans retinoic acid and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and its pharmacokinetic applicability in rats.
Chauhan, AS; Kaur, IP; Kumar, M; Sahwney, S; Sharma, G; Singh, G; Singh, S; Singla, D, 2014)		0.6
" The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of VD supplementation on the bioavailability and lipid lowering effect of simvastatin (ST)."( Effect of vitamin D on bioavailability and lipid lowering efficacy of simvastatin.
Al-Asmari, AK; Al-Eid, A; Al-Omani, SF; Al-Sabaan, F; Tariq, M; Ullah, Z, 2015)		0.42
" The main conclusions are: (i) ergocalciferol (vitamin D2), the form mostly used in supplements and fortified foods, is apparently absorbed with similar efficiency to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3, the main dietary form), (ii) 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), the metabolite produced in the liver, and which can be found in foods, is better absorbed than the nonhydroxy vitamin D forms cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol, (iii) the amount of fat with which vitamin D is ingested does not seem to significantly modify the bioavailability of vitamin D3, (iv) the food matrix has apparently little effect on vitamin D bioavailability, (v) sucrose polyesters (Olestra) and tetrahydrolipstatin (orlistat) probably diminish vitamin D absorption, and (vi) there is apparently no effect of aging on vitamin D absorption efficiency."( Vitamin D bioavailability: state of the art.
Borel, P; Caillaud, D; Cano, NJ, 2015)		0.61
"Vitamin D3 could be well absorbed through nasal mucosa."( [Effect of nasal instillation of vitamin D3 on patient with allergic rhinitis symptoms].
Feng, Y; Gong, W; Jiang, Y; Li, S; Ren, X; Xu, F; Yan, P; Yu, C; Zhang, D; Zhou, J; Zhou, X, 2014)		0.4
" Additionally, the impact of the sequestration of D3 within the matrix of βlg-based coagulum on its bioavailability was determined in vivo with force-fed rats."( Improved bioavailability of vitamin D3 using a β-lactoglobulin-based coagulum.
Alvarez, P; Beyssac, E; Diarrassouba, F; Garrait, G; Remondetto, G; Subirade, M, 2015)		0.42
" The impact of the D3-loaded βlg/Lyso microspheres on the bioavailability of D3 was evaluated in vivo by force-feeding rats."( Food protein-based microspheres for increased uptake of vitamin D3.
Alvarez, P; Beyssac, E; Diarrassouba, F; Garrait, G; Remondetto, G; Subirade, M, 2015)		0.42
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fortification and nano-size reduction on calcium absorption and bioavailability of milk powder formula in sham, ovariectomized, and ovariectomized-osteoporosis rats as a menopause and menopause-osteoporosis model."( Absorption and Bioavailability of Nano-Size Reduced Calcium Citrate Fortified Milk Powder in Ovariectomized and Ovariectomized-Osteoporosis Rats.
Abd Manap, MY; Bin Mustafa, S; Erfanian, A; Hair-Bejo, M; Mirhosseini, H; Rasti, B, 2015)		0.42
"To assess the bioavailability and safety of vitamin D3 from fortified mozzarella cheese baked on pizza."( Bioavailability and Safety of Vitamin D3 from Pizza Baked with Fortified Mozzarella Cheese: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Al-Khalidi, B; Chiu, W; Rousseau, D; Vieth, R, 2015)		0.42
"There is an abnormal increase in TGF-β1 bioavailability in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which might play a role in the pathophysiology of this syndrome."( Vitamin D Supplementation Decreases TGF-β1 Bioavailability in PCOS: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Bhatt, D; Grazi, RV; Irani, M; Irani, S; Julka, N; Kalgi, B; Lambert-Messerlian, G; Seifer, DB; Tal, O; Tal, R, 2015)		0.42
"The objective of the study was to determine the effect of VD supplementation on TGF-β1 bioavailability in VD-deficient women with PCOS and assess whether changes in TGF-β1/soluble endoglin (sENG) levels correlate with an improvement in PCOS clinical manifestations."( Vitamin D Supplementation Decreases TGF-β1 Bioavailability in PCOS: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Bhatt, D; Grazi, RV; Irani, M; Irani, S; Julka, N; Kalgi, B; Lambert-Messerlian, G; Seifer, DB; Tal, O; Tal, R, 2015)		0.42
"VD supplementation in VD-deficient women with PCOS significantly decreases the bioavailability of TGF-β1, which correlates with an improvement in some abnormal clinical parameters associated with PCOS."( Vitamin D Supplementation Decreases TGF-β1 Bioavailability in PCOS: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Bhatt, D; Grazi, RV; Irani, M; Irani, S; Julka, N; Kalgi, B; Lambert-Messerlian, G; Seifer, DB; Tal, O; Tal, R, 2015)		0.42
" We investigated the bioavailability of D2 from UV-irradiated yeast present in bread in an 8-week randomised-controlled trial in healthy 20-37-year-old women (n 33) in Helsinki (60°N) during winter (February-April) 2014."( Effects of vitamin D2-fortified bread v. supplementation with vitamin D2 or D3 on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D metabolites: an 8-week randomised-controlled trial in young adult Finnish women.
Cashman, KD; Erkkola, M; Itkonen, ST; Jakobsen, J; Lamberg-Allardt, C; Saaristo, P; Saarnio, EM; Skaffari, E, 2016)		0.43
" Our objectives were to assess the bioavailability of VD3, from fat-free yogurt, in re-assembled casein micelles (rCMs) compared to that in polysorbate-80 (PS80/Tween-80) a commonly used synthetic emulsifier, and to assess and compare their rheology and palatability."( Bioavailability, rheology and sensory evaluation of fat-free yogurt enriched with VD3 encapsulated in re-assembled casein micelles.
Ish-Shalom, S; Levinson, Y; Livney, YD; Segal, E, 2016)		0.43
"This study was undertaken to evaluate the following: 1) the bioavailability of vitamin D from the fortified Iranian bread and 2) the possible effects of daily consumption of the fortified bread on certain health aspects."( Vitamin D-Fortified Bread Is as Effective as Supplement in Improving Vitamin D Status: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Abdollahi, Z; Hosseini, SH; Kalayi, A; Lotfollahi, N; Maleki, MR; Mirzay Razaz, J; Mohammadi, M; Neyestani, TR; Nikooyeh, B; Salehi, F; Shariatzadeh, N; Zahedirad, M, 2016)		0.43
" However, as bioavailability is related not only to the active molecules but also to the formulations and excipients used, the optimization of the pharmaceutical form of vitamin D₃ is also important."( A Randomised, Cross-Over Study to Estimate the Influence of Food on the 25-Hydroxyvitamin D₃ Serum Level after Vitamin D₃ Supplementation.
Cavalier, E; Coffiner, M; Da Silva, S; De Niet, S; Jandrain, B; Souberbielle, JC; Vanderbist, F, 2016)		0.43
" Our results indicate that vitD may be encapsulated and stabilized for enrichment of clear beverages at neutral pH to improve the intake and bioavailability of vitD."( Using protein-fatty acid complexes to improve vitamin D stability.
Frislev, HS; Otzen, DE; Pedersen, JN; Pedersen, JS, 2016)		0.43
"We assessed whether the variability in cholecalciferol bioavailability was associated with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes."( A Combination of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Is Associated with Interindividual Variability in Cholecalciferol Bioavailability in Healthy Men.
Borel, P; Desmarchelier, C; Goncalves, A; Kopec, R; Lesavre, N; Morange, S; Nowicki, M; Portugal, H; Reboul, E, 2016)		0.92
"In healthy men, there is a high interindividual variability in cholecalciferol bioavailability that is associated with a combination of SNPs located in or near genes involved in both vitamin D and lipid metabolism."( A Combination of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Is Associated with Interindividual Variability in Cholecalciferol Bioavailability in Healthy Men.
Borel, P; Desmarchelier, C; Goncalves, A; Kopec, R; Lesavre, N; Morange, S; Nowicki, M; Portugal, H; Reboul, E, 2016)		0.89
" The developed systems not only enhanced the oral bioavailability of the drug, but also offered substantially elevated brain drug levels to that of plain drug."( Vitamin-Derived Nanolipoidal Carriers for Brain Delivery of Dimethyl Fumarate: A Novel Approach with Preclinical Evidence.
Katare, OP; Kumar, P; Kumar, R; Malik, R; Raza, K; Sharma, G; Singh, B, 2017)		0.46
" Therefore, the developed NLCs are promising carriers for increasing the oral bioavailability of VD3."( Development of nanostructured lipid carriers for the encapsulation and controlled release of vitamin D3.
Garcia, CV; Kim, JT; Park, SJ; Shin, GH, 2017)		0.46
"In the context of the global prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency, we compared two key determinants of the bioavailability of 3 vitamin D forms with significant biopotencies: cholecalciferol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 1-α-hydroxycholecalciferol."( Comparison of the Micellar Incorporation and the Intestinal Cell Uptake of Cholecalciferol, 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol and 1-α-Hydroxycholecalciferol.
Borel, P; Desmarchelier, C; Margier, M; Nowicki, M; Prévéraud, DP; Reboul, E; Rosilio, V, 2017)		0.88
"This study assessed bioavailability and utilisation of vitamin D3 in two feeding trials using young, growing Sprague-Dawley male rats."( Effect of the dietary delivery matrix on vitamin D3 bioavailability and bone mineralisation in vitamin-D3-deficient growing male rats.
Hodgkinson, AJ; Kruger, MC; Prosser, CG; Wallace, OAM, 2018)		0.48
" Furthermore, metabolic changes are associated with transient increase in the bioavailability of antioxidants, including lactic acid and cholic acid and anti-inflammatory metabolites 3 deoxyvitamin D3, and docosahexaenoic acid."( A Metabolomic and Lipidomic Serum Signature from Nonhuman Primates Administered with a Promising Radiation Countermeasure, Gamma-Tocotrienol.
Cheema, AK; Fatanmi, OO; Hinzman, CP; Mehta, KY; Singh, VK; Wise, SY; Wolff, J, 2017)		0.46
"Nanoemulsion formulation of vitamin D3 have been shown to have better bioavailability than the coarse emulsion preparation in vitro and in vivo animal studies."( A randomised controlled trial comparing the efficacy of micellised and fat-soluble vitamin D3 supplementation in healthy adults.
Arora, P; Chadha, A; Dang, N; Dev, T; Goel, M; Mani, K; Marwaha, RK; Mittal, A; Narang, A; Sethuraman, G; Sharma, VK; Singh, A, 2019)		0.51
" Animal experiments exhibited that the bioavailability was significantly increased after vitamin D3 was encapsulated by the composite gel."( Stability and bioavailability of vitamin D3 encapsulated in composite gels of whey protein isolate and lotus root amylopectin.
Kong, XL; Li, QM; Liu, K; Luo, JP; Zha, XQ; Zhang, HL, 2020)		0.56
" The study evaluated the effect of selected biocomponents on calcium bioavailability by using an in vitro digestion model."( Effect of fortification with calcium from eggshells on bioavailability, quality, and rheological characteristics of traditional Polish bread spread.
Jarzębski, M; Jędrusek-Golińska, A; Kobus-Cisowska, J; Kobus-Moryson, M; Marciniak, G; Rezler, R; Szczepaniak, O; Szymandera-Buszka, K; Szymanowska-Powałowska, D, 2020)		0.56
" Postulated mechanisms include reduced bioavailability of intestinal cholesterol and alterations in endogenous cholesterol synthesis."( Exploring the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on surrogate biomarkers of cholesterol absorption and endogenous synthesis in patients with type 2 diabetes-randomized controlled trial.
Angellotti, E; Lichtenstein, AH; Matthan, NR; Meng, H; Pittas, AG, 2020)		0.56
" Oral Nanococh-D3 significantly increased the bioavailability of Vit-D3, enhanced bone mechanical strength, and improved osteogenic biomarkers including B-ALP, osteocalcin, Ca, and OPG in GIO rats."( Novel osteoprotective nanocochleate formulation: A dual combination therapy-codelivery system against glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis.
Alaeddini, M; Dehpour, AR; Doustimotlagh, AH; Eskandarynasab, M; Etemad-Moghadam, S; Goudarzi, R; Nazeri, A; Partoazar, A, 2020)		0.56
"Equivocal association the contribution of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and the well-accepted role of vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) on bioavailability of 25(OH)D or its independent roles, has led to possible association of the VDBP in glucose metabolism."( Association of vitamin D-binding protein and vitamin D
Amini, A; Casazza, K; Mehranfar, S; Mirzaei, K; Moradi, N; Setayesh, L; Yarizadeh, H; Yekaninejad, MS, 2021)		0.62
" Mixed micelles (MM) have potential to enhance bioavailability of vitamin-D."( Improving vitamin D
Brougham, DF; Lyng, JG; Mulrooney, SL; O'Neill, GJ; O'Riordan, D, 2021)		0.62
"Novel protein-based nanovehicles offer alternatives to fat for delivery of lipophilic bioactives (nutraceuticals and drugs), yet they raise important questions regarding the bioavailability and absorption mechanism of the bioactive without fat."( Mechanisms of absorption of vitamin D
Cohen, Y; Lesmes, U; Livney, YD; Margier, M; Reboul, E, 2021)		0.62
" Three important points were identified: i) theoretical models of fortification; ii) stability, bioaccessibility, and bioavailability studies of vitamin d-fortified breads; and iii) clinical effects of vitamin d-fortified breads."( Vitamin d-fortified bread: Systematic review of fortification approaches and clinical studies.
Borges, N; Souza, SVS; Vieira, EF, 2022)		0.72
" While many foods can be vitamin D fortified, vitamin D bioavailability differs depending on fortification methods, food structure and composition."( Using food fortification to improve vitamin D bioaccessibility and intakes.
McCourt, AF; O'Sullivan, AM, 2022)		0.72
" Subsequently, in vitro experiments were performed to evaluate the biological activity of Vitamin D3 complexed in the nanosponges on intestinal cells and assess its bioavailability without cytotoxic effect."( Developing New Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges Complexes to Improve Vitamin D Absorption in an In Vitro Study.
Bisericaru, DM; Cavalli, R; Ferrari, S; Matencio, A; Pagliaro, P; Penna, C; Trotta, F; Uberti, F, 2023)		0.91
"Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is involved in first-pass metabolism in the small intestine and is heavily implicated in oral drug bioavailability and pharmacokinetics."( The Effect of Vitamin D3 and Valproic Acid on the Maturation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Enterocyte-Like Cells.
Kato, Y; Koike, M; Kume, S; Leo, S; Shiraki, N; Tsuchiya, K; Wu, Y; Yokota, M; Yui, S, 2023)		0.91

Dosage Studied

The best repletion and maintenance dosing regimens with cholecalciferol in vitamin D-deficient HIV-1 patients remain unknown. The National Institute of Standards and Technology has developed SRM 3532 Calcium-Containing Solid Oral Dosage Form.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Plasma-25-OHD was a power function of dosage with both compounds."( Comparison of oral 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, vitamin D, and ultraviolet light as determinants of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
Haddad, JG; Stamp, TC; Twigg, CA, 1977)		0.55
" Thus, the dosage ratio of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 approximated 100:1."( Treatment of hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism with metabolites of vitamin D: evidence for impaired conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.
Belsey, RE; Clark, MB; DeLuca, HF; Fraser, D; Holick, MF; Kooh, SW; Murray, TM, 1975)		0.25
" Treatment with 25 OH CC in high dosage brought about clinical, radiological and laboratory cure of osteomalacia in both cases, reducing the frequency of fits in the epileptic patient."( [4 cases of osteomalacia during anticonvulsant or sedative treatment].
Alcalay, M; Amor, B; Bontoux, D; Cayla, J; Charbonnier, A; Mery, C; Miravet, L; Rondier, J, 1975)		0.25
" All of the compounds promoted bone mineralization in a linear log dose-response relationship."( Relative activities of some metabolites and analogs of cholecalciferol in stimulation of tibia ash weight in chicks otherwise deprived of vitamin D.
Boris, A; Hurley, JF; Trmal, T, 1977)		0.5
" after dosing with D3 and 6 hr."( Effect of dietary aflatoxin on vitamin D3 metabolism in chicks.
Britton, WM; Wyatt, RD, 1978)		0.26
" Calcium-binding-protein mRNA could only just be detected in the intestinal nuclei 2h after dosing with these steroids which is the same time that it was first observed in the polyribosomes."( Stimulation of intestinal calcium-binding-protein mRNA synthesis in the nucleus of vitamin D-deficient chicks by 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
Charman, M; Lawson, DE; Spencer, R, 1978)		0.46
" A close correlation between the dosage of D3-vitamin and the amount of Ca2+ consumed by the intestine from the solution and bound with the mucosa was established."( [Rapid biological method for assessing D-vitamin supply of chicks].
Andrushaĭte, RE; Bauman, VK; Berzin', NI, )		0.13
" In addition considering that a lower dosage is required of 25OHD3 compared to vit."( [Behavior of serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in humans after administration of vitamin D and 25-OHD3].
Bianchi, AR; Bianchini, G; Casciani, CU; Coen, G; Gallucci, G; Lucentini, G; Matteucci, MC; Picca, S; Taccone Gallucci, M, 1979)		0.55
" The results indicate that the maximal stimulation of transcaltachia occurs at 50 pM PTHrP(1-40), and that the dose-response curve is biphasic in nature."( A parathyroid-related peptide induces transcaltachia (the rapid, hormonal stimulation of intestinal Ca2+ transport).
Nemere, I; Norman, AW; Zhou, LX, 1992)		0.28
" Adverse effects can be minimized by bedtime dosing and possibly the use of new noncalciotropic analogs."( Vitamin D therapy in psoriasis.
Araugo, OE; Brown, K; Flowers, FP, )		0.13
" They responded to a reduction in dosage of vitamin D3."( Calcium imbalance in hypoparathyroidism.
Gupta, MM, 1991)		0.28
" Dose-response curves following noradrenergic stimulation were shifted to the right after 13 (but not after 180) days recovery."( Vascular calcium overload produced by administration of vitamin D3 and nicotine in rats. Changes in tissue calcium levels, blood pressure, and pressor responses to electrical stimulation or norepinephrine in vivo.
Atkinson, J; Capdeville, C; Chillon, JM; Henrion, D; Hicks, PE; Martin, JA; Oster, L; Thorin, E; Thorin-Trescases, N, 1990)		0.28
" However, thyroid hormone potentiates, by one order of magnitude, the dose-response effect of retinoic acid in HL-60 cells."( Stimulatory effect of thyroid hormone on RA-induced granulocytic differentiation in leukemic cells.
Balitrand, N; Ballerini, P; Chomienne, C; Lenoble, M; Najean, Y; Schaison, G, 1991)		0.28
" The author suggests that combined therapy with hydrochlorothiazide, vitamin D3 and calcium prevents hypercalciuria but may require changes in vitamin D3 dosage and withdrawal of hydrochlorothiazide in some patients."( [Effect of hydrochlorothiazide on calcium metabolism in postoperative hypoparathyroidism].
Sawicki, A, )		0.13
" Three-monthly administration of the moderate dosage of 100,000 IU of vitamin D3 all year round would offer a simple, effective and risk-free system to counteract vitamin D deficiency in the elderly and of preventing the risk of osteomalacia, thus reducing the incidence of fractures."( [Vitamin D supplementation in institutionalized elderly. Effects of vitamin D3 (100,000 IU) orally administered every 3 months on serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D].
Garabedian, M; Jardel, A; Moulias, R; Salvatore, R; Zeghoud, F, 1990)		0.28
" Serial measurements of the serum concentration of vitamin D3 after dosage were made."( Absorption of a pharmacological dose of vitamin D3 from two different lipid vehicles in man: comparison of peanut oil and a medium chain triglyceride.
Aksnes, L; Berlin, T; Holmberg, I; Lindbäck, B; Lindeke, B; Zemgals, J, 1990)		0.28
" Six male and five female gastrostomy fed, nonambulant, epileptic, profoundly mentally retarded individuals ranging in age from 7 to 17 years were given vitamin D therapy at a dosage of 4,000 IU/m2 body surface area/day for 6 months."( Bone status in nonambulant, epileptic, institutionalized youth. Improvement with vitamin D therapy.
Adkins, WN; Fischer, MH; Liebl, BH; Marlett, JA; VanCalcar, SC, 1988)		0.27
" This dosage appears therefore to be sufficient to reduce the risk of vitamin D deficiency of the newborn and the occurrence of neonatal hypocalcemia."( [Administration of a single dose of 100,000 U.I. of vitamin D3 in the pregnant woman in winter. The effect on blood calcium level of the newborn infant].
Bernard, N; Garabedian, M; Jardel, A; Melchior, J; Zeghoud, F, 1988)		0.27
" to vitamin D-deficient rats, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1alpha,-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were detected in the serum at levels less than or equal to those noted in animals dosed with the respective free sterols."( Biologic activity of 3beta-D-glucopyranosides of vitamin D compounds.
Gross, M; Kost, SB; Kumar, R; Labler, L; Londowski, JM; Meier, W, 1985)		0.27
" Repeated dosing provided for more efficient use of the injected vitamin D3."( Effect of parenteral vitamin D3 on plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentration in sheep.
Smith, BS; Wright, H, 1985)		0.27
" Only the daily dosage of 250,000 IU caused significant increases of concentrations of vitamin D or 25-hydroxyvitamin D in plasma."( Effects of dietary vitamin D3 on concentrations of vitamin D and its metabolites in blood plasma and milk of dairy cows.
Beitz, DC; Horst, RL; Littledike, ET; McDermott, CM, 1985)		0.27
" Rapidly growing male rats were dosed with 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 orally until plasma concentrations of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were at steady state."( Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the vitamin D3-replete rat.
DeLuca, HF; Jarnagin, K; Phelps, M; Zeng, SY, 1985)		0.27
" These variables may explain the inability of different laboratories to duplicate dose-response curves."( In vitro use of vitamin D3 metabolites: culture conditions determine cell uptake.
Brand, JS; Puzas, JE, 1985)		0.27
" The effect of vitamin D metabolites was estimated on 3 experimental animals applying a daily dosage of 600."( [Effect of bile on intestinal calcium and vitamin D absorption. Animal experiment studies in swine].
Braun, F, 1986)		0.27
" The dose-response curve was biphasic for all compounds studied; for 1,25(OH)2D3 initial stimulation of transport was detected at only 30 pM [the plasma concentration of 1,25(OH)2D3 is normally 125 pM] while maximal stimulation was 154% above control at a concentration of 650 pM."( Biological activity of vitamin D metabolites and analogs: dose-response study of 45Ca transport in an isolated chick duodenum perfusion system.
Norman, AW; Yoshimoto, Y, 1986)		0.27
" The dose-response profiles for two additional bioresponses in these cells, namely induction of 24-hydroxylase and inhibition of 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity, were comparable to those for CaBP induction."( 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces the synthesis of vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein in cultured chick kidney cells.
Clemens, TL; Craviso, GL; Garrett, KP, 1987)		0.27
" Dosing pregnant ewes with 300,000 iu of vitamin D3 in a rapidly available form, approximately two months before lambing, provided a safe means of increasing the vitamin D status of the ewe and the newborn lamb by preventing the seasonally low concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3."( Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on the vitamin D status of ewes and their lambs.
Brown, KG; Smith, BS; Wright, H, 1987)		0.27
" Comparison of stimulation of bone resorption by 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and parathyroid hormone reveals similarities with respect to time course, dose-response slope, and inhibition by calcitonin."( 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol: stimulation of bone resorption in tissue culture.
Blunt, JW; Deluca, HF; Raisz, LG; Trummel, CL, 1969)		0.89
" The (3)H/(14)C ratios in these four radioactive components were the same as that of the dosed material (4."( Metabolism of vitamin D. A new cholecalciferol metabolite, involving loss of hydrogen at C-1, in chick intestinal nuclei.
Kodicek, E; Lawson, DE; Wilson, PW, 1969)		0.53
" The assessment of radioactivity in plasma and tissues of outdoor sheep dosed with either tritiated 25-hydroxycholecalciferol or with equivalent amounts of tritiated cholecalciferol revealed that plasma and tissue radioactivity were substantially higher in sheep dosed with tritiated 25-hydroxycholecalciferol than in sheep dosed with tritiated cholecaliferol."( Fate of isotopically labeled cholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in sheep.
Hidiroglou, M; Williams, CJ, 1980)		0.76
"The dose-response relationship of estradiol benzoate (E2B)-induced increase of in vitro 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 - 1,25-(OH)2D3 - production in Japanese quail raised on a vitamin D-deficient diet was investigated."( Estradiol-induced stimulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1-hydroxylase in vitamin D-deficient Japanese quail.
Baksi, SN; Kenny, AD, 1980)		0.26
" Using labeled material it was shown that the dosing levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 employed ensured a higher than normal plasma concentration of that metabolite over the period between doses."( Histological observations on the failure of rachitic rat bones to respond to 1,25/OH)2D3.
Gallagher, JA; Lawson, DE, 1980)		0.26
" High doses of vitamin D 3 and dosage of phosphate mitigated the complains although with respect to the radiological, scintigraphic, humoral and histological findings there was only slow improvement or no improvement at all."( [Chronic hypophosphatemic osteopathy (author's transl)].
Hofmann, E; Koppers, B; Sauer, E; Schmid, L, 1980)		0.26
" Radioactivity concentrations were higher in the tissues of ewes dosed with vitamin D3 than in those dosed with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol."( Transfer of tritium-labeled vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in ovine placenta.
Hidiroglou, M; Williams, CJ, 1981)		0.47
" In contrast to currently available preparations, this extemporaneous formulation of injectable cholecalciferol potentially offers a versatile dosage form for therapeutic or prophylactic therapy of vitamin D deficiency."( Stability of an extemporaneous formulation of injectable cholecalciferol.
Bertino, JS; Halpin, TC; Lambert, PW; Reed, MD, 1981)		0.73
" Blood samples were obtained after 10 and 20 d of dosing and serum 25-OHD levels were repeated."( Studies on vitamin D metabolism in malnourished children.
Raghuramulu, N; Reddy, V, 1982)		0.26
" Animals were dosed by stomach tube with radioactive forms of vitamins A and D and killed 18 hours later."( The influence of aging on intestinal absorption of vitamins A and D by the rat.
Barrows, CH; Fleming, BB, 1982)		0.26
" irradiation or during oral dosage of 62."( Vitamin D from skin: contribution to vitamin D status compared with oral vitamin D in normal and anticonvulsant-treated subjects.
Barnes, JL; Barnes, ND; Davie, MW; Emberson, C; Lawson, DE; Roberts, GE, 1982)		0.26
" 3 and 4) given the respective vitamins at a daily dosage of 33,000 IU/kg of initial (day 0) body weight for 30 days."( Acute vitamin D3 toxicosis in horses: case reports and experimental studies of the comparative toxicity of vitamins D2 and D3.
Harrington, DD; Page, EH, 1983)		0.27
" Pups were killed at either 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 days after dosing of the does, and does were killed after 5 days."( Fate of tritium-labeled vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in rabbit does and their pups.
Hidiroglou, M, 1984)		0.27
" The results indicated that in these sheep dosed with this large dose of vitamin D3, their depletion in this liposoluble vitamin was a long process."( Vitamin D3 levels in certain sheep tissues at various times after the intramuscular administration of vitamin D3.
Hidiroglou, M; Williams, CJ, 1984)		0.27
" The effects of various dietary levels of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) or 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) were compared using a "basal" dosage level of 69 micrograms/kg feed, as well as levels ranging from ."( Comparison of dietary 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and cholecalciferol in broiler chickens.
Gray, RW; Hollis, BW; McNaughton, JL; Quarles, CL; Saunders, CA; Yarger, JG, 1995)		0.84
" Indomethacin shifted the G-CSF dose-response curve of cells treated with 10 nM RA to lower G-CSF concentrations."( Indomethacin potentiates the induction of HL60 differentiation to neutrophils, by retinoic acid and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and to monocytes, by vitamin D3.
Brown, G; Bunce, CM; Durham, J; French, PJ; Michell, RH; Stockley, RA, 1994)		0.29
" We studied vitamin D transport from the skin in seven healthy volunteers who received whole body irradiation with 27 mJ/cm2 dosage of ultraviolet B light (290-320 nm)."( Human plasma transport of vitamin D after its endogenous synthesis.
Haddad, JG; Hollis, BW; Hu, YZ; Matsuoka, LY; Wortsman, J, 1993)		0.29
"The separation and characterization of vitamin D(3)- and 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-monoglucuronides, biliary metabolites obtained from rats dosed with D(3) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) per os, respectively, were carried out by HPLC."( Separation and characterization of monoglucuronides of vitamin D(3) and25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) in rat bile by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Mitamura, K; Nakatani, I; Saito, K; Shimada, K, 1996)		0.29
" Dose-response studies showed that each of the analogues had antiproliferative activities, and LH [1,25-(OH)2-16-ene-23-yne-26,27-F6-19-nor D3] was the most potent analogue, suppressing at 10(-11) M greater than 50% clonal proliferation (ED50) of the MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells, increasing the proportion of MCF-7 cells in the G0-G1 phase, and decreasing those in the S phase of the cell cycle."( 19-nor-hexafluoride analogue of vitamin D3: a novel class of potent inhibitors of proliferation of human breast cell lines.
Asou, H; Campbell, MJ; Elstner, E; Koeffler, HP; Koike, M; Tsuruoka, N; Uskokovic, M, 1997)		0.3
" These results were achieved by a lower drug dosage of vitamin D3 and at lower trough blood levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 as compared to those of oral One-Alpha."( Comparison of the efficacy of two injectable forms of vitamin D3 and oral one-alpha in treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients on maintenance hemodialysis.
al-Mohannadi, S; el-Reshaid, K; el-Reshaid, W; Sivanandan, R; Sugathan, T, 1997)		0.3
" Additional studies with TPA after the determination of optimum dosing regimens are needed to determine whether long-lasting or permanent remissions of myelocytic leukemia can be achieved."( Effect of intravenous infusions of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in patients with myelocytic leukemia: preliminary studies on therapeutic efficacy and toxicity.
Cao, GS; Chang, RL; Conney, AH; Han, ZT; Liu, XJ; Newmark, HL; Sun, JZ; Tian, GF; Yang, RY; Zhu, XX, 1998)		0.3
" Dose-response curves were non-monotonic passing a maximum at low dosages."( Low-molecular-weight hormonal factors that affect head formation in Hydra.
Bartsch, C; Bartsch, H; Bayer, E; Maidonis, I; Müller, WA, 1998)		0.3
"Using ethylene glycol (EG) and vitamin D3 as crystal-inducing diet (CID) in rats, we investigated the effect of the dosage of EG on the generation of chronic calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis."( Experimental nephrolithiasis in rats: the effect of ethylene glycol and vitamin D3 on the induction of renal calcium oxalate crystals.
Boevé, ER; Cao, LC; de Bruijn, WC; de Water, R; Deng, G; Schröder, FH; Stijnen, T; van Miert, PP, 1996)		0.29
" Dose-response studies showed that 1,25(OH)2-16-ene-5,6-trans-D3 had 10-100-fold greater antiproliferative activities than 1,25(OH)2D3 when measuring clonal growth of breast (MCF-7) and prostate (LNCaP) cancer cell lines as well as a myeloid leukemia cell line (HL-60)."( 5,6-trans-16-ene-vitamin D3: a new class of potent inhibitors of proliferation of prostate, breast, and myeloid leukemic cells.
Hisatake, J; Hisatake, Y; Koeffler, HP; Kubota, T; Tomoyasu, S; Uskokovic, M, 1999)		0.3
" Dose-response studies of Cmpd E showed that in serumless culture conditions, transactivation of the VDRE-CAT was stronger than cmpd J [1,25(OH)2D3]."( 20-Cyclopropyl-cholecalciferol vitamin D3 analogs: a unique class of potent inhibitors of proliferation of human prostate, breast and myeloid leukemia cell lines.
Kawabata, H; Koeffler, HP; Koike, M; Koshizuka, K; Said, J; Taub, HE; Tsuruoka, N; Uskokovic, M; Yang, R, )		0.48
" In Experiment 1, vitamin D3 was supplemented at a dosage of either 2,064 IU/kg (low level) or 4,128 IU/kg (high level) in drinking water provided ad libitum only from Days 1 through 5 after hatch."( The effect of vitamin D3 on resistance to stress-related infection in an experimental model of turkey osteomyelitis complex.
Balog, JM; Huff, GR; Huff, WE; Rath, NC, 2000)		0.31
" Serum calcium and urinary calcium excretion did not change significantly at either dosage during the study."( Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level.
Chan, PC; MacFarlane, GD; Vieth, R, 2001)		0.31
"The 100-microg/d dosage of vitamin D3 effectively increased 25(OH)D to high-normal concentrations in practically all adults and serum 25(OH)D remained within the physiologic range; therefore, we consider 100 microg vitamin D3/d to be a safe intake."( Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level.
Chan, PC; MacFarlane, GD; Vieth, R, 2001)		0.31
"The chronotherapeutic effects of 1-alpha-(OH) vitamin D3, a pro-drug of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), were evaluated by repeated dosing of the drug in aged stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive male rats, a model of osteoporosis."( Chronotherapy with active vitamin D3 in aged stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, a model of osteoporosis.
Fujimura, A; Nishiki, K; Sugimoto, K; Tsuruoka, S, 2001)		0.31
" Animals with a dosing of the drug at 2 hours after light on (HALO) had more grade of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia than those at 14 HALO."( Time of day improves efficacy and reduces adverse reactions of vitamin D3 in 5/6 nephrectomized rat.
Fujimura, A; Nishiki, K; Sugimoto, K; Tsuruoka, S, 2002)		0.31
" This study was undertaken to determine whether the effectiveness and safety of D3 also depend on its dosing time during a repeated treatment."( Chronotherapy of high-dose active vitamin D3 in haemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidsm: a repeated dosing study.
Fujimura, A; Saito, T; Sugimoto, K; Tsuruoka, S; Wakaumi, M, 2003)		0.32
"00 h dosing in the remaining ten patients."( Chronotherapy of high-dose active vitamin D3 in haemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidsm: a repeated dosing study.
Fujimura, A; Saito, T; Sugimoto, K; Tsuruoka, S; Wakaumi, M, 2003)		0.32
"These results indicate that a higher dose of oral D3 is more effective and safe after dosing at evening in patients with renal osteodystrophy."( Chronotherapy of high-dose active vitamin D3 in haemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidsm: a repeated dosing study.
Fujimura, A; Saito, T; Sugimoto, K; Tsuruoka, S; Wakaumi, M, 2003)		0.32
" Serum Ca, P, Mg, 25-OH D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2 D3], albumin, and protein were measured 24 h before dosing (-24 h), at dosing (0 h), and 6 and 24 h after dosing, after which the cattle were slaughtered at a commercial facility."( Short communication: serum and tissue concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in beef heifers after buccal dosing of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.
Bachman, SE; Branine, ME; Galyean, ML; Horst, RL; Hubbert, ME; Rivera, JD; Williams, SN, 2005)		0.33
" The aortic calcification was significantly attenuated by subcutaneous administration of ghrelin 30 and 300 nmol kg(-1) day(-1) for 4 weeks, and the latter dosage was more potent than the former."( Ghrelin blunted vascular calcification in vivo and in vitro in rats.
Cao, J; Chang, L; Jiang, W; Li, GZ; Pan, CS; Tang, CS; Zhao, J, 2005)		0.33
" 1,25-(OH)2D3 rapidly stimulated PHF release with enhanced sensitivity in SHR versus WKY cultures indicated by a leftward shift in the dose-response curve, whereas 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25-(OH)2D3) had the converse effect."( Regulation of parathyroid hypertensive factor secretion by vitamin D3 analogs in parathyroid cells derived from spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Benishin, CG; Nemere, I; Sutherland, SK, 2005)		0.33
" Further clinical trials should be conducted to prove the preventive effect of vitamin D3 as well as dosing and timing of the agent on radiation-induced alopecia."( The preventive effect of vitamin D3 on radiation-induced hair toxicity in a rat model.
Abban, G; Baltalarli, B; Bir, F; Demirkan, N, 2006)		0.33
" Estimates of the population distribution of serum 25(OH)D values, coupled with available dose-response data, indicate that it would require input of an additional 2600 iu/d (65 microg/d) of oral vitamin D3 to ensure that 97."( Barriers to optimizing vitamin D3 intake for the elderly.
Heaney, RP, 2006)		0.33
" The potential for general correlations between this type of oxidizability data and actual oxidative performance in LFC and solid oral dosage forms is discussed."( A novel peroxy radical based oxidative stressing system for ranking the oxidizability of drug substances.
Harmon, PA; Kosuda, K; Mowery, M; Nelson, E; Reed, RA, 2006)		0.33
" In addition to screening potential antipsoriatic substances, the PPT can help answer other questions (frequency of use, dose-response relationship)."( [Is the psoriasis plaque test still relevant in the age of biologicals?].
Wozel, G, 2006)		0.33
" The dose-response to supplementation decreased with increasing vitamin D status at baseline, r = -0."( How much vitamin D3 do the elderly need?
Jakobsen, J; Kärkkäinen, M; Lamberg-Allardt, C; Palssa, A; Viljakainen, HT, 2006)		0.33
" Newer topical therapies that have a convenient once-daily dosing schedule are needed and will have important implications for patient compliance."( The roles of safety and compliance in determining effectiveness of topical therapy for psoriasis.
Corvari, L; Stein Gold, L, 2007)		0.34
" Other practical issues, including who should receive vitamin D replacement, what form of vitamin D should be used, and what dosage is required to prevent falls, are discussed."( Vitamin D supplementation to prevent falls in the elderly: evidence and practical considerations.
Fosnight, SM; Hazelett, SE; Zafirau, WJ, 2008)		0.35
" Dosing for NT-020 and vehicle consisted of daily oral administration (using a gavage) over a 2-week period."( Dietary supplementation exerts neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke model.
Bickford, PC; Borlongan, CV; Hara, K; Maki, M; Masuda, T; Sanberg, CD; Sanberg, PR; Yasuhara, T, 2008)		0.35
"There is much interest in dosing vitamin D intermittently for patient convenience and long-term adherence."( Pharmacokinetics of a single, large dose of cholecalciferol.
Armas, LA; Heaney, RP; Ilahi, M, 2008)		0.61
"Serum calcidiol rose promptly after cholecalciferol dosing from a mean (+/-SD) baseline of 27."( Pharmacokinetics of a single, large dose of cholecalciferol.
Armas, LA; Heaney, RP; Ilahi, M, 2008)		0.88
" The dosing interval should be < or =2 mo to ensure continuous serum calcidiol concentrations above baseline."( Pharmacokinetics of a single, large dose of cholecalciferol.
Armas, LA; Heaney, RP; Ilahi, M, 2008)		0.61
" Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) was greater for cows dosed with 25-OH (119."( Blood mineral, hormone, and osteocalcin responses of multiparous Jersey cows to an oral dose of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 or vitamin D3 before parturition.
Herbein, JH; Knowlton, KF; McGilliard, ML; Seymour, WM; Taylor, MS, 2008)		0.35
" The dosing regimen comprised a loading dose of 1000 IU of cholecalciferol per day for one month (two tablets) and thereafter a maintenance dose of 500 IU of cholecalciferol per day for 2 months (one tablet)."( The effect of a combined oral calcium and vitamin D supplement for treating mild to moderate vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal women.
Diamond, T; Golombick, T, 2008)		0.59
"Different dosing protocols have been used for vitamin D supplementation, but there has been a lack of comparative data among them."( Comparison of daily, weekly, and monthly vitamin D3 in ethanol dosing protocols for two months in elderly hip fracture patients.
Bromberg, IL; Ish-Shalom, S; Raz, B; Salganik, T; Segal, E; Vieth, R, 2008)		0.35
" After 2 months, serum 25(OH)D with daily, weekly, and monthly dosing were, respectively, 33."( Comparison of daily, weekly, and monthly vitamin D3 in ethanol dosing protocols for two months in elderly hip fracture patients.
Bromberg, IL; Ish-Shalom, S; Raz, B; Salganik, T; Segal, E; Vieth, R, 2008)		0.35
"Supplementation with vitamin D can be achieved equally well with daily, weekly, or monthly dosing frequencies."( Comparison of daily, weekly, and monthly vitamin D3 in ethanol dosing protocols for two months in elderly hip fracture patients.
Bromberg, IL; Ish-Shalom, S; Raz, B; Salganik, T; Segal, E; Vieth, R, 2008)		0.35
"Twenty vitamin D-deficient HIV-1-infected patients were prospectively treated with 2000 IU cholecalciferol/day for 14 weeks, whereafter treatment was continued with half this dosage until 48 weeks."( The effect of cholecalciferol supplementation on vitamin D levels and insulin sensitivity is dose related in vitamin D-deficient HIV-1-infected patients.
Bosch, ME; Burger, DM; Hermus, AR; Koopmans, PP; Oyen, WJ; Sweep, FC; Tack, CJ; van den Bos, M; van den Bout-van den Beukel, CJ; van der Ven, AJ, 2008)		0.93
" After 48 weeks, however, only 25(OH)D3 levels remained significantly different from baseline, while the other parameter levels returned to baseline, suggesting a dose-response effect."( The effect of cholecalciferol supplementation on vitamin D levels and insulin sensitivity is dose related in vitamin D-deficient HIV-1-infected patients.
Bosch, ME; Burger, DM; Hermus, AR; Koopmans, PP; Oyen, WJ; Sweep, FC; Tack, CJ; van den Bos, M; van den Bout-van den Beukel, CJ; van der Ven, AJ, 2008)		0.71
" Dose-response clonogenic studies showed that all six analogs had greater antiproliferative activities against cancer cells than 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)."( Novel Gemini vitamin D(3) analogs have potent antitumor activity.
Badr, R; Haritunians, T; Jankowski, P; Koeffler, HP; Maehr, H; Marczak, S; O'Kelly, J; Okamoto, R; Saito, T; Uskokovic, M, 2008)		0.35
" We tested the potential of intermittently dosed calcitriol and calcitonin (CT) to restore bone properties in ovariectomized (Ovx) rats."( Bone parameters are improved with intermittent dosing of vitamin D3 and calcitonin.
Andresen, CJ; Bagi, CM; Berryman, E; Moalli, M; Pero, R; Turner, CH, 2008)		0.35
"Daily dosing with vitamin D often fails to achieve optimal outcomes, and it is uncertain what the target level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D should be."( High-dose oral vitamin D3 supplementation in the elderly.
Bacon, CJ; Gamble, GD; Horne, AM; Reid, IR; Scott, MA, 2009)		0.35
" Monthly dosing is similarly effective and safe, but takes 3-5 months for plateau 25OHD levels to be reached."( High-dose oral vitamin D3 supplementation in the elderly.
Bacon, CJ; Gamble, GD; Horne, AM; Reid, IR; Scott, MA, 2009)		0.35
"Administration of oral cholecalciferol to HIV-infected children and adolescents at a dosage of 100,000 IU every 2 months, together with 1 g/day calcium, is safe and results in significant increases in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations."( Effect of bimonthly supplementation with oral cholecalciferol on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in HIV-infected children and adolescents.
Abrams, EJ; Arpadi, SM; Bamji, M; Engelson, ES; Horlick, M; McMahon, D; Purswani, M; Shane, E, 2009)		0.92
"Oral dosing with adenine induced CKD in rats in only 10 days."( Vascular calcification and secondary hyperparathyroidism of severe chronic kidney disease and its relation to serum phosphate and calcium levels.
Fujimori, A; Fukushima, S; Itoh, H; Mizukami, K; Nara, H; Okada, M; Sanagi, M; Takakura, K; Terai, K, 2009)		0.35
"These data suggest that rats dosed orally with adenine provide a more useful model for analysing calcium/phosphate homeostasis in severe CKD."( Vascular calcification and secondary hyperparathyroidism of severe chronic kidney disease and its relation to serum phosphate and calcium levels.
Fujimori, A; Fukushima, S; Itoh, H; Mizukami, K; Nara, H; Okada, M; Sanagi, M; Takakura, K; Terai, K, 2009)		0.35
" Prospective studies are required to determine appropriate dosing regimen to achieve optimal levels in the majority of MS patients and to ascertain the safety, immunological response, and ultimately the clinical efficacy of vitamin D replacement therapy."( Vitamin D status and effect of low-dose cholecalciferol and high-dose ergocalciferol supplementation in multiple sclerosis.
Baynes, M; Calabresi, PA; Cettomai, D; Greenberg, BM; Harrison, D; Hiremath, GS; Kerr, D; Newsome, S; Ratchford, JN, 2009)		0.62
"Daily dosing of vitamin D supplements may be difficult among older people."( The same annual dose of 292000 IU of vitamin D (cholecalciferol) on either daily or four monthly basis for elderly women: 1-year comparative study of the effects on serum 25(OH)D concentrations and renal function.
Aarum, S; Hämäläinen, E; Löyttyniemi, E; Pekkarinen, T; Turpeinen, U; Välimäki, MJ; Välimäki, VV, 2010)		0.62
" However, there are no data to indicate which dosage would be most efficient."( Monthly cholecalciferol administration in haemodialysis patients: a simple and efficient strategy for vitamin D supplementation.
Chazot, C; Jean, G; Souberbielle, JC, 2009)		0.79
"A 56-year-old patient with postsurgical hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism associated with gastrointestinal malabsorption syndrome was prescribed with L: -thyroxine and 1alpha(OH)D(3) at a massive daily dosage of 600 and 39 mug, respectively."( Successful treatment of postsurgical hypoparathyroidism by intramuscular injection of vitamin D3 in a patient associated with malabsorption syndrome due to multiple abdominal surgeries.
Katsura, Y; Kure, M; Ohwada, R; Sato, K; Seki, T; Sekine, H; Takano, K; Yamamoto, M, 2010)		0.36
" The current study was undertaken to obtain information on the dose-response pattern of 2 vitamin D sources, the commonly used cholecalciferol, called vitamin D(3), and a newly developed Hy."( Reproductive performance and bone status markers of gilts and lactating sows supplemented with two different forms of vitamin D.
Halekoh, U; Jensen, SK; Larsen, T; Lauridsen, C, 2010)		0.57
"According to current classifications, the metabolite of greatest clinical interest to evaluate vitamin D(3) dosage is 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) with a reference interval of approximately 10-70ng/ml, although many authors consider values of approximately 40ng/ml or 100nmol/l to be desirable."( [Has vitamin D(3) dosage improved in Spain? Current levels in a population sample].
Benedicto Lorenzo, I; Bernal Pérez, M; Cortés Flores, G; Giner Soria, A; Horno Pérez, M; Orden Gonzalo, I, )		0.13
" VDRM2 suppressed eroded surface on trabecular bone surfaces at normal serum calcium dosage levels, suggesting dual anabolic and antiresorptive activity."( A nonsecosteroidal vitamin D receptor ligand with improved therapeutic window of bone efficacy over hypercalcemia.
Barr, RJ; Bryant, HU; Burris, LL; Iturria, S; Lu, J; Ma, YL; Montrose-Rafizadeh, C; Sato, M; Schmidt, A; Stayrook, KR; Zeng, QQ, 2010)		0.36
" There was a reduction in the dosage and in the number of patients who were treated with paricalcitol and sevelamer."( Cholecalciferol supplementation in hemodialysis patients: effects on mineral metabolism, inflammation, and cardiac dimension parameters.
Aires, I; Amaral, T; Borges, M; Cortez, J; Ferreira, A; Ferreira, C; Gil, C; Jorge, C; Matias, PJ, 2010)		1.8
" It allows reduction of vitamin D deficiency, better control of mineral metabolism with less use of active vitamin D, attenuation of inflammation, reduced dosing of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, and possibly improvement of cardiac dysfunction."( Cholecalciferol supplementation in hemodialysis patients: effects on mineral metabolism, inflammation, and cardiac dimension parameters.
Aires, I; Amaral, T; Borges, M; Cortez, J; Ferreira, A; Ferreira, C; Gil, C; Jorge, C; Matias, PJ, 2010)		1.8
" As data on repletion with vitamin D(2) have recently been published, we restricted our discussion to the use of vitamin D(3) from dietary supplements, prescriptions for large oral doses, and bolus dosing or injections."( Correcting poor vitamin D status: do older adults need higher repletion doses of vitamin D3 than younger adults?
Calvo, MS; Whiting, SJ, 2010)		0.36
"To compare the effects on parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) of two dosing regimens of cholecalciferol in women with secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPTH) and hypovitaminosis D and to investigate variables affecting 25(OH)D response to cholecalciferol."( Heterogeneity in serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D response to cholecalciferol in elderly women with secondary hyperparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency.
Barone, A; Bianchi, G; Girasole, G; Giusti, A; Palummeri, E; Pedrazzoni, M; Pioli, G; Pizzonia, M; Razzano, M, 2010)		0.82
" Calciferols were dosed at 50,000 IU/wk for 12 wk."( Vitamin D(3) is more potent than vitamin D(2) in humans.
Armas, LA; Grote, J; Heaney, RP; Horst, RL; Recker, RR, 2011)		0.37
"The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of daily and once monthly dosing of D(2) or D(3) on circulating 25(OH)D and serum and urinary calcium."( Evaluation of ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol dosing, 1,600 IU daily or 50,000 IU monthly in older adults.
Binkley, N; Drezner, MK; Engelke, J; Gangnon, R; Gemar, D; Krueger, D; Ramamurthy, R, 2011)		0.65
" One year of D(2) or D(3) dosing (1,600 IU daily or 50,000 IU monthly) does not produce toxicity, and 25(OH)D levels of less than 30 ng/ml persist in approximately 20% of individuals."( Evaluation of ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol dosing, 1,600 IU daily or 50,000 IU monthly in older adults.
Binkley, N; Drezner, MK; Engelke, J; Gangnon, R; Gemar, D; Krueger, D; Ramamurthy, R, 2011)		0.65
" While a routine dosage is often proposed in osteoporotic patients, it is not so evident in rheumatology outpatients where it has been shown that the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D is high."( High prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in a Swiss rheumatology outpatient population.
Aubry-Rozier, B; Dudler, J; Hans, D; Krieg, MA; Lamy, O; So, A; Stoll, D, 2011)		0.37
" Vitamin D dosing for patients suffering from malnutrition may not differ from that for normal-weighted adolescents."( Bioavailability of vitamin D in malnourished adolescents with anorexia nervosa.
Brown, JN; Divasta, AD; Feldman, HA; Giancaterino, C; Gordon, CM; Holick, MF, 2011)		0.37
" When allowing for a conversion period of vitamin D(3) to its active metabolites, supplementing the zilpaterol treated steers with a high dosage of vitamin D(3) (6D7M7N) resulted in improved colour stability, higher stability towards protein oxidation and lower stability towards lipid oxidation."( The effect of vitamin D(3) supplementation on texture and oxidative stability of beef loins from steers treated with zilpaterol hydrochloride.
Frylinck, L; Hansen, S; Strydom, PE, 2012)		0.38
" As more and more people use vitamin D supplements, it is important to recognize that, while rare, hypervitaminosis D is a possibility and dosage conversion of vitamin D units can result in errors."( Hypervitaminosis D associated with a vitamin D dispensing error.
Hronek, BW; Jacobsen, RB; Schilling, ML; Schmidt, GA, 2011)		0.37
" In addition, health care providers should understand dosage conversion regarding vitamin D and electronic prescribing and dispensing software should be designed to detect such errors."( Hypervitaminosis D associated with a vitamin D dispensing error.
Hronek, BW; Jacobsen, RB; Schilling, ML; Schmidt, GA, 2011)		0.37
" Cumulative dosing may be more important than frequency of dosing (strength of recommendation [SOR]: C, inconsistent results from randomized controlled trials [RCTs] of disease-oriented outcomes)."( Clinical inquiries. Which regimen treats vitamin D deficiency most effectively?
Germann, A; Osborn, J; St Anna, L, 2011)		0.37
"One gram of calcium per day and oral cholecalciferol at a dosage of 100,000 IU every 2 mo administered to HIV-infected children and adolescents did not affect bone mass accrual despite significant increases in serum 25(OH)D concentrations."( Effect of supplementation with cholecalciferol and calcium on 2-y bone mass accrual in HIV-infected children and adolescents: a randomized clinical trial.
Abrams, EJ; Arpadi, SM; Bamji, M; Engelson, ES; Horlick, M; McMahon, DJ; Purswani, M; Shane, E, 2012)		0.94
" Current data support vitamin D(3) supplementation as risk-modifying intervention in tuberculosis and viral respiratory tract infection, but the optimal dosage regimen remains to be determined."( Translating the role of vitamin D3 in infectious diseases.
Chai, L; Joosten, I; Khoo, AL; Koenen, H; Netea, M; van der Ven, A, 2012)		0.38
" Alternative vitamin D(3) dosing schedules need further investigation in colorectal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy."( A prospective clinical trial of cholecalciferol 2000 IU/day in colorectal cancer patients: evidence of a chemotherapy-response interaction.
Andrews, C; Fakih, MG; McMahon, J; Muindi, JR, 2012)		0.66
" Because a lower dose tends to be selected for patients with a better outcome, simple summarizations may wrongly show a better outcome for the lower dose, producing an incorrect dose-response relationship."( Dose-response relationship from longitudinal data with response-dependent dose modification using likelihood methods.
Funatogawa, I; Funatogawa, T, 2012)		0.38
" For both dosing regimens, there were no significant differences in the expression of gut-homing markers, CCR9, and integrin α(4)β(7)."( High-dose vitamin D3 supplementation is a requisite for modulation of skin-homing markers on regulatory T cells in HIV-infected patients.
Bosch, M; Joosten, I; Khoo, AL; Koenen, HJ; Michels, M; Netea, MG; Ooms, S; van der Ven, AJ, 2013)		0.39
" Optimal vitamin D dosing for treatment is unclear."( Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to vitamin D3 supplementation 50,000 IU monthly in youth with HIV-1 infection.
Flynn, P; Havens, PL; Hazra, R; Kapogiannis, BG; Lujan-Zilbermann, J; Mulligan, K; Rutledge, B; Stephensen, CB; Van Loan, MD; Wilson, CM, 2012)		0.38
"No information on optimal cholecalciferol dosing in kidney transplant patients is currently available because the time-course of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration has never been investigated."( Determination of optimal cholecalciferol treatment in renal transplant recipients using a population pharmacokinetic approach.
Benaboud, S; Courbebaisse, M; Friedlander, G; Hirt, D; Legendre, C; Prié, D; Souberbielle, JC; Thervet, E; Treluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2013)		0.99
" Based on these values, in order to maintain 25(OH)D concentrations between 30 and 80 ng/mL, cholecalciferol dosing should be six successive administrations of 100,000 IU at 2-week intervals, followed by 100,000 IU once a month until the end of the first year."( Determination of optimal cholecalciferol treatment in renal transplant recipients using a population pharmacokinetic approach.
Benaboud, S; Courbebaisse, M; Friedlander, G; Hirt, D; Legendre, C; Prié, D; Souberbielle, JC; Thervet, E; Treluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2013)		0.91
"Participants were randomly assigned to receive an initial dose of 200,000 IU oral vitamin D3, then 200,000 IU 1 month later, then 100,000 IU monthly (n = 161), or placebo administered in an identical dosing regimen (n = 161), for a total of 18 months."( Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on upper respiratory tract infections in healthy adults: the VIDARIS randomized controlled trial.
Camargo, CA; Chambers, ST; Florkowski, CM; Jennings, LC; Livesey, JH; Murdoch, DR; Priest, PC; Scragg, R; Slow, S; Stewart, AW, 2012)		0.38
" Alphacalciferol dosing was kept constant during treatment with cholecalciferol."( Vitamin D deficiency, insulin resistance, serum adipokine, and leptin levels in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Taskapan, H; Taskapan, MC; Temel, I; Ulutas, O, 2013)		0.63
" Our aims were to investigate the pharmacokinetics of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D], the effect of antiretroviral treatment (ARV) and others factors that may influence the pharmacokinetics, and to determine a vitamin D3 dosing scheme to reach the 30 ng ml(-1) threshold (defined as 25(OH)D sufficiency)."( Vitamin D3 supplementation scheme in HIV-infected patients based upon pharmacokinetic modelling of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.
Foissac, F; Rostane, H; Souberbielle, JC; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S; Viard, JP, 2013)		0.84
" To obtain concentrations between 30 and 80 ng ml(-1), the dosing recommendation was 100,000 IU every month."( Vitamin D3 supplementation scheme in HIV-infected patients based upon pharmacokinetic modelling of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.
Foissac, F; Rostane, H; Souberbielle, JC; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S; Viard, JP, 2013)		0.6
" A dosing scheme to reach sufficient 25(OH)D concentrations is proposed."( Vitamin D3 supplementation scheme in HIV-infected patients based upon pharmacokinetic modelling of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.
Foissac, F; Rostane, H; Souberbielle, JC; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S; Viard, JP, 2013)		0.6
" No modification of the prednisone dosage or initiation of new immunosuppressant agents was needed in all patients."( Restoration of regulatory and effector T cell balance and B cell homeostasis in systemic lupus erythematosus patients through vitamin D supplementation.
Carpentier, W; Chaara, W; Costedoat-Chalumeau, N; Derian, N; Geri, G; Klatzmann, D; Mariampillai, K; Musset, L; Patrice, C; Piette, JC; Rosenzwajg, M; Saadoun, D; Schoindre, Y; Six, A; Terrier, B; Zahr, N, 2012)		0.38
" Nevertheless, the current evidence suggests that regular dosing with oral cholecalciferol (e."( Prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency.
Cheetham, TD; Pearce, SH; Sinha, A, 2013)		0.62
"A linear dose-response relationship between dietary vitamin D(3) level and egg yolk vitamin D(3) content was established at relatively low enrichment levels."( Effects of vitamin D(3) -enriched diet on egg yolk vitamin D(3) content and yolk quality.
Higgins, M; Horst, RL; Persia, M; Wang, T; Yao, L, 2013)		0.39
" Of 66 subjects who were enrolled, 63 completed the dosing protocol."( Randomized clinical trial of vitamin D3 doses on prostatic vitamin D metabolite levels and ki67 labeling in prostate cancer patients.
Cardoza, M; Dias, A; Finelli, A; Fleshner, N; Giangreco, AA; Hersey, K; Klotz, L; Laszlo, S; Li, D; Nonn, L; Trudel, D; Van der Kwast, T; Vieth, R; Wagner, D, 2013)		0.39
"A pharmacokinetic study was conducted to assess the biochemical dose-response and tolerability of high-dose prenatal vitamin D3 supplementation in Dhaka, Bangladesh (23°N)."( Pharmacokinetics of high-dose weekly oral vitamin D3 supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Akhtar, E; Al Mahmud, A; Baqui, AH; Black, RE; Raqib, R; Roth, DE, 2013)		0.39
" We extrapolated individual study dose-response curves to zero concentration values for serum 25(OH)D by using both linear and curvilinear approaches and measured seasonal oscillation in the serum 25(OH)D concentration."( All-source basal vitamin D inputs are greater than previously thought and cutaneous inputs are smaller.
Armas, LA; French, C; Heaney, RP, 2013)		0.39
" The 1600-IU/d dosage was discontinued prematurely because of elevated plasma 25(OH)D concentrations."( Effect of different dosages of oral vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status in healthy, breastfed infants: a randomized trial.
Agellon, S; Comeau, K; Gallo, S; Jones, G; Khamessan, A; L'Abbé, M; Rodd, C; Sharma, A; Vanstone, C; Weiler, H, 2013)		0.39
"Among healthy, term, breastfed infants, only a vitamin D supplement dosage of 1600 IU/d (but not dosages of 400, 800, or 1200 IU/d) increased plasma 25(OH)D concentration to 75 nmol/L or greater in 97."( Effect of different dosages of oral vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status in healthy, breastfed infants: a randomized trial.
Agellon, S; Comeau, K; Gallo, S; Jones, G; Khamessan, A; L'Abbé, M; Rodd, C; Sharma, A; Vanstone, C; Weiler, H, 2013)		0.39
" Expression of CAMP mRNA and protein increased in a dose-response fashion after exposure of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells to the Gemini analog, BXL-01-126, in vitro."( Novel Gemini vitamin D3 analogs: large structure/function analysis and ability to induce antimicrobial peptide.
Akagi, T; Alvarez, R; Borregaard, N; Gery, S; Ho, Q; Koeffler, HP; Kuwayama, Y; Liu, GY; Okamoto, R; Uskokovic, MR, 2014)		0.4
" Participants were given an oral dose of either 200 000 IU vitamin D3 for each of 2 months, followed by 100 000 IU monthly or placebo in an identical dosing regimen, for a total of 18 months."( Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy adults.
Camargo, CA; Chambers, ST; Florkowski, CM; Jennings, LC; Livesey, JH; Murdoch, DR; Priest, PC; Scragg, R; Slow, S; Stewart, AW, 2014)		0.4
" Dose-response studies linking vitamin D status to musculoskeletal and survival outcomes in cancer patients are lacking."( Clinical outcomes of vitamin D deficiency and supplementation in cancer patients.
Baker, J; Isenring, EA; Kimlin, MG; Koczwara, B; Teleni, L; Tsai, K; Walpole, E, 2013)		0.39
"The purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] response to 3 different doses of vitamin D₃ (cholecalciferol) in a group of obese subjects and to quantify the 25(OH)D dose-response relationship."( 25-Hydroxyvitamin D response to graded vitamin D₃ supplementation among obese adults.
Armas, LA; Drincic, A; Fuller, E; Heaney, RP, 2013)		0.59
" Fasting blood samples are collected at baseline and three-month intervals for the measurement of plasma 25OHD, parathyroid hormone (PTH), biochemical markers of bone turnover and biochemistry to assess the dose-response and safety of supplementation."( Vitamin D supplementation in older people (VDOP): Study protocol for a randomised controlled intervention trial with monthly oral dosing with 12,000 IU, 24,000 IU or 48,000 IU of vitamin D₃.
Aspray, T; Chadwick, T; Francis, RM; Goldberg, GR; Harle, C; McColl, E; Parker, J; Prentice, A; Schoenmakers, I; Wilkinson, J; Yarnall, A, 2013)		0.39
" Dose-response studies are needed to determine in a definitive manner the daily allowance of vitamin D for Middle Eastern adolescents with a similar profile."( Vitamin D3 dose requirement to raise 25-hydroxyvitamin D to desirable levels in adolescents: results from a randomized controlled trial.
Al-Shaar, L; Fuleihan, Gel-H; Maalouf, J; Mneimneh, R, 2014)		0.4
" We therefore aimed to investigate the importance of body weight for the dose-response relation in circulating 25OHD."( Vitamin D supplementation, body weight and human serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D response: a systematic review.
Börgermann, J; Ernst, JB; Gummert, JF; Zittermann, A, 2014)		0.4
" Dose-response curves were completed, and results indicate that exposure to 1,000 µg/ml vitamin D3 significantly increased the lifespan of wild-type worms by up to 39% (p<0."( Effect of vitamin D3 on lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Heuberger, R; Messing, JA; Schisa, JA, 2013)		0.39
" No evidence of nonlinearity was observed in the dose-response curve."( Vitamin D supplementation increases calcium absorption without a threshold effect.
Abrams, SA; Aloia, JF; Dhaliwal, R; Fazzari, M; Mikhail, M; Ragolia, L; Shieh, A, 2014)		0.4
"Our primary objective was to determine the dose-response relation between vitamin D and plasma 25(OH)D."( Dose response to vitamin D supplementation in African Americans: results of a 4-arm, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Bennett, GG; Chan, AT; Chandler, PD; Drake, BF; Emmons, KM; Fuchs, CS; Giovannucci, EL; Gonzalez-Suarez, E; Hollis, BW; Meyerhardt, JA; Ng, K; Scott, JB, 2014)		0.4
" Of 66 subjects who were enrolled, 63 completed the dosing protocol."( Commentary on "randomized clinical trial of vitamin D3 doses on prostatic vitamin D metabolite levels and Ki67 labeling in prostate cancer patients." Wagner D, Trudel D, Van der Kwast T, Nonn L, Giangreco AA, Li D, Dias A, Cardoza M, Laszlo S, Hersey K, K
Olumi, AF, 2014)		0.4
" Evidence-based guidelines regarding the dosing and the frequency of dosing for prophylactic intermittent supplementation (stoss doses) in severely-deficient subjects are few."( Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D profile after single large oral doses of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) in medical staff in North India: a pilot study.
Bhatia, E; Bhatia, V; Priyambada, L; Singh, N, )		0.37
" After the dosing period of 8 days the animals were sacrificed and the blood was collected for the analysis of ST, its active metabolite simvastatin acid (STA), total cholesterol, triglyceride and liver enzymes including aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase."( Effect of vitamin D on bioavailability and lipid lowering efficacy of simvastatin.
Al-Asmari, AK; Al-Eid, A; Al-Omani, SF; Al-Sabaan, F; Tariq, M; Ullah, Z, 2015)		0.42
" According to 25(OH)D baseline concentrations, dosing schemes to reach sufficient concentrations are proposed."( Determination of optimal vitamin D3 dosing regimens in HIV-infected paediatric patients using a population pharmacokinetic approach.
Benaboud, S; Blanche, S; Bouazza, N; Chappuy, H; Foissac, F; Frange, P; Friedlander, G; Meyzer, C; Souberbielle, JC; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2014)		0.4
" In this study, of 22 patients on maintenance dialysis who had been administered calcium (Ca) carbonate in our hospital, we investigated the dosage amount of vitamin D3 preparations after the phosphorus (P) binder was switched from Ca carbonate to the newly developed lanthanum carbonate (LC)."( Increase in the dosage amount of vitamin D3 preparations by switching from calcium carbonate to lanthanum carbonate.
Hida, M; Hyodo, T; Ishii, D; Iwamura, M; Kawakami, J; Kurata, Y; Mikami, N; Wakai, H; Yoshida, K, 2014)		0.4
" This study is an extension of our previous study of vitamin D dosing in healthy adults."( The vitamin d dose response in obesity.
Aloia, JF; Dhaliwal, R; Feuerman, M; Mikhail, M, 2014)		0.4
" It is necessary to determine the dosage range, as well as the optimal level of vitamin D3 metabolite-25OHD3, where the immunosuppressant effect is the best, with no toxic effects."( The role of vitamin D3 in inflammatory bowel diseases.
Kosmowska-Miśków, A, )		0.13
" A larger or more frequent dosing regimen may be needed for long-term vitamin D sufficiency."( The effect of a single, large bolus of vitamin D in healthy adults over the winter and following year: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Alvarez, JA; Binongo, JN; Kearns, MD; Lodin, D; Tangpricha, V; Watson, D; Ziegler, TR, 2015)		0.42
" A positive dose-response was observed for mean ± SEM pup plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D (10."( Dietary vitamin D during pregnancy has dose-dependent effects on long bone density and architecture in guinea pig offspring but not the sows.
Khavandgar, Z; Kremer, R; Murshed, M; Rodd, CJ; Tabatabaei, N; Weiler, HA, 2014)		0.4
"Using data derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and a recently published dosing formula, we calculated the required supplemental dose of vitamin D to meet the IOM target in children and adolescents."( Importance of body weight and skin color in determining appropriate vitamin D3 supplement doses for children and adolescents.
Rajan, S; Weishaar, T, 2015)		0.42
"Health professionals should work with their patients to encourage lifelong vitamin D supplement use at a dosage sufficient to obtain adequate 25(OH)D levels."( Importance of body weight and skin color in determining appropriate vitamin D3 supplement doses for children and adolescents.
Rajan, S; Weishaar, T, 2015)		0.42
"001) and differed between groups (time × dosage interaction, P<0."( The effect of monthly 50,000 IU or 100,000 IU vitamin D supplements on vitamin D status in premenopausal Middle Eastern women living in Auckland.
Mazahery, H; Stonehouse, W; von Hurst, PR, 2015)		0.42
"An in vivo dosing study of vitamin D in a rat posterolateral spinal fusion model with autogenous bone grafting."( The relationship between serum vitamin D levels and spinal fusion success: a quantitative analysis.
Delamarter, RB; Kanim, LE; Metzger, MF; Robinson, ST; Zhao, L, 2015)		0.42
"To determine the dose-response of vitamin D3 supplementation on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] among Chinese adults."( A dose-response study of vitamin D3 supplementation in healthy Chinese: a 5-arm randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Chen, X; Chen, Y; Hu, FB; Hu, Y; Li, H; Lin, X; Liu, G; Lu, L; Sun, L; Yao, P; Ye, X; Zheng, H, 2016)		0.43
"7) nmol/L, and the dose-response relationship was curvilinear with a plateau around 6 weeks for all doses."( A dose-response study of vitamin D3 supplementation in healthy Chinese: a 5-arm randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Chen, X; Chen, Y; Hu, FB; Hu, Y; Li, H; Lin, X; Liu, G; Lu, L; Sun, L; Yao, P; Ye, X; Zheng, H, 2016)		0.43
" Subsequently, one group (n=2) was fed a vitamin D-free diet and another group (n=2) was dosed daily with 13C-labeled vitamin D3."( Tissue content of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 in minipigs after cutaneous synthesis, supplementation and deprivation of vitamin D3.
Burild, A; Frandsen, HL; Jakobsen, J; Poulsen, M, 2015)		0.42
"In this observational study, we included 38 dialysis patients treated by stable dosage of cholecalciferol."( Efficiency of delivery observed treatment in hemodialysis patients: the example of the native vitamin D therapy.
Cavalier, E; Delanaye, P; Dubois, BE; Fafin, C; Krzesinski, JM; Moranne, O, 2016)		0.66
" The dosage of the vitamin D was normal for 28% of patients (n=46)."( [Study of vitamin D supplementation in people over 65 years in primary care].
Berrut, G; Breysse, C; Guillot, P, 2015)		0.42
"There are wide variations in recommended dosing for vitamin D repletion."( Evaluating Vitamin D Repletion Regimens and Effects in Veteran Patients.
Aterrado, S; Kanehira-Mar, S; Meier, J; Ono, G; Swislocki, A, 2015)		0.42
" Ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol groups were separately organized into quartiles to identify dosing ranges that had the most impact on changes in 25(OH)D laboratory values."( Evaluating Vitamin D Repletion Regimens and Effects in Veteran Patients.
Aterrado, S; Kanehira-Mar, S; Meier, J; Ono, G; Swislocki, A, 2015)		0.74
" Most regimens in current use are based on daily dosing, which may raise concerns of dosage inadequacy and suboptimal patient compliance."( Effects of a 10-day course of a high dose calciferol versus a single mega dose of ergocalciferol in correcting vitamin D deficiency.
Aiedeh, KM; Hadidi, KA; Melhem, SJ, )		0.13
" The shortened dosing interval over 10 consecutive days might result in higher compliance."( Effects of a 10-day course of a high dose calciferol versus a single mega dose of ergocalciferol in correcting vitamin D deficiency.
Aiedeh, KM; Hadidi, KA; Melhem, SJ, )		0.13
" This study demonstrated a linear dose-response relationship with an increase in 25(OH)D levels proportional to the dose administered."( A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel Study to Evaluate the Dose-Response of Three Different Vitamin D Treatment Schemes on the 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Serum Concentration in Patients with Vitamin D Deficiency.
Cavalier, E; Da Silva, S; De Niet, S; Jandrain, B; Scheen, A; Schleck, ML; Souberbielle, JC; Vanderbist, F, 2015)		0.42
"There is uncertainty whether long-term daily dosing with vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation (vitD3) above the 4000-IU/d dietary reference intake upper tolerable limit in children and adults is safe."( Comprehensive Safety Monitoring of 12-Month Daily 7000-IU Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children and Young Adults.
Hediger, ML; Rutstein, RM; Schall, JI; Stallings, VA; Zemel, BS, 2016)		0.67
" We aimed to conduct a pilot trial comparing the efficacy of 2 vitamin D regimens of weekly dosing for the repletion of hypovitaminosis D in pediatric IBD."( Pilot Study Evaluating Efficacy of 2 Regimens for Hypovitaminosis D Repletion in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Freeman, AJ; Hofmekler, T; Kugathasan, S; Kumar, A; Martineau, B; McCracken, C; McElhanon, BO; Prince, J; Sauer, CG; Schoen, BT; Simek, RZ; Syed, S; Tangpricha, V; Tenjarla, G; Ziegler, TR, 2016)		0.43
"In the higher dosing group, serum 25(OH)D increased from 23."( Pilot Study Evaluating Efficacy of 2 Regimens for Hypovitaminosis D Repletion in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Freeman, AJ; Hofmekler, T; Kugathasan, S; Kumar, A; Martineau, B; McCracken, C; McElhanon, BO; Prince, J; Sauer, CG; Schoen, BT; Simek, RZ; Syed, S; Tangpricha, V; Tenjarla, G; Ziegler, TR, 2016)		0.43
" Although significant repletion of 25(OH)D concentration was achieved in both dosing groups at 8 weeks, this effect was lost by the 12-week follow-up."( Pilot Study Evaluating Efficacy of 2 Regimens for Hypovitaminosis D Repletion in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Freeman, AJ; Hofmekler, T; Kugathasan, S; Kumar, A; Martineau, B; McCracken, C; McElhanon, BO; Prince, J; Sauer, CG; Schoen, BT; Simek, RZ; Syed, S; Tangpricha, V; Tenjarla, G; Ziegler, TR, 2016)		0.43
" Whether substitution of native vitamin D in these patients is beneficial is a matter of ongoing discussion, as is the optimal dosing schedule."( Efficacy and safety of body weight-adapted oral cholecalciferol substitution in dialysis patients with vitamin D deficiency.
Lhotta, K; Mündle, M; Sprenger-Mähr, H; Zitt, E, 2015)		0.67
"The dosing regimen of oral cholecalciferol supplementation with 100 IU per kg body weight per week for 26 weeks in dialysis patients with vitamin D deficiency causes a significant increase in 25OHD3 close to the supposed target level of 30 ng/mL and a significant reduction in iPTH, without affecting serum calcium or phosphorous levels."( Efficacy and safety of body weight-adapted oral cholecalciferol substitution in dialysis patients with vitamin D deficiency.
Lhotta, K; Mündle, M; Sprenger-Mähr, H; Zitt, E, 2015)		0.97
" Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine effects and safety of a forced dosing regimen of vitamin D versus conventional dose supplementation on vitamin D levels and other parameters in bariatric patients."( The link between obesity and vitamin D in bariatric patients with omega-loop gastric bypass surgery - a vitamin D supplementation trial to compare the efficacy of postoperative cholecalciferol loading (LOAD): study protocol for a randomized controlled tri
Haslacher, H; Hoppichler, F; Kallay, E; Kienbacher, C; Klammer, C; Kral, M; Kruschitz, R; Langer, F; Ludvik, B; Luger, E; Luger, M; Marculescu, R; Prager, G; Schindler, K; Trauner, M; Traussnigg, S; Würger, T, 2015)		0.61
"The study includes loading plus repeat dosing compared with repeated administration of vitamin D without a loading dose, according to guidelines, in a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial."( The link between obesity and vitamin D in bariatric patients with omega-loop gastric bypass surgery - a vitamin D supplementation trial to compare the efficacy of postoperative cholecalciferol loading (LOAD): study protocol for a randomized controlled tri
Haslacher, H; Hoppichler, F; Kallay, E; Kienbacher, C; Klammer, C; Kral, M; Kruschitz, R; Langer, F; Ludvik, B; Luger, E; Luger, M; Marculescu, R; Prager, G; Schindler, K; Trauner, M; Traussnigg, S; Würger, T, 2015)		0.61
" This alternative vitamin D dosing regimen has the potential to be a safe, fast, evidence-based treatment of vitamin D deficiency in bariatric patients."( The link between obesity and vitamin D in bariatric patients with omega-loop gastric bypass surgery - a vitamin D supplementation trial to compare the efficacy of postoperative cholecalciferol loading (LOAD): study protocol for a randomized controlled tri
Haslacher, H; Hoppichler, F; Kallay, E; Kienbacher, C; Klammer, C; Kral, M; Kruschitz, R; Langer, F; Ludvik, B; Luger, E; Luger, M; Marculescu, R; Prager, G; Schindler, K; Trauner, M; Traussnigg, S; Würger, T, 2015)		0.61
"The best repletion and maintenance dosing regimens with cholecalciferol in vitamin D-deficient HIV-1 patients remain unknown."( An oral high dose of cholecalciferol restores vitamin D status in deficient postmenopausal HIV-1-infected women independently of protease inhibitors therapy: a pilot study.
Biondi, P; Cilli, M; Cipriani, C; Di Traglia, M; Diacinti, D; Falciano, M; Fantauzzi, A; Mezzaroma, I; Minisola, S; Pepe, J; Salotti, A, 2016)		1
" The secondary outcome evaluated the safety of vitamin D dosing protocol as measured by serum and urine calcium, phosphate, creatinine, and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH)."( Bioavailability and Safety of Vitamin D3 from Pizza Baked with Fortified Mozzarella Cheese: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Al-Khalidi, B; Chiu, W; Rousseau, D; Vieth, R, 2015)		0.42
"To determine if vitamin D dosage positively correlated with gross motor development at 3 and 6 months of age."( Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Gross Motor Development of Healthy Term Infants: A Randomized Dose-Response Trial.
Comeau, K; Gallo, S; Jones, G; Khamessan, A; L'Abbe, M; Majnemer, A; Rodd, C; Sharma, A; Vanstone, C; Weiler, H; Wicklow, B, 2016)		0.43
" Also, in contrast to earlier studies that used infrequent dosing regimens, our trial will study effects of a weekly dose of vitamin D supplementation."( Prevention of exacerbations in patients with COPD and vitamin D deficiency through vitamin D supplementation (PRECOVID): a study protocol.
Aleva, FE; Bet, PM; Daniels, JM; de Jongh, RT; den Heijer, M; Heijdra, YF; Hiemstra, PS; Lips, P; Rafiq, R; Schrumpf, JA; Taube, C; van der Ven, AJ, 2015)		0.42
" Pregnant women were enrolled at 27 wk of gestation and randomly assigned to the following 3 groups: a placebo group, a group who received one dosage of daily oral vitamin D3 (1000 IU), or a group who received 2 dosages of daily oral vitamin D3 (2000 IU)."( Vitamin D activity of breast milk in women randomly assigned to vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancy.
Camargo, CA; Crane, J; Ekeroma, A; Grant, CC; Horst, R; Milne, T; Mitchell, EA; Rowden, J; Scragg, R; Stewart, AW; Wall, CR, 2016)		0.43
"Intermittent dosing may improve adherence to vitamin D therapy."( How well are the optimal serum 25OHD concentrations reached in high-dose intermittent vitamin D therapy? a placebo-controlled study on comparison between 100 000 IU and 200 000 IU of oral D3 every 3 months in elderly women.
Löyttyniemi, E; Pekkarinen, T; Välimäki, MJ; Välimäki, VV, 2016)		0.43
"To determine the dose-response relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and supplemental vitamin D3 in elderly nursing home residents."( Response of Vitamin D Concentration to Vitamin D3 Administration in Older Adults without Sun Exposure: A Randomized Double-Blind Trial.
Bikle, D; Kane, L; Schwartz, JB, 2016)		0.43
" Daily average of the group mean D3 during the week following dosing was 66."( Effect of weekly high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation on serum cholecalciferol concentrations in pregnant women.
Baqui, AH; Craig-Barnes, HA; Dimitris, MC; Leadley, M; Mahmud, AA; Perumal, N; Roth, DE, 2016)		0.67
" The fat-soluble vitamins are very sensitive to over- or under-supply because they interact with each other with respect to dose-response and chemical form."( Interactions between retinol, α-tocopherol and cholecalciferol need consideration in diets for farmed mink (Mustela vison).
Clausen, TN; Hymøller, L; Jensen, SK, 2016)		0.69
"Timing and frequency of the dosing (daily vs weekly) have no effect on the rise in serum 25(OH)D levels as long as the accumulative dose of cholecalciferol is similar."( Vitamin D Dosing Strategies Among Jordanians With Hypovitaminosis D.
Ajlouni, K; Alkhateeb, H; Bajawi, D; El-Khateeb, M; Elmohtaseb, M; Hyassat, D; Khawaja, N; Liswi, M, 2017)		0.66
"Clinical studies investigating relationships between D3 and 25OHD3 vary in dosing regimen, assays, demographics, and control of exogenous D3."( Model-based meta-analysis for development of a population-pharmacokinetic (PPK) model for Vitamin D3 and its 25OHD3 metabolite using both individual and arm-level data.
French, JF; Gastonguay, MR; Ocampo-Pelland, AS; Riggs, MM, 2016)		0.43
"The objective of this study was to determine the dose-response of vitamin D supplementation on fasting glucose, insulin, and a surrogate measure of insulin resistance in white and black children aged 9–13 years, who participated in the Georgia, Purdue, and Indiana University (or GAPI) trial: a 12-week multisite, randomized, triple-masked, dose-response, placebo-controlled vitamin D trial."( Vitamin D Supplementation Does Not Impact Insulin Resistance in Black and White Children.
Ferira, AJ; Hall, DB; Hausman, DB; Hill Gallant, KM; Laing, EM; Lewis, RD; Martin, BR; McCabe, GP; Peacock, M; Warden, SJ; Weaver, CM, 2016)		0.43
" The objective of this study was to determine if a dose-response relationship exists between infant vitamin D supplementation, vitamin D status, and bone outcomes at 3 years of age."( Vitamin D supplementation in breastfed infants from Montréal, Canada: 25-hydroxyvitamin D and bone health effects from a follow-up study at 3 years of age.
Agellon, S; Gallo, S; Hazell, T; Jones, G; L'Abbé, M; Rodd, C; Vanstone, CA; Weiler, HA, 2016)		0.43
"This is the first longitudinal follow-up of an infant vitamin D dose-response study which examines bone mineralization at 3 years of age."( Vitamin D supplementation in breastfed infants from Montréal, Canada: 25-hydroxyvitamin D and bone health effects from a follow-up study at 3 years of age.
Agellon, S; Gallo, S; Hazell, T; Jones, G; L'Abbé, M; Rodd, C; Vanstone, CA; Weiler, HA, 2016)		0.43
"VD replenishment is safe and can be effectively achieved by means of the employed cholecalciferol dosage in the majority of patients."( Efficacy and safety of vitamin D supplementation in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Bednarek, A; Chudek, J; Karwasiecka, D; Kubeczko, M; Nowara, E; Spychałowicz, W; Wdowiak, K; Wojnar, J, 2016)		0.66
"To assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Dutch athletes and to define the required dosage of vitamin D3 supplementation to prevent vitamin D deficiency over the course of a year."( The impact of 1-year vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status in athletes: a dose-response study.
Backx, EM; de Groot, LC; Kies, AK; Maase, K; Mensink, M; Tieland, M; van Loon, LJ, 2016)		0.43
" Of these 128 athletes, 54 male and 48 female athletes (18-32 years) were included in a randomized, double blind, dose-response study."( The impact of 1-year vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status in athletes: a dose-response study.
Backx, EM; de Groot, LC; Kies, AK; Maase, K; Mensink, M; Tieland, M; van Loon, LJ, 2016)		0.43
" Until further safety data is available, bolus dosing or daily doses should not exceed 3,000 IU and serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D should not exceed 40-45 ng/ml (equivalent to 100-112 nmol/l) in elderly individuals."( Vitamin D and falls - the dosage conundrum.
Gallagher, JC, 2016)		0.43
" Further studies are required to determine optimum dose and dosing frequency."( High-Dose Monthly Maternal Cholecalciferol Supplementation during Breastfeeding Affects Maternal and Infant Vitamin D Status at 5 Months Postpartum: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Harper, MJ; Haszard, JJ; Herbison, P; Houghton, LA; Jones, S; Mikhail, A; Taylor, BJ; Wheeler, BJ, 2016)		0.73
" Therefore, we examined the efficacy and safety of a forced vitamin D dosing regimen and intervention effects in liver fibrotic patients."( Vitamin D
Hoppichler, F; Kallay, E; Kienbacher, C; Krebs, M; Kruschitz, R; Langer, FB; Ludvik, B; Luger, M; Marculescu, R; Prager, G; Schindler, K; Trauner, M; Traussnigg, S, 2017)		0.46
" The aim of this study was to examine the cardiovascular-vitamin D dose-response curve in a normal rat model."( Both high and low plasma levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D increase blood pressure in a normal rat model.
Bohaychuk, K; Knaus, SJ; Mirhosseini, NZ; Singh, J; Vatanparast, HA; Weber, LP, 2016)		0.43
" Toxicity from hypercalcemia occurred after prolonged oral dosing with these supraphysiologic doses."( Results of daily oral dosing with up to 60,000 international units (iu) of vitamin D3 for 2 to 6 years in 3 adult males.
Amend, J; McCullough, P, 2017)		0.46
" As vitamin D deficiency has been linked to numerous diseases, understanding how genetic variation contributes to vitamin D dose-response is important for personalized vitamin D treatment and cost-effective disease prevention."( SNP rs11185644 of RXRA gene is identified for dose-response variability to vitamin D3 supplementation: a randomized clinical trial.
Badr, R; Deng, HW; Lappe, JM; Recker, RR; Watson, P; Ye, A; Zhang, J; Zhang, M; Zhao, LJ; Zhou, B; Zhou, Y, 2017)		0.46
"0% dosing range."( Optimization and validation of a fast supercritical fluid chromatography method for the quantitative determination of vitamin D3 and its related impurities.
Andri, B; Dispas, A; Hubert, P; Klinkenberg, R; Lebrun, P; Marini, RD; Streel, B; Ziemons, E, 2017)		0.46
" The often required dosage of 25(OH)VitD is reasonably not necessary to initiate VitD supplementation protocol in this vulnerable population."( Vitamin D Supplementation in Nursing Home Residents: Randomized Single Cholecalciferol Loading Protocol vs. Individualized Loading Dose Regimen.
Delomas, C; Hertzog, M; Lang, PO; Vogel, T, 2017)		0.69
" The effects of daily or weekly dosing require further study."( Effect of Monthly High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Cardiovascular Disease in the Vitamin D Assessment Study : A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Camargo, CA; Khaw, KT; Lawes, CMM; Murphy, J; Scragg, R; Sluyter, J; Stewart, AW; Toop, L; Waayer, D, 2017)		0.46
" Model simulations compared 25OHD exposures, following repeated D2 and D3 oral administration across typical dosing and baseline ranges."( Model-based meta-analysis for comparing Vitamin D2 and D3 parent-metabolite pharmacokinetics.
Gastonguay, MR; Ocampo-Pelland, AS; Riggs, MM, 2017)		0.46
" The National Institute of Standards and Technology, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements, has developed SRM 3532 Calcium-Containing Solid Oral Dosage Form to help address the analytical challenges seen by the dietary supplement communities for the determination of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and elements."( Technical Note: Determination of Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D₃) in Standard Reference Material 3532 Calcium-Containing Solid Oral Dosage Form.
Burdette, CQ, 2017)		0.91
"Existing trials of adjunctive vitamin D in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) are variously limited by small sample sizes, inadequate dosing regimens, and high baseline vitamin D status among participants."( High-Dose Vitamin D
Baasansuren, E; Bayasgalan, P; Bloom, BR; Bromage, S; Buyankhishig, B; Fawzi, W; Ganmaa, D; Jolliffe, DA; Martineau, AR; Munkhzul, B; Oyun-Erdene, S; Spiegelman, D; Willett, WC; Xenakis, T, 2017)		0.46
"0% of the API content) for a dosing range corresponding to at least 70."( Is supercritical fluid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry suitable for the quality control of vitamin D3 oily formulations?
Andri, B; Dispas, A; Hubert, P; Klinkenberg, R; Marini, RD; Streel, B; Ziémons, E, 2017)		0.46
" This study determined the dose-response effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on arterial stiffness in overweight African Americans with vitamin D deficiency."( Dose responses of vitamin D3 supplementation on arterial stiffness in overweight African Americans with vitamin D deficiency: A placebo controlled randomized trial.
Bhagatwala, J; Dong, Y; Guo, DH; Havens, R; Huang, Y; Kotak, I; Parikh, SJ; Pollock, NK; Raed, A; Zhu, H, 2017)		0.46
"Vitamin D3 supplementation demonstrated a dose-response increase in serum 25(OH)D concentrations between groups (P<0."( Dose responses of vitamin D3 supplementation on arterial stiffness in overweight African Americans with vitamin D deficiency: A placebo controlled randomized trial.
Bhagatwala, J; Dong, Y; Guo, DH; Havens, R; Huang, Y; Kotak, I; Parikh, SJ; Pollock, NK; Raed, A; Zhu, H, 2017)		0.46
"Arterial stiffness was improved by vitamin D3 supplementation in a dose-response manner in overweight African Americans with vitamin D deficiency."( Dose responses of vitamin D3 supplementation on arterial stiffness in overweight African Americans with vitamin D deficiency: A placebo controlled randomized trial.
Bhagatwala, J; Dong, Y; Guo, DH; Havens, R; Huang, Y; Kotak, I; Parikh, SJ; Pollock, NK; Raed, A; Zhu, H, 2017)		0.46
" Chronic copper poisoning model created by intragastric administration of copper sulfate solution at a dosage of 20 mg/kg (in terms of metal) for 30 days, daily one time a day."( Influence hypervitaminosis D3 on hemodynamic presentation of experimental copper intoxication.
Brin, VB; Kabisov, OT; Mittsiev, AK; Mittsiev, KG, )		0.13
" There is need to study the fact that how much vitamin D levels are raised after administration of these different formulations as this can be a pivotal factor in determining dosage and route of vitamin D3."( Comparison Of Different Formulations Of Vitamin D.
Ahmad, Z; Chauhdary, KK; Fahan Rashid, HM; Kumar, S; Musharraf, U; Syed, U, )		0.13
"We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response winter trial at 55ºN."( Winter vitamin D
Damsgaard, CT; Hauger, H; Kristensen, M; Mortensen, C; Mølgaard, C, 2019)		0.51
" However larger clinical trials are essential to investigate optimum dosage of vitamin D3 in this group."( Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation in pregnancy on risk of pre-eclampsia - Randomized controlled trial.
Ali, AM; Alobaid, A; Khattab, AF; Malhis, TN, 2019)		0.51
" Further studies are needed to standardize guidelines for optimal vitamin D dosing and prevention of toxicity."( Response to Long-term Vitamin D Therapy for Bone Disease in Children With Sickle Cell Disease.
Brittenham, GM; Fennoy, I; Lee, MT; Licursi, M; Williams, KM, 2018)		0.48
"To assess the effectiveness of 2 vitamin D dosing strategies in preventing recurrent wheezing."( Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Recurrent Wheezing in Black Infants Who Were Born Preterm: The D-Wheeze Randomized Clinical Trial.
Fuloria, M; Groh-Wargo, S; Hibbs, AM; Kerns, LA; Minich, N; Ross, K; Tatsuoka, C; Wagner, C; Zimmerman, T, 2018)		0.48
"To determine whether daily supplementation with 1200 IU of vitamin D3 increases bone strength or decreases incidence of infections in the first 2 years of life compared with a dosage of 400 IU/d."( Effect of Higher vs Standard Dosage of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Bone Strength and Infection in Healthy Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Andersson, S; Enlund-Cerullo, M; Hauta-Alus, H; Helve, O; Holmlund-Suila, E; Hytinantti, T; Kajantie, E; Levälahti, E; Mäkitie, O; Rosendahl, J; Valkama, S; Viljakainen, H, 2018)		0.48
"In a dose-response trial, 110 adolescents (mean ± SD age: 15."( Winter Cholecalciferol Supplementation at 51°N Has No Effect on Markers of Cardiometabolic Risk in Healthy Adolescents Aged 14-18 Years.
Damsgaard, CT; Hart, KH; Hauger, H; Lanham-New, SA; Mølgaard, C; Smith, TJ; Tripkovic, L, 2018)		0.94
" The increase in the single-dose group was significantly higher than in the daily low dosage group at the 12th week (23."( The effects of single high-dose or daily low-dosage oral colecalciferol treatment on vitamin D levels and muscle strength in postmenopausal women.
Apaydin, M; Beysel, S; Cakal, E; Caliskan, M; Can, AG; Demirci, T; Kan, S; Kizilgul, M; Ozbek, M; Ozcelik, O, 2018)		0.48
"The aim of this cross-sectional observational study in somatic and psychogeriatric nursing home residents was to determine the efficacy of a standardized oral vitamin D dosing regimen (VDDR) consisting of a loading dose (LD) of cholecalciferol 200,000 IU followed by a maintenance dose (MD) of 100,000 IU every 13 weeks in obtaining and maintaining an adequate and safe vitamin D trough level (VDTL), defined as 75-220 nmol/L (reference range)."( Efficacy of a Standardized Oral Vitamin D Dosing Regimen in Nursing Home Residents.
Kappelle, JW; Toren-Wielema, M; van Roon, E; Veeger, N; Veenhuizen, R, 2018)		0.66
" The primary outcome for the efficacy of the VDDR was the percentage of nursing home residents with a VDTL 75-220 nmol/L, with a target percentage of 85% for the dosing regimen to be considered efficacious."( Efficacy of a Standardized Oral Vitamin D Dosing Regimen in Nursing Home Residents.
Kappelle, JW; Toren-Wielema, M; van Roon, E; Veeger, N; Veenhuizen, R, 2018)		0.48
" Improvement in PCS was greater in patients whose calcitriol dosage was reduced and duration of disease was shorter."( Quality of Life in Hypoparathyroidism Improves With rhPTH(1-84) Throughout 8 Years of Therapy.
Almonte, MG; Bilezikian, JP; Cusano, NE; Majeed, R; Omeragic, B; Rubin, MR; Tabacco, G; Tay, YD; Williams, J, 2019)		0.51
" Larger studies with longer duration and cholecalciferol dosage stratification are suggested."( [Sustained serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations for one year with cholecalciferol supplementation improves glycaemic control and slows the decline of residual β cell function in children with type 1 diabetes].
Attri, SV; Bhalla, AK; Dayal, D; Panjiyar, RP; Sachdeva, N; Sharma, R, 2018)		0.98
" A protocol was created for an adequate dose-response trial to test the NS combination in men with ED and prostatism."( Toward a Scientific Nutritional Supplement Combination for Prostatism and Erectile Dysfunction I: From Known Pharmacology to Clinical Testing.
Pyke, RE, 2019)		0.51
" The 2 dosing regimens did not differ in clinical or biochemical changes."( Mediators in Preterm Infants With Late-onset Sepsis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Abdel-Hady, H; Aly, H; Bhattacharjee, I; Megahed, A; Mosbah, A; Nageh, E; Seif, B; Yahia, S, 2019)		0.51
"The presence of obesity may confound cholecalciferol dosing in vitamin D-deficient patients owing to potentially decreased bioavailability."( Obesity attenuates serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to cholecalciferol therapy in critically ill patients.
Croce, MA; Dickerson, RN; Holmes, WL; Maish, GO; Minard, G, )		0.65
" The gummy bear food supplements are more acceptable to consumers and have fewer limitations compared to other dosage forms."( Natural Ingredients-Based Gummy Bear Composition Designed According to Texture Analysis and Sensory Evaluation In Vivo.
Čižauskaitė, U; Jakubaitytė, G; Kasparavičienė, G; Žitkevičius, V, 2019)		0.51
"With intermittent vitamin D supplementation, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels may remain stable only if the dosing interval is shorter than 3 months, the ideal perhaps being about 1 month."( Vitamin D Supplementation in France in patients with or at risk for osteoporosis: Recent data and new practices.
Breuil, V; Cavalier, E; Cormier, C; Cortet, B; Debiais, F; Fardellone, P; Guggenbuhl, P; Javier, RM; Legrand, E; Lespessailles, E; Paccou, J; Souberbielle, JC; Thomas, T, 2020)		0.56
"Despite the availability of consensus guidelines for the treatment of vitamin D deficiency, prospective trials are lacking to examine alternative dosing strategies for adult patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who do not meet therapeutic goals with standard regimens."( High-dose Cholecalciferol Supplementation in Adults with Cystic Fibrosis.
Brown, C; Janzen, KM; Lehman, A; Sakon, C; Sommer, B, 2019)		0.92
" Whether effects of daily or weekly dosing differ requires further study."( Effect of Monthly High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Acute Respiratory Infections in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Camargo, CA; Khaw, KT; Lawes, CMM; Scragg, R; Sluyter, J; Stewart, AW; Toop, L; Waayer, D, 2020)		0.56
" 25(OH)D3 (10, 15, and 20 µg) and D3 (20 µg) were dosed daily for 6 mo followed by 6 mo of washout."( Supplemental 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Is More Effective than Cholecalciferol in Raising Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Older Adults.
Beck, M; Bendik, I; Graeff-Armas, LA; Hull, S; Kunz, I; Schoop, R, 2020)		0.87
" Among athletes with baseline serum 25(OH)D values suggesting insufficiency, vitamin D3 daily dosage at 5000 IU for over 4 weeks led to a serum 25(OH)D concentration of 31."( Effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on serum 25(OH)D concentration and strength in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Han, Q; Li, X; Shao, J; Tan, Q; Yi, M, 2019)		0.51
"The association of antiseizure medication (ASM) and bone density abnormalities has long been recognized; however, there remains a lack of consensus on efficacy and optimal vitamin D dosing in patients receiving enzyme inducing and non-inducing ASMs."( Effects of enzyme-inducing antiseizure medication on vitamin D dosing in adult veterans with epilepsy.
Breslow, R; Gidal, B; Koukounas, Y; Margolis, A; Menninga, N, 2020)		0.56
" Various factors can affect the absorption of VitD, including dosage and formulation."( Efficiency of Vitamin D Supplementation in Healthy Adults is Associated with Body Mass Index and Baseline Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level.
Hribar, M; Hristov, H; Pravst, I; Žmitek, K, 2020)		0.56
" Cholecalciferol, unlike calcifediol, guarantees an exact dosage in IU (International Units) of vitamin D and has pharmacokinetic properties that allow either daily or even weekly, fortnightly, or monthly administration in its equivalent doses, which can facilitate adherence to treatment."( Cholecalciferol or Calcifediol in the Management of Vitamin D Deficiency.
Gómez de Tejada Romero, MJ; Sosa Henríquez, M, 2020)		2.91
" They underwent 24-hour ABPM, along with glycated hemoglobin, creatine, lipids profile and PCRus dosage before and after VD supplementation."( High-dose Cholecalciferol Supplementation Reducing Morning Blood Pressure in Normotensive DM1 Patients.
Abrahão Neto, JF; da Mota Queiroz, A; de Alcântara, AL; de Figueiredo, PBB; de Lemos, MN; de Melo, FTC; de Moraes, LV; de Oliveira, MCNI; de Queiroz, NNM; de Sá Oliveira Dos Reis, M; de Souza D'Albuquerque Silva, L; de Souza Neto, NJK; de Souza Resende, F; de Souza, ACCB; de Souza, ÍJA; Dos Santos, MC; Felício, JS; Felício, KM; Freire Piani, PP; Janaú, LC; Lobato, IJC; Motta, ARB; Said, NM, 2021)		1.02
"This study assessed the effects of weekly vitamin D (VD) supplementation on clinical and biological parameters after scaling and root planning (SRP) in the treatment of periodontitis and served to validate the VD dosage regimen."( The Effects of 6-Month Vitamin D Supplementation during the Non-Surgical Treatment of Periodontitis in Vitamin-D-Deficient Patients: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study.
Cavalier, E; Lasserre, JF; Maiter, D; Perić, M; Toma, S, 2020)		0.56
" Orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) were first developed to overcome the difficulty experienced by pediatric and geriatric patients of swallowing traditional oral dosage forms and, recently, orodispersible films (ODF) are gaining popularity as novel dosage form for assuming active pharmaceutical ingredients, vitamins, and ingredients for food supplements."( Development and Characterization of an Orodispersible Film for Vitamin D3 Supplementation.
Cupone, IE; Dellera, E; Giori, AM; Marra, F, 2020)		0.56
" We compared cholecalciferol dosing regimens for achieving and maintaining 25OHD concentrations ≥30 ng/mL in children with CKD stages 2-4."( Determining the optimal cholecalciferol dosing regimen in children with CKD: a randomized controlled trial.
Ekambaram, S; Fischer, DC; Iyengar, A; Kamath, N; Rahn, A; Reddy, HV; Selvam, S; Sharma, J; Shroff, R; Singhal, J; Uthup, S; Wan, M, 2022)		1.4
" Irrespective of dosing regimen, children with glomerular disease had 25OHD concentrations lower than non-glomerular disease (25."( Determining the optimal cholecalciferol dosing regimen in children with CKD: a randomized controlled trial.
Ekambaram, S; Fischer, DC; Iyengar, A; Kamath, N; Rahn, A; Reddy, HV; Selvam, S; Sharma, J; Shroff, R; Singhal, J; Uthup, S; Wan, M, 2022)		1.03
"Calcifediol is able to rapidly normalize the vitamin D deficiency, and the 30 µg daily dosage could be suggested in those patients who need to rapidly reach optimal 25OHD levels."( Pharmacokinetic profile and effect on bone markers and muscle strength of two daily dosage regimens of calcifediol in osteopenic/osteoporotic postmenopausal women.
Caffarelli, C; Camarri, S; Franci, B; Gonnelli, S; Lucani, B; Nuti, R; Tomai Pitinca, MD, 2021)		0.62
"Guidelines for the dosage of vitamin D supplementation vary widely globally."( Vitamin D3 Dose Requirement That Raises 25-Hydroxyvitamin D to Desirable Level in Overweight and Obese Elderly.
Al-Shaar, L; Arabi, A; Bacha, DS; Baddoura, R; El-Hajj Fuleihan, G; Habib, R; Halaby, G; Mahfoud, ZR; Rahme, M; Singh, RJ, 2021)		0.62
" Vitamin D dosing regimens to prevent maternal and infant vitamin D deficiency should take into consideration the mean 25(OH)D concentration of the target population."( Basal Vitamin D Status and Supplement Dose Are Primary Contributors to Maternal 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Response to Prenatal and Postpartum Cholecalciferol Supplementation.
Gernand, AD; Islam, MM; Levy, B; Mahmud, AA; O'Callaghan, KM; Qamar, H; Roth, DE, 2021)		0.82
"Comparative pharmacodynamic (PD) analyses on different dosing schedules for cholecalciferol supplementation are limited."( Pharmacodynamics of Oral Cholecalciferol in Healthy Individuals with Vitamin D Deficiency: A Randomized Open-Label Study.
Adami, G; Benini, C; Bertoldo, E; Fassio, A; Fracassi, E; Gatti, D; Gatti, M; Milleri, S; Rossini, M; Viapiana, O, 2021)		1.15
"Vitamin D supplementation demonstrated generally positive effects on HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol, especially at the lower dosage of 600 IU/d, with several significant changes persisting during the post-supplementation period."( Vitamin D supplementation and cardiometabolic risk factors among diverse schoolchildren: a randomized clinical trial.
Chomitz, VR; Economos, CD; Eliasziw, M; Goodman, E; Gordon, CM; Huang, Q; Sacheck, JM; Van Rompay, MI, 2022)		0.72
" Two studies compared the exact dosage of vitamin D by different routes of administration, and three studies compared different doses by the same route."( Safety and effectiveness of vitamin D mega-dose: A systematic review.
Ataide, FL; Carvalho Bastos, LM; Freire de Carvalho, J; Skare, TL; Vicente Matias, MF, 2021)		0.62
" However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the optimal dosage and duration of vitamin D supplementation for individualised and long-term management of the vitamin D status in the context of SCI."( Vitamin D supplementation in chronic spinal cord injury (VitD-SCI): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
Brinkhof, MWG; Flueck, JL; Hertig-Godeschalk, A; Jenny, A; Landmann, G; Perret, C; Scheel-Sailer, A; Wyss, PO, 2021)		0.62
" Participants receive either a monthly dosage of 24 000 IU or 48 000 IU vitamin D or a placebo for 12 months."( Vitamin D supplementation in chronic spinal cord injury (VitD-SCI): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
Brinkhof, MWG; Flueck, JL; Hertig-Godeschalk, A; Jenny, A; Landmann, G; Perret, C; Scheel-Sailer, A; Wyss, PO, 2021)		0.62
" Rickets and vitamin D deficiency should be treated with oral cholecalciferol, preferably in a daily dosing schedule (2000 IU below 1 year of age and 3000 IU in older children) for 12 weeks."( Indian Academy of Pediatrics Revised (2021) Guidelines on Prevention and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency and Rickets.
Ahmad, A; Angadi, K; Balasubramanian, S; Basavaraj, GV; Bhakhri, BK; Bhatia, VL; Dabas, A; Godbole, T; Goyal, JP; Gupta, P; Khadgawat, R; Khadilkar, V; Krishnamurthy, S; Kumar, P; Kurpad, A; Mallikarjuna, HB; Marwaha, RK; Munns, C; Parekh, BJ; Sachdev, HPS; Seth, A; Shah, D, 2022)		0.96
" Patients with low vitamin D levels (25 (OH)D <20 ng / ml) were divided into two subgroups: 30 people were prescribed cholecalciferol at a dosage of 8 000 IU/day for three months and 30 people who were not treated with cholecalciferol."( [Prevention of cognitive disorders in elderly and senile patients.]
Goldobin, VV; Golovkin, VI; Klocheva, EG; Lobzin, SV; Lobzin, VY; Mirzaeva, LM; Pervova, EM; Shvartsman, GI; Sokolova, MG, 2021)		0.83
" Overall, relative changes in 25(OH)D inversely affected maximum muscle strength in a dose-response manner."( Effect of Daily Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Muscle Health: An Individual Participant Meta-analysis.
Bislev, LS; Grove-Laugesen, D; Rejnmark, L; Rolighed, L; Wamberg, L, 2022)		0.72
" Dosing was directly observed and administered in conjunction with infliximab infusions."( Efficacy and Safety of High-dose Cholecalciferol in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Receiving Infliximab.
Dahlberg, SE; Gordon, RJ; Johansen, C; Liu, S; Rufo, PA; Snapper, SB; Wells, R, 2022)		1
"To evaluate the dose-response effect of consuming 2, 7, or 12 commercially available eggs per week on serum 25(OH)D concentrations during the autumn-winter months in young adults."( Dose-Response Effect of Consuming Commercially Available Eggs on Wintertime Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Young Australian Adults: a 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial.
Daly, RM; De Ross, B; Gianoudis, J; Tan, SY, 2022)		0.72
" Thirteen of the 24 (54%) had vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency despite advice to supplement; 9 of these 13 (69%) subsequently started or increased the dosage of vitamin D supplements and levels became sufficient (> 50 nmol/L), while the remaining 4 patients (31%) continued to have persistent insufficient levels due to noncompliance with supplements."( Establishing an appropriate level of vitamin D supplementation in paediatric patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.
Bageta, M; Loizou, A; Martinez, AE; Petrof, G; Yerlett, N, 2022)		0.72
" We found a very weak relationship between the dosage of oral vitamin D3 and the subsequent calcium levels, both in serum and in urinary excretion over 24 h, respectively."( Safety Data in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases during Treatment with High Doses of Vitamin D3 According to the "Coimbra Protocol".
Amon, J; Amon, U; Ennis, M; Holick, MF; Yaguboglu, R, 2022)		0.72
" An interaction between dosage group and season-at-birth (p = 0."( Vitamin D supplementation and gross motor development: A 3-year follow-up of a randomized trial.
Gallo, S; Hazell, TJ; Majnemer, A; Rodd, CJ; Vanstone, CA; Weiler, HA, 2022)		0.72
"VitD supplementation does not improve antidepressant outcomes with flexibly dosed escitalopram."( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-week trial of vitamin D augmentation in major depressive disorder associated with vitamin D deficiency.
Andrade, C; Kumar, PNS; Menon, V, 2022)		0.72
" Ideal dosing to fully replete 25OHD concentrations in this population remains unknown."( Vitamin D supplementation in children and young adults with persistent proteinuria secondary to glomerular disease.
Atkinson, MA; Ballester, LS; Denburg, MR; Hoofnagle, AN; Kogon, AJ; Leonard, MB; Sethna, CB; Walker, N; Zaritsky, JJ; Zee, J, 2023)		0.91
" This dosage did not improve endothelial function but did improve the 6-min walk distance, symptoms, and left atrial diameter at 6 months."( Effect of vitamin D on endothelial and ventricular function in chronic heart failure patients: A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Ha, SJ; Jang, JY; Woo, JS; Woo, Y, 2022)		0.72
"The effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) and markers of bone turnover, as well as the dose-response relationship between vitamin D3 and bone health in adults, were evaluated."( Effect of supplemental vitamin D3 on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Basirat, V; Davoodi, SH; Holick, MF; Karimi, M; Kazemian, E; Pourali, A; Sajadi Hezaveh, Z; Sedaghat, F, 2023)		0.91
" A one-stage random-effects dose-response model was used to estimate the dose-response relationship between vitamin D3 supplementation and BMD."( Effect of supplemental vitamin D3 on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Basirat, V; Davoodi, SH; Holick, MF; Karimi, M; Kazemian, E; Pourali, A; Sajadi Hezaveh, Z; Sedaghat, F, 2023)		0.91
" Dose-response analysis revealed a linear relationship between vitamin D3 supplementation doses and BMD at the femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total hip sites."( Effect of supplemental vitamin D3 on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Basirat, V; Davoodi, SH; Holick, MF; Karimi, M; Kazemian, E; Pourali, A; Sajadi Hezaveh, Z; Sedaghat, F, 2023)		0.91
"The effect of different dosing regimens of cholecalciferol supplementation on bone biomarkers has not been studied in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD)."( Changes in bone biomarkers in response to different dosing regimens of cholecalciferol supplementation in children with chronic kidney disease.
Christiane-Fischer, D; Ekambaram, S; Iyengar, A; Kamath, N; Rahn, A; Reddy, HV; Selvam, S; Sharma, J; Shroff, R; Singhal, J; Uthup, S; Wan, M, 2023)		1.41
"Although cholecalciferol supplementation was associated with a significant increase in bone formation, the three dosing regimens of cholecalciferol supplementation have a comparable effect on the bone biomarker profile, suggesting that they can be used interchangeably to suit the patient's needs and optimize adherence to therapy."( Changes in bone biomarkers in response to different dosing regimens of cholecalciferol supplementation in children with chronic kidney disease.
Christiane-Fischer, D; Ekambaram, S; Iyengar, A; Kamath, N; Rahn, A; Reddy, HV; Selvam, S; Sharma, J; Shroff, R; Singhal, J; Uthup, S; Wan, M, 2023)		1.56
" This is a single-center, open-label, randomized, parallel group study involving healthy subjects deficient in vitamin D (baseline 25OHD < 20 ng/mL) receiving oral cholecalciferol with three different dosing regimens: Group A: 10,000 IU/day for 8 weeks followed by 1000 IU/day for 4 weeks; Group B: 50,000 IU/week for 12 weeks and Group C: 100,000 IU every other week for 12 weeks."( Effects on Serum Inflammatory Cytokines of Cholecalciferol Supplementation in Healthy Subjects with Vitamin D Deficiency.
Adami, G; Benini, C; Bertelle, D; Bixio, R; Fassio, A; Gatti, D; Milleri, S; Pistillo, F; Rossini, M; Viapiana, O; Zanetti, G, 2022)		1.18
"D 3 every week, an n-3FA group that received 300 mg of omega-3 fatty acid every day, and a D+ group that received a combination of both supplements, with the same dosage administered by the previous groups but with a 4-6-hour time interval between Vit."( Combined Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Vitamin D 3 on Oxidized LDL-C and Non-HDL-C Levels in People With Vitamin D Deficiency: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Abu-Samak, MS; Awwad, S; Habash, M; Hasoun, L; Khader, HA; Mehdawi, A; Mohammad, BA; Mosleh, I; Nassar, RI, 2023)		0.91
" We performed subgroup analyses to determine whether the effect of vitamin D on risk of asthma exacerbation was modified by baseline vitamin D status, vitamin D dose, frequency of dosing regimen, form of vitamin D given, and age of participants."( Vitamin D for the management of asthma.
Griffiths, CJ; Jolliffe, D; Martineau, AR; Sheikh, A; Williamson, A, 2023)		0.91
" However, little information is available on the quantity of the most prescribed patient-specific items, their dosage form, and why they were required to be dispensed."( The use of Special-Order products in England between 2012 and 2020: An insight into the need for Point-of-Care manufacturing.
Alhnan, MA; Del-Nevo, L; Duncan, JC; Gill, A; Li, KY; O'Donovan, A; Peak, M, 2023)		0.91
" Furthermore, optimizing dosing regimens is an important clinical consideration."( A Scoping Review of Vitamin D for Nonskeletal Health: A Framework for Evidence-based Clinical Practice.
Delpino, FM; Forbes, SC; Martins, CEC; Santos, HO, 2023)		0.91
" Dosing was based on patient body weight and titrated per individual pharmacokinetics."( Optimized vitamin D repletion with oral thin film cholecalciferol in patients undergoing stem cell transplant.
Bartlett, AL; Davidson, R; Davies, SM; Jodele, S; McLean, S; Myers, KC; Patel, B; Taggart, C; Teusink-Cross, A; Wallace, G; Zhang, G, 2023)		1.16
" Our results show a decrease in miR-155-5p expression after cholecalciferol supplementation in both dosage groups, consistent with previous observations."( Cholecalciferol Supplementation Induced Up-Regulation of
Bizjak, A; Fabjan, TH; Gorenjak, M; Gselman, S; Potočnik, U, 2023)		2.6
" Since vitamin D insufficiency is highly prevalent in diabetics, we aimed to evaluate the effect of three dosage forms of vitamin D supplementation on lipid profile, NF-κB, platelet aggregation, and platelet calcium content in type 2 diabetic patients."( Effect of oral versus parenteral vitamin D3 supplementation on nuclear factor-κB and platelet aggregation in type 2 diabetic patients.
Ali, S; Ghanem, Y; Habiba, E; Hewedy, W; Sharaki, O, 2023)		0.91
" After three days in the hospital, the patient's initial symptoms subsided, resulting in discharge with a prescription of ongoing oral medications including Calcium Carbonate and Vitamin D3 Tablets, Calcitriol Soft Capsules, and Potassium Aspartate and Magnesium Aspartate Tablets, with the same usage and dosage as the above three drugs."( Hypomagnesemia with Secondary Hypocalcemia (HSH): a Case Report.
Jiang, Z; Lin, Y; Zhao, C, 2023)		0.91
" As expected, there was a dose-response association between the amount of vitamin D consumed (600, 2000, or 4000 IU daily) and maternal 25(OH)D levels at the end of the intervention."( Maternal vitamin D intakes during pregnancy and child health outcome.
Altantuya, S; Amgalan, B; Enkhmaa, D; Ganmaa, D; Nasantogtokh, E, 2023)		0.91
" The patient then admitted that in October 2020, she received a course of "megadose" parenteral vitamin D, but she could not recall the exact dosage nor wanted to mention the department administering the treatment."( [A rare cause of kidney injury: vitamin D3 intoxication].
Bodor, M; Hutkai, D, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (125 Items)

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fr:multivitamincore-ingredient1
Huiles de poissonscore-ingredient1
Matières grasses animalescore-ingredient1
Produits de la mercore-ingredient1
Kosttilskudcore-ingredient1
Banana flavoured powdercore-ingredient1
Banana flavour mix and added vitamins and minerals for milkcore-ingredient1
Cow milkscore-ingredient1
Whole milkscore-ingredient1
UHT Milkscore-ingredient1
Homogenized milkscore-ingredient1
Milkscore-ingredient1
en:produits sous licencecore-ingredient1
Licensed productscore-ingredient1
Candiescore-ingredient1
Specific productscore-ingredient1
Confectioneriescore-ingredient1
Sweet snackscore-ingredient1
Artificially sweetened beveragescore-ingredient1

Roles (2)

RoleDescription
human metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
geroprotectorAny compound that supports healthy aging, slows the biological aging process, or extends lifespan.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (5)

ClassDescription
seco-cholestane
hydroxy seco-steroid
D3 vitaminsA vitamin D that is calciol or its hydroxylated metabolites calcidiol and calcitriol. Calciol (also known as vitamin D3) acts as a hormone precursor, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.
secondary alcoholA secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it.
steroid hormoneAny steroid that acts as hormone.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (44)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Metabolism14961108
Metabolism of lipids500463
Metabolism of steroids111135
Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism1210
Biological oxidations150276
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds69175
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type30110
Vitamins415
Steroid Biosynthesis2142
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLOS)2142
CHILD Syndrome2142
Desmosterolosis2142
Chondrodysplasia Punctata II, X-Linked Dominant (CDPX2)2142
Lysosomal Acid Lipase Deficiency (Wolman Disease)2142
Ibandronate Action Pathway2143
Simvastatin Action Pathway2143
Pravastatin Action Pathway2143
Rosuvastatin Action Pathway2143
Alendronate Action Pathway2143
Hypercholesterolemia2142
Lovastatin Action Pathway2143
Zoledronate Action Pathway2143
Cerivastatin Action Pathway2143
Risedronate Action Pathway2143
Pamidronate Action Pathway2143
Fluvastatin Action Pathway2143
Atorvastatin Action Pathway2143
Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease2142
Hyper-IgD Syndrome2142
Mevalonic Aciduria2142
Wolman Disease2142
Disease1278231
Diseases of metabolism69121
Metabolic disorders of biological oxidation enzymes647
Defective CYP27B1 causes VDDR1B14
Vitamin D-sensitive calcium signaling in depression213
STING pathway in Kawasaki-like disease and COVID-1904
RAS and bradykinin pathways in COVID-19113
Non-classical role of vitamin D86
Vitamin D metabolism19
Osteoblast signaling03
Biochemical pathways: part I0466
Vitamins A and D - action mechanisms09
Vitamin A and carotenoid metabolism020

Protein Targets (56)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, HADH2 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency31.62280.025120.237639.8107AID886
Chain B, HADH2 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency31.62280.025120.237639.8107AID886
Chain A, Ferritin light chainEquus caballus (horse)Potency22.38725.623417.292931.6228AID485281
Chain A, CruzipainTrypanosoma cruziPotency26.65140.002014.677939.8107AID1476
LuciferasePhotinus pyralis (common eastern firefly)Potency28.69540.007215.758889.3584AID624030
interleukin 8Homo sapiens (human)Potency66.82420.047349.480674.9780AID651758
15-lipoxygenase, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency15.84890.012610.691788.5700AID887
USP1 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency44.66840.031637.5844354.8130AID504865
Microtubule-associated protein tauHomo sapiens (human)Potency17.48820.180013.557439.8107AID1460; AID1468
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency35.48130.000221.22318,912.5098AID588516
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1Homo sapiens (human)Potency33.55210.011212.4002100.0000AID1030
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]Homo sapiens (human)Potency50.11870.000214.376460.0339AID588533
retinoid X nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency19.95260.000817.505159.3239AID588544
farnesoid X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency44.66840.375827.485161.6524AID588526; AID588527
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency15.84890.005428.02631,258.9301AID720659
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency19.11800.000229.305416,493.5996AID588513; AID588514
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor deltaHomo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.001024.504861.6448AID588534; AID588535
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gammaHomo sapiens (human)Potency44.66840.001019.414170.9645AID588537
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency32.46480.023723.228263.5986AID588541; AID588543
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency9.50560.035520.977089.1251AID504332
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency22.38720.001815.663839.8107AID894
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRAHomo sapiens (human)Potency37.61880.354828.065989.1251AID504847
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform aHomo sapiens (human)Potency44.66840.010039.53711,122.0200AID588547
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency32.93670.000627.21521,122.0200AID651741; AID720636
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1Mus musculus (house mouse)Potency16.03430.00798.23321,122.0200AID2546; AID2551
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency23.71500.004611.374133.4983AID624296
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency44.66840.031622.3146100.0000AID588579
survival motor neuron protein isoform dHomo sapiens (human)Potency25.11890.125912.234435.4813AID1458
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency31.62280.031610.279239.8107AID884; AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit piRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency31.62281.000012.224831.6228AID885
Cellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)Potency70.79460.002319.595674.0614AID651743
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency31.62281.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit deltaRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency31.62281.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency31.62281.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency31.62281.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency31.62281.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency31.62281.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency31.62281.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency31.62281.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency31.62281.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency31.62281.000012.224831.6228AID885
Nuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)Potency37.57800.026622.448266.8242AID651802
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency31.62281.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency31.62281.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency31.62281.000012.224831.6228AID885
GABA theta subunitRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency31.62281.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilonRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency31.62281.000012.224831.6228AID885
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)11.00000.17004.559010.0000AID1594139
Vitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.08700.00000.43746.4300AID1915533
10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)11.00000.17004.559010.0000AID1594139
Thiosulfate sulfurtransferaseHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)100.00000.06003.96319.7000AID1594135
60 kDa chaperonin Escherichia coliIC50 (µMol)26.50000.03903.55529.8000AID1594140; AID1594141
10 kDa chaperonin Escherichia coliIC50 (µMol)26.50000.03903.55529.8000AID1594140; AID1594141
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Vitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.00020.00000.14232.1400AID1168708
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.40000.32001.45774.2000AID1203550
Vitamin D3 receptorMus musculus (house mouse)EC50 (µMol)0.90000.00770.40190.9000AID1585872
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (219)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ER overload responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
somitogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation involved in immune responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
B cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-excision repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
autophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrestCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transductionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
gastrulationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein localizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA replicationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespanCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
rRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substanceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-rayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
viral processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signalingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomeraseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tissue remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UVCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeabilityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiodCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial DNA repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibioticCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
circadian behaviorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
bone marrow developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic organ developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of helicase activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome organizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic stem cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
type II interferon-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac septum morphogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell deathCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
necroptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-CCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to actinomycin DCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative stress-induced premature senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA processingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shuntCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein folding60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12
response to radiation60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12
response to heat60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12
virion assembly60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12
chaperone cofactor-dependent protein refolding60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12
protein refolding60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12
chaperone cofactor-dependent protein refolding60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12
response to heat60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12
adhesion of symbiont to host60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of type II interferon production60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
T cell activation60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
'de novo' protein folding60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
response to unfolded protein60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
response to cold60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interferon-alpha production60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of type II interferon production60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-10 production60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-12 production60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-6 production60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
protein refolding60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferation60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
B cell activation60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of macrophage activation60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic process60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
isotype switching to IgG isotypes60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
protein stabilization60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell activation60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
protein maturation60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
biological process involved in interaction with symbiont60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interleukin-760 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
T cell activation60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
protein import into mitochondrial intermembrane space60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
protein folding60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial unfolded protein response60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
apoptotic mitochondrial changes60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell morphogenesisVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
skeletal system developmentVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transportVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasisVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
lactationVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of keratinocyte proliferationVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activityVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bone mineralizationVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phosphate ion transmembrane transportVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathwayVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase IIVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of keratinocyte differentiationVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
decidualizationVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intestinal absorptionVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
apoptotic process involved in mammary gland involutionVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in mammary gland involutionVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activityVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
mammary gland branching involved in pregnancyVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
vitamin D receptor signaling pathwayVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vitamin D receptor signaling pathwayVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to bile acidVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism developmentVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell differentiationVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
startle responseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
startle responseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by nervous system processGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transportGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transportGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
muscle contractionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide signaling pathwayGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
acrosome reactionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
visual perceptionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
adult walking behaviorGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal action potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular process controlling postureGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transmission of nerve impulseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glycinergicGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
righting reflexGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory postsynaptic potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to amino acid stimulusGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to zinc ionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ethanolGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
response to alcoholGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transportGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of acrosome reactionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IINuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of glucose metabolic processNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of steroid metabolic processNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular receptor signaling pathwayNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expressionNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to sterolNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of circadian rhythmNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fat cell differentiationNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
adipose tissue developmentNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
T-helper 17 cell differentiationNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IINuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
osteoblast differentiation10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
protein folding10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
response to unfolded protein10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
chaperone cofactor-dependent protein refolding10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
sulfur amino acid catabolic processThiosulfate sulfurtransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
cyanate catabolic processThiosulfate sulfurtransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell differentiationThiosulfate sulfurtransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
rRNA import into mitochondrionThiosulfate sulfurtransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
rRNA transportThiosulfate sulfurtransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (71)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
TFIID-class transcription factor complex bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protease bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
p53 bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase regulator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
magnesium ion binding60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12
protein binding60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12
ATP binding60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12
isomerase activity60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12
ATP hydrolysis activity60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12
identical protein binding60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12
unfolded protein binding60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12
ATP-dependent protein folding chaperone60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12
lipopolysaccharide binding60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
p53 binding60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
DNA replication origin binding60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
single-stranded DNA binding60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
RNA binding60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
double-stranded RNA binding60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
protein binding60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
ATP binding60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
high-density lipoprotein particle binding60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
isomerase activity60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activity60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase binding60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
apolipoprotein binding60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
apolipoprotein A-I binding60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
unfolded protein binding60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone binding60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent protein folding chaperone60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
vitamin D response element bindingVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activityVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid nuclear receptor activityVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear retinoid X receptor bindingVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
calcitriol bindingVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
lithocholic acid bindingVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane signaling receptor activityGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
glycine bindingGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellularly glycine-gated chloride channel activityGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
taurine bindingGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activityGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activityGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory extracellular ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activityGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
oxysterol bindingNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
ligand-activated transcription factor activityNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific double-stranded DNA bindingNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activityNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
RNA binding10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
protein binding10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
ATP binding10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
protein folding chaperone10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
unfolded protein binding10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone binding10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion binding10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
thiosulfate sulfurtransferase activityThiosulfate sulfurtransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
5S rRNA bindingThiosulfate sulfurtransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase activityThiosulfate sulfurtransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (48)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
nuclear bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replication forkCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
centrosomeCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
PML bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand breakCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
germ cell nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12
cytosol60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12
membrane60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12
GroEL-GroES complex60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12
mitochondrial matrix60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular space60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial inner membrane60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
early endosome60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
cytosol60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
clathrin-coated pit60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
membrane60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
coated vesicle60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
secretory granule60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
sperm midpiece60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
sperm plasma membrane60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
migrasome60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
lipopolysaccharide receptor complex60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial inner membrane60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complexVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chromatinVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor complexVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
perikaryonGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
synapseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory synapseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
glycinergic synapseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complexGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complexGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
synapseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear bodyNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
chromatinNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
membrane10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
extracellular spaceThiosulfate sulfurtransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionThiosulfate sulfurtransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrixThiosulfate sulfurtransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionThiosulfate sulfurtransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (137)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID647355Antiproliferative activity against human U87MG cells after 72 hrs by MTS assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Evaluation of vitamin D3 A-ring analogues as Hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID647359Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway in human U87MG cells assessed as down regulation of Gli1 at 10 uM after 4 to 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Evaluation of vitamin D3 A-ring analogues as Hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID760021Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling in mouse M210B4 cells assessed as downregulation of Gli1 mRNA expression at 10 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol and 22(S)-hydroxycholesterol2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Identification of vitamin d3-based hedgehog pathway inhibitors that incorporate an aromatic a-ring isostere.
AID760016Activation of VDR in mouse ASZ001 cells assessed as upregulation of Cyp24A1 mRNA expression at 2.5 uM after 48 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to DMSO-treated control2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Identification of vitamin d3-based hedgehog pathway inhibitors that incorporate an aromatic a-ring isostere.
AID647364Activation of VDR in human HT-29 cells assessed as up-regulation of CYP24A1 at 10 uM by RT-PCR analysis relative to control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Evaluation of vitamin D3 A-ring analogues as Hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1149344Induction of bone calcium mobilization in rachitic white leghorn cockerel assessed as Ca2+ level in serum up to 78 nmol, ip treated 24 hrs prior to testing measured at 24 hrs post treatment by atomic absorption spectrometric analysis1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 20, Issue:1
Studies on vitamin D (calciferol) and its analogues. 10. Side-chain analogues of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.
AID1824241Inhibition of hedgehog signalling in mouse Ptch-KO MEF cells assessed as reduction in Gli1 mRNA expression measured after 48 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID1140483Activation of VDR in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as upregulation of CYP24A1 mRNA expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to DMSO-treated control2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID1585881Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway in Sufu-deficient mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as reduction in oxysterol-induced Gli1 mRNA expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by q-PCR analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID1140500Inhibition of hedgehog signaling pathway in non-targeting siRNA treated mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as effect on VDR expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID1585887Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway in Sufu-deficient mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as reduction in oxysterol-induced Gli1 mRNA expression after 24 hrs by q-PCR analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID1140499Activation of hedgehog signaling pathway in non-targeting siRNA treated mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as effect on VDR expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID1824251Inhibition of hedgehog signalling in mouse ASZ001 cells assessed as upregulation of Cyp27A1 expression by immunoblot analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1203551Potentiation of human GlyR-alpha1 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as induction of glycine-activated currents at 10 uM after 1 to 4 days by two-electrode voltage clamp assay relative to control2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-09, Volume: 58, Issue:7
Ensemble-based virtual screening for cannabinoid-like potentiators of the human glycine receptor α1 for the treatment of pain.
AID1594139Inhibition of human N-terminal octa-His-tagged HSP60 expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta(DE3) pLysS/human HSP10 expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta(DE3) assessed as reduction in HSP60/HSP10-mediated denatured MDH refolding by measuring MDH enzyme acti2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 29, Issue:9
HSP60/10 chaperonin systems are inhibited by a variety of approved drugs, natural products, and known bioactive molecules.
AID1585885Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway in Sufu-deficient mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as change in CYP24A1 mRNA expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by q-PCR analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID1585879Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway in VDR-deficient mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as reduction in oxysterol-induced Gli1 mRNA expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by q-PCR analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID1140502Inhibition of hedgehog signaling pathway in VDR-knockdown mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as effect on VDR expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID1594144Inhibition of Escherichia coli GroEL expressed in Escherichia coliDH5alpha/Escherichia coli GroES expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as reduction in GroEL/GroES-mediated denatured soluble pig heart MDH refolding by measuring MDH enzyme acti2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 29, Issue:9
HSP60/10 chaperonin systems are inhibited by a variety of approved drugs, natural products, and known bioactive molecules.
AID588211Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1203549Potentiation of human GlyR-alpha1 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as induction of glycine-activated currents at 1 uM after 1 to 4 days by two-electrode voltage clamp assay relative to control2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-09, Volume: 58, Issue:7
Ensemble-based virtual screening for cannabinoid-like potentiators of the human glycine receptor α1 for the treatment of pain.
AID624606Specific activity of expressed human recombinant UGT1A12000Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, , Volume: 40Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: metabolism, expression, and disease.
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID674343Inhibition of SMO expressed in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as down-regulation of Gli1 mRNA expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to oxysterol2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 22, Issue:14
Probing the structural requirements for vitamin D3 inhibition of the hedgehog signaling pathway.
AID760014Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling in human DaOY cells assessed as downregulation of Gli1 mRNA expression after 48 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Identification of vitamin d3-based hedgehog pathway inhibitors that incorporate an aromatic a-ring isostere.
AID674346Growth inhibition of human U87MG cells after 72 hrs by MTS assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 22, Issue:14
Probing the structural requirements for vitamin D3 inhibition of the hedgehog signaling pathway.
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID24178Compound was tested for rate constant for the transformation of vitamin to previtamin1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15
14-epi stereoisomers of 25-hydroxy- and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: synthesis, isomerization to previtamins, and biological studies.
AID674352Ratio of CYP24A1 mRNA upregulation in human HT-19 cells to upregulation of CYP24A1 mRNA in human U87MG cells2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 22, Issue:14
Probing the structural requirements for vitamin D3 inhibition of the hedgehog signaling pathway.
AID674344Binding affinity to full length human VDR by fluorescence polarization-based competitive assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 22, Issue:14
Probing the structural requirements for vitamin D3 inhibition of the hedgehog signaling pathway.
AID1140509Effect on CYP24A1 RNA level in non-targeting siRNA treated mouse C3H10T1/2 cells at 5 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID647354Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway in oxysterols-induced mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as down-regulation of endogenous Gli1 mRNA level at 5 uM by RT-PCR analysis relative to oxysterol2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Evaluation of vitamin D3 A-ring analogues as Hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1140494Displacement of BODIPY-cyclopamine from full length human SMO receptor overexpressed in HEK293T cells up to 10 uM after 4 hrs by flow cytometric analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID770732Activation of hedgehog signaling in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as downregulation of GLI1 mRNA expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis in presence of oxysterol2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 23, Issue:19
Analogues of the Inhoffen-Lythgoe diol with anti-proliferative activity.
AID1140493Inhibition of hedgehog signaling pathway-mediated PTCH mRNA expression in mouse ASZ001 cells up to 10 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID647369Activation of VDR in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells up-regulation of CYP24A1 at 0.5 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Evaluation of vitamin D3 A-ring analogues as Hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1198288Inhibition of hedgehog signaling in mouse ASZ cells assessed as reduction in Gli1 mRNA level after 24 hrs by quantitative PCR analysis2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 93Vitamin D3 analogues that contain modified A- and seco-B-rings as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID1198286Activation of VDR in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as up-regulation of Cyp24A1 mRNA at 5 uM after 24 hrs by quantitative PCR analysis relative to control2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 93Vitamin D3 analogues that contain modified A- and seco-B-rings as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID1594135Inhibition of native rhodanese (unknown origin) assessed as reduction in rhodanese enzyme activity after 45 mins by Fe(SCN)3 dye based spectrometric analysis2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 29, Issue:9
HSP60/10 chaperonin systems are inhibited by a variety of approved drugs, natural products, and known bioactive molecules.
AID1140487Inhibition of hedgehog signaling pathway-mediated GLI1 mRNA expression in mouse ASZ001 cells after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID1824249Inhibition of hedgehog signalling in mouse Sufu-KO MEF cells assessed as upregulation of Cyp27A1 expression by immunoblot analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID760028Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as downregulation of Gli1 mRNA expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol and 22(S)-hydroxycholesterol2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Identification of vitamin d3-based hedgehog pathway inhibitors that incorporate an aromatic a-ring isostere.
AID674348Down-regulation of Gli1 mRNA expression in human U87MG cells at 10 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to DMSO-treated control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 22, Issue:14
Probing the structural requirements for vitamin D3 inhibition of the hedgehog signaling pathway.
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1140492Inhibition of hedgehog signaling pathway-mediated PTCH mRNA expression in human DaOY cells after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID1594140Inhibition of Escherichia coli GroEL expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alpha/Escherichia coli GroES expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as reduction in GroEL/GroES-mediated denatured rhodanese refolding by measuring rhodanese enzyme activity 2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 29, Issue:9
HSP60/10 chaperonin systems are inhibited by a variety of approved drugs, natural products, and known bioactive molecules.
AID760020Activation of VDR in mouse M210B4 cells assessed as upregulation of Cyp24A1 mRNA expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to DMSO-treated control2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Identification of vitamin d3-based hedgehog pathway inhibitors that incorporate an aromatic a-ring isostere.
AID1140490Activation of VDR in human DaOY cells assessed as upregulation of CYP24A1 mRNA expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to DMSO-treated control2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID1135767Induction of bone calcium mobilization in vitamin-D-deficient chicken assessed per 100 ml of serum at 3.3 nmol, ip using 45Ca2+ and 40Ca2+ after 24 hrs1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Studies on vitamin D (calciferol) and its analogues. 15. 24-Nor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24-nor-25-hydroxy-5,6-trans-vitamin D3.
AID1546671Induction of ROS scavenging activity in HUVEC assessed as reduction in high glucose-induced intracellular ROS level at 5 uM incubated for 6 hrs by DCFH-DA/Hoechst 33342 staining based assay relative to control2020Journal of natural products, 01-24, Volume: 83, Issue:1
Antcamphorols A-K, Cytotoxic and ROS Scavenging Triterpenoids from
AID1149343Induction of intestinal [45Ca2+] absorption in rachitic white leghorn cockerel assessed as radioactivity in serum up to 78 nmol, ip treated 24 hrs prior to testing measured at 24 hrs post treatment1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 20, Issue:1
Studies on vitamin D (calciferol) and its analogues. 10. Side-chain analogues of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.
AID1140495Displacement of BODIPY-cyclopamine from full length human SMO receptor overexpressed in HEK293T cell membranes up to 10 uM after 5 hrs by fluorescence polarization assay2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID647368Activation of VDR in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as up-regulation of CYP24A1 after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Evaluation of vitamin D3 A-ring analogues as Hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1585873Antiproliferative activity against medulloblastoma cells derived from conditional patched knockout mouse after 48 hrs by [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID1198285Inhibition of hedgehog signaling in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as reduction in Gli1 mRNA level at 5 uM after 24 hrs by quantitative PCR analysis relative to control2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 93Vitamin D3 analogues that contain modified A- and seco-B-rings as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID647365Activation of VDR in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as up-regulation of CYP24A1 at 5 uM by RT-PCR analysis relative to control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Evaluation of vitamin D3 A-ring analogues as Hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID760029Activation of VDR in mouse ASZ001 cells assessed as upregulation of Cyp24A1 mRNA expression at =< 2.5 uM after 48 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Identification of vitamin d3-based hedgehog pathway inhibitors that incorporate an aromatic a-ring isostere.
AID402361Activity at human estrogen receptor expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis plant at 400 uM by pER8-GFP reporter assay2005Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 68, Issue:7
The transgenic Arabidopsis plant system, pER8-GFP, as a powerful tool in searching for natural product estrogen-agonists/antagonists.
AID1594142Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for inhibition of native rhodanese (unknown origin) to IC50 for inhibition of Escherichia coli GroEL expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alpha/Escherichia coli GroES expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as reduct2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 29, Issue:9
HSP60/10 chaperonin systems are inhibited by a variety of approved drugs, natural products, and known bioactive molecules.
AID1594143Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for inhibition of native rhodanese (unknown origin) to IC50 for inhibition of Escherichia coli GroEL expressed in Escherichia coliDH5alpha/Escherichia coli GroES expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as reducti2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 29, Issue:9
HSP60/10 chaperonin systems are inhibited by a variety of approved drugs, natural products, and known bioactive molecules.
AID674351Upregulation of CYP24A1 mRNA expression in human HT-29 cells at 10 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to DMSO-treated control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 22, Issue:14
Probing the structural requirements for vitamin D3 inhibition of the hedgehog signaling pathway.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1824244Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for Inhibition of hedgehog signalling in mouse VDR-KO MEF cells to IC50 for inhibition of hedgehog signalling in mouse ASZ001 cells2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID1168708Agonist activity at human VDR expressed in HEK293 cells by luciferase reporter gene assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 24, Issue:22
Identification of the first inverse agonist of retinoid-related orphan receptor (ROR) with dual selectivity for RORβ and RORγt.
AID1140485Inhibition of hedgehog signaling pathway-mediated GLI1 mRNA expression in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID1198287Inhibition of hedgehog signaling in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as reduction in Gli1 mRNA level after 24 hrs by quantitative PCR analysis2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 93Vitamin D3 analogues that contain modified A- and seco-B-rings as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID760017Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling in mouse ASZ001 cells assessed as downregulation of Gli1 mRNA expression after 48 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Identification of vitamin d3-based hedgehog pathway inhibitors that incorporate an aromatic a-ring isostere.
AID1824247Inhibition of hedgehog signalling in mouse Sufu-KO MEF cells assessed as upregulation of VDR expression at >15 uM in by immunoblot analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID647357Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway in human U87MG cells assessed as down regulation of Gli1 at 5 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Evaluation of vitamin D3 A-ring analogues as Hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID216847Displacement of [3H]25-(OH)-D3 from rat plasma Vitamin D binding protein1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID760013Activation of VDR in human DaOY cells assessed as upregulation of Cyp24A1 mRNA expression at 5 uM after 48 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to DMSO-treated control2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Identification of vitamin d3-based hedgehog pathway inhibitors that incorporate an aromatic a-ring isostere.
AID1585872Activation of VDR in mouse ASZ001 cells assessed as change in Cyp24A1 mRNA expression after 48 hrs by q-PCR analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID760025Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as downregulation of Gli1 mRNA expression after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Identification of vitamin d3-based hedgehog pathway inhibitors that incorporate an aromatic a-ring isostere.
AID1915533Agonist activity at Vitamin D receptor (unknown origin) by fluorescence polarization assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 209Comprehensive review for anticancer hybridized multitargeting HDAC inhibitors.
AID770733Growth inhibition of human HT-29 cells after 72 hrs by MTS-PMS assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 23, Issue:19
Analogues of the Inhoffen-Lythgoe diol with anti-proliferative activity.
AID1198289Activation of VDR in mouse ASZ cells assessed as up-regulation of Cyp24A1 mRNA at 2.5 uM after 24 hrs by quantitative PCR analysis relative to control2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 93Vitamin D3 analogues that contain modified A- and seco-B-rings as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID1140488Activation of VDR in mouse ASZ001 cells assessed as upregulation of CYP24A1 mRNA expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to DMSO-treated control2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID1140486Inhibition of hedgehog signaling pathway-mediated PTCH mRNA expression in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID1824240Binding affinity to recombinant human HSP70 assessed as dissociation constant incubated for 1 hrs by MTS assay2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID770730Activation of VDR in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as upregulation of CYP24A1 mRNA expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to DMSO-treated control2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 23, Issue:19
Analogues of the Inhoffen-Lythgoe diol with anti-proliferative activity.
AID1140501Activation of hedgehog signaling pathway in VDR-knockdown mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as effect on VDR expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID760026Binding affinity to human VDR by fluorescence polarization assay2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Identification of vitamin d3-based hedgehog pathway inhibitors that incorporate an aromatic a-ring isostere.
AID1824250Inhibition of hedgehog signalling in mouse Sufu-KO MEF cells assessed as upregulation of Cyp27B1 expression by immunoblot analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID1824245Inhibition of hedgehog signalling in mouse ASZ001 cells assessed as downregulation of VDR expression in by immunoblot analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID1594138Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for inhibition of native soluble pig heart MDH to IC50 for inhibition of Escherichia coli GroEL expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alpha/Escherichia coli GroES expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as reduction i2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 29, Issue:9
HSP60/10 chaperonin systems are inhibited by a variety of approved drugs, natural products, and known bioactive molecules.
AID1824236Inhibition of hedgehog signalling in mouse C3H 10T1/2 cells assessed as reduction in Gli1 mRNA expression measured after 48 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID674347Growth inhibition of human HT-29 cells overexpressing VDR gene after 72 hrs by MTS assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 22, Issue:14
Probing the structural requirements for vitamin D3 inhibition of the hedgehog signaling pathway.
AID1135786Induction of intestinal calcium absorption in vitamin-D-deficient chicken assessed per 0.2 ml of plasma at 3.3 nmol, ip using 45Ca2+ and 40Ca2+ after 24 hrs relative to control1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Studies on vitamin D (calciferol) and its analogues. 15. 24-Nor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24-nor-25-hydroxy-5,6-trans-vitamin D3.
AID1135775Induction of intestinal calcium absorption in vitamin-D-deficient chicken assessed per 0.2 ml of plasma at 3.3 nmol, ip using 45Ca2+ and 40Ca2+ after 24 hrs1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Studies on vitamin D (calciferol) and its analogues. 15. 24-Nor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24-nor-25-hydroxy-5,6-trans-vitamin D3.
AID760023Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling in mouse M210B4 cells assessed as downregulation of Gli1 mRNA expression after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Identification of vitamin d3-based hedgehog pathway inhibitors that incorporate an aromatic a-ring isostere.
AID1594136Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for inhibition of native soluble pig heart MDH to IC50 for inhibition of Escherichia coli GroEL expressed in Escherichia coliDH5alpha/Escherichia coli GroES expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as reduction in2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 29, Issue:9
HSP60/10 chaperonin systems are inhibited by a variety of approved drugs, natural products, and known bioactive molecules.
AID588212Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID674345Binding affinity to full length human VDR expressed in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as upregulation of CYP24A1 mRNA expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 22, Issue:14
Probing the structural requirements for vitamin D3 inhibition of the hedgehog signaling pathway.
AID1140481Inhibition of hedgehog signaling pathway-mediated GLI1 mRNA expression in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as residual activity at 5 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to 20alpha-hydroxycholesterol/22(S)-hydroxycholesterol2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID588213Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1824233Activation of VDR in mouse ASZ001 cells assessed as upregulation of Cyp24A1 mRNA expression at 5 uM measured after 48 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to control2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID1585883Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway in VDR-deficient mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as change in CYP24A1 mRNA expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by q-PCR analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID1824232Inhibition of hedgehog signalling in mouse ASZ001 cells assessed as reduction in Gli1 mRNA expression measured after 48 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID647363Activation of VDR in human U87MG cells assessed as up-regulation of CYP24A1 at 10 uM by RT-PCR analysis relative to control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Evaluation of vitamin D3 A-ring analogues as Hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID760022Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling in mouse M210B4 cells assessed as downregulation of Ptch mRNA expression after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Identification of vitamin d3-based hedgehog pathway inhibitors that incorporate an aromatic a-ring isostere.
AID1824252Inhibition of hedgehog signalling in mouse ASZ001 cells assessed as upregulation of Cyp27B1 expression by immunoblot analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID1140508Inhibition of hedgehog signaling pathway in non-targeting siRNA treated mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as downregulation of GLI1 expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1198291Binding affinity to full length human VDR by fluorescent displacement assay2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 93Vitamin D3 analogues that contain modified A- and seco-B-rings as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID1824242Inhibition of hedgehog signalling in mouse Sufu-KO MEF cells assessed as reduction in Gli1 mRNA expression measured after 48 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID1140498Inhibition of hedgehog signaling pathway-mediated GLI1 mRNA expression in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis in presence of GDC-04492014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID760027Activation of VDR in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as upregulation of Cyp24A1 mRNA expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to DMSO-treated control2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Identification of vitamin d3-based hedgehog pathway inhibitors that incorporate an aromatic a-ring isostere.
AID1824231Activation of VDR in mouse C3H 10T1/2 cells assessed as upregulation of Cyp24A1 mRNA expression at 5 uM measured after 48 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to control2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID647356Binding affinity to human VDR at > 100 uM by fluorescence polarization-based competition assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Evaluation of vitamin D3 A-ring analogues as Hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID760009Activation of VDR in mouse ASZ001 cells assessed as upregulation of Cyp24A1 mRNA expression at 5 to 10 uM after 48 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Identification of vitamin d3-based hedgehog pathway inhibitors that incorporate an aromatic a-ring isostere.
AID674350Down-regulation of Gli1 mRNA expression in human HT-29 cells at 10 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to DMSO-treated control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 22, Issue:14
Probing the structural requirements for vitamin D3 inhibition of the hedgehog signaling pathway.
AID603957Octanol-water partition coefficient, log P of the compound2008European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 43, Issue:4
QSPR modeling of octanol/water partition coefficient for vitamins by optimal descriptors calculated with SMILES.
AID1585888Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway in VDR-deficient mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as reduction in oxysterol-induced Gli1 mRNA expression after 24 hrs by q-PCR analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID1594145Inhibition of Escherichia coli GroEL expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alpha/Escherichia coli GroES expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as reduction in GroEL/GroES-mediated denatured rhodanese refolding by measuring rhodanese enzyme activity 2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 29, Issue:9
HSP60/10 chaperonin systems are inhibited by a variety of approved drugs, natural products, and known bioactive molecules.
AID1140489Inhibition of hedgehog signaling pathway-mediated GLI1 mRNA expression in human DaOY cells after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID1594141Inhibition of Escherichia coli GroEL expressed in Escherichia coliDH5alpha/Escherichia coli GroES expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as reduction in GroEL/GroES-mediated denatured soluble pig heart MDH refolding by measuring MDH enzyme acti2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 29, Issue:9
HSP60/10 chaperonin systems are inhibited by a variety of approved drugs, natural products, and known bioactive molecules.
AID1140507Inhibition of hedgehog signaling pathway in VDR-knockdown mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as downregulation of GLI1 expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID674349Upregulation of CYP24A1 mRNA expression in human U87MG cells at 10 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to DMSO-treated control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 22, Issue:14
Probing the structural requirements for vitamin D3 inhibition of the hedgehog signaling pathway.
AID1203552Modulation of human alpha7 nAChR expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as effect on acetylcholine-induced currents at 10 uM after 1 to 4 days by two-electrode voltage clamp assay relative to control2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-09, Volume: 58, Issue:7
Ensemble-based virtual screening for cannabinoid-like potentiators of the human glycine receptor α1 for the treatment of pain.
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1594137Inhibition of ATPase activity of Escherichia coli GroEL expressed in Escherichia coliDH5alpha incubated for 60 mins using ATP by spectrometric analysis2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 29, Issue:9
HSP60/10 chaperonin systems are inhibited by a variety of approved drugs, natural products, and known bioactive molecules.
AID624608Specific activity of expressed human recombinant UGT1A42000Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, , Volume: 40Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: metabolism, expression, and disease.
AID1594134Inhibition of native soluble pig heart MDH assessed as reduction in MDH enzyme activity using sodium mesoxalate as substrate and NADH by malachite green dye based spectrometric analysis2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 29, Issue:9
HSP60/10 chaperonin systems are inhibited by a variety of approved drugs, natural products, and known bioactive molecules.
AID1203550Potentiation of human GlyR-alpha1 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as induction of glycine-activated currents after 1 to 4 days by two-electrode voltage clamp assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-09, Volume: 58, Issue:7
Ensemble-based virtual screening for cannabinoid-like potentiators of the human glycine receptor α1 for the treatment of pain.
AID760024Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as downregulation of Ptch mRNA expression after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Identification of vitamin d3-based hedgehog pathway inhibitors that incorporate an aromatic a-ring isostere.
AID1140491Competitive binding affinity to full length human VDR by fluorescence polarization assay2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID1347054Inhibition of BCRP-mediated mitoxantrone efflux in human myeloid leukemia PLB985 cells measured by flow cytometry2017SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 22, Issue:1
Virtual Screening of DrugBank Reveals Two Drugs as New BCRP Inhibitors.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (7,843)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19902089 (26.64)18.7374
1990's879 (11.21)18.2507
2000's1189 (15.16)29.6817
2010's2641 (33.67)24.3611
2020's1045 (13.32)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 89.66

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index89.66 (24.57)
Research Supply Index9.18 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.80 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index290.46 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index3.48 (0.95)

This Compound (89.66)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials1,425 (17.31%)5.53%
Reviews855 (10.38%)6.00%
Case Studies293 (3.56%)4.05%
Observational51 (0.62%)0.25%
Other5,610 (68.13%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (1113)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Clinical Trial of Vitamin D3 to Reduce Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Women [NCT01052051]Phase 2/Phase 32,303 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
Vitamin D 24'000 IU for Oral Intermittent Supplementation [NCT03920150]Phase 358 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-09-30Completed
Vitamin D Status: Relative Efficacy of Vitamins D2 and D3 [NCT01139840]32 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
The Influence of Vitamin D on the Physical Performance and General Health of Conscripts of the Estonian Defence Forces [NCT04939636]112 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-07-19Completed
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double Blind Study Evaluating the Effect of Cholecalciferol on Vasoactive Hormones, Heart Function, Arterial Stiffness, and Blood Pressure in Dialysis Patients. [NCT01312714]Phase 264 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Completed
Vitamin D and Osteoporosis Prevention in Elderly African American Women: A 4-year Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Investigate the Effect of Vitamin D Status in Elderly African American Women [NCT01153568]Phase 3260 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
Phase III, Randomized, Double Blind Trial on Vitamin D Supplementation for Resected Stage II Melanoma Patients [NCT01264874]Phase 3150 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Terminated(stopped due to poor accrual rate)
McFlu2 COLD3 Prevention: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double Blind Trial of Vitamin D and Health Advice for the Prevention of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in McMaster University Students [NCT01158560]Phase 3600 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
Rationale and Design of the Vitamin K2 and Vitamin D3 Intervention Trial in Children and Adolescents With the Low-energy Bone Fractures [NCT03871322]90 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-07-01Recruiting
Vitamin D Supplementation in Elderly Nursing Home Residents: Daily Supplementation Compared to a Loading Dose an Monthly Supplementation, a Randomised Trial [NCT01168544]Phase 3160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-05-31Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Oral Supplements on 25 OH Vitamin D Levels: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01170494]279 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Completed
Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Coronary Artery Disease Patients With Postchallenge Hyperglycemia and Vitamin D Deficiency on Endothelial Function and Insulin Sensitivity [NCT01183442]Phase 322 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Terminated(stopped due to unable to recruit)
Vitamin D Supplementation in Chronic Stable Heart Failure: a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT01292720]Phase 329 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
The Effect of Vitamin D Substitution on Pancreatic Parenchyma and Development of Fibrosis After First Acute Alcoholic Pancreatitis: A Randomized Prospective Trial [NCT02965898]260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-09-30Active, not recruiting
Does Oral Vitamin D Supplementation in Egyptian Infants With Acute Bronchiolitis Improve the Outcome? A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03799406]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-01Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Replacement in Vitamin D Deficient Patients With History of Urolithiasis: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01349764]10 participants (Actual)Observational2011-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Unable to recruit required sample size)
Vitamin D on Glycemic Control in African American Children With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT01325987]31 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Administration Along With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) [NCT03754712]90 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-03-10Recruiting
[NCT01121796]90 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-06-30Not yet recruiting
Oral Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) Therapy in Prevalent Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Placebo Controlled Pilot Study [NCT01214928]20 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Immunomodulatory Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Monocyte in Major Beta-thalassemia [NCT03919812]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-01Completed
Multicentric, Randomized, Double-blind Versus Placebo Study Evaluating the Efficacy of Treatment With Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) for Delaying the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) After a Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS). Comparison of Conversion R [NCT01817166]Phase 3316 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-16Completed
Early Effect of Vitamin D in Primary Hyperparathyroidism [NCT01329666]Phase 2/Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Poor enrollment)
Vitamin D Substitution for Patients With Chronic Pancreatitis and Malabsorption [NCT01141998]27 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-12-31Completed
The Effects of Oral Vitamin D Supplementation on the Prevention of Peritoneal Dialysis-related Peritonitis, a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05860270]Phase 4176 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-06-15Recruiting
To Test the Effect of Calcifediol Hy.D Supplementation on Muscle Function and Bone Quality in Younger Postmenopausal Women With Osteopenia: a Double-blind Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT02527668]Phase 2150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-09-30Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Muscular Strength, Musculoskeletal Pain and Headache in Immigrants Living in Norway. Randomized, Double Blinded, Placebo Controlled Study [NCT01263288]Phase 4251 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Effects of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Lung Functions and Exercise Tolerance in D3 Deficient Asthma COPD Overlap (ACO) Patients [NCT03880734]Phase 270 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-01Completed
Does Vitamin D Reduce Risk of Developing Type II DM in Prediabetics? A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01170468]Phase 325 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Terminated(stopped due to inadequate enrollement)
A Pilot Study of Vitamin D Supplementation in Bronx Psychiatric Patients [NCT01169142]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation Enhances Immune Response to BCG Vaccination in Infants [NCT01288950]49 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Completed
The Effect of Calcium and Vitamin D Supplements as an Adjuvant Therapy to Metformin on Metabolic and Hormonal Disturbances in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients [NCT03792984]Phase 340 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-01Completed
A 6-Month, Randomized, Open-Label, Active-Comparator Controlled, Parallel-Group Study With a 6-Month Extension to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Alendronate Sodium 70 mg/Vitamin D3 5600 I.U. Combination Tablets Versus Calcitriol in the Treatment of O [NCT01350934]Phase 4219 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-19Completed
The Effects of Vitamin D2 Supplement During Pregnancy on Postpartum Maternal and Fetal Vitamin D Levels: the Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03743922]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-11-01Completed
Vitamin D Deficiency Augments Renin-Angiotensin System Activity in Obesity [NCT01068418]26 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
"Correction of Vitamin D Deficiency in Critically Ill Patients: a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial (VITDAL@ICU)" [NCT01130181]Phase 3480 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
Allogenic Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients With Recent-onset Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT03920397]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-03-01Completed
Correlation of Vitamin D Supplementation in Emergency Medicine Residents and Seasonal Mood Symptoms [NCT03739671]27 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-01Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation in Children and Adolescents Seen in the Paediatric Nephrology Service: Study of the Efficacy of Service Usual Care (Cholecalciferol) and Its Impact on Calciuria. [NCT02238418]Phase 443 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation With and With Out Exercise on Metabolic and Physical Consequences of Vitamin D Deficiency in the Elderly [NCT01145703]39 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Investigator terminated study due to low enrollment of eligible subjects)
Magnitude of Changes in 25 OH Vitamin D3 Levels After Vitamin D3 Supplementation: A Randomized Controlled Study [NCT01170507]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Withdrawn(stopped due to No funding)
High-Dose Vitamin D in Combination With Chemoradiotherapy in the Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme [NCT01181193]Phase 1/Phase 220 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-03-31Recruiting
The Effect of Vitamin D3 Alone and in Combination With Calcium Phosphate on Bone Metabolism in Healthy Adults [NCT01297023]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Clinical Trial of Oral Phenylbutyrate and Vitamin D Adjunctive Therapy in Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Bangladesh: a Pilot Study [NCT01580007]Phase 2288 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-12-31Completed
Pilot, Double-blind, Randomized Controlled, Multi-center Study of the Effects of Fish Oil and Vitamin D in the Prevention of Chronic Pain Following Major Thermal Burn Injury [NCT03313076]Phase 224 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-19Terminated(stopped due to COVID-19 global pandemic, and study funding period ended 7/31/2020.)
The Role of Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT02464462]Phase 111 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
A 15-Week, Double-Blind, Randomized, Active-Controlled, Multi-Center Study With 24-Week Extension to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Efficacy of Alendronate 70 mg Plus Vitamin D3 2800 IU Combination Tablet in Men and Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporo [NCT00092066]Phase 3717 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-09-24Completed
Effect of Alfacalcidol Supplementation to Respiratory Infection, Inflammatory Markers and CD4/CD8 Ratio of Indonesian Elderly [NCT03292744]Phase 4110 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-10Recruiting
Adjunct Vitamin D Therapy as a Means to Reduce the Disparity in Subclinical Target Organ Cardiac Damage Among Vulnerable Hypertensive Patients [NCT01360476]354 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
Randomised Placebo-controlled Supplementation Study With Vitamin D and Calcium in Breastfeeding Mothers [NCT01349127]136 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-31Completed
A Randomized, Open-label, Single-dose Study to Evaluate the Safety and the Pharmacokinetics After Oral Concurrent Administration of HDDO-16141 and HDDO-16142 in Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT03234244]Phase 137 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-04-12Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients With Operated Tibia Fracture and Low Vitamin D. Does it Improve Healing Rate?. Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03232216]682 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-11-21Recruiting
Personalized Treatment Algorithms for Difficult-to-treat Asthma: Bench to Community [NCT04179461]Phase 221 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-16Completed
A Prospective, Multi-centre, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Vitamin D3 B.O.N. Intramuscular Injection in Adults With Vitamin D Deficiency [NCT02443246]Phase 384 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-30Completed
Identifying Vit D Deficiency in VLBW Infants Part 2 [NCT01363167]68 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
Psychological Impact of Amenorrhea in Women With Endometriosis: Perspective Randomized Study [NCT02393482]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-30Not yet recruiting
Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation During a Non-surgical Treatment of Generalized Chronic Periodontitis: A Randomized Double-blinded Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT03162406]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-05-18Recruiting
A Phase III, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Diamyd® to Preserve Endogenous Beta Cell Function in Adolescents and Adults With Recently Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes, Carrying the Genetic H [NCT05018585]Phase 3330 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-05-19Recruiting
Drug Metabolizing Enzyme and Transporter Function in Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT02360644]23 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
Exploratory Study on the Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response in Healthy Adults [NCT04734886]161 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-27Completed
Efficacy and Security of the Magnesium and Vitamin D Combination as Adjuvant Treatment of Post-COVID Syndrome. A Randomised Double-blind Clinical Trial [NCT05630339]150 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-01-30Completed
A 2-Part, Open-Label, Randomized, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Bioequivalence of the 70-mg Alendronate/5600 IU Vitamin D3 Final Market Combination Tablet to a 70-mg Alendronate Marketed Tablet, and the Relative Bioavailability of Vitamin D3 [NCT00803790]Phase 1318 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
The Impact of the Dose of Vitamin D (vitD) on the Metabolism of ca, p and Concentrations of 25OHD, Bone Status and Development of Premature Infants up to 2 Years of Age. Prospective, Randomized, Clinical Study [NCT03691896]Phase 3200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-01-31Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-blinded, Parallel, Placebo-controlled Pilot Study to Investigate the Effect of Nutrition Ingredients on Microbiota Composition in Healthy Adults [NCT03668964]96 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-08-20Completed
Randomized Clinical Trial for The Evaluation of The Effects Of Cholecalciferol Supplementation On The Parathyroid Hormone In Hemodialysis Patients [NCT03648528]Phase 4120 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-15Completed
The Efficacy of Vitamin D3 for the Treatment of Chronic Plaque Type Psoriatic Patients With Vitamin D Deficiency and Insufficiency: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01339741]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-03-31Recruiting
Vitamin D Supplementation, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Plasma Vitamin D Response Among Malaysian Female Adults: Double Blinded, Randomised Clinical Trial of Efficacy [NCT05281107]Early Phase 1106 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-10Completed
Effect of Vitamin d Supplementation on the Control of Persistent Asthma in Children at Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa [NCT02053402]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-03-31Not yet recruiting
Challenges in Achieving Adequate Vitamin D Status in the Adult Population - Part 2 [NCT03810261]105 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-08Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation in Young Children With Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection at Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa [NCT02054182]Phase 4320 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-02-28Not yet recruiting
The Influence of Food Matrix Delivery System on the Bioavailability of Vitamin D3 [NCT03783273]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-08Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Treatment on Some Inflammatory Markers in Non-obese Lebanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT03782805]88 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-09Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Repletion on Insulin Resistance and Systemic Inflammation [NCT01354964]Phase 219 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-03-13Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation and Clinical Outcomes in Severe COVID-19 Patients - Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05384574]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-11-22Active, not recruiting
[NCT02069990]Phase 389 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Completed
The Link Between Obesity And Vitamin D in Bariatric Patients With Omega-loop Bypass Surgery: a Randomized Controlled, Double-blinded Clinical Supplementation Trial [NCT02092376]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Completed
Effect of Cholecalciferol on Hemodialysis Patients [NCT03602430]Phase 2/Phase 360 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-01Completed
Vitamin D and Immunomodulation: Effects in Crohn's Disease [NCT01369667]Phase 4117 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-04-30Completed
[NCT02158598]Phase 438 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-30Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation to Persistent Carriers of MRSA - A Double Blind, Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT02178488]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
Effect of Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy on Offspring Bone Mass, Body Composition and Muscle Strength in Early Childhood: Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial Cohort. [NCT03537443]642 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-21Completed
Secondary Prevention of Osteoporosis: A Window of Opportunity in the Acute Rehabilitation Setting [NCT00421343]Phase 329 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-02-28Completed
Meal Effects on the 25OHD3 Response to Supplemental Vitamin D3 [NCT01268176]Phase 162 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-12-31Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation: Impact on Severe Pneumonia Among Under-five Children [NCT02185196]Phase 1197 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-30Completed
Does Vitamin D Improve Glycemic Control in Type II DM? A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01170442]Phase 325 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Terminated(stopped due to In adequate enrollment)
Vitamin D/Calcium Polyp Prevention Study [NCT00153816]Phase 2/Phase 32,813 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-07-31Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation in Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps [NCT01185808]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Withdrawn
Vitamin D Supplementation and CD4 Count in HIV-Infected Children [NCT00911664]Phase 254 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Completed
Pilot Study of Transplant-related Events in Patients Receiving Ultra-high-dose Vitamin D Supplementation [NCT03759262]33 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-12-10Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation as a Neoadjuvant for Photodynamic Therapy of Actinic Keratoses [NCT04140292]Phase 275 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-01-13Completed
Effectiveness of Vitamin D Supplementation to Reduce Injury and Illness in the UK Armed Forces With Specific Reference to Stress Fracture Risk Reduction [NCT03963128]4,450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-11-06Recruiting
Effect of Vitamin D on All-cause Mortality in Heart Failure Patients [NCT01326650]Phase 4400 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-11-30Completed
Vitamin D and Prostate Cancer [NCT01045109]Phase 252 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of MK-0822 (Cathepsin K Inhibitor) in the Treatment of Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis [NCT00112437]Phase 2399 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-06-24Completed
Rapid Normalization of Vitamin D Deficiency in PICU: A Multi-Centre Phase III Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03742505]Phase 3766 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-06-17Recruiting
Evaluation of a Food Supplement Containing Lactobacillus Reuteri DSM 17938 + Vitamin D3 in the Prevention of Recurrent Respiratory Infections in Paediatric Patients [NCT04408443]200 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-11-25Terminated(stopped due to No enrollment due COVID PANDEMIA)
Multicentre, Cross-over, PRAgmatic Trial in Atopic Dermatitis Testing Long-term Control Effectiveness of New Phototherapy Regimen During Winter as an add-on Therapy, Coupled With Oral Vitamin D Supplementation vs. Placebo in a Randomised, Parallel-group T [NCT02537509]Phase 2111 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-27Completed
Influence of Vitamin K2 Administration on Vessel Calcification Markers in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT01101698]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-06-30Recruiting
Pharmacokinetics Evaluation of Different Vitamin D3 Formulations [NCT05209425]37 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-01-01Completed
Comparing the Efficiency of Vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 Treatment on Changes of the Transcriptome of Low Vitamin D Responders [NCT03537027]Phase 140 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-03Completed
Efficacy Study of Vitamin D to Treat Contrast-induced Nephropathy [NCT02489240]306 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-07-31Recruiting
Effect of Oral Vitamin D on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Hemodialysis [NCT05460338]Phase 2/Phase 325 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-05-15Completed
Safety and Efficacy Evaluation of the Dose Regimen of Vitamin D 50,000 IU(Biodal) Tablet Supplementation in the Treatment of Population With Vitamin D Deficiency. [NCT02192229]Phase 280 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-08-31Not yet recruiting
EVALUATION OF THE HIGH DOSE VITAMIN D3 SUPPLEMENTATION EFFECT AND INFLUENCE OF POLYMORPHISM VDR GENE ON OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATORY PROCESS IN ELDERLY [NCT02222649]Phase 240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-07-31Recruiting
High-dose Vitamin D Supplementation for ADT-Induced Bone Loss in Older Prostate Cancer Patients [NCT05838716]Phase 3366 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-29Not yet recruiting
Effect of Vitamin D Supplement for Cognitive Function in Patients With Bipolar Disorder- Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial [NCT05357859]21 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-05-03Completed
A Pilot Dose Response Study to Vitamin D in Obesity and Weight Loss: Effect on Bone [NCT01631292]81 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
The Influence of Vitamin D Supplementation on Serum Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor Level and Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia Treated With Atypical Antipsychotic [NCT03284294]Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-04-15Not yet recruiting
A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Study of Vitamin D Supplementation in Pregnant Women for the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes [NCT05208827]Early Phase 11,600 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-01Recruiting
The Effect of Vitamin D Repletion on Postmenopausal Women With HIV [NCT01375010]Phase 1/Phase 285 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Trial of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Clinical, and Subjective Symptoms of Paediatric Asthma [NCT02428322]53 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
Effect of Calcium and High-dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Bone Mineral Density Among Perinatally HIV-infected Children and Adolescents [NCT02426840]Phase 3200 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Completed
Vitamin D In the Prevention of Viral-induced Asthma in Preschoolers: a Randomized Controlled Multicenter Trial (DIVA) [NCT03365687]Phase 3865 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-10-01Recruiting
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Control Study to Examine the Effects of Vitamin D Fortification on Vitamin D Metabolite Profiles and Status in Vitamin D Insufficient Individuals. [NCT02422784]Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-07-31Withdrawn
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter 4-Week Study to Assess the Effect of Alendronate 70 mg and Vitamin D3 2800 IU Once Weekly on Fractional Calcium Absorption in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women [NCT00641771]Phase 156 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-05-31Completed
Trial of High-Dose Vitamin D in the Treatment of Complicated Severe Acute Malnutrition [NCT04270643]Phase 2259 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-12-27Active, not recruiting
Correlation Between Serum Vitamin D3 Level and Incidence of Uterine Leiomyoma in Egyptian Women [NCT05151393]80 participants (Anticipated)Observational2021-12-01Not yet recruiting
Menier's Disease - Bone Density Study [NCT05322538]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-01Not yet recruiting
Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation for Children With Bronchiolitis at Sohag University Hospital [NCT05795933]Phase 2/Phase 3146 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-01Recruiting
Determining the Effect of Vitamin D, Dyslipidemia and Microvascular in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT04439474]187 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-10Completed
Improving Body Composition, Strength, Function and Health Related Quality of Life in Older Individuals With Sarcopenic Obesity Through Lifestyle Modifications [NCT02379026]18 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Active, not recruiting
Effect of Suplementation of 5,000 UI Vitamin D3 on the Glycemic Profile in Patients With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus of the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca [NCT03645109]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-02-28Completed
Evaluating the Safety of Acute Baclofen in Methadone-maintained Individuals With Opiate Dependence. An Adaptive, Single-blind, Placebo-controlled Ascending Dose Study of Acute Baclofen on Safety Parameters in Opioid Dependence During Methadone-maintenance [NCT05161351]Phase 464 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-11Recruiting
Effect of Vitamin D on Metabolic Profile in Overweight or Obese Women [NCT01344161]Phase 385 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in a Cohort of Overweight and Obese Adults in the United Kingdom (UK) [NCT02359214]49 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-04-30Completed
Evaluation of a Strategy for Systematic Screening for Vitamin D Deficiency and Treatment in Case of Deficiency, on the Improvement of the Maximum Walking Distance in Patients With Stage 2 Lower Limb Arterial Disease. [NCT03615833]Phase 427 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-03-11Completed
Longitudinal Effect of Vitamin D3 Replacement on Cognitive Performance and MRI Markers in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Single-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03610139]162 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-05-21Recruiting
Free Vitamin D Correlate Better With BMD and Fracture Than Total Serum Vitamin D? [NCT03605173]125 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-03-01Recruiting
Vitamin D to Improve Outcomes by Leveraging Early Treatment: Long-term Brain Outcomes in Vitamin D Deficient Patients (VIOLET-BUD) [NCT03733418]95 participants (Actual)Observational2018-11-01Completed
Effect of Raloxifene Plus Cholecalciferol and Cholecalciferol Alone on the Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women With Osteopenia: an 1-year Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05386784]Phase 4112 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-12-16Recruiting
A Cluster-Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Vitamin D3 Supplementation to Reduce Disease Severity in Persons With Newly Diagnosed COVID-19 Infection and to Prevent Infection in Household Members [NCT04536298]Phase 32,024 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-12-28Active, not recruiting
Randomized Trial of Enteral Vitamin D Supplementation in Infants < 28 Weeks Gestational Age or <1000 Grams Birth Weight [NCT05459298]180 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-06Recruiting
Vitamin-D Treatment Targeted to Hyperprolinemia-Associated Schizophrenia. [NCT02197286]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Withdrawn(stopped due to Personnel changes at study site.)
Validating a Vitamin D3 Supplementation Regimen Among Patients Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation [NCT03534674]84 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-06-15Not yet recruiting
The Effect of a High-dose Oral Vitamin D3 Bolus on Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and Vitamin D Receptor Target Gene Expression (VitDbol) [NCT02063334]Phase 135 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
Weekly Vitamin D3 for Treatment of Hypovitaminosis D in Children and Adolescents With Inflammatory Bowel Disease [NCT02076750]Phase 1/Phase 234 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Completed
Randomized Clinical Trial of Hypovitaminosis D Treatment in the Neurocritical Care Unit [NCT02881957]Phase 2/Phase 3274 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-10Completed
Blood Pressure in Blacks and Calcium (BBC) and Vitamin D Study [NCT03070483]Phase 25 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-25Completed
Adjunctive Treatment With Vitamin D3 in Patients With Active IBD (ACTIVATED): A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT04225819]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-10-01Suspended(stopped due to Protocol is being modified.)
Vitamin D for Sickle-cell Respiratory Complications [NCT01443728]Phase 2130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-12-13Completed
High-dose Vitamin D Supplement for the Prevention of Acute Asthma-like Symptoms in Preschool Children - a Double-blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial [NCT05043116]Phase 2320 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-01Recruiting
Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Reproductive, Hormonal and Metabolic Profiles, and on IVF Outcomes, in PCOS Infertile Saudi Women : a Randomized-controlled Clinical Trial [NCT05106712]700 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-11-01Not yet recruiting
Vitamin D Supplementation and Changes of Hematology Parameter, Coagulation Profile, and Clinical Improvement Among COVID-19 Patients [NCT05126602]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-01Completed
A Randomized, Examiner-blind Comparator-controlled Crossover Bioequivalence Study on Vitamin D in Healthy Adults [NCT03552666]9 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-26Completed
The Effect of High Oral Loading Dose of Cholecalciferol in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients [NCT05578404]Phase 2100 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-10-20Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation in Individuals With a Chronic Spinal Cord Injury - a Placebo-controlled Randomized Double-blinded Study [NCT04652544]Phase 350 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-05-19Active, not recruiting
The Effect of Single High Dose of Vitamin D3 on Short-term Postoperative Pain in Patients Under Craniotomy for Brain Tumor Resection [NCT03614403]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-30Completed
Improving Cognition and Brain Imagery Through Optimal Vitamin D Supplementation in the Elderly [NCT03611049]Phase 214 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-08-01Terminated(stopped due to Principal Investigator (Dr. Peiris) is retiring)
Effect of Supplementary Vitamin D in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus and Pulmonary Tuberculosis (EVIDENT Study): a Randomized, Double Blind, Controlled Trial [NCT02169570]Phase 4435 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-12-31Not yet recruiting
Evaluation of a Transdermal Vitamin D3 Delivery System, D3forME [NCT02174718]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Due to manufacturing problems the transdermal patch was not produced.)
The Effect of Oral Loading Doses of Cholecalciferol on the Serum Concentration of 25-OH-vitamin-D [NCT02186106]Phase 431 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Estudo clínico Randomizado, Controlado e Duplo-cego do Impacto da inibição de um Transportador de Membrana do Colesterol na absorção da Vitamina D [NCT02234544]Phase 452 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
A Randomized, Open-label Study of High-Dose Vitamin D Versus Standard of Care Vitamin D Supplementation to Evaluate the Impact on Bone Health in Young Women With Early Stage Breast Cancer [NCT05016310]7 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-09-16Active, not recruiting
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Myocardial Regional Function by Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography in Diabetic Patients. [NCT03437421]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-02-04Completed
A Phase II Trial on the Effect of Low-Dose Versus High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Bone Mass in Adults With Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) [NCT01968590]Phase 226 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-16Terminated(stopped due to unable to enroll)
The Effects of Vitamin D3 Versus 25OHD3 (HyD) on Serum Vitamin D Metabolites and Markers of Mineral Metabolism and Immune Function [NCT02091219]Early Phase 135 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-30Completed
Effects of a One Year Cholecalciferol Supplementation on Bone Health and Muscle Strength in Adults During Post-burn Period [NCT02092701]0 participants Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Regulation of the Stress-axis by Vitamin D3 in Subjects With Multiple Sclerosis; a Double-blinded, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study [NCT02096133]Phase 254 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-13Terminated(stopped due to difficulties with inclusion)
Effects of Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Replacement on Pulmonary and Endocrine Function in Persons With SCI [NCT02099955]Phase 1/Phase 288 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
A Phase II Study of Curcumin and Vitamin D in Previously Untreated Patients With Early Stage Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) or Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (SLL) [NCT02100423]Phase 235 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-26Completed
Styrian Vitamin D Hypertension Trial: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Systolic Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Vitamin D Deficient Hypertensive Patients [NCT02136771]Phase 4200 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-30Completed
Vitamin D Replacement After Kidney Transplant [NCT00748618]165 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Active, not recruiting
Food-based Solutions for Optimal Vitamin D Nutrition and Health Through the Life Cycle (ODIN) Junior [NCT02145195]130 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-30Completed
[NCT02158143]28 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
The Effect of Co-administered β-Carotene, Vitamin D3, Zinc and Antenatal Steroid Therapy on Hyaline Membrane Disease and Feeding Intolerance in Premature Neonates [NCT03366584]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-31Recruiting
Effect of a Single Colecalciferol Dose on Insulin Resistance: A Prospective Randomized Trial [NCT01075022]136 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-05-31Enrolling by invitation
The Effect of Antenatal Vitamin D Supplementation on Maternal-fetal Vitamin D Status and Neonatal Immune Function: a Randomized Controlled Trial in Bangladesh [NCT01126528]Phase 2160 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
Evaluation of Gingival Crevicular Fluid Levels of LL-37 and Serum Vitamin D3 Levels in Smoker and Non-Smoker Patients With Chronic Periodontitis [NCT03923218]60 participants (Actual)Observational2011-12-31Completed
The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glucose Metabolism in Non-Diabetic African American Adults [NCT01141192]48 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
The Beneficial Effect of Vitamin D Supplement to Peg Interferon Alpha 2a or to Telbivudine Monotherapy in Patients With Chronic HBV Viral Infection [NCT01083251]120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-03-31Recruiting
Effect of Vitamin D on Cognitive Decline of Patients With Memory Complaint [NCT02185222]Phase 368 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-23Completed
Vitamin D In the Prevention of Viral-induced Asthma of Preschoolers: a Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)- (DIVA) [NCT02197702]Phase 2/Phase 347 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation in Overweight/Obese African American Adults and Youth (D-SUNNY) [NCT01583621]74 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
EVALUATION OF CHOLECALCIFEROL (VitD3) MAINTENANCE SUPPLEMENTATION IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE MYELOMA (MM) UNDERGOING TRANSPLANTATION AND IN COMBINATION WITH LENALIDOMIDE MAINTENANCE [NCT05846880]Early Phase 1100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-31Not yet recruiting
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) in the Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL) [NCT01782352]25,871 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Active, not recruiting
Colecalciferol as an Add-on Treatment to Subcutaneously Administered Interferon-beta-1b for Treatment of MS [NCT01339676]Phase 470 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Active, not recruiting
Effect of Vitamin D Replacement on Tumor Response and Survival Parameters for Vitamin D Insufficient Patients With Cancer [NCT01787409]500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-03-06Recruiting
Effect of Preoperative High-dose Cholecalciferol in Prevention of Post-thyroidectomy Hypocalcaemia : A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05586529]170 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-11-01Recruiting
PROVENT: A Randomised, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Feasibility Study to Examine the Clinical Effectiveness of Aspirin and/or Vitamin D3 to Prevent Disease Progression in Men on Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer [NCT03103152]Phase 2/Phase 3104 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-31Completed
Does Vitamin D Supplement Alter Serum Level of Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Adult Patients Between 34-74 Years With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Vitamin D Deficiency? [NCT01354262]Phase 2150 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blinded, 250-Subject Clinical Trial of Vitamin D Replacement in Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis [NCT01130311]259 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
A Randomised Comparative Study of the Effect of LYL Love Your Life ® sunD3 LYL Micro™ Vitamin D Sublingual Spray on Vitamin D3 Levels in the Blood Compared to Other Forms of Vitamin D3 - Oral Oil Droplets and Capsules [NCT06142136]99 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-03-28Completed
Can Vitamin D Supplementation Prevent Food Allergy in Infants? The VITALITY Trial [NCT02112734]Phase 42,739 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Active, not recruiting
Changes in Serum Vitamin D Level and Clinical Parameters After Different Loading Doses of Cholecalciferol (D3) in Young Adults With Vitamin D Deficiency [NCT03504280]105 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Completed
Effect of Antenatal Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Risk of Pre-eclampsia [NCT03101150]Phase 1/Phase 2179 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-01Completed
Can Vitamin D Supplementation in People With Crohn's Disease Improve Symptoms as an Adjunct Therapy? D-CODE Feasibility Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT03718182]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-09-17Recruiting
Vit D to Treat Asthma in Children: a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT01284907]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Withdrawn(stopped due to No Participants)
Bio-equivalency Study of the Effects of Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 Supplements on 25-hydroxyvitamin D Levels in Exclusively Breast Fed Canadian Infants [NCT01190137]Phase 352 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
Skeletal Muscle Strength,Bone Mineral Homeostasis and Th1 and Th2 Cytokines Expression in Asian Indians With Chronic Hypovitaminosis D Before and After Oral Cholecalciferol Supplementation [NCT01190683]Phase 3170 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
Vitamin D Dose-response Study Throughout Pregnancy and Lactation [NCT01112891]Phase 4225 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
Topical Calcipotriol Versus Narrowband Ultraviolet B in Treatment of Alopecia Areata: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03847441]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-10-01Completed
Pilot Study for Zoledronic Acid to Prevent High-Turnover Bone Loss After Bariatric Surgery [NCT03424239]Phase 46 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-08-01Completed
Differences in Immunological Effects of Vitamin D Replacement Among Black/African American (AA) Prostate Cancer Patients With Localized Versus Metastatic Disease [NCT05045066]Early Phase 1400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-12-29Recruiting
Effects of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Antioxidant Enzymes Status in Vitamin D3 Deficient Asthma COPD Overlap (ACO) Patients [NCT03931889]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-01Active, not recruiting
Metformin, Vitamin D, and Depression in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Trial: The MINDD Trial [NCT03380091]Phase 45 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-12Terminated(stopped due to Recruitment challenges)
Vitamin D to Improve Outcomes by Leveraging Early Treatment [NCT03096314]Phase 31,358 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-04-27Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effect of 400 vs. 800 IU of Vitamin D on T Regulatory Cells in Preterm Infants [NCT03793309]Phase 140 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-09Completed
Impact of Vitamin D3 Administration on Cardiac Autonomic Tone in Asthma COPD Overlap(ACO) Patients: A Blinded Randomized Control Trial [NCT03773809]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-01Completed
Topical Delivery of Vitamin D3: A Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) [NCT02735200]Phase 2550 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-04-30Completed
The Efficacy of Different Vitamin D Supplementation Delivery Methods on Serum 25(OH)D in Humans a Randomised Double-blind Placebo Trial [NCT03463642]62 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-02Completed
Follow-up Study With Randomized Clinical Vitamin D Supplementation Trial on Patients With Depression (DepFuD) [NCT02521012]3,028 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-11-30Recruiting
Effect of High Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on HIV Latency: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03426592]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-29Completed
Maternal Oral Vitamin D Supplementation Via Daily or Monthly Regimens and the Effect on Levels of Vitamin D in Human Milk and Infant Serum [NCT01240265]Phase 2/Phase 380 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-12-31Completed
Effect of Vitamin D on Metabolic Parameters in Patients With the Metabolic Syndrome [NCT01237769]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-10-31Recruiting
Vitamin D Testing and Treatment for Adults With COVID 19 [NCT04407286]Phase 141 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-05-19Completed
Effect of Cholecalciferol on 24-hr ABPM and Vasoactive Hormones in Patients With Hypertension. [NCT01166165]Phase 2136 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Completed
[NCT01287455]83 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Completed
Work Package 5: The Potential Advantages and Limitations of Use of Novel Food-based Solutions for Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency. Food-based Solutions for Optimal Vitamin D Nutrition and Health Through the Life Cycle (ODIN) [NCT02525003]41 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
Vitamin D in Pediatric Crohn's Disease [NCT01187459]Phase 487 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
Acute Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D [NCT03849833]19 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-01-31Recruiting
A Phase IIb, 2-Arm, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicentre Study to Optimize Diamyd Therapy Administered Into Lymph Nodes Combined With Oral Vitamin D to Investigate the Impact on the Progression of Type 1 Diabetes [NCT03345004]Phase 2109 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-20Completed
Vitamin D3 for Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. [NCT02508922]42 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Completed
D-Light Intervention: A Randomised Controlled Human Intervention Study to Assess the Impact of Vitamin D From Milk and Supplements on Functional Health Outcomes and Future Vitamin D Synthesis From UV Exposure [NCT02495584]52 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation and Male Infertility: The Copenhagen Bone-Gonadal Study a Double Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT01304927]Phase 2/Phase 3307 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Completed
Effect of Vitamin D3 on Lung Function and Exercise Tolerance in D3 Deficient COPD Patients [NCT03781895]Phase 148 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-01Completed
Impact of Monthly High Dose Oral Cholecalciferol on Serum 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels in Bariatric Surgery Subjects [NCT02477956]Phase 131 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
Role of Vitamin D in Secondary Prevention of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT00599807]Phase 4273 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin D Repletion Regimens in Primary Hyperparathyroidism [NCT01306656]Phase 49 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
Vitamin D Supplements for HIV-positive Patients on cART [NCT01295034]62 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
The Effect of Vitamin D3 Therapy on 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, VDBP, and 24,25(OH)2D Maternal Serum Levels in Pregnant Women With Vitamin D Deficient and Insufficient [NCT06054919]Phase 2/Phase 352 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-01Active, not recruiting
Vitamin D Replacement: The Effect on Statin-Related Myalgias [NCT01022398]4 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Terminated(stopped due to Recruitment slow, funding ended.)
Effect of Aerobic Interval Training Combined With Vitamin D Supplement on Functional Capacity and Perceived Myalgia in Middle Aged Obese Women [NCT04319289]45 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-01-12Completed
Investigation of the Impact of Maternal Body Weight on Vitamin D Status During Pregnancy: a Randomised Supplementation Study [NCT02713009]240 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-30Completed
Vitamin D Dynamics in Pregnant Women and Non-Pregnant Women of Reproductive Age [NCT02705287]160 participants (Anticipated)Observational2015-07-31Active, not recruiting
Vitamin D Status in Patients With Severe Sepsis: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT02684487]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-31Withdrawn(stopped due to PI left institution. Protocol not submitted to IRB, contract not executed, and study was not done.)
Effects of Vitamin D on Lipids [NCT00723385]130 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
Effect of Escalating Oral Vitamin D Replacement on HOMA-IR in Vitamin D Deficient Type 2 Diabetics [NCT04183257]Phase 4106 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-30Completed
Effects of Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation on Health of UAE Citizens [NCT02662491]545 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-31Completed
An Open-Label, Repeated-Dose Safety, Efficacy, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study of Oral CTAP101 Capsules, Immediate- Release (IR) Calcifediol, High-Dose Cholecalciferol, and Paricalcitol Plus Low-Dose Cholecalciferol in Patients With Secondary Hy [NCT03588884]Phase 469 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-06-08Completed
RCT Double Blinded Evaluation of Changes in Gene Expression, Metabolomic, Microbiome, and Calcium Metabolism in Response to Varied Vitamin D Dosages in Adults Who Are Vitamin D Insufficient [NCT02856776]39 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-01Completed
VITA-D: Cholecalciferol Substitution in Vitamin D Deficient Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Posttransplant Outcome [NCT00752401]Phase 3200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-05-31Active, not recruiting
Growth Hormone Therapy and Bone Quality in Pediatric Osteoporosis [NCT00757393]Phase 321 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Clinical Signs, Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome [NCT02579902]Phase 190 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Completed
A Double Blind Randomized Control Trial to Study the Effect of Long Term Vitamin D Supplementation on Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity in Apparently Healthy Middle Aged Centrally Obese Adults [NCT01052181]Phase 4300 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
Can Vitamin D Supplementation Prevent Bone Loss in Persons With MS? A Randomised, Placebo-controlled, Single-centre Study [NCT00785473]Phase 480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Prevention of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism With Vitamin D in Stage II/III Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT00781417]48 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Completed
Effect of POSTbiotics Supplementation on Microbiome in OBese Children: the POST-OB Study [NCT04151823]Phase 430 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-01-07Recruiting
Cholecalciferol Supplementation in Critically Ill Patients With Severe Vitamin D Deficiency in Intensive Care Unit- A Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT02868827]Phase 2/Phase 3127 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-27Terminated(stopped due to The initial plan was 2 years but due to slow recruitment. We were able to screen 635 patients in 4 years and recruited only 127 patients.)
Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Cholecalciferol for Vitamin D Deficiency in Adults With Cystic Fibrosis [NCT00685971]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-12-31Completed
Vitamin D Deficiency in Pregnancy - Identifying Associations and Mechanisms Linking Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency to Placental Dysfunction and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes [NCT04291313]2,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-06-08Recruiting
Effect of Supplemental Vitamin D on Skeletal Muscle Function in COPD Patients. [NCT00914810]Phase 339 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
Impact of Vitamin D on Arteriovenous Fistulae Maturation Among ESRD Patients [NCT00912782]52 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Lactation Associated Bone Loss [NCT00903344]22 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-12-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multicenter Dose-Finding Study of MK-0822 in the Treatment of Involutional Osteoporosis [NCT00620113]Phase 2287 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-03Completed
EFFECT OF THREE DIFFERENT DOSES OF ORAL CHOLECALCIFEROL (1000 IU, 3000 IU AND 6000 IU DAILY) ON SERUM 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D CHANGES AMONG EPILEPSY PATIENTS WITH HYPOVITAMINOSIS D: A RANDOMIZED PROSPECTIVE STUDY [NCT02890823]Phase 4210 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
Vitamin D Intervention For Colon Cancer Prevention In African-Americans-A Pilot Study [NCT00870961]22 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Terminated(stopped due to PI changed institutions and accrual was not completed.)
Use of Vitamin D in Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Detected by Transient Elastography [NCT04038853]Phase 4360 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-01Completed
"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Allostatic Load and Chronic Stress Along Line of Control in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Double Blind Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial" [NCT06101589]120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-15Not yet recruiting
A Pilot Study of Low and High Dose Vitamin Cholecalciferol (D3) With Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Correlates in Patients With Resected Colon Cancer [NCT00470353]8 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-09-30Terminated(stopped due to Withdrawn due to poor accrual/lack of funding)
Supplementation of Vitamin D in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension: Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT02204527]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-31Terminated
Assessment of Dose Effectiveness of Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy [NCT02215213]350 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
Vitamin D and Fish Oil for Autoimmune Disease, Inflammation and Knee Pain [NCT01351805]25,871 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Active, not recruiting
A Phase I Study of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Plus Vitamin D3 for High-grade Anal Dysplasia and Microinvasive Anal Cancer [NCT02698293]Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-12-01Withdrawn(stopped due to Covid-19)
Effects of Vitamin D on Skeletal Muscle Strength in Resistance Trained Adult Females [NCT05489666]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-01Not yet recruiting
Vitamin D Supplementation in Veterans With Early-Stage Prostate Cancer [NCT00953225]Phase 283 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-07Completed
Investigation of Vitamin D3 Enriched, Reduced-fat Yellow Cheese Efficacy to Prevent Vitamin D Deficiency [NCT02543671]80 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
High-Dose Vitamin D and Antimicrobial Peptide Expression in Lung Failure [NCT01372995]Phase 231 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
SAGE: Supplementation in Adolescent Girls With Endometriosis [NCT02387931]Phase 469 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation for Reduction of Dyslipidemia in Premenopausal Women [NCT03133975]Phase 330 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-04-01Recruiting
[NCT02256605]40 participants (Anticipated)Observational2013-11-30Completed
Maintenance of Vitamin D Sufficiency With Oral Vitamin D Supplementation in Malaysian Women of Malay and Indian Ethnicity With Post Menopausal Osteoporosis [NCT02389179]Phase 4150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-08-31Recruiting
Acute Effects of Fruit Juice Enriched With Vitamin D3 or n-3 Fatty Acids or Probiotics and the Combination of the Three Ingredients on Glucose Metabolism in Healthy Adults [NCT05702359]11 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-11-02Completed
Cholecalciferol Comedication in Patients With Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (Crohn's Disease or Ulcerative Colitis) - the 5C-study [NCT04991324]Phase 3150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-21Recruiting
Pioneering Pre- and Post-Operative Integrative Care to Improve Thoracic Cancer Quality of Care - The Thoracic Peri-Operative Integrative Surgical Care Evaluation (POISE) Trial - Stage II [NCT04871412]Phase 320 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-04-04Recruiting
Pearlium®/Effecti-Cal®, a Novel Formulation of Calcium, Vitamin D and Minerals for Prevention of Postmenopausal Bone Loss [NCT04609189]Phase 497 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-12Completed
A Phase I Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Combination Therapy to Treat COVID-19 Infection [NCT04482686]Phase 131 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-12-09Active, not recruiting
Vitamin D Status and Intakes and Their Association With Cognitive Trajectory in a Longitudinal Study of Urban Adults [NCT03320109]3,720 participants (Actual)Observational2004-08-18Completed
A Pilot Study Evaluating Single, High-dose Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of Vitamin D3 in CF [NCT03734744]6 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-06-17Terminated(stopped due to Clinical research currently on hold)
Adjuvant Therapeutic Effect of Vitamin D on Hashimoto's Thyroiditis [NCT05871957]30 participants (Anticipated)Observational2023-06-01Not yet recruiting
Can Vitamin D Supplementation Improve Hepatitis C Cure Rates : A Pilot Multicentre Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT02053519]Phase 372 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
Evaluation and Comparison of the Efficacy of 1000 and 2000 IU/d Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal and Newborn Vitamin D Status and Pregnancy Outcomes [NCT03308487]84 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-31Completed
A Blinded Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) to Determine Optimal Vitamin D3 Supplementation Strategies for Acute Fracture Healing [NCT02786498]Phase 2102 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-21Completed
Vitamin D3 Supplementation vs Placebo for Vitamin D Deficient/Insufficient Patients Undergoing Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: a Quadruple-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05009498]240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-09-01Not yet recruiting
Prevention of Exacerbations in Patients With COPD Through Vitamin D Supplementation: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02122627]158 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-10Completed
Tolerance-Induction With Dendritic Cells Treated With Vitamin-D3 and Loaded With Myelin Peptides, in Multiple Sclerosis Patients (TOLERVIT-MS) [NCT02903537]Phase 116 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-07-06Recruiting
Rapid Normalization of Vitamin D in Critically Ill Children: A Phase II Dose Evaluation Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02452762]Phase 267 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
Double-blind, Investigator-initiated Study to Determine the Effect of Alum-GAD (Diamyd) in Combination With Vitamin D3 on the Progression to Type 1 Diabetes in Children With Multiple Islet Autoantibodies [NCT02387164]Phase 226 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-03-09Terminated(stopped due to The study was interrupted early and terminated when only 26 out of 80 patients were enrolled due to new clinical study results indicating that the current study would not be informative.)
Prospective Open Pilot of Low vs. Higher Dose Vitamin D in D-deficient Asthmatic Children: Does Diet Predict Immune Function and Asthma Symptom Response to Vitamin D Supplementation? [NCT02054975]18 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Active, not recruiting
A Prospective, Single-centre, Open-label Study to Confirm the Efficacy and Safety of Vitamin D3 B.O.N. Intramuscular Injection in Adults With Vitamin D Deficiency [NCT03233295]Phase 4108 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-23Completed
Effects of Cholecalciferol on Depressive Symptoms in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: Study of Neurotrophin-3, Serotonin, and C-Peptide [NCT04917458]Phase 290 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-18Recruiting
A Vitamin D Dosing Strategy for Adequate Repletion and Maintenance in IBD Patients With Minimal Disease Activity [NCT03053414]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-20Withdrawn(stopped due to change in study design before recruitment began)
Dairy Product, Calcium & Vitamin D Supplementation and Cognitive-motor Function [NCT02086409]Phase 2/Phase 340 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Metabolic Control and Body Composition of Type 2 Diabetes Subjects in Ajman (UAE) [NCT02101151]87 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
Short-term Effects of Fruit Juice Enriched With Vitamin D3, n-3 Fatty Acids, and Probiotics on Subjective Appetite, Energy Intake, and Glycemic Responses, in Healthy Adults [NCT05928741]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-02-02Completed
PROTECT RCT (PRevention of COVID-19 With Oral Vitamin D Supplemental Therapy in Essential healthCare Teams [NCT04483635]Phase 334 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-02-08Terminated(stopped due to A premature discontinuation was recommended by the Data Safety Monitoring Board and agreed upon by the principal investigator, because the significantly lower recruitment than planned, in the context of mass vaccination of the target population.)
'Palliative-D' Vitamin D Supplementation to Palliative Cancer Patients - A Double Blind, Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT03038516]Phase 2244 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-01Completed
A Randomized, Examiner-blind Comparator-controlled Crossover Bioequivalence Study on Vitamin D in Healthy Adults [NCT03552653]31 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-26Completed
Efficacy of Vitamin D Therapy on Glucose Homeostasis in Obese Adolescents [NCT02414529]20 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
A Randomized Controlled, Open-label, Multi-center Study With 104-week Saxagliptin or (and) Vitamin D3 Assessing Protective Effects on Beta Cell Function in Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) Treated With Metformin (and Insulin) [NCT02407899]Phase 4300 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-03-31Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Testosterone Level in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT06101147]Phase 266 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-09-21Recruiting
Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent Vitamin D Deficiency for Children With Epilepsy: a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT03536845]Phase 3116 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-01Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial of High Dose Vitamin D in Children With Newly Diagnosed Crohn's Disease for the Prevention of Relapses [NCT02186275]Phase 325 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-29Completed
"Multicenter, Prospective, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized Study of the Feasibility of Using the Dietary Supplement ARTNEO®, Capsules for Oral Administration in Patients With Stage II-III Primary Knee Osteoarthritis" [NCT05975879]212 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-05-31Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation for the Prevention of Acute Respiratory Tract Infection: a Randomized, Double-blinded and Plasebo Controlled Trial Among Young Finnish Men [NCT05014048]231 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-04Completed
GORG - 002 Randomized Phase III Trial to Determine the Effectiveness of High Dose Versus Standard Dose of Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol) Given With Docetaxel in Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer [NCT00944424]Phase 3260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-07-31Recruiting
Pilot Pharmacokinetic Study of Daily Versus Monthly High-Dose Cholecalciferol Supplementation [NCT01079923]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
Effects of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Antioxidant Enzymes Level in Vitamin D3 Deficient COPD Patients [NCT04011930]Phase 240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-03-01Recruiting
Effect of Vitamin D3 on the IFN Alpha Signature in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (ALE02) [NCT00710021]Phase 257 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-11-30Completed
Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Reported Rates of Taxane-Induced Neuropathy [NCT05259527]Phase 2120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-12-19Recruiting
Temporal Profile of Serum Vitamin D Levels and Outcomes After Total Ankle Arthroplasty, Ankle Arthrodesis and First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis [NCT04772196]Early Phase 190 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-12-21Enrolling by invitation
A Pilot, Safety and Feasibility Trial of High-Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acids and High-Dose Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D) Supplementation in Type 1 Diabetes [NCT03406897]Phase 1/Phase 256 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-07-23Recruiting
Supplemental Vitamin D and Functional Outcomes in Early Adolescence [NCT00931580]323 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
Antenatal Vitamin D Supplementation to Improve Neonatal Health Outcomes in Dhaka, Bangladesh: Preliminary Dose-finding and Safety Study [NCT00938600]Phase 175 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Completed
The Influence of Vitamin D on Mineral Metabolism, Blood Pressure and Pulse Wave Analysis in Healthy Individuals. A Randomised Double Blinded Placebo Controlled Trial. [NCT00952562]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-08-31Completed
Vitamin D and Genetics in Nutritional Rickets [NCT00949832]Phase 4109 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Cardiac Hypertrophy and Function in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients - a Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT01323712]Phase 2/Phase 350 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-03-31Active, not recruiting
Vitamin D Supplementation After Successful Parathyroid Surgery for Primary Hyperparathyroidism [NCT00982722]150 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
Effects of Vitamin D and Exercise in Preventing Falls of Elderly Women [NCT00986466]409 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Completed
Assessing the Combined Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Vitamin D3 on Plasma Osteocalcin Levels : a Randomized Controlled Trial in Males and Females With Vitamin D Deficiency [NCT04005612]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-11-01Completed
Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Vitamin D Deficient Obese Subject. [NCT01037140]Phase 455 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
Vitamin D, Glucose Control and Insulin Sensitivity in African-Americans [NCT00784511]Phase 2100 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
Long-Term Effects of Giving Nursing-Home Residents Bread Fortified With 125 Micrograms (5000 IU) Vitamin D3 Per Daily Serving [NCT00789503]Phase 1/Phase 245 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-11-30Completed
hCAP18 Levels and Vitamin D Deficiency in Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT01026363]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-12-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Inadequate enrollment)
Phase IIB Randomized Controlled Biomarker Modulation Study of Vitamin D in Premenopausal Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer [NCT01097278]208 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-01Completed
12 Month Open-Label Extension Study of the Effect of Alendronate on Bone in People With Chronic SCI Previously Treated With Teriparatide [NCT02195895]Phase 217 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-04-30Completed
Phase I/II Study Evaluating Safety and Effects of Preoperative High-Dose Vitamin D on the Receptors, Biomarkers and Pathological Characteristics of High Grade DCIS or Invasive Breast Cancer. [NCT02856503]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Lack of Funding)
The Effect of Alendronate Sodium Vitamin D3 Tablets on Knee Joint Structure and Knee Osteoarthritis Pain: A Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Study. [NCT04739592]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-07-07Recruiting
Long-term Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Vitamin D Deficient Obese Children During Integrated Weight-loss Program - a Double Blind Placebo Controlled Study [NCT02828228]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-02-29Recruiting
Randomized Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study of Cholecalciferol Replacement in Patients on Expectant Management for Localized Prostate Cancer [NCT00887432]132 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-04-08Completed
Prospective Pilot Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Vitamin D Supplementation for Patients Requiring Chemotherapy for Stage III Colorectal Cancer [NCT02603757]70 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-03-31Completed
Efficacy Comparison of Two Doses of Vitamin D3 in Critically Ill Patients Undergoing Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy [NCT05657678]Phase 4138 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-12-20Recruiting
A Prospective Randomised Placebo-controlled Study of the Influence of Vitamin D Supplementation on Resolution of Inflammation Following Community-acquired Pneumonia [NCT02802722]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-02-24Recruiting
The GLOBAL Vitamin D Study. A Genomic, Transcriptomic, Proteomic and Metabolomic Approach to the Effects of Vitamin D in Adipose Tissue and Peripheral Blood [NCT02783924]Phase 250 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
Effects of Vitamin D and Fish Oil on the Kidney in Hypertensives [NCT02757872]Phase 32,612 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-04-30Completed
A Dietary Intervention Study Examining the Effect of Consumption of Vitamin D-enhanced Eggs on Winter-time Vitamin D Status in Adults [NCT02678364]55 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
A Phase I/II Dose-Escalation Trial of Vitamin D3 With Calcium Supplementation in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis [NCT00644904]Phase 1/Phase 249 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-07-31Completed
A Study of Improvement in Psoriasis Symptoms Associated With Combinations of Biologically Active Natural Substances (SFA-002) With Known Safety Profile [NCT05642182]Phase 130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-03-31Recruiting
Blue Sky Study: Impact of Milk and Vitamin D for Child Growth and Health [NCT00886379]Phase 2597 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Vitamin D Levels in Subjects With Vitamin D Deficiency Following Topical Application of Three Doses of Vitamin D Ointment - A Proof of Concept Study [NCT02676674]Phase 110 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-03-31Completed
Vitamin D Inadequacy: Documentation in Rural Populations and Evaluation of Correction by Food Supplementation (Phase III; Manitowoc Prevalence Study) [NCT00690417]108 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-08-31Completed
The Vitamin D Dose Response Curve in Obesity [NCT00960037]57 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind Study of the Efficacy of Intensive Cholecalciferol Monitoring and Supplementation on Serum Vitamin D Levels in Pediatric Patients With Cystic Fibrosis [NCT05276960]Phase 440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-02-22Recruiting
Optimum Vitamin D Nutrition in Young Women [NCT00662844]198 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
Physiologic Interactions Between the Adrenal- and the Parathyroid Glands [NCT02572960]Phase 481 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-31Completed
Pharmacokinetic Study in Healthy Postmenopausal Women to Compare Supplementation of Vitamin D3 to 25(OH)D [NCT00718276]Phase 135 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
The Effect of Vitamin D Repletion on Small LDL Particle Number in Subjects at Elevated Cardiovascular Risk [NCT01008384]150 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
Optimization of Vitamin D Stores and Its Impact on the Bone Health and Disease Outcomes of Children and Adolescents With IBD. [NCT00621257]134 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Maintenance phase outcome unattenable)
The Effect of Supplementation of Vitamin D3 on Inflammation Induced by 100 km Running, Iron Metabolism and Erythropoiesis [NCT05880030]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-19Completed
Role of Vitamin D Supplementation as an Adjuvant Therapy inTreatment of Helicobacter Pylori in Children [NCT05879237]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-06-01Not yet recruiting
A Comparative Vitamin D Bioavailability Study Following Supplementation of an Orodispersible, Chewable Tablet and Soft Gelatin Capsule Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Vitamin D Deficient Healthy Adults [NCT05706259]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-01-11Completed
Diabetes Prevention in the Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial [NCT01633177]25,875 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Active, not recruiting
Effect of 8-week Supplementation With Vitamin D3 on Functional and Cognitive Performance in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain Eligible for Neurosurgery Intervention [NCT06082375]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-08-01Completed
A Pilot Study of Vitamin D Deficiency and Myalgias, Arthralgias and/or Joint Stiffness Associated With Letrozole (Femara® ) [NCT00416715]Phase 2100 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
Vitamin D Deficiency Treatment Outcomes on Inflammation, Endothelial Function and Ventricular Retrieval After Non ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Randomized Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial (NAVID Study) [NCT03405207]Phase 270 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-05-01Recruiting
Effects of Vitamin D Supplement Before and During Pregnancy on Complications, Birth Weight and Bone Mineral Density During Lactation [NCT01038453]400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-12-31Recruiting
Immunointervention With 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 in New-onset Type 1 Diabetes [NCT00960635]Phase 20 participants Interventional2001-06-30Completed
Randomised, Multi-Centre, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [NCT00977873]Phase 2/Phase 3240 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Hemoglobin A1c in Patients With Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00985361]37 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on C-reactive Protein and Insulin Resistance in Postmenopausal Women With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT01019642]Phase 3104 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
A Dose-response, Double-blind Randomised Placebo-controlled Trial to Estimate the Dietary Requirement for Vitamin D in Caucasian Male and Female Adolescents Aged 14-18 Years (The ODIN Study) [NCT02150122]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
Vitamin D Status in Relation to Insulin Sensitivity, Resistance and Inflammatory Response Among Saudi Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome [NCT02164552]340 participants (Anticipated)Observational2009-01-31Recruiting
Vitamin D Intervention in Young Adults With Severe Childhood-onset Obesity [NCT02549326]42 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
Vitamin D3 in Sensory Recovery After Digital NERVe Suture: a Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT04115982]Phase 372 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-20Recruiting
Clinical Approaches to Correcting Vitamin D Inadequacy and Maintaining Adequacy [NCT00692120]64 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-02-28Completed
Skeletal Muscle Strength Including Its Energy Metabolism, Bone Mineral Homeostasis and Th1/Th2 Cytokines Expression in Asian Indians With Chronic Hypovitaminosis D Before and After Oral Cholecalciferol Supplementation [NCT00682214]Phase 140 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
Impact of High Dose Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Treatment of Crohn's Disease in Remission: A Randomized Double-blind Controlled Study [NCT02615288]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
Role of Vitamin D in Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events [NCT01018849]24 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Postoperative Pain and Sedation-agitation [NCT02664857]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-07-31Completed
Immunomodulatory Effect of Vitamin D in Allogenic Post-transplant [NCT02600988]Phase 1/Phase 2150 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
Vitamin D Deficiency in Interstitial Lung Diseases [NCT04100226]104 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-03-01Active, not recruiting
A Randomized, Open-label, Single-dose, 3-period, 6-sequence Crossover Study to Evaluate the Safety and the Pharmacokinetics After Oral Concurrent Administration of Raloxifene, Cholecalciferol in Healthy Korean Male Subjects [NCT02654093]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Repletion on Asthma Exacerbation [NCT02661191]119 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
The Efficacy and Safety of Topical Vitamin D and Supplementation In Acne Vulgaris The Study of VDR, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17 Expression [NCT05758259]Phase 4105 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-02-16Enrolling by invitation
Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin D to Reduce Racial Disparity in Chronic Pain Following Motor Vehicle Collision [NCT05458024]Phase 290 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-12-08Recruiting
A Prospective, Randomized, Open-label, Active-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Fosamax Plus D in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women [NCT00729651]Phase 4343 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-20Completed
A Phase III Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Effect of Odanacatib (MK-0822) on Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and Overall Safety, and to Estimate the Effect of Odanacatib (MK-0822) on Bone Micro-architecture in Postmenopausal Women Treated [NCT00729183]Phase 3214 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-02Completed
Phase 3 Trial of Oral L-arginine and / or Vitamin D as Adjunctive Therapies in Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Papua Province, Indonesia. [NCT00677339]Phase 3200 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
A Pilot Study to Assess the Relative Safety and Immunology Effects of Low Dose Versus High Dose Cholecalciferol Supplementation in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis [NCT01024777]Phase 140 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
Efficacy of Intralesional Vitamin D Injection for Treatment of Common Warts: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04278573]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-20Completed
Does Treatment of Hypovitaminosis D Increase Calcium Absorption? [NCT00581828]Phase 419 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 (Cathelicidin) Production in Active Tuberculosis Disease: Role of Vitamin D Supplementation [NCT00788320]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Inadequate enrollment)
The Granheim COPD Study: Effects of Vitamin D3-supplementation on the Efficacy of Strength Training in COPD Patients and Healthy Controls - a Double-blinded RCT [NCT02598830]97 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-30Completed
Pilot Study Evaluating the Role of Vitamin D Repletion on Gut and Lung Microbiota in Cystic Fibrosis [NCT02589444]41 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-31Completed
Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Cinacalcet Treatment in Combination With Low Dose Vitamin D for the Treatment of Subjects With Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) Recently Initiating Hemodialysis [NCT00803712]Phase 4313 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-01Completed
A Comparison of Capsules and Oral Spray Solution as Methods of Delivering Vitamin D3 and Raising Status: a Randomised Crossover Study [NCT02608164]22 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-31Completed
Defining Vitamin D Insufficiency in School Age Children: A Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial of Vitamin D3 [NCT00732758]Phase 1157 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Completed
Innovative Food Structures to Enhance the Sensory Experience, the Nutrient Profile and Nutrient Bioavailability for Older People [NCT04156074]80 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-11-04Completed
Metabolic Effects of Vitamin D in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes - a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT00812578]Phase 216 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Completed
A Phase III (Phase V Program), Open-Label, Randomized, Referred-Care-Controlled, Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of MK -0217A/Alendronate Sodium-70 mg/Vitamin D3 5600 I.U. Combination Tablet on Vitamin D Inadequacy in the Treatment of O [NCT00692913]Phase 3515 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
Effect of Anti-inflammatory and Anti-microbial Co-supplementations in Traumatic ICU Patients at High Risk of Sepsis [NCT04216459]112 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-02-18Completed
Treatment of Vitamin D Insufficiency [NCT00933244]Phase 4230 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of Oral Vitamin D2 for the Prevention of COVID-19 [NCT05673980]218 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-12-18Recruiting
Cardiometabolic Health Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Fish Nutrients [NCT02668159]23 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Combination Vitamin E, Selenium and Lycopene vs. Placebo in Men Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer [NCT00844792]Phase 248 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Completed
Study for Effectiveness in Prevention of Postoperative Hypocalcemia of Preoperative Oral Supplementation of Vitamin D (D-mac 30,000 IU) in Patients Undergoing Total Thyroidectomy [NCT05216419]Phase 4108 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-07Recruiting
A Comparative Trial of Calcitriol Versus Placebo for the Preservation of Bone Mass and Strength After Kidney Transplantation [NCT02224144]Phase 267 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-08-18Completed
A Pilot Study of Vitamin D Replacement in Patients With Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma or Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia With Low Vitamin D Levels [NCT02553447]197 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-19Active, not recruiting
Pilot Study of Vitamin D Therapy to Prevent Respiratory Complications in Children With Sickle Cell Disease [NCT01276587]Phase 1/Phase 24 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
The Effect of Vitamin D and Calcium on Bone in Pediatric HIV [NCT00724178]Phase 2/Phase 359 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-07-31Completed
The Effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D Supplementation and a Structured Exercise Program on Exercise Capacity and Quality of Life in Dialysis Patients [NCT00798993]Phase 419 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Physiological and Dietary Characteristics of Boys and Girls High School Basketball Players [NCT05658159]120 participants (Anticipated)Observational2022-11-01Recruiting
Randomized Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation in Winter-related, Childhood Atopic Dermatitis [NCT00879424]107 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin D3 Supplementation for the Prevention of Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infections [NCT00656929]167 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-12-31Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial of Neo-adjuvant Progesterone and Vitamin D3 in Women With Large Operable Breast Cancer and Locally Advanced Breast Cancer. [NCT01608451]Phase 3800 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-30Terminated(stopped due to Slow accrual implies that clinical questions being questioned have lost its significance.)
Cyclic Versus Daily Teriparatide on Bone Mass [NCT00668941]Phase 2140 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-09-30Active, not recruiting
The Immunomodulatory Role of Vitamin D in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (The IBDVit Study): Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Adjuvant Vitamin D (Colecalciferol) With Corticosteroids in Active Crohn's Disease [NCT00672763]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Unable to recruit adequate trial participants)
SYNchronizing Exercises, Remedies in GaIt and Cognition (SYNERGIC): A Randomized Controlled Double Blind Trial [NCT02808676]176 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-07-14Terminated(stopped due to Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in-person interventions/assessments no longer possible.)
V.I.P. Feasibility Study (Vitamin D Intake Project) [NCT00909454]45 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Completed
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences [NCT02696590]200 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Leptin Resistance, Hunger, Body Weight and Resting Energy Expenditure in Obese Women. [NCT00907270]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-09-30Not yet recruiting
Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Parkinson's Disease Patients - A Pilot Study [NCT00907972]Phase 223 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Completed
Significance of Vitamin D Status in Obese Adolescents- A Pilot Study to Examine the Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Risk Factors [NCT00858247]Phase 251 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-04-30Completed
Interventional Testing of Gene-environment Interactions Via the Verifomics Mobile Application [NCT02758990]16 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Recruiting and financial constraints)
Vitamin D Levels in Stage IV Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Phase II Study [NCT01074216]Phase 245 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
The Effect of Vitamin D Repletion on Insulin Resistance [NCT00606957]10 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
The Effects of Vitamin D on Balance in Persons With PD [NCT01119131]Phase 2101 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-31Completed
High Dose Vitamin D Supplementation in Treatment of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria [NCT02873364]Phase 380 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-08-31Recruiting
The Role of Vitamin D in Immune Function in Patients With CKD Stages 3 and 4. [NCT00749736]Phase 4100 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation as Non-toxic Immunomodulation in Children With Crohn's Disease [NCT01046773]Phase 13 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Low enrollment)
The Use of the 25 (OH) D Saliva Test as a Substitute for the 25 (OH) D Serum Test in Healthy People [NCT04655664]56 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-04-11Completed
A Comparative Study of Calcium Metabolism in Caucasian and Asian Postmenopausal Women of Chinese Descent and the Use of Strontium as a Qualitative Marker of Calcium Metabolism in Humans [NCT02565602]10 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
VITAL-DEP: Depression Endpoint Prevention in the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL [NCT01696435]18,353 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Active, not recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Vitamin D in Heart Failure: A Pilot Study [NCT01388855]13 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Completed
Placebo Controlled Pilot Study on Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Subjects With New Onset of Type 1 Diabetes on Immunological, Endocrine and Metabolic Parameters: Step 2 in the Austrian Diabetes Prevention Programme [NCT01390480]Phase 431 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-11-30Completed
Phase 4 Study of Vitamin D3 Supplementation for Outcomes in Patients With Unipolar Depression [NCT01390662]Phase 4150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-03-31Recruiting
A Double Blind Study on the Efficacy of a Combination of Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate and Vitamin D on Muscular Strength and Functionality in Older Adults. [NCT00874575]Phase 176 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-11-30Completed
The Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients With Severe and Extremely Severe COVID-19 [NCT05092698]110 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-05-01Completed
Investigating the Mechanisms of Epigenetic Memory at the Example of the Responsiveness of Human Immune Cells to Vitamin D [NCT06104111]Phase 150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-01Recruiting
The Effect of Early High-dose Vitamin D Intervention on the Residual β-cell Function in Adolescents and Children With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT05270343]Phase 3198 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-01Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Weekly 50,000 IU Vitamin D3 Supplements on the Serum Levels of Selected Cytokines Involved in Cytokine Storm of Covid-19; A Randomized Clinical Trial in the Covid-19 Uninfected Jordanian People With Vitamin D Deficiency [NCT04476745]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-05Completed
Comparison of the Bioefficacy of Oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and Vitamin D3 Supplements on Vitamin D Status in Older Adults [NCT01398202]56 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Evaluation of the Effect of 25-OH-Vitamin D3 Therapy on 15-Prostaglandin Dehydrogenase Expression in Primary Tumor and Normal Colorectal Mucosa in Patients With Colorectal Cancer [NCT01403103]Early Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-04-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Slow Accrual)
Vitamin D, Blood Pressure, Lipids, Infection and Depression [NCT00960232]Phase 3250 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Completed
Vitamin D and Its Non-Classic Roles in Cystic Fibrosis [NCT00762918]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Recruitment)
Evaluation d'Une stratégie thérapeutique d'Association médicamenteuse Pour la Prise en Charge de la Maladie d'Alzheimer et Des Maladies apparentées au Stade modéré [NCT01409694]Phase 390 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Completed
Pilot Study: Effects of Hectorol (Doxercalciferol) Vitamin D Replacement on Proteinuria, PTH Level and Bone Turnover in Stable Kidney Transplant Recipients: a Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study in Patients Receiving 25-OH Vitamin D3 [NCT00889629]Phase 439 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-11-30Completed
Prediabetes, Prehypertension and Vitamin D Supplementation - A Practice Based Clinical Intervention Pilot Study [NCT01425424]18 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-04-30Terminated(stopped due to The PI was leaving Pennington)
Breast Cancer Prevention Using Synergistic Prostaglandin Inhibitors (The Vitamin D/Celecoxib Study) [NCT01425476]Phase 1/Phase 245 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Treatment in Primary Hyperparathyroidism [NCT00674154]Phase 2/Phase 346 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
The Effect of Weight on Vitamin D Dose Response [NCT01013584]67 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Does Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) Supplementation Change Insulin Resistance in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease? [NCT00893451]24 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Completed
Vitamin D Status After Single Oral Dose of Cholecalciferol in Low Fat Meal Compared to High-fat Meal [NCT00968734]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-31Completed
Tele-health Enabled Clinical Trial for COVID-19: Vitamin D as an Immunomodulator to Prevent Complications and Reduce Resource Utilization in Outpatients [NCT04489628]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-01Withdrawn(stopped due to Unable to overcome hurdles to study recruitment)
A Pilot Study of the Impact of Vitamin D3 on Muscle Performance in Elderly Women [NCT00986596]24 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
A Randomized, Clinical Trial of a Novel Immunotherapy for Chronic Sinusitis: Vitamin D [NCT01007799]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes With Vitamin D Supplementation in Subjects With Reduced Glucose Tolerance Detected in the Tromso Study 2007/2008 [NCT00685594]Phase 2/Phase 3511 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Cardiometabolic Status and Androgen Profile in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT04117750]145 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-01Completed
Role of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus (FloraActive™) 19070 and Lactobacillus Reuteri (FloraActive™) DSM 12246 in Infant Colic: a Controlled Dietary Study [NCT02839239]168 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-09Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation and Covid-19: a Randomised, Double- Blind, Controlled Study [NCT04636086]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-12Completed
Safety and Efficacy of Single, High Dose Vitamin D Replacement in Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation [NCT02876822]10 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-26Terminated(stopped due to Step 1 enrollment complete.)
Improved Insulin Sensitivity With Therapeutic Vitamin D Replacement in Pre-Diabetic Vitamin D Deficient Individuals [NCT00749918]12 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
D-activating Decline- Exploring the Effects of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Cognitive Function in Community Dwelling Healthy Older Adults- A Pilot Study [NCT02804841]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-30Completed
Safety of Vitamin D Supplementation in the Elderly [NCT00681590]Phase 3105 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
ILyAD (Indolent Lymphoma And Vitamin D) A Phase III Double Blind, Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Supplemental Effect of Vitamin D on Progression-free Survival in Patients With Low Tumor-burden Indolent Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treated With Rituximab [NCT03078855]Phase 3211 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-07Active, not recruiting
Exploring the Role of Extrarenal 1-Alpha-Hydroxylase in Patients With End Stage Renal Disease [NCT00677534]7 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Effect on Insulin Requirements After Supplementation With Vitamin D-A Pilot Study [NCT01029392]Phase 375 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Role of Vitamin D3 Supplementation With Conventional Synthetic Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (csDMARD) in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: Randomized Double-blind Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT05078502]58 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-06-01Completed
A PHASE 2, MULTICENTER, RANDOMIZED, ACTIVE-CONTROLLED, PARALLEL-GROUP, DOSE-FINDING AND SAFETY STUDY OF RECOMBINANT HUMAN BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN-2 (RHBMP-2)/CALCIUM PHOSPHATE MATRIX(CPM) IN SUBJECTS WITH DECREASED BONE MINERAL DENSITY [NCT00752557]Phase 250 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-03Completed
Effects of 12 Weeks of Vitamin D Supplementation on Muscle Characteristics in Trained Subjects [NCT02599675]71 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-30Completed
The Effects of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on the T Cell Compartment in Multiple Sclerosis; a Pilot Study [NCT00940719]15 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-08-31Completed
Evaluation of the Impact of a Dietary and Nutritional Intervention on the Physical, Cognitive, Behavioural and Emotional Symptoms of Patients With Persistent Post-concussive Symptoms [NCT05589064]120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-31Not yet recruiting
Vitamin D Supplementation as an Adjuvant Therapy for Specific Immunotherapy in Patients With Allergic Rhinitis. [NCT02738619]Phase 2/Phase 360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-03-31Recruiting
A Pilot Study Evaluating the Effect of Vitamin D on Clinical Outcome in Autistic Children [NCT02550912]Phase 242 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-31Completed
Use of Vitamin D to Improve Glucose Metabolism and Reduce Inflammation in Obese Adolescents on a Standard Weight Loss Program [NCT00994396]44 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
A 2-Part, Open-Label, Randomized, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Bioequivalence of the 70 mg Alendronate/2800 IU Vitamin D3 Final Market Combination Tablet to a 70 mg Alendronate Marketed Tablet, and the Relative Bioavailability of Vitamin D3 [NCT00806416]Phase 1244 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-05-31Completed
A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial on High Dose Vitamin D to Prevent Relapses of Crohn's Disease in Children [NCT03999580]Phase 3316 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-02-07Recruiting
A Double Blind Randomised Controlled Trial to Investigate the Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Iron Absorption and Hepcidin Response in Marginally Deficient and Iron Deficient Women [NCT02714361]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Completed
Dose-dependent Anti-inflammatory Effects of Vitamin D in a Human Gingivitis Model [NCT00779909]Early Phase 135 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Completed
Vitamin D and Prebiotics for Intestinal Health in Cystic Fibrosis [NCT04118010]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-03-13Completed
Vitamin D Improves Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women With Denosumab Failure [NCT05372224]55 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-06-22Completed
Effect of 1 Year Vitamin D or D Plus B-vitamins on Bone Markers in Elderly People [NCT02586181]93 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-31Completed
Study of Serum 25(OH) D3 Level Variability in Response to Different Doses of Oral Vitamin D Supplementation in Prostate Cancer Patients [NCT00524680]Phase 2148 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-06-30Completed
[NCT01864616]9 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Terminated(stopped due to We couldn't recruit the sample the we required)
Effects of Cholecalciferol on Osteoprotegerin Levels and Other Clinical Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02598635]Phase 458 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-10-31Active, not recruiting
Vehicles for the Absorption of Vitamin D in Cystic Fibrosis: Comparison of Powder vs Oil [NCT01880346]Phase 417 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
Dry Eye Disease in the Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL) [NCT01880463]25,875 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Active, not recruiting
For 12months, the Multi Center, Randomized, Open-label Comparative Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and the Safety of Monthly(RisenexM Group) Versus Weekly Oral Risedronate(Risenexsplus Group) With Vitamin D in Compliance, Improvement of Vitamin D [NCT01904110]Phase 4196 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-31Completed
Depression - Can Vitamin D Alleviate Symptoms of Depression Not Cured by Antidepressants as Well as Alleviate Negative Skeletal Effects Caused by Antidepressants? [NCT01932931]71 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-01Completed
Pilot Study of Vitamin K2 (MK-7) and Vitamin D3 Supplementation and the Effects on PASC Symptomatology and Inflammatory Biomarkers [NCT05356936]150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-01Active, not recruiting
A Phase 2 Randomized, Double-blind, Window of Opportunity Trial Evaluating Clinical and Correlative Effects of Vitamin D in Patients With Breast Cancer. The ICARUS Trial [NCT01948128]Phase 283 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
Year-long Double Blind Study on the Efficacy of a Combination of Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate and Vitamin D With and Without Exercise on Muscular Strength and Functionality in Older Adults. [NCT02043171]Phase 1238 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-08-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Trial of Vitamin D for the Prevention of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children Aged 18 to 36 Months in Santiago, Coyhaique and Punta Arenas, Chile [NCT02046577]Phase 2276 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
Vitamin D and Chronic Renal Insufficiency [NCT00968877]Phase 356 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Completed
Effect of Supplementation With Vitamins D3 and K2 in Non-carboxyled Osteocalcine and Insulin Serum Levels in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 [NCT04041492]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-14Completed
[NCT00788138]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-10-31Completed
"Vitamin D and Crohn's Disease From the Bench to the Clinic" [NCT00742781]Phase 121 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-05-31Completed
Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial: Ancillary Study (VITAL-Echo) on the Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Cardiac Structure and Function [NCT01630213]1,025 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-01Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation Prevents Pneumonia in Institutionalized Elderly Subjects [NCT00877422]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-31Completed
Randomised, Multi-centre, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation in Adult and Adolescent Patients With Asthma [NCT00978315]Phase 2/Phase 3250 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Completed
[NCT00804752]0 participants InterventionalRecruiting
Change in Free 25(OH)D After High Dose in Vitamin D Deficient Postmenopausal Women [NCT02553044]112 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-10-31Completed
Vitamin D AND Cardiovascular Disease [NCT00809744]Phase 2160 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-11-30Completed
Effect of High Dose Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Body Compositions in Critically Ill Patients With Vitamin D Deficiency [NCT02594579]Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-10-31Not yet recruiting
Long Term Changes in Bone Mineral Density and Fracture Risk in Patients Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Advanced Prostate Cancer, With Stratification of Treatment Based on Presenting Values [NCT00536653]618 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-10-31Completed
A One Year Prospective, Randomized, Double Blind Interventional Study to Assess Tolerability, Quality of Life and Immunomodulation With Interferon Beta Combined With Vitamin D in Patients With Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis [NCT01005095]Phase 445 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Interim analysis showed that the odds for proving primary hypothesis are low.)
The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Calcium Excretion in Thalassemia: a Dose Response Study [NCT01323608]Phase 440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-06-30Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Bio-impedance Analysis and Vitamin D Versus Usual Care on Left Ventricular Mass in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01045980]Phase 270 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-08-31Recruiting
A Phase III Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Odanacatib (MK-0822) to Reduce the Risk of Fracture in Osteoporotic Postmenopausal Women Treated With Vitamin D and Calcium [NCT00529373]Phase 316,071 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-13Terminated
The Effect of Vitamin D Replacement Therapy on Pathological Response in Breast Cancer Patients Treated With Neoadjuvant Therapy [NCT03986268]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-05-10Recruiting
The Effect of Vitamin D Statues on Endothelial Function [NCT01049048]Early Phase 180 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-03-31Completed
A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Daily Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Normal Weight Adolescents [NCT01058720]Phase 420 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-12-31Completed
A Randomized Phase II of Zoledronic Acid (Zometa) in the Prevention of Osteoporosis in Patients Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation [NCT00321932]Phase 261 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-07-31Completed
The Effect of Oral Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) on Calcium Absorption in Persons on Long-term Hemodialysis [NCT01325610]37 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study on Oral Vitamin D Megadoses - 100 000 or 200 000 IU Vitamin D3 Every Three Months [NCT01067898]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
Cluster-randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation for the Prevention of Influenza and Other Respiratory Infections in Sheltered Accommodation (ViDiFlu) [NCT01069874]Phase 2/Phase 3240 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Active-controlled, Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of DP-R206 and Bonviva for the Improvement of Vitamin D in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis [NCT01581320]Phase 3201 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation in Vitamin D-deficient Subjects at Risk of Lung Cancer (The Pittsburgh Vitamin D Study) [NCT02532062]10 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Terminated(stopped due to lost funding, limited eligibility due to pre-existing vitamin D supplementation)
Effect of Supplementation With Vitamin D on the Acute Bronchitis Prevention During the First Year of Life [NCT01875757]Phase 3200 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
Supplementation of Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) and Hypovitaminosis D: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT01877577]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-04-30Completed
Randomized Double-blind Study Investigating Dose-dependent Longitudinal Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Bone Health [NCT01900860]311 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial Testing the Effect of a Multi-nutrient Fortified Juice [NCT01909063]180 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
Randomized Trial of Two Maintenance Doses of Vitamin D and Trace Element Status in Children With Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT01909115]Phase 198 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-09-30Completed
A Randomized Trial of Milk Fortified With Vitamin D in Colombia [NCT01909622]Phase 380 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
[NCT01912898]40 participants (Anticipated)Observational2013-03-31Recruiting
Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial of Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy and Lactation to Improve Infant Linear Growth in Dhaka, Bangladesh. [NCT01924013]Phase 31,300 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Completed
Efficacy, Safety and Dose Response of Vitamin D in Prevention of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome- A Phase 2 Open-label Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT06071481]Phase 2120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-06-01Recruiting
Vitamin D as a Nutritional Neoadjuvant During Photodynamic Therapy of Basal Cell Carcinoma in Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome [NCT03467789]Phase 137 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-10-01Recruiting
A Phase III Randomized Study of Zolendronate Bisphosphonate Therapy for the Prevention of Bone Loss in Men With Prostate Cancer Receiving Long-Term Androgen Deprivation [NCT00058188]Phase 353 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Closed by the research committee)
Calcium, Vitamin D, and Colon Cancer Risk Biomarkers [NCT00208793]Phase 292 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-05-31Completed
Effects of Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation on Markers of Vitamin D Status and Related Infant and Maternal Outcomes in Southern Ethiopia [NCT02210884]240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
Vitamin D Supplement for Patients With Tibial Fracture Treated With an External Ring Fixator. A Prospective Randomized Double-blind Study. [NCT01955577]Phase 1130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-04-30Not yet recruiting
Anti-proliferative Effects of Vitamin D and Melatonin in Breast Cancer [NCT01965522]Phase 2100 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
Effects of High and Low Dose Vitamin D Suppletion on Postprandial Leukocyte Activation, Oxidative Stress and Vascular Function in Healthy Overweight and Obese Females [NCT01967459]24 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
Vitamin D Deficiency in Elderly African American Women in Central Texas [NCT01971411]60 participants Observational2006-03-31Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation in Older Adults With Urinary Incontinence [NCT01971801]243 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial to Explore the Inter-relationship Between Vitamin D Requirements and Calcium Intake [NCT01990872]125 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
A Prospective, Double Blind, Randomized, Phase 4, Clinical Trial of The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Vitamin D Deficiency [NCT01991054]Phase 445 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Completed
The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Blood Glucose and Markers of Metabolic Syndrome in Women With Vitamin D Deficiency and Previous Gestational Diabetes Mellitus [NCT01992133]26 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-30Completed
A Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation Among Tuberculosis Patients in South India [NCT01992263]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-30Not yet recruiting
Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Clinical Severity and Immunologic Tolerance of Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis [NCT01996423]101 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-04-30Completed
Knowledge Innovation Project of CAS - Genetic and Nutritional Association Studies on Metabolism-related Diseases in Chinese Population -- Vitamin D Intervention Study [NCT01998763]Phase 1448 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
Vitamin D vs. Placebo in the Prevention of Viral-induced Exacerbations in Preschoolers With Asthma: a Pilot RCT [NCT01999907]Phase 222 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
Chronic Pain and Vitamin D: a Randomized Pilot Study in General Practice [NCT02002000]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-12-31Not yet recruiting
Effect of Supplementation With 2000 International Units (IU) Vitamin D, 1gm Calcium or Both on Calcium Absorption and Bone Mineralization in Children With Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis [NCT00570934]Phase 324 participants (Actual)Interventional1995-03-31Completed
Clinical Effects of Vitamin D Repletion in Patients With Parkinson's Disease [NCT00571285]Phase 431 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-06-30Terminated
Study of Vitamin D2 Virus 1,25(OH)2-Vitamin D3 and Normal Protein Diet Virus Low Protein Diet in the Treatment of CKD-MBD and Malnutrition for Progressive CKD Patients [NCT02005302]Phase 4600 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-01-31Enrolling by invitation
Impact of Cholecalciferol on Endothelial Fucntion and Blood Biomarkers in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT02005718]Phase 336 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation Requirement in Obese Subjects [NCT00996866]27 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Terminated(stopped due to Enable to further recruit study subjects)
Novel Combination Therapy for Osteoporosis in Men [NCT03994172]Phase 448 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-07-01Recruiting
Vitamin D Supplementation in Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma Outcome [NCT01748448]Phase 3436 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-31Completed
Modulation of Breast Cancer Risk Biomarkers by High Dose Vitamin D [NCT01166763]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-05-31Completed
Effect of Vitamin D and Statins on Plasma Lipid Profiles in Chinese Patients With Hypercholesterolemia [NCT02009787]56 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-12-31Recruiting
A Randomized Double Blinded Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation With or Without Vitamin A Supplementation in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation [NCT03202849]83 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-02-19Completed
The Effects of Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation at Tolerable Upper Limit Doses on Calcium Metabolism in Postmenopausal White Women. [NCT02019381]132 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-09-30Completed
Effect of Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency During Pregnancy on Hypocalcemia [NCT02021864]120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-01-31Recruiting
Effect of Peroral Vitamin D Versus Placebo on Self-reported Fatigue in Adults With Low 25-hydroxy-vitamin D Levels [NCT02022475]Phase 3120 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Completed
[NCT02026518]Phase 4100 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
Efficacy of Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation on the Prevention of Recurrences in Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo: A Prospective Multicenter Randomized Trial [NCT02031692]Phase 41,050 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Completed
Baseline Vitamin D Deficiency and COVID-19 Disease Severity/Need for Escalation of Care [NCT04628000]50 participants (Actual)Observational2020-10-27Completed
Oral Vitamin D Supplementation in Elderly Women: Twice a Day or Three Times a Year? A Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT00575835]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
Food-based Solutions for Optimal Vitamin D Nutrition and Health Through the Life Cycle (ODIN) [NCT02212223]147 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
The Association of Vitamin D Supplementation With the Outcome in Critically Ill Children [NCT04536831]Phase 496 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-08-29Completed
The Effect of VItamin D Supplementation on Nutritional STatus and Adverse Outcomes in Bariatric Surgery (VISTA) [NCT02212652]70 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-31Terminated(stopped due to lack of support resources to complete study appropriately)
A Phase III Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Odanacatib (MK-0822) in the Treatment of Men With Osteoporosis Treated With Vitamin D and Calcium [NCT01120600]Phase 3294 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-09Completed
Vitamin D Treatment in Ulcerative Colitis [NCT01640496]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Withdrawn
Home Exercise, Vitamin D and Dalcroze Eurhythmics for Seniors With Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or Mild Dementia [NCT02279316]19 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
A Multicentre, Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of the Efficacy of Supplementary Treatment With Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) in Patients With Relapsing- Multiple Sclerosis (RMS) Treated With Subcutaneous Interferon Beta-1a 44 µg 3 Times [NCT01198132]Phase 2129 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Cholecalciferol Supplementation for Anemia and Mineral and Bone Disorder in Hemodialysis Patients (CHAMBER): A Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT02214563]Phase 490 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-08-31Completed
Effects of Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Asthma Control, Pulmonary Function and Th17 Inflammatory Biomarkers in Adolescents With Asthma, Obesity and Vitamin D Deficiency: a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT05431920]264 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-01Recruiting
Effects of Vitamin K2 and D3 Supplementation on 18F-NaF PET/MRI in Patients With Carotid and Coronary Artery Disease [NCT04010578]52 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-01-01Not yet recruiting
VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL: Effects on Bone Structure and Architecture [NCT01747447]771 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Active, not recruiting
Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL) [NCT01169259]Phase 325,871 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Active, not recruiting
VItamiN D treatIng Chronic heArT Failure (the Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Hospitalisation and Mortality in Patients With Heart Failure): Multicentre, Phase III, Randomised Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT03416361]1,253 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-01Not yet recruiting
OSTPRE-FPS Prevention of Fractures and Falls in Postmenopausal Women With Calcium and Vitamin-D Supplementation - a Randomised Study [NCT00592917]Phase 43,432 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-08-31Completed
The Impact of Bisphosphonates on Bone Loss in Patients Undergoing Surgery and Postoperative Chemotherapy for Gynecologic Malignancies. [NCT00593580]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Parameters of Patients With Moderate to Severe Psoriasis [NCT02271971]39 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
Modifiable Effectors of Renin System Activation: Treatment Evaluation (MODERATE) [NCT01320722]Phase 3242 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
The Impact of Antioxidants on MRI Markers of Cell Proliferation and Hypoxia Among Men on Active Surveillance With Early Stage Prostate Cancer [NCT00744549]Phase 216 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
Randomized Trial: Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent Childhood Asthma (VDAART) [NCT00920621]Phase 3876 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Active, not recruiting
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Insulin Sensitivity and Secretion in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes of Nordic and Sub-Indian Ethnicity . [NCT00992797]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-09-30Recruiting
A Phase IIa Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study to Evaluate the Effects of Odanacatib (MK-0822) on Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and Overall Safety in the Treatment of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women Previously Treated With Alendronate [NCT00885170]Phase 2246 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-04-13Completed
Intake of Dietary Vitamin D and K From Tailor-made Atlantic Salmon and Bone Health - A Randomized Intervention Study [NCT02615301]122 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Effect on Bone Biomarkers and Bone Mineral Density and Tolerability of Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation With and Without Collagen Peptides in Postmenopausal Women With Osteopenia [NCT03999775]51 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-14Completed
Randomized Trial of the Effects of Vitamin D on Prostate Cancer-associated Lesions and on Vitamin D Metabolites in Prostate [NCT00741364]Phase 290 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-09-30Active, not recruiting
A Phase II Trial of a Combination Herbal Therapy for Men With Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer After Initial Local Therapy [NCT00669656]Phase 243 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-06Completed
The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Subjects With Low Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Levels [NCT02750293]Phase 3411 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-30Completed
Vitamin D for the Treatment of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy [NCT02737423]143 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
Sustained Effect of Urticaria Remission With Relatively High Dose Vitamin D Supplementation After Omalizumab Discontinuation [NCT02742805]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-29Withdrawn
A Phase IIb, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- and Active-Controlled, Dose-Range-Finding Study to Evaluate the Effects of MK-5442 on Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in the Treatment of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women Previously Treated With an Oral Bisph [NCT00996801]Phase 2526 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation and Acute Respiratory Infection in Older Long-Term Care Residents [NCT01102374]Phase 2107 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
Influence of Kidney Performance and Magnesium on the Biomarkers of Vitamin D [NCT04237480]50,000 participants (Actual)Observational2017-01-01Completed
Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Recurrent Respiratory Infections in Paediatric [NCT02617771]Phase 484 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
Fortification of Milk and Butter With Either vitaminD3 or 25(OH)D3: The Effect on Vitamin D Status and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Markers in Humans [NCT02535910]18 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-08-31Enrolling by invitation
A Phase II Clinical Trial of High Dose Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Combination With FOLFOX + Bevacizumab in the 1st Line Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer [NCT01198548]Phase 210 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Terminated(stopped due to Lack of funding)
Effect of Once Daily Oral Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Inspiratory Muscle Strength in Vitamin D3-Deficient COPD Patients [NCT02877641]Phase 24 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-04-16Terminated(stopped due to low accrual)
Optimal Substitution Dose of the Vitamin D During Winter Time in Patient With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) [NCT02958501]Phase 4176 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-11-30Not yet recruiting
Vitamin D Add-on Therapy Enhances Corticosteroid Responsiveness in Asthma [NCT01248065]Phase 3408 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
Vitamin D Deficiency, Renin Inhibitor Response, and Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients With Hypertension [NCT00974922]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-31Terminated(stopped due to Administrative/Sponsor Business Decision - terminated - study was not completed)
Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Biochemical Responses and Aerobic Capacity After Strenuous Endurance Exercise [NCT05779410]35 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-01-20Completed
Phase 2 Study of Routine Oral Calcium and Vitamine D Supplements to Prevent Hypocalcemia After Total Thyroidectomy in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Patients [NCT00630214]Phase 2200 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-05-31Completed
Phase 2 Study of Deferasirox-calcium-vitamin D3 to Treat Postmenopausal Osteoporosis (PMOP) [NCT02854722]Phase 210 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-01-15Recruiting
A Phase IIb, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Ranging Study of MK-5442 in the Treatment of Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis [NCT00960934]Phase 2383 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Terminated
DIVINE: Dialysis Infection and Vitamin D In New England [NCT00892099]105 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Vitamin D, Leptin, Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphism, and Treatment-Related Morbidity in Ovarian Cancer [NCT03028519]Early Phase 181 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-31Completed
Investigating the Effects of Hydroxyvitamin D3 Versus Vitamin D3 on Clinical, and Radiologic Progress and Th17/Tregs Balance in MS Patients: A Randomized, Clinical Trial- a Pilot Study [NCT05340985]Phase 454 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-07-31Not yet recruiting
Study of Oral Vitamin D Treatment for the Prevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B [NCT02779465]Phase 41,500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-06-30Not yet recruiting
A Large Randomized Trial of Vitamin D, Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cognitive Decline [NCT01669915]3,424 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-14Completed
Can Vitamin D Replacement Reduce Insulin Resistance In South Asians With Vitamin D Deficiency? [NCT01385345]3 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Terminated(stopped due to Recommended by DMEC. Poor recruitment, changes in current clinical management of Vit D deficiency. Research question no longer relevant)
Vitamin D and Staphylococcus Aureus in the Diabetes Study [NCT01395290]Phase 3280 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
Effect of Weekly High-dose Vitamin D3 Supplementation on the Association Between Circulatory FGF-23 and A1c Levels in People With Vitamin D Deficiency [NCT04682626]150 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-12-25Completed
A Pilot Study for COVID-19 Outpatient Treatment With the Combination of Ivermectin-azithromycin-cholecalciferol [NCT04399746]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-03-15Completed
Assessment of Vitamin D Supplementation and Immune Function [NCT01399151]23 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Vitamin D Replacement in Statin-Induced Myopathy [NCT01400009]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Withdrawn(stopped due to lack of enrollment)
Evaluation of Immunologic Response After Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [NCT01413230]20 participants (Actual)Observational2010-01-31Completed
Vitamin D and COPD. A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of the Effect of Vitamin D on Withdrawal From Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Exercise Endurance [NCT01416701]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Withdrawn(stopped due to It was not possible to enroll the planned amount of subjects. Many patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease already took large doses of vitamin D.)
Assessment of Inflammatory Markers and Pregnancy Outcomes in Vitamin D-Supplemented Women at Risk of Vitamin D Deficiency: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01417351]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
A Study, Four Parallel Arms, Included Two Arms Open Randomisation to Different Doses of Vitamin D, for Assessment of Efficacy of Treatment With Vitamin D at Vitamin D Deficiency, Vitamin D Insufficiency and Suboptimal Levels of Vitamin D [NCT01419119]Phase 4160 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Completed
DO IT Trial: Vitamin D Outcomes and Interventions In Toddlers [NCT01419262]Phase 3703 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Completed
The Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D and Physical Activity on Bone Health in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Hormonal Therapy [NCT01419730]Phase 2191 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Active, not recruiting
Supplemental Vitamin D Administered to One Year Old Vitamin D Deficient Infants Until Age 3 and Its Affect on Growth Rates and Bone Mineral Density Until Age 5 [NCT01419821]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-09-30Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Periodontal Health and Associated Outcomes in Pregnant Women [NCT01422122]115 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
The Effect of the Combination of Low Glycemic Index Diet, Exercise and Vitamin D on Breast Cancer Recurrence: DEDiCa Study [NCT02786875]Phase 3506 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-04Active, not recruiting
Vitamin D for Enhancing the Immune System in Cystic Fibrosis [NCT01426256]Phase 391 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
Vitamin D Dosing and Monitoring Study [NCT01430793]99 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
Prospective Double Blind Multicentre Randomized Trial of Vitamine D Estimating the Profit of a Treatment by Vitamin D3 at the Dose of 100000 UI by Comparison With a Treatment in the Dose of 12 000 UI at Renal Transplanted Patients [NCT01431430]Phase 4538 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-06Completed
Daily Vitamin D for Sickle-cell Respiratory Complications [NCT04170348]Phase 269 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-15Active, not recruiting
Effect of Vitamin D Status and Repletion on Postoperative Total Joint Arthroplasty Complications [NCT04229368]900 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-09-01Recruiting
Pilot Study of Vitamin D3 Supplementation and Outcomes in Vitamin D Deficient Obese, African American Adolescents [NCT01546103]39 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Supplementation for Preventing Fractures in Elderly People [NCT00696514]Phase 13,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-09-30Active, not recruiting
Analysis of the Response of Subjects With Atopic Dermatitis to Oral Vitamin D3 by Measurement of Antimicrobial Peptide Expression in Skin and Saliva [NCT00789880]Phase 282 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Completed
Vitamin D, Strength, and Bone Density in Collegiate Athletes [NCT03151174]Early Phase 168 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-04-29Completed
The Pharmacokinetics of a Single Large Dose of Vitamin D3 [NCT00473239]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
Effects of Oral Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) on Bone Health, Neuromuscular Function, and Quality of Life in Adults With Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT00511225]47 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-30Completed
Efficacy and Safety of High Dose Vitamin D Supplementation for Overactive Bladder Dry in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT05709990]300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-15Recruiting
Study to Identify Transcriptional Targets of Vitamin D in Patients With Stage I-III Colon Cancer or Resectable Colon Cancer Liver Metastases Receiving Preoperative Vitamin D Supplementation. [NCT02172651]Early Phase 180 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-07-14Recruiting
Effects of Vitamin D Insufficiency in Man [NCT01848236]300 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Glycemic Control and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetes [NCT01854463]Phase 4158 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
A Comparative Effectiveness Research Study Comparing Changes in Body Composition and Parent Ratings of Quality of Life in 5-19 Year Olds as a Function of Participation in One of Four Versions of the Good NEWS 4 Kids Program (GN4K) [NCT01855009]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-05-31Recruiting
Effects of Treating Vitamin D Deficiency in Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes [NCT01855321]Phase 176 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
Effect of 4,000 IU Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Oral Glucose Tolerance Among Vitamin D Deficient Obese Adolescent [NCT01856946]15 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled CER Study of Changes in Bone Mineral Density, Blood Chemistries, Self-Reported Quality of Life and Compliance as a Function of Consuming Micronized Versus Non-micronized Calcium Carbonate [NCT01857154]160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-05-31Recruiting
Bolus vs. Divided Cholecalciferol Dosing to Optimize Perioperative Vitamin D Status for Joint Replacement Surgery [NCT01858051]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Withdrawn
Dose Finding Study in Physically Frail Elderly to Measure 25(OH) Vitamin D Levels After Supplementation With Hy.D Calcifediol 25 SD/S and Vitamin D3 [NCT01868945]Phase 159 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
Phase 1 Study of Combination Strontium, Melatonin and Nutritional Co-factors on Bone Health and Quality of Life in Postmenopausal Women With Osteopenia [NCT01870115]Phase 123 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
Effect of Treating Vitamin D Deficiency on Glucose Homeostasis and Metabolic Markers in Apparently Healthy, Young or Aged, Normal-weight or Obese Lebanese People [NCT02942732]180 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Completed
Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL Rhythm Study) [NCT02178410]Phase 325,119 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Active, not recruiting
The Effect of Probiotics and Vitamin D Supplementation on Sport Performance and Intestinal Barrier Function in Trained Male Mixed-martial Arts Athletes [NCT04759729]25 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-12-01Enrolling by invitation
Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, and Folic Acid Among Patients With Lifelong Premature Ejaculation and Non-responding to Dapoxetine Treatment. [NCT04355949]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-02-28Completed
A Prospective Trial on the Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on 25(OH)D, Body Composition and Injury in Collegiate Swimmers and Divers [NCT01488227]Phase 345 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
Treatment of Childhood Cancer Therapy-induced Osteopenia in Growth Hormone Deficient Adult Survivors: Does Bisphosphonate Treatment Improve Bone Mineral Density? [NCT00145704]6 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-06-30Terminated(stopped due to due to low enrollment, participants are no longer being examined or treated)
[NCT00004488]Phase 282 participants (Anticipated)Interventional1998-10-31Completed
Safe and Effective Vitamin D Supplementation in HIV [NCT01475890]Phase 2/Phase 358 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
Vitamin D and Adipose Tissue Inflammation [NCT01477034]18 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
Bioavailability and Biological Effects of Vitamin D2 Contained in Mushroom [NCT01488734]47 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
Sunweavers: Supporting Native American Women's Vitamin D Research [NCT01490333]Phase 299 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
Muscle-Related Side Effects of Statins: Functional Impact, Mechanisms, and Potential Relief With Vitamin D Supplementation [NCT01493648]78 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
Phase II/III Clinical Study of R484iv (Ibandronic Acid) for Primary Osteoporosis - Comparative Study With Sodium Risedronate Hydrate(RIS) With Vertebral Fracture as an Index - [NCT00447915]Phase 31,265 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-03-31Completed
The Influence of Five Years of Adjuvant Anastrozole or Exemestane on Bone Mineral Density In Postmenopausal Women With Primary Breast Cancer [NCT00354302]Phase 3497 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-04-24Completed
Local (Brazil) Study, Multicenter, Opened, Comparative, Randomized, With Parallel Groups, Phase IV, in Post Menopausal Woman With Colles' Fracture of the Risedronate Sodium Usage in the Consolidation and in the Callus of the Colles'Fracture. [NCT00460733]Phase 4141 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-03-31Completed
The Role of Vitamin D in Chronic Urticaria and Angioedema Treatment [NCT01371877]42 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-01Completed
Effect of Different Doses of Budesonide on Markers of Bone Metabolism in Children With Asthma - Randomized, Controlled Trial. [NCT00487773]Phase 496 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-30Completed
Role of Oral Vitamin D as an Adjunct Therapy in Category I Pulmonary Tuberculosis Along With Assessment of Immunological Parameters. (Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial) [NCT00507000]Phase 3150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-05-31Active, not recruiting
A Pilot Study of Vitamin D in Boys With X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy [NCT02595489]Phase 121 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-21Completed
Formulation, Characterization and In-vivo Evaluation of Controlled Release Intranasal Films of Vitamin D3 as an Optimistic Dosage Form for Rapid and Effective Healing of Cauterized Turbinectomy [NCT05142072]Early Phase 120 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-12-18Completed
The Effects of Red Clover Treatment on Bone Tissue Regulation in Postmenopausal Osteopenia. [NCT02174666]85 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-30Completed
Prevention of Bone Loss After Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation [NCT02074631]Phase 280 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Completed
Daylight: The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Blood Pressure in Vitamin D Deficient Individuals With Pre-Hypertension [NCT01240512]534 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-12-31Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation in Multiple Sclerosis [NCT01490502]Phase 3172 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-31Completed
Genomics of Vitamin D Supplementation and Warfighter Nutritional Resilience [NCT02954549]131 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
Efficacy of Vitamin D Treatment in Pediatric Patients Hospitalized by COVID-19: Open Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT04502667]Phase 345 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-07-15Completed
A Randomized Control Trial of Vitamin D Prophylaxis in the Prevention of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy [NCT02920593]Phase 4412 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-10-31Recruiting
Serum 25-hydroxy Vitamin D [25(OH)D] Levels, Supplemental Vitamin D, and Parathyroid Hormone Levels in Premature Infants [NCT01469650]32 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Impact of Vitamin D Therapies on Monocyte Function in Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT01222234]56 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Completed
Vitamin D and Physical Performance Before and After Intervention and Birth Outcome in Pregnant Somali and Swedish Women [NCT02922803]123 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
Association Between Baseline Vitamin D Metabolite Levels and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. A Cohort Study With Patient-record Evaluated Outcomes. [NCT02932644]160 participants (Actual)Observational1999-10-31Completed
Effect of a One Time Dose of Cholecalciferol on Serum Concentration of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Macrophages [NCT02920502]Phase 324 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
Vitamin D Deficiency in Acutely Injured Pediatric Burn Patients: Incidence, Etiology, Metabolic Sequelae and Prevention [NCT00536276]Phase 150 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-03-31Completed
Coral Calcium's Effect on Bone Density in Postmenopausal Women With and Without Ibandronate [NCT04321837]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-02-05Recruiting
Identification of 24-Hydroxylase Polymorphisms and Splicing Variants That Modulate Vitamin D Oxidative Metabolism and Serum Pharmacokinetics in Patients With Colorectal Cancer on Cholecalciferol Therapy [NCT00550563]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-08-31Completed
Vitamin D (200 000 IU) for the Treatment of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy [NCT05080530]216 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-10-29Recruiting
D suppLementation In HearT FaiLure (DELIGHTFUL) [NCT01230307]Phase 428 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Unable to recruit sufficient number of patients.)
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Sickle Cell Disease Hospitalisation and Related Complications Among Children in Mulago Hospital: A Randomised Clinical Trial [NCT04662476]662 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-05-17Not yet recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Oral Ibandronate in Patients of Liver Cirrhosis With Hepatic Osteodystrophy: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT06022237]80 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-09-01Not yet recruiting
β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) Pilot Feasibility and Efficacy Study in Cerebral Palsy (CP) [NCT05384951]10 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-05-15Enrolling by invitation
Vitamin D Status and Dose Response in Infants [NCT01042561]64 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-07Completed
Regulation of Bone Formation in Renal Osteodystrophy [NCT00560300]Phase 261 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-11-30Completed
The Effect of Vitamin D on Factors Contributing Pre Cachexia and Cachexia, a Study on Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [NCT04864431]54 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-12Recruiting
Association of Cathelicidin and Vitamin D Levels With the Category and Course of COPD [NCT05431218]Phase 4120 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-02-18Completed
The Significance of Vitamin D Storage in Adipose Tissue [NCT01728987]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-31Withdrawn(stopped due to study stopped due to Financial problems)
Differential Effects of Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol Therapies in Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT01835691]44 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
The Effect of Oral Vitamin D Supplements on Fusion Outcome in Patients Receiving Elective Lumbar Spinal Fusion [NCT05023122]34 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-01Completed
The D-VinCHI Study: 25-hydroxyvitamin D Concentration in School Children: Effects of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on 25-OH-D Concentration and Muscle Health Outcomes [NCT05018988]118 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-11-01Recruiting
Prephase Treatment With Prednisone +/- Vitamin D Supplementation Followed by Immunochemotherapy in Elderly Patients With Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) A Randomized, Open Label, Phase III Study by Fondazione Italiana Linfomi. [NCT04442412]Phase 3430 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-03-23Recruiting
A Phase I Study of Oral ILX23-7553 in Patients With Solid Tumors [NCT00004926]Phase 10 participants Interventional1999-10-31Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Rate of Partial Clinical Remission in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT01724190]36 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
Vitamin D Augmentation of Tekturna (Aliskiren) in Hypertension (VDATH) [NCT01472796]Phase 492 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-07-31Recruiting
Effects of Cholecalciferol Supplementation in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure and LOw vITamind D Levels. A Phase 2 Randomized Double Blind Study [NCT01477801]Phase 2/Phase 334 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-11-30Recruiting
Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glucose Metabolism in Subjects With Components of the Metabolic Syndrome [NCT01479933]73 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Completed
Randomized Phase III Trial Comparing Conventional Vitamin D Supplementation vs. Vitamin D Supplementation Tailored to Vitamin D Deficiency in Breast Cancer Patients Treated by Neoadjuvant or Adjuvant Chemotherapy. [NCT01480869]Phase 3215 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation to Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00400491]Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Completed
[NCT00243256]Phase 2450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-11-30Completed
Orthomolecular Vitamin D3 in Low-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome: An Open-Label Clinical Trial [NCT00068276]Phase 20 participants Interventional2003-07-31Completed
Randomised Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Preventive Effect on Mortality and Serious Morbidity/ Hospitalisations of Daily Vitamin D Supplements in Small for Gestational Age Term Infants [NCT00415402]2,000 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-03-31Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of High Dose Vitamin D Therapy On Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Bone Mineral Density in Anastrozole-Treated Early Stage Breast Cancer Patients With Marginal Vitamin D Status [NCT00263185]Early Phase 163 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-11-30Completed
Trial of Adjunctive Vitamin D in Tuberculosis Treatment [NCT00419068]Phase 3146 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
A 15-Week, Double-Blind, Randomized, Active-Controlled, Multi-Center Study With 24-Week Extension to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Efficacy of Alendronate 70 mg Plus Vitamin D3 2800 IU Combination Tablet in Men and Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporo [NCT00092079]Phase 3652 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy for Prevention of Asthma in Childhood: An Interventional Trial in the ABC (Asthma Begins in Childhood) Cohort [NCT00856947]Phase 1600 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-03-31Active, not recruiting
Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D3 on Alveolar Macrophage Function, LL-37, and Oxidative Stress in Smokers and Non-Smokers With and Without HIV [NCT03270709]Phase 17 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-11Terminated(stopped due to Study terminated early due to lack of funding and the COVID-19 pandemic.)
Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation in Obese Children [NCT02956408]6 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-30Completed
High Dosage Vitamin D in the Treatment of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women [NCT00491920]Phase 4297 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-02-28Completed
The Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Vascular Stiffness and Blood Pressure in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients [NCT01247311]129 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-11-30Completed
Placebo Controlled Study to Assess the Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Parameters of the Immune, Endocrine and Metabolic System in Healthy Women and Men. [NCT01248442]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Early Rehabilitation After Hip Fracture: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Different Vitamin D and Rehabilitation Programs [NCT00133640]Phase 3204 participants Interventional2005-01-31Recruiting
The Effect of Glucocorticosteroid and Vitamin D3 Administration and Montelukast Treatment on Early Clinical and Immunological Effect of Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy in Asthmatic Children, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study [NCT00504946]Phase 385 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
Pilot Trial of Vitamin D for the Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes [NCT00141986]Phase 19 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-11-30Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Status on A Disintegrin-like And Metalloprotease With Thrombospondin Type 1 Motif 13 (ADAMTS13) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) in Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia [NCT05149339]Phase 1/Phase 238 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-03-01Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Salivary Biomarkers; Certain Proteins and Cariogenic Oral Microbiome for Medical Management of Dental Caries: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT06172764]Phase 490 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-12Recruiting
Establishing the Vitamin D Requirements During Lactation [NCT00412074]Phase 3460 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-31Completed
The Effect of Zinc, Beta-carotene, and Vitamin D3 Supplementation as Pro-inflammation Mediated Regulator in Preterm Delivery Through Placental Protein Adaptor MyD88 and TRIF, Transcription Factor NFkB, and Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1β [NCT03005496]Phase 456 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-31Completed
A Phase 1 Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Pharmacokinetic Characteristics After Coadministration of C1-R215 and C2-R215 Compared to the Administration of C1-R215 and C2-R215 Independently in Healthy Male Volunteers [NCT03005340]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-31Enrolling by invitation
Vitamin D, Insulin Resistance, and Cardiovascular Disease [NCT00736632]125 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
Health Benefits of Vitamin D and Calcium in Women With PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome) [NCT00743574]36 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-31Completed
The Addition of Vitamin D to Fluticasone Propionate in the Management of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis [NCT01103934]Phase 435 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
Improving Vitamin D Status in Home-bound Elders: a Pilot Study [NCT01410084]68 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation and HIV-related Complications in Children and Young Adults [NCT01523496]Phase 2/Phase 3190 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
Effects of Orange Juice Enriched With Vitamin D3 and Encapsulated Probiotics in High Cardiometabolic Risk Individuals [NCT06114576]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-03-01Completed
Impact of Home Based Physical Exercise and Diet Management on Functional Performance and Depression Among Vitamin D Deficient Females [NCT06114381]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-01-01Completed
Open Controlled Trial to Explore the Effectiveness of Vitamin D Supplements on the Behaviours, Mental, and Physical Health of United Kingdom Prison Residents [NCT05724316]110 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-18Recruiting
Multi Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Individualized Response to Vitamin D Treatment Study [NCT02925195]666 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-11Completed
Calcium Supplementation for a Healthy Weight- LITE [NCT00386672]83 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
Effects of Antarctic Environment on Vitamin D Status and Health Risk Biomarkers of Its Inhabitants [NCT02930434]75 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-31Completed
Double-blind Randomized Study to Determine the Efficacy of Intramuscular Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Tropical Calcific Pancreatitis [NCT00956839]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Completed
Effect of Different Vitamin D Vitamers on Vitamin D Status and Biomarkers for Bone Health and Cardiovascular Risk in Healthy Humans [NCT02860663]14 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-08-31Completed
Phase 4 Study of Paricalcitol and Calcitriol for Reparative Management of Chronic Allograft Dysfunction and Renocardiac Syndrome in Vitamin D Insufficient Renal Transplant Recipients [NCT01265615]Phase 4109 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
Determination of RDA for Vitamin D in Caucasian and African American Women [NCT00472823]273 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-04-30Completed
The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Respiratory Index of Severity in Children (RISC) of Hospitalized Patients With Community-acquired Pneumonia [NCT02936895]Phase 4100 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
Comparison of UVB and Vitamin D Supplementation in Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency [NCT01512537]32 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
Cathelicidin and Vitamin D: Impact on Populations At-Risk and With COPD [NCT02464059]Phase 223 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-10Completed
The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Muscle Power in Elite Cyclist [NCT01518725]Phase 4103 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Phase III, Controlled, Double-blind, Randomized Study of 25-OH-Vitamin-D3 Substitution in Patients With Malignant and Immune-hematologic Diseases [NCT01518959]Phase 331 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient recruitment rate; technical issues with sample storage)
The Effect of Fat on Vitamin D Absorption After a Single Oral Dose [NCT01519986]64 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Completed
Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Pharmacokinetic Study [NCT01521936]Phase 24 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Terminated(stopped due to Lack of funding)
The Effect of Cholecalciferol on Frailty Syndrome in Pre-frail Elderly Receiving Calcium Supplementation : A Study on Handgrip Strength, Gait Speed, Vitamin D Receptor, Insulin Growth Factor-1 and Interleukin-6 [NCT04847947]Phase 3120 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-19Completed
A Comparative Effectiveness Trial of High-quality Vitamin D3 Nutritional Supplements to Replete Serum Vitamin D [NCT01524874]66 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
Vitamin D Metabolism in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients With Vitamin D Deficiency Treated With Cholecalciferol [NCT01528176]70 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-11-30Active, not recruiting
The Effects of Single High-dose or Daily Low Dosage Oral Colecalciferol Treatment on Muscle Strength, Muscle Thickness and Independence in Spinal Cord Lesion [NCT04400747]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-01Completed
The Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Schoolchildren [NCT01537809]691 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-30Completed
Pilot Study to Assess the Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Number of Regulatory FoxP3+ T Cells in the Gastrointestinal Mucosa in Healthy Women and Men: Step 3 in the Austrian Diabetes Prevention Programme [NCT01538485]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Randomized, Controlled Trial of Vitamin D Replenishment in Metabolic Syndrome [NCT01545830]Phase 284 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-31Completed
Cholecalciferol Intervention to Prevent Respiratory Infections Study: a Double-blind Randomised Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of 20,000 IU/wk Cholecalciferol in Reducing Respiratory Tract Infection in a Cohort of Healthy Young Adults [NCT01549938]Phase 232 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
Pilot Biomarker Modulation Study of Vitamin D in Premenopausal Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer [NCT00976339]Phase 120 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-30Completed
A Phase III Randomized, Double-Blind, Active Comparator-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Effects of Odanacatib (MK-0822) on Bone Mineral Density, Tolerability, and Safety in the Treatment of Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis Previously Treated With A [NCT01552122]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Withdrawn
Phase II Trial of Arsenic Trioxide and Dose-Escalated Cholecalciferol in Myelodysplastic Syndrome [NCT00104806]Phase 25 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-11-30Terminated(stopped due to sponsor discontinues support)
Vitamin D for Established Type 2 Diabetes (DDM2) [NCT01736865]Phase 2/Phase 3127 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-31Completed
Phase III Trial of Intravenous Zoledronic Acid (Zometa) in the Prevention of Bone Loss in Localized Breast Cancer Patients With Chemotherapy-Induced Ovarian Failure [NCT00022087]Phase 3439 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-12-31Completed
Osteoporosis Prevention in Prostate Cancer Patients Receiving Androgen Ablation Therapy: A Phase III Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study [NCT00043069]Phase 371 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-11-30Completed
A Ph2 Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Safety Preliminary Efficacy and Biomarker Response of Host Directed Therapies Added to Rifabutin-modified Standard Therapy in Adults With Drug-Sensitive Smear-Positive Pulmonary TB [NCT02968927]Phase 2200 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-30Active, not recruiting
The Effect of Vitamin D Therapy on Morbidity and Moratlity in Patients With SARS-CoV 2 Infection [NCT04733625]56 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-15Completed
For 4 Months, the Multi Center, Double Blinded, Randomized, Active Controlled, Comparative Clinical Study to Assess the Efficacy and the Safety to Improvement Effect of Vit.D of Risenex Plus M Tablet in Patients With In Post-menopausal Women Osteoporosis [NCT01806792]Phase 3150 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
The Investigation Effect of Vitamin D on Retinal Changes in Patient With Optic Neuritis by Optic Coherence Tomography [NCT01465893]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-07-31Recruiting
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on 15-Prostaglandin Dehydrogenase Expression in Barrett's Esophagus [NCT01465113]Early Phase 126 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
[NCT01466465]Phase 235 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
A Randomized, Open-label, Cross-over Study Comparing Two Vitamin D Supplements for Infants: Liquid Versus D-Strips. [NCT00846677]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Mothers' Own Milk Optimization for Preterm Infants Project (MoMO PIP): Maternal Diet and Vitamin D Supplementation Effects on Preterm Infants, a Randomized Control Pilot Study. [NCT04629534]Phase 48 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-05-06Terminated(stopped due to low enrollment, lack of funding)
Impact of Correction of Vitamin D Deficiency in Oxidative Stress in Patients With Impaired Glucose Tolerance: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT03356873]31 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-01Terminated(stopped due to COVID19)
Evaluation of Colecalciferol Substitution in Dialysis Patients [NCT00397475]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-11-30Completed
Cholecalciferol as a Modifier of Serum Hepcidin in Children With Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT01532349]Phase 234 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
Efficacy of Bisphosphonate Therapy on Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women With and Without Diabetes: a Prospective Trial [NCT05266261]121 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-01Completed
Vitamin D Status of Pregnant Women and Their Children in Eau Claire, South Carolina: A Prevalence and Supplementation Model for Community Health Care Centers in the U.S. [NCT00412087]Phase 3564 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
Desktop Tanning Unit to Improve Vitamin D Status in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis and Short Bowel Syndrome: A Pilot Study [NCT00450073]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-11-30Completed
A Randomised, Controlled Comparison of Vitamin D Strategies is Acute Hip Fracture Patients [NCT00424619]Phase 464 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
Efficacy of Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) Therapy in Correcting Vitamin D Insufficiency and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Subjects With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Randomized, Placebo Controlled Pilot Study [NCT00427037]34 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-31Completed
Vitamin D and Calcium Homeostasis for Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00436475]Phase 1/Phase 292 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-30Completed
Strategies for the Prevention of Bone Loss Among Patients With HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy in China [NCT03598556]600 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-06-01Active, not recruiting
Effect of Vitamin D3 Combined With Extensor Muscle Strengthening Exercise in Lateral Epicondylitis of Elbow: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT06055491]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-09-25Recruiting
The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation in Overweight and Obese Pregnant Women [NCT04841265]274 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-05-28Active, not recruiting
Randomized Control Trial of Bone Loading Exercises Versus Risedronate on Bone Health in Post-Menopausal Women [NCT02186600]Phase 3276 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-01Completed
Effect of Laser Acupuncture on Forearm Bone Mineral Density and Wrist Pain in Osteoporotic Postmenopausal Women [NCT05559619]68 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-07-11Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin D3 in Diabetic Kidney Disease [NCT00552409]Phase 2/Phase 322 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Completed
The Impact of Vitamin K2 and Inactive Vitamin D Supplementation on Vascular Calcification in Pediatric Patients on Regular Hemodialysis [NCT04145492]Phase 2/Phase 360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-09-01Recruiting
Effects of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Supplementation on Telomeres in VITAL [NCT04386577]Phase 31,054 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-19Active, not recruiting
The Role of Vitamin D in Mitigating COVID-19 Infection Severity: Focusing on Reducing Health Disparities in South Carolina [NCT04482673]Phase 495 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-07-31Active, not recruiting
Effects of High-Dose Vitamin D on Circulating Vitamin D Levels and Breast Density in Postmenopausal Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer Development [NCT00859651]Phase 220 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
A Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Benefit of High Dose Vitamin D3 on Aromatase Inhibitor Letrozole-Associated Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Fatigue (The VITAL Trial). [NCT00867217]Phase 2160 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-03-31Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Oral Glucose Tolerance in Subjects Exhibiting Marginal Vitamin D Status and an Increased Risk of Developing Diabetes. [NCT01726777]Phase 271 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
LungVITamin D and OmegA-3 Trial [NCT01728571]25,871 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Active, not recruiting
Pharmacodynamic and Immunologic Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis and Healthy Controls [NCT01667796]57 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-11-30Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Endothelial Function in Obese Adolescents [NCT01746264]Phase 119 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
Comparison of Efficacy of Liquid Nitrogen Versus Vitamin D3 in The Treatment of Cutaneous Warts [NCT05739786]Phase 160 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-05-11Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation in RNA-seq Profiles of Single-core Prostate Samples, Including Diversity and Stress Determinants, Among Veterans [NCT04621500]Phase 236 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-06-04Completed
Adolescent Girls-Impact of Vitamin D on Bone Accretion Work Package 1 (Danish Part) of OPTIFORD (Towards A Strategy for Optimal Vitamin D Fortification) [NCT00267540]225 participants Interventional2001-01-31Completed
Estudio Destinado a Valorar la Utilidad de Vitamina D Sobre Morbilidad y Mortalidad de la infección Por Virus SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) en el Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias [NCT04552951]Phase 480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-04-04Recruiting
The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on HIV-associated Platelet Hyperreactivity [NCT02217553]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Completed
Bone Mineral Density, Body Composition and Growth Following Severe Burn Injury [NCT00285090]Phase 160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-02-28Terminated(stopped due to Lack of volunteers)
Evaluation of the Effect of a 4-Month Intervention of Exercise and/or Vitamin D on Mobility Function and Strength in Frail Elderly Subjects [NCT00249704]Phase 164 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-10-31Terminated(stopped due to See termination reason in detailed description.)
Vitamin D in TB Prevention in School Age Children [NCT02276755]Phase 38,851 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Completed
Characterization of Hyperparathyroidism and Vitamin D Deficiency in Obesity [NCT00288873]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-02-28Completed
Renal Denervation in Patients With Diabetic Nephropathy and Persistent Proteinuria [NCT01588795]Phase 425 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-04-30Completed
Impact of Vitamin D Level and Supplement on SLE Patients During COVID-19 Pandemic [NCT04709744]38 participants (Actual)Observational2020-04-01Completed
Is Vitamin D Insufficiency and Deficiency Associated With Antepartum and Postpartum Depression? [NCT02272387]151 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Low enrollment and limited research staffing)
Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled and Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Impact of One Year Therapy With Monthly Oral Ibandronate 150 mg on Structural Properties of Bone in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Without Vertebral Fractures [NCT00271713]Phase 470 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Completed
Phase 1 Study of Vitamin D Therapy in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) [NCT00418587]Phase 118 participants Interventional2006-12-31Completed
Trial of Vitamin D to Reduce the Progression of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Once Daily Dosing Regimen [NCT00306774]Phase 2146 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Completed
Vitamin D Deficiency Causes Immune Dysfunction and Enables or Perpetuates the Development of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Clinical Trial and Investigations on Dendritic Cells [NCT00279461]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-05-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Dr. Levy terminated from IU in December 2009. Indiana University has no record that this study was initiated prior to his termination.)
Pamidronate, Vitamin D, and Calcium for the Bone Disease of Kidney and Heart Transplantation [NCT00302627]43 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-01-31Completed
The Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in HIV-1 Infected Patients [NCT00306410]Phase 285 participants Interventional2006-01-31Recruiting
Effects of Vitamin D on Beta Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Pre-diabetes and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 - EVIDENS [NCT01497132]Phase 444 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Vitamin D Status, Disease Specific and Quality of Life Outcomes in Patients With Cutaneous Lupus [NCT01498406]Phase 23 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Terminated(stopped due to secondary to funding issues and low enrollment)
Effect of Vitamin D3 on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: a Randomized Trial in Human [NCT01501916]250 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-31Completed
Safety and Bioefficacy of Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3: Randomized Trial With Human Volunteers [NCT01503216]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation During Lactation on Vitamin D Status, Bone Mineralisation and Body Composition of Mother and Their Exclusively Breastfed Infants. [NCT01506557]Phase 4174 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
A Pilot Study of the Effect of Dietary Fat Type and Amount on Vitamin D3 Absorption [NCT01508845]61 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Correction of Vitamin D Deficiency to Prevent Postoperative Hypocalcemia After Thyroidectomy [NCT01632514]Phase 490 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-06-30Active, not recruiting
Effects of Vitamin D and Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Anemia in the Elderly [NCT01632761]2,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-11-30Enrolling by invitation
The Variability of 25-hydroxyvitamin D Response From Crystalline 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 Compared to Native Vitamin D3: A Short Term Pharmacokinetic Study [NCT01633658]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Protocol has changed)
Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) Supplementation for Heart Failure Patients [NCT01636570]Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Completed
Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) in Patients Undergoing Obesity Surgery in a Deficit Situation and After Standardization [NCT01637155]Phase 244 participants (Anticipated)InterventionalNot yet recruiting
The International Polycap Study 3 (TIPS-3) is a Randomized Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial for the Evaluation of a Polycap, Low Dose Aspirin and Vitamin D Supplementation in Primary Prevention [NCT01646437]Phase 37,793 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
A Randomized Prospective Open-label Comparison of Two Vitamin D3 Repletion Strategies in Vitamin D Deficient Patients [NCT01650883]56 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-03-31Completed
Vitamin D and Early Markers of Cardiovascular Disease in African Americans [NCT01655810]86 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-13Completed
Vitamin D Status and T Cell Phenotype in HIV-infected Youth Supplemented With Cholecalciferol: a Randomized Clinical Trial. [NCT01656070]Phase 250 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
Effects of Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Adypocytokines in Diabetic Patients [NCT01662193]120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-02-29Recruiting
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation and Physical Activity in Preventing Sarcopenia in Older Adults With Osteoporosis [NCT01666522]145 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
Bioavailability of Vitamin D in Children and Adolescents With Crohn's Disease. [NCT01692808]Phase 220 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Assess the Effect of Vitamin D in Patients With Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy to Alleviate Pain and Improvement of Symptoms [NCT04984044]72 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-07Completed
Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Chronic Granulomatous Disease Patients With BCGosis/Itis [NCT03984890]Phase 2/Phase 350 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-08-01Recruiting
Effects of VDR rs7311856, GC rs2282679 and CYP2R1 rs2060793 Variants on Vitamin D Status: A Randomised Control Trial [NCT05802433]67 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-05-16Recruiting
Treating Vitamin D Insufficiency in Community Dwelling Elderly to Improve Arterial Stiffness [NCT03649802]Phase 252 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-08-16Completed
Efficacy and Safety of High Dose Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation [NCT03320915]Phase 288 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-10-01Recruiting
A Randomized, Parallel, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of Vitamin D as Prophylactic Treatment for Migraine [NCT01695460]Phase 348 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
The Effect of Vitamin D on Measures of Bone Health and Gene Expression [NCT01696409]11 participants (Actual)Observational2009-07-31Completed
Immune Reconstitution in Tuberculosis Disease Using Antimicrobial Treatment With Vitamin D and Phenylbutyrate [NCT01698476]Phase 2390 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
Immune Reconstitution in HIV Disease Using Antimicrobial Treatment With Vitamin D and Phenylbutyrate [NCT01702974]Phase 2279 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
DIetary Supplements, Executive funcTions and Vitamin D (DIET-D): a Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01708005]Phase 2/Phase 3160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-11-30Enrolling by invitation
Study on the Effects of a Recommendation Based Supply of Vitamin D3 in Healthy Volunteers - a Randomized Trail [NCT01711905]107 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D on Bone Density in Osteogenesis Imperfecta [NCT01713231]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
Vitamin D Intervention in Infants [NCT01723852]1,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and Low 25(OH)D Concentrations: Does it Help to Improve Endothelial Function-The DIMENSION TRIAL [NCT01741181]Phase 464 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
[NCT01741324]220 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
Vitamin D3 - Omega3 - Home Exercise - Healthy Ageing and Longevity Trial (Acronym: DO-HEALTH) [NCT01745263]Phase 32,157 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-20Completed
A Randomized Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial of the Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Breast Density in Premenopausal Women [NCT01747720]405 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Androgen Levels in Hypogonadal Men [NCT01748370]Phase 4200 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-01Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation in Vitamin D Deficient/Insufficient Children Oral or Parenteral! D2 or D3, A Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT06176157]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-31Not yet recruiting
Role of Vitamin D on the Relapse Rate of Multiple Sclerosis [NCT01753375]Phase 2200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-01-31Not yet recruiting
Effects of Vitamin D on Inflammation in Liver Disease [NCT01754961]Phase 224 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-11-30Recruiting
Vitamin D Supplementation as Adjunct to Clozapine-treated Chronic Schizophrenia Patients [NCT01759485]47 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-31Completed
Vitamin D3 Supplementation for Low-Risk Prostate Cancer: A Randomized Trial [NCT01759771]Phase 2130 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-03Completed
Comparisons of the Effect of Inactive and Active Vitamin D on Serum Sclerostin/dickkopf1 Levels [NCT01765010]Phase 488 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-01-31Recruiting
Prostaglandin Inhibition to Prevent Breast Cancer [NCT01769625]Phase 1/Phase 231 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Bioavailability of Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 in Supplements Compared to Vitamin D3 and Vitamin D2 in Fortified Orange Juice [NCT01778114]86 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-12-31Completed
A Precision Nutrition Approach to Enhancing Physical Function in Older Adults: A Pilot, Feasibility Study [NCT05877846]25 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-01Recruiting
Interrelationship of Vitamin D Supplementation, Adiposity and CVD Risk Factors in a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT01785004]600 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-07-31Active, not recruiting
Trial of Vitamin D in HIV Progression [NCT01798680]Phase 34,000 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
Placebo-controlled Trial With Vitamin D to Prevent Worsening/Relieve Aromatase Inhibitor-induced Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Breast Cancer Patients [NCT01809171]Phase 2/Phase 315 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Inclusion problems)
Vitamin D Status Impacts Inflammation and Risk of Infections During Pregnancy [NCT01815047]85 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-31Completed
Evaluation of Vitamin D in a Mushroom Supplement [NCT01815437]80 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
A Factorial Randomized Controlled Trial of Correcting Anemia and Native Vitamin D Supplementation in Kidney Transplant Recipients [NCT01817699]Phase 4161 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Terminated(stopped due to The independent Data Monitoring Committee recommended an early termination.)
Effect of the Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency in Drug-resistant Epilepsy [NCT03475225]Phase 3400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-04-30Not yet recruiting
Phase 4 Study of Oral Calcitriol for Reduction of Mild Proteinuria in Patients With CKD [NCT01820832]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-03-31Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Oral Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) Supplementation After Topical Application With Valchlor [NCT02968446]Early Phase 133 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-17Completed
Immunologic Functions of a Single Dose of 100.000 I.U. Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) [NCT01845142]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Completed
Immunomodulating and Clinical Effects of Vitamin D on Remission Induction in Patients With Moderate and Severe Ulcerative Colitis, Undergoing Treatment With Infliximab. [NCT01846026]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Withdrawn(stopped due to At the planned study start new treatment guidelines for this disease with new drugs were implemented in clinical practice.)
A Randomized Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Cholecalciferol Versus Ergocalciferol Following Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) Guidelines for Vitamin D Therapy in Stages 3 & 4 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Patients [NCT01173848]Phase 319 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Terminated
Immunologic Impact of Vitamin D Repletion in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01175798]116 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
The VITDALIZE Study: Effect of High-dose Vitamin D3 on 28-day Mortality in Adult Critically Ill Patients With Severe Vitamin D Deficiency: a Multicenter, Placebo-controlled Double-blind Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) [NCT03188796]Phase 32,400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-10-10Recruiting
Impact of Zinc and Vitamin D3 Supplementation on the Survival of Institutionalized Aged Patients Infected With COVID-19 [NCT04351490]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-04-30Withdrawn(stopped due to change study design and funding)
Effect of Cholecalciferol Supplementation on Disease Activity and Quality of Life of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients [NCT05326841]Phase 360 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-10-03Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Development of Respiratory Infections (COVID-19) in Health Personnel at Hospital Clínica NOVA With Serum Values> 20ng / ml [NCT04810949]41 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-05Terminated(stopped due to patients enrolled got vaccinated vs COVID-19 and Influenza)
Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid on Vitamin D Activation in Hemodialysis Patients [NCT01596842]Phase 417 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Arterial and Bone Remodeling in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients [NCT02999204]Phase 457 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
Vitamin D3 Effects on Immune Function in Pediatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) [NCT01709474]Phase 27 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Terminated(stopped due to Due to slow enrollment)
Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients With Vitiligo Induced Additive Effects With Phototherapy [NCT05364567]29 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-01Completed
The Effect of Oral Vitamin D Versus Narrow-Band UV-B Exposure on the Lipid Profile [NCT01688102]118 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
Impact of Treatment With Cholecalciferol on Immunological Markers in Patients With Hypovitaminosis D on Dialysis [NCT01974245]Phase 255 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
THE EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D ON MAMMOGRAPHIC DENSITY AND BREAST TISSUE [NCT02239874]3,894 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-07-31Active, not recruiting
The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Chromium Serum Levels and Insulin Resistance Among Overweight Jordanian Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Irbid [NCT02328404]Phase 360 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
COvid-19 and Vitamin D Supplementation: a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial of High Dose Versus Standard Dose Vitamin D3 in High-risk COVID-19 Patients (CoVitTrial) [NCT04344041]Phase 3260 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-04-15Completed
Evaluation de l'Impact d'un Mode de supplémentation en Vitamine D (Dose séquentielle vs Dose Quotidienne) Sur l'Incidence de l'Hypercalciurie Chez Des Sujets Des départements du Gard et de l'Hérault agés de 2 à 18 Ans. Etude contrôlée randomisée en 2 Grou [NCT02975492]280 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-12-14Recruiting
For 12months, the Multi Center, Randomized, Open-label, Active Controlled Comparative Clinical Study to Assess the Efficacy and the Safety of Risedronate, Cholecalciferol Combination Tablet in Patients With Osteoporosis [NCT01675297]Phase 41,053 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-04Completed
Vitamin D Replacement Using Oral Thin Film (OTF) Cholecalciferol in Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation [NCT04818957]24 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-06-07Completed
Phase IV Study of Colecalciferol as an Add-on Treatment to Subcutaneously Administered Interferon-beta-1b for Treatment of MS [NCT01432704]Phase 2/Phase 370 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
Oral Cholecalciferol in Prevention of Type 2 DM in Prediabetic Population With Vitamin D Insufficiency [NCT01436916]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Completed
How Much Vitamin D is Required to be Protective Against Deficiency During the Winter Months? - An Investigation in Veterans Living at Ste-Anne's Hospital [NCT01437696]Phase 477 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
Phase II Study of Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation in Multiple Sclerosis [NCT01440062]Phase 255 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Terminated
Effect of Consumption of Post-harvest UV-B Treated Mushrooms on Vitamin D Status of Healthy Adults [NCT01443897]48 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
Pilot Study on the Bioactivity of Vitamin D in the Skin After Oral Supplementation [NCT01447355]Phase 125 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Completed
Is Involucrin Has a Role in Verruca Vulgaris? A Clinical and Immunohistochemical Study [NCT04793529]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-01Completed
[NCT01462058]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
Finnish Vitamin D Trial (FIND) [NCT01463813]2,495 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation in Addition to Non-surgical Periodontal Treatment in Individuals With Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontitis [NCT06077708]38 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-08-23Completed
A Single Wintertime Dose of Vitamin D3 to Prevent Winter Decline in Vitamin D Concentrations in Healthy Adults: A Pilot Study [NCT01924910]Phase 428 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Replenishing and Maintaining Vitamin D Status in Deficient Older Adults in Residential Care Facilities in Northern Ireland [NCT04395638]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-01Suspended(stopped due to COVID-19 study status being reviewed on an ongoing basis.)
Vitamin D Increases Serum Levels of the Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products in Women With PCOS [NCT03644212]Phase 479 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Trial of Vitamin D in HIV Progression, Birth Outcomes, and Child Health [NCT02305927]Phase 32,300 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-15Completed
Do Vitamin D Levels Really Correlated With Disease Severity in COVID-19 Patients? [NCT04394390]100 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2020-05-01Enrolling by invitation
Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency With Large Bolus Cholecalciferol in the Outpatient Setting [NCT04120064]Phase 160 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-25Terminated(stopped due to Covid19, not able to finish recruitment)
Open-label Vitamin D Trial for Patients With Cystic Fibrosis and Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis [NCT01222273]7 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
A Multicentre, Phase-II, Randomised, Double Blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Assess the Safety and the Efficacy of a Weekly Administered Dose of 30,000 IU Vitamin D (Colecalciferol) in Deficient Patients Diagnosed With PCOS [NCT04840238]Phase 2168 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-12-08Suspended(stopped due to insufficient recruit activity)
Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes Study [NCT01942694]2,423 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
Assessment of Fracture Healing by High-resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (HR-pQCT) and Bone Strength Analysis in Standard Care and After Immediate Administration of Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation [NCT02889237]52 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
Do Vitamin D Fortified Cheese and Yogurt Products Support Vitamin D Status and Functional Outcomes in Young Children? Phase 2 [NCT02387892]51 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
Dietary Supplements to Reduce Symptom Severity and Duration in People With SARS-CoV-2: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT04780061]Phase 390 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-07-12Terminated(stopped due to Public PCR testing stopped in Ontario)
Study of Vitamin D to Prevent Autism in Newborn Siblings [NCT01366885]Phase 220 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
Multicenter Randomized Study : Does Correction of 25 OH-VITAmin D With Cholecalciferol Supplementation Increase Muscle Strength in hemoDIALysis Patients? [NCT04262934]Phase 3150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-01-08Recruiting
Phase IIA, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Single High Dose Cholecalciferol and Daily Genistein (G-2535) Versus Placebo in Men With Early Stage Prostate Cancer Undergoing Prostatectomy [NCT01325311]Phase 215 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
Low vs. Moderate to High Dose Vitamin D for Prevention of COVID-19 [NCT04868903]2,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-11-30Active, not recruiting
The Influence of Vitamin D Supplementation With and Without Glucosamine Sulfate and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Patients With Osteoarthritis Symptoms [NCT04121533]73 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-28Completed
Effect of Vitamin D3-fortified Fruit Juice Supplementation on the Recovery of Iron Status in Childbearing-aged Women With Marginally Low Iron Stores [NCT04618289]120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-08-14Active, not recruiting
Vitamin D and Arterial Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT01384539]Phase 3128 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
A Randomized, Open Label, Single Dose, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Safety and Pharmacokinetic Characteristics After Administration of AD-102 in Healthy Male Subjects [NCT03824171]Phase 152 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-02-28Completed
Improving Vitamin D Status in the Management of COVID-19 [NCT04385940]Phase 364 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-03-19Recruiting
Correlation Between Vitamin D and Symptoms Severity of Autonomic Nervous Mediated Syncope（NMS） Child and it 's RAAS [NCT04844957]Early Phase 1100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-05-20Recruiting
Immunomodulating Effects of Supplementation With 25 oh Vitamin D in Adults With Scleroderma and Hypovitaminosis D [NCT04822038]49 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-01Completed
Vitamin D and Breast Cancer: Does Weight Make a Difference? [NCT01472445]Phase 241 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Terminated(stopped due to Slow accrual)
The Effect of High Oral Loading Dose of Cholecalciferol in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients. A Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT05613192]Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-31Recruiting
Controlled Randomized Open Label Clinical Study to Compare the Efficacy and the Safety of the Loading Dose Schedules of Vitamin D3 (Colecalciferol) 30,000 IU Product in Deficient Patients [NCT04476511]Phase 375 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-09-05Completed
A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial of Vitamin D3 Replacement of Placebo Followed by Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy for Women at Increased Risk of Developing Ovarian, Fallopian, or Primary Peritoneal Cancer. [NCT01744821]7 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Inability to recruit study subjects)
EVITA Trial: Effect of VItamin D as add-on Therapy for Vitamin D Insufficient Patients With Severe Asthma: a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT02424552]Phase 454 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-26Terminated(stopped due to recruitment problems)
Improving the Understanding of the Response to Vitamin D Supplementation [NCT01465178]Phase 362 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
Comparison of Cholecalciferol Versus Doxercalciferol in the Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in CKD [NCT00285467]55 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
Evaluation of Vitamin D Requirements During Pregnancy [NCT00292591]Phase 3501 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Effect of Combined Supplementation With Long-chain ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Vitamin D, and Calcium as a Potential Adjuvant in the Preservation of Bone Mass and Bone Turnover Biomarkers in Patients With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. [NCT05950204]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-10Recruiting
Effect of Different Doses of Vitamin D on Cancer-related Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Gastrointestinal Tumors: a Randomized Controlled Study [NCT05552729]Phase 1/Phase 2114 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-22Not yet recruiting
Effectiveness of Vitamin D Supplementation on Reducing Blood Pressure and Improving Endothelial Function of Pre-menopausal African American Women [NCT02513823]27 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-01Terminated(stopped due to Reached power analysis goal and funds depleted)
Scottish Vitamin D Intervention Study [NCT04868227]190 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-28Completed
Metabolic, Endocrine, and Central Effects of Genistein Aglycone in Glucocorticoid Induced Osteoporosis [NCT03040531]Phase 2/Phase 3200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-19Recruiting
Phase II RCT of High-dose Vitamin D Supplements in Older Adults [NCT03613116]Phase 2180 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-03-18Recruiting
The Role of Vitamin D3 in Pediatric Bronchiectasis Severity( CF Versus Non CF Bronchioectasis) [NCT04411901]Phase 2/Phase 340 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-01Completed
Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Vascular Function, Vascular Structure and Immune Regulation in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Low Vitamin D Levels - A Pilot Randomised Trial [NCT04380467]36 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
Pilot Study: Efficacy and Safety of Vitamin D Supplementation in Glomerular Disease [NCT01835639]32 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Depression and Inflammatory Markers in Adolescent and Youth With Major Depression and Vitamin D-deficiency: a Partially Randomized Preference Trial in Taiwan [NCT04898725]460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-04-12Recruiting
The Assessment of the Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Serum of AGES and Endothelialy Factors and Gene Expression of Glyoxalase Enzyme and YKL-40 Factor in PBMC Cells in the Patients With Type 2 Diabetes . [NCT03008057]Phase 2/Phase 342 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-31Enrolling by invitation
Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in People at High Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease (The DIR Study) [NCT01889810]81 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
Phase 4 Study of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D in Patients With Peripheral Artery Occlusive Disease and Walking Ability [NCT01559974]Phase 44 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient recruitment)
[NCT01571063]Phase 222 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
[NCT01574027]Phase 255 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
The Effect of Vitamin D Repletion in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma on the Orthotopic Liver Transplant List [NCT01575717]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-01-31Recruiting
Randomized, Open-label Crossover Study to Evaluate Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Vitamin D3 Between DP-R206(150mg Ibandronate / 24,000 IU Vitamin D3 Tablet) and a 24,000 IU Vitamin D3 in Healthy Adult Volunteers [NCT01577849]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-31Completed
Role of Calcium And Vitamin D In Nutritional Rickets And It's Management [NCT01578434]Phase 467 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-11-30Completed
How Does Magnesium Status Influence Calcium Homeostasis? [NCT01593501]Phase 439 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Polymorphic Light Eruption: Randomized Double-blinded Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT01595893]Phase 38 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Difficulties in recruiting the planned number of patients)
Effects of Vitamin D3 and Vitamin K2MK7 Supplementation on Vascular Function in Overweight or Obese Adults. [NCT05689632]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-07-15Recruiting
Early Vitamin D Supplementation for Prevention of Respiratory Morbidity in Extremely Preterm Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT01600430]Phase 2/Phase 3100 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
Outcome of High Dose Vitamin D on Prognosis of Sepsis Requiring Mechanical Ventilation; A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05244018]Phase 480 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-03-01Completed
Therapies to Prevent Progression of COVID-19, Including Hydroxychloroquine, Azithromycin, Zinc, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12 With or Without Vitamin C, a Multi-centre, International, Randomized Trial: The International ALLIANCE Study [NCT04395768]Phase 2200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-09Recruiting
Effects of Cholecalciferol Supplementation on Disease Activity, Fatigue and Bone Mass on Juvenile Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. [NCT01892748]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Pilot Study of Vitamin D to Ameliorate Chronic Pain in Sickle Cell Disease [NCT01331148]Phase 246 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Completed
Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Strength and Lean Mass Accumulation During an Exercise Intervention [NCT01199926]Phase 434 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-31Completed
Impact of Vitamin D on Diabetic Kidney Disease in African Americans [NCT01214356]54 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
Effect of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Blood Pressure and Hypertension [NCT01653678]25,875 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Active, not recruiting
Calcium and Vitamin D Malnutrition in Elderly Women [NCT00352170]Phase 31,180 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-05-31Completed
A Trial of Micronutrient Supplementation in Patients With Heart Failure [NCT01005303]Phase 2/Phase 379 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Completed
The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Hispanics and African Americans With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT01412710]92 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
Prevention of Post-Cardiac Surgery Vitamin D Deficiency in Children With Congenital Heart Disease: A Pilot Dose Evaluation Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01838447]Phase 246 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial of High-Dose Vitamin D in Crohn's Disease [NCT02208310]Phase 411 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Unable to enroll at rate anticipated, insufft low vitamin D in clin rem @ 5 sites)
A Phase II Study Examining the Use of Deferasirox, Cholecalciferol, and Azacitidine in the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) in Elderly Patients [NCT02341495]Phase 24 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Terminated(stopped due to Study was terminated early due to low patient accrual.)
Vitamin D as an Intervention for Improving Quadricep Muscle Strength in Patients After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Randomized Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT05174611]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-03-19Recruiting
Vitamin D Dose-Response Study to Establish Dietary Requirements in Infants [NCT00381914]Phase 2132 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-03-31Completed
Trial of Vitamin D Supplements to Raise Calcidiol Levels of Pregnant Women in Mongolia [NCT02395081]360 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Completed
The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on VO2max in Athletes: a Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT02278172]Phase 444 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
The Potential Therapeutic Effect of Vitamin D Nasal Drops in the Treatment of Post COVID-19 Parosmia [NCT05269017]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-30Not yet recruiting
[NCT00004489]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional1998-10-31Completed
Vitamin D Supplement to Women With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT01904032]Phase 2265 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-21Completed
Human Lung Responses to Respiratory Pathogens [NCT01967628]Phase 1/Phase 298 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-06-30Completed
An Exploratory Pilot Study of Vitamin D Supplementation in Women With DCIS and/or LCIS [NCT02936999]Early Phase 18 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-31Terminated(stopped due to Terminated for lack of patient samples and funding)
Effect of Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation on Letrozole-induced Musculoskeletal Side Effects in Breast Cancer Egyptian Patients [NCT05523609]Phase 2/Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-11-01Recruiting
Can Vitamin D3 Improve Cognitive Function in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes? (THINK-D) [NCT02416193]Phase 256 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-23Terminated(stopped due to the study was halted prematurely due to slow recruitment and expiration of funding)
Fixation Using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip Fractures (FAITH-2): A Multi-Centre 2x2 Factorial Randomized Trial Comparing Sliding Hip Screws Versus Cancellous Screws AND Vitamin D Versus Placebo on Patient Important Outcomes and Quality of [NCT01908751]Phase 391 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Terminated(stopped due to Continuing beyond the pilot phase of the trial was deemed unfeasible)
Vitamin D Repletion to Improve Endothelial Function in Lupus Patients [NCT01911169]Phase 29 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-30Completed
An Eight Week Double Blinded Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial to Assess the Effect of Two Doses of 100,000 IU Vitamin D3 by Mouth on Select Genetic Responses in Overweight, Hypertensive African-Americans With Hypovitaminosis D [NCT02802449]330 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-09-30Completed
High Dose Vitamin-D Substitution in Patients With COVID-19: a Randomized Controlled, Multi Center Study [NCT04525820]80 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-12-15Completed
A Comparative Efficacy and Tolerability Study of Oral Iron Treatment in Healthy Iron Deficient and/or Iron-deficient Anaemic Adults: A Perspective, Randomized, Parallel Group, and Controlled Clinical Trial. [NCT05985070]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-17Recruiting
Pilot Study- Treat to Target Vitamin D in End Stage Renal Disease [NCT04167111]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-01Withdrawn(stopped due to Covid pandemic)
Effects of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Infectious Diseases and hCAP18 [NCT01758081]25,874 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Active, not recruiting
Impact of Cholecalciferol Supplementation in Hemodialysis Patients [NCT05922696]Phase 2/Phase 350 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-05-15Completed
Vitamin D and Resistance Exercise in Elderly [NCT04341818]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-15Active, not recruiting
A Phase IV, Double-blind, Randomised, Placebo-controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Stoss Versus Daily Dose Oral Vitamin D Compared to Placebo for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis in Pre-school Aged Children- a Pilot Study [NCT03257215]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-10-16Suspended(stopped due to Recruitment very slow & funding difficult - exacerbated by COVID-19 pandemic)
Open Label Trial to Evaluate the Tolerability of a Combination Therapy Consisting of GAD-alum (Diamyd®), Etanercept and Vitamin D in Children and Adolescents Newly Diagnosed With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT02464033]Phase 220 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Completed
A Double Blind, Randomized, Parallel, Placebo Control Design Study to Determine the Effect of Addition of Vitamin D to Conventional Anti TB Therapy [NCT00366470]Phase 3250 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Efficacy of Potassium Citrate in the Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteopenia. A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double Blind Investigation. [NCT02731820]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-01Completed
The Role of Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Advanced Cancer Patients With Pain [NCT05450419]80 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-07-01Recruiting
Respiratory Outcomes After Early Vitamin D Supplementation in Infants Born Extremely Preterm: A Randomized Trial [NCT05615311]Phase 1/Phase 2126 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-16Recruiting
Resolution of Hyperparathyroidism With High-dose Vitamin D Improves Osteoporosis in Multi-treated Postmenopausal Women [NCT05347082]47 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-29Completed
Triamcinolone With Vitamin D Synergistic Efficacy in Psoriasis [NCT04036188]Early Phase 124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-10-16Recruiting
Maternal Vitamin D for Acute Respiratory Infections in Infancy (MDARI): a Nested Sub-study in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy and Lactation in Dhaka, Bangladesh [NCT02388516]Phase 31,214 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
A Daily 5000 IU Vitamin D Supplement for the Improvement of Lung Function and Asthma Control in Adults With Asthma: a Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT04117581]32 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-10-28Completed
A Study on Prevention Strategies for CKD-SHPT and Related Complications Based on General Vitamin D Supplementation [NCT05549154]372 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-12-05Recruiting
Clinical Trial Investigating the Role of Vitamin D in the Treatment of Depression in Patients With Chronic Liver Disease [NCT02359266]111 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
Optimizing Vitamin D in the Elderly [NCT01554241]86 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
The Effect of Calcifediol (Hy.D 25 SD/S) and Vitamin D3 on Muscle Strength in a Frail Elderly Population: a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. [NCT02349282]78 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
The Response of Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D to Different Doses of Calcifediol Hy.D Compared to Vitamin D3 Supplementation: A Randomized, Controlled, Double Blind, Long Term Pharmacokinetic Study [NCT02333682]93 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-30Completed
Delineation of Therapeutic Potential and the Causal Relationship Between Vitamin D and Helicobacter Pylori (HP) Infection and Gastritis [NCT03142620]Phase 396 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-03-31Recruiting
Phase 2 Study Vitamin D3 Effects on Musculoskeletal Symptoms With Use of Aromatase Inhibitors [NCT01509079]Phase 2116 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-31Completed
The 'Hidden' Biological Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency: a Biomarker Study [NCT02451787]Phase 227 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-31Completed
A Phase II Trial of High-Dose Vitamin D Induction in Optic Neuritis (VitaDON 2) [NCT03302585]Phase 266 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-11-23Recruiting
Correlative Analysis of the Genomics of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake in Men Managed With Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer [NCT03290417]37 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-07Completed
Vitamin D Absorbance Study - A Decentralized, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of the Pharmacokinetics of Vitamin D3 Absorption From Softgel Supplements Compared to Nano Liquid D3 Supplements in Humans. [NCT04885803]114 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-03-26Completed
A Randomized Single-Center Study of the Effects of High-Dose Cholecalciferol to Reduce the Incidence of Gestational Diabetes in High-Risk Pregnant Women [NCT03037593]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-01Withdrawn(stopped due to Failure to recruit adequate patients)
Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Independent and Combined Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acids and Vitamin D on Muscle Protein Turnover in Older Adults [NCT03115775]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-12Completed
A Randomized Phase IV Control Trial of Single High Dose Oral Vitamin D3 (Stoss Therapy) in Pediatric Patients Undergoing HSCT to Prevent Vitamin D Deficiency and Insufficiency During Transplant [NCT03176849]Phase 449 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-01Completed
Design and Development of a Novel Food Supplement for Osteoporosis Based on Gut Microbiome Mechanisms: Efficacy and Tolerability Assessment [NCT05421819]150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-15Recruiting
Effect Of Curcuma Xanthorrhiza Supplementation In Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients (SLE) With Hypovitamin D Which Were Given Vitamin D3 Towards Disease Activity (SLEDAI), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) And Tumor Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1) Serum [NCT03155477]39 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-10Completed
Periodontal and Cardiometabolic Responses to Vitamin D Intervention in African Americans [NCT02337257]Early Phase 124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-04-30Recruiting
Endocrine Response of the Organism to Polytrauma [NCT03588767]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-31Completed
Oral Vitamin D Substitution Weekly or Monthly - Which Procedure Leads to Highest Adherence? A Prospective Intervention Study in Outpatient Care [NCT03141593]Phase 497 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-10-09Completed
Effects of Transdermal Testosterone and/or Monthly Vitamin D on Fall Risk in Pre--frail Hypogonadal Seniors. Double Blind, 2x2 Factorial, Randomized Placebo--Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT02419105]Phase 391 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Terminated(stopped due to Delayed recruitment mainly due to a screening to inclusion rate much lower than expected. Due to the delayed recruitment IMP reached the end of its shelf life.)
Randomized Trial of Enteral Vitamin D Supplementation in Infants < 28 Weeks Gestational Age or <1000 Grams Birth Weight [NCT05694689]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-02-15Recruiting
Assessment of Serum Vitamin D Levels in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome [NCT05101811]Phase 490 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-05-01Completed
Evaluation of Micronutrients With Topical Corticosteroid Versus Topical Corticosteroid in Management of Symptomatic Oral Lichen Planus: Three-arm Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT04765267]42 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-01Completed
Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Rate of Pathologic Complete Response in Vitamin D Deficient Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Operable Triple Negative Breast Cancer [NCT04677816]Phase 250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-10-22Recruiting
Vitamin D to Prevent Severe Asthma Exacerbations [NCT02687815]Phase 2192 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-22Terminated(stopped due to Futility of vitamin D supplementation based on protocol threshold: <30% conditional power to detect pre-specified effect- 16% reduction in severe exacerbations.)
Personalized Nutrition, Physical Activity and Therapy to Modulate Gut Microbiota: a Randomized Clinical Study to Promote a Healthy Lifestyle in Students [NCT05073029]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-02-10Completed
Utilizing the Crosstalk Among Chicoric Acid, 13-Cis Retinoic Acid(Aerosolized), Minocycline and Vitamin D as a Potent Quadrate Therapy for Treating Patients With Multidrug-resistant TB and Patient With Both Multidrug-resistant TB and COVID-19 [NCT05077813]Phase 2250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-12-31Not yet recruiting
Does Supplementing Vitamin D Deficiency Affect Fusion Healing Rates in Elective Foot and Ankle Surgery? [NCT04450199]Early Phase 1150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-07-24Recruiting
Novel Functional Outcomes of Vitamin D in Infancy; Can Correction of Low Vitamin D Status Program for a Leaner Body Composition Phenotype? [NCT02563015]139 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-03-07Terminated(stopped due to Covid19 pandemic prevented continuation of study visits)
Effects of Vitamin D and Omega-3 on Cerebrovascular Disease [NCT04070833]290 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-01Completed
Vitamin D Intervention in Infants - Pilot [NCT01275885]Phase 4113 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy,Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Pilot Trial Of Paricalcitol and Cholecalciferol(Vitamin D3) in the Treatment Of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Patients After ROUX-EN-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery [NCT01138475]Phase 349 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Completed
Comparison of Efficacy of Vitamin D and Vitamin D-calcium Fortified Yogurt Drink on Glycemic, Metabolic, Inflammatory, Immunity and Oxidative Stress Markers in Type 2 Diabetes [NCT01229891]Phase 290 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
Efficacy of Oral Vitamin D Supplementation in Reducing Body Mass Index and Lipid Profile in Adolescents and Young Adults in Colombia: a Pilot Clinical Trial Protocol Nested in the SIMBA Cohort [NCT04377386]150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-08-03Not yet recruiting
Effectiveness of Vitamin D Supplementation in the Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency in Children. [NCT03402698]73 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-09Completed
Study of Vitamin D2 Virus 1,25(OH)2-Vitamin D3 in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease Mineral and Bone Disease [NCT01633853]Phase 4204 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Fitness and Health Characteristics in Conscripts With Supplementation of Vitamin D [NCT04359524]63 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-01Completed
Treatment of Vitamin D Deficit in Obese Children and Adolescents: a Multi-centre Open Label Randomized Controlled Study Comparing the Efficacy of Two Oral Supplementation Regimens: Monthly Boluses Versus Daily Doses for Correcting Blood Vitamin D Level. A [NCT03516968]Phase 3156 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-31Not yet recruiting
Is Vitamin D2 Treatment-associated Decrease in 25(OH)D3 Level a Reciprocal Phenomena? A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03035084]Phase 4100 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-15Completed
Effect of High-dose Cholecalciferol Supplementation on Perioperative Vitamin D Status in Colorectal Surgery Patients [NCT01689779]Phase 360 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Normalization of Vitamin D Levels and Its Effect on Glucose Homeostasis in Obese Youth [NCT02168660]Phase 2109 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
Safe and Effective Vitamin D Supplementation in HIV [NCT01092338]Phase 244 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
Immune Responses to Influenza Vaccine Among Healthy Employees Working at Roswell Park Cancer Institute and the Relationship to Vitamin D Status [NCT01561989]11 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Terminated(stopped due to low accrual)
Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation in Cape Town Primary Schoolchildren [NCT02880982]Phase 31,743 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-14Completed
The DAGMAR Study. D-vitamin And Graves' Disease; Morbidity And Relapse Reduction: A Randomised, Clinical Trial. [NCT02384668]278 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-03-24Completed
Vitamin D and Sexual Health (the DASH Study) [NCT01450462]118 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Completed
A Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial of Vitamin D Therapy in Patients With Heart Failure [NCT01125436]64 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
Vitamin D Oral Replacement in Asthma [NCT03686150]112 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-30Completed
Randomized Clinical Trial of RANKL Inhibition With Denosumab on Mammographic Density in Premenopausal Women With Dense Breasts (TRIDENT) [NCT04067726]Phase 2210 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-08-27Recruiting
The Role of Vitamin D Supplementation in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Risk Factors [NCT02020694]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
Vitamin D and Vascular Function in Obese Children [NCT01797302]225 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
A Phase III (Phase IV Program) Open-Label, Multicenter Clinical Trial in Thailand to Study the Effect of MK-217A/Alendronate Sodium 70-mg/Vitamin D3 5600 IU Combination Tablet (Fosamax Plus 70/5600) for 6 Months on 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels in the Treatm [NCT01437111]Phase 3200 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-26Completed
Phase II Trial of Vitamin D and Soy Supplementation for Biochemically Recurrent Prostate Cancer Following Definitive Local Therapy [NCT00499408]Phase 226 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-04-30Completed
Alendronate in an Weekly Effervescent Tablet Formulation for Preservation of Bone Mass After Denosumab Discontinuation in Postmenopausal Women With Low Bone Mass. An Observational Study (Binosto After Denosumab - The BAD Study) [NCT04338529]92 participants (Actual)Observational2020-04-01Active, not recruiting
Association Between Vitamin D and the Risk of Uterine Fibroids [NCT03586947]1,160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-09-15Not yet recruiting
Association Between Vitamin D and the Development of Uterine Fibroids [NCT03584529]360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-09-15Not yet recruiting
A Pilot Study on the Effect of Vitamin D Treatment in Patients With Statin-Associated Myalgia [NCT01274104]Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Withdrawn(stopped due to PI resigned.)
Comparison of Two Standard High-dose Treatment Regimens for Vitamin D Deficiency in Minority Adolescents: Associations of Vitamin D Repletion With Changes in Markers of Musculoskeletal, Cardiometabolic, and Immune Function [NCT01784029]Phase 4183 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Completed
Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Proof-of-Concept Trial of Resveratrol, a Plant Polyphenol, for the Outpatient Treatment of Mild Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) [NCT04400890]Phase 2105 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-13Terminated(stopped due to Feasibility)
Analysis of Soluble Mediators of Inflammation and Angiogenesis in the Vitreous of Patients With Diabetic Retinopathy Treated With Curcumin/Homotaurine/Vit. D3 [NCT04378972]25 participants (Actual)Observational2019-09-16Completed
Dose-related Effects of Vitamin D3 on Immune Responses in Patients With Clinically Isolated Syndrome and Healthy Control Participants. An Exploratory Double Blind Placebo Randomised Controlled Study. [NCT01728922]Phase 1/Phase 264 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-06Completed
Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Cholecalciferol Supplementation on the Activity of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Patients With Vitamin D Deficiency [NCT02243800]Phase 3164 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-11-30Recruiting
Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Vitamin's D2 and D3 in Stage 5 Chronic Kidney [NCT01675557]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
Clinical Trial to Optimise Levels of Vitamin D for Rhinovirus Protection (COLD) [NCT04368520]Phase 2195 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-06-30Not yet recruiting
Phase II Clinical Trial of Vitamin D3 for Reducing Recurrence of Recurrent Lower Urinary Tract Infections: a Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT04859621]Phase 2150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-05-08Recruiting
Vitamin D3 Levels in COVID-19 Outpatients From Western Mexico: Clinical Correlation and Effect of Its Supplementation [NCT04793243]42 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-17Completed
Implementation of High Dose Interval Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Receiving Infliximab or Vedolizumab [NCT04331639]Phase 250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-11-01Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Safety and Effectiveness of Vitamin D3 50,000 IU Every 4 Weeks to Increase Bone Mineral Density and Decrease Tenofovir-Induced Hyperparathyroidism in Youth With HIV Infection Being Treated With T [NCT01751646]214 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Optimization of Blood Levels of 25(OH)-Vitamin D in African Americans [NCT04939792]Early Phase 1165 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-06Completed
PREDIN: Pregnancy and Vitamin D Intervention Study - A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05329428]102 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-04-14Enrolling by invitation
Intervention With Vitamin D and Omega-3 Supplements and Incident Heart Failure [NCT02271230]Phase 325,871 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-08-31Completed
High Prevalence of Rickets and Subclinical Maternal and Childhood Vitamin D Deficiency in the Middle East: a Randomized Controlled Trial of Prenatal Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent Vitamin D Deficiency in Mothers and Their Infants [NCT00610688]Phase 3192 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
The Effect of Vitamin D3 Repletion in Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 [NCT00772772]Early Phase 112 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
Pilot Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Vitamin D on Melanocyte Biomarkers [NCT01477463]24 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial of High Dose of Vitamin D as Compared With Placebo to Prevent Complications Among COVID-19 Patients [NCT04411446]Phase 4218 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-11Completed
Effects of Bisphosphonates and Nutritional Supplementation After a Hip Fracture [NCT01950169]79 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-12-31Completed
Preventing Health Disparities During Pregnancy Through Vitamin D Supplementation [NCT01932788]Phase 3342 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Preoperative Vitamin D Status and Efficacy of Therapeutic Vitamin D Supplementation Postoperatively in Bariatric Surgery Patients [NCT01385098]37 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
A Randomized, Open-label, Single-dose, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetic Characteristics After Co-administration of HDDO-16141 and HDDO-16143 and Administration of HDDO-1614 in Healthy Adult Male Subjects [NCT03382314]Phase 138 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-10-16Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation on Physical and Cognitive Function-Pilot Study [NCT01229878]45 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-01Completed
A Two Period, One-sequence Open-label Study of a Newly Developed Calcium Carbonate-vitamin D3 Chewable Tablet Formulation (Calcium 500 mg and Vitamin D3 800) Dosed for Three Days to Investigate the Effect on Urine Calcium and Serum Parathyroid Hormone (PT [NCT01639222]Phase 155 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Randomized Double-Blind Phase III Trial of Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Patients With Previously Untreated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (SOLARIS) [NCT04094688]Phase 3455 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-09-30Active, not recruiting
AK-R215 Pharmacokinetic Study Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of AK-R215 in Comparison to Each Component Coadministered in Healthy Adult Male or Menopausal Female Valunteers. [NCT03321318]Phase 152 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-07-13Active, not recruiting
Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Vitamin D Supplementation for the Treatment of Bipolar Depression [NCT01884844]33 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
A Trial Evaluating Vitamin D Normalization on Major Adverse Cardiovascular-Related Events Among Myocardial Infarction Patients (The TARGET-D Study) [NCT02996721]Phase 4890 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-04-03Recruiting
The Effect of Cholecalciferol Supplementation on Vitamin D Status in Sepsis [NCT01896544]Phase 330 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
A Phase I Trial for Children With Vitamin D Insufficiency and High Risk of Severe Asthma Exacerbations [NCT01921894]Phase 148 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
Vitamin D Homeostasis in Sarcoidosis [NCT03621553]Phase 490 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-07-01Active, not recruiting
Vitamin D Supplementation and Bone Health in Adults With Diabetic Nephropathy [NCT01476501]Phase 2120 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Autoimmunity and Thyroid Function in Subjects With Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and Vitamin D Deficiency: Clinical Pilot Trial. [NCT04778865]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-11-20Recruiting
Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial to Prevent and Treat Diabetic Kidney Disease [NCT01684722]1,312 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Completed
Phase II Study to Assess Prevention of Oxaliplatin-induced Neurotoxicity Through the Vitamin D Pathway [NCT01499940]Phase 29 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Research cancelled - no funding identified.)
The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Vitamin D Status, Immunity and Physical Performance [NCT03132103]260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-01-06Recruiting
Effect of Different Dosages Oral Vitamin D on Serum Interleukin-6 in Preterm Infants With Late-onset Sepsis [NCT02273843]Phase 150 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-09-30Completed
Parathyroid Hormone and Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Obesity: Role of Magnesium and Vitamin D Supplementation [NCT03134417]109 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-01Completed
VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL: Interrelationship of Vitamin D and Vitamin K on Bone [NCT04573946]25,871 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-07-01Active, not recruiting
VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): Fractures, Vitamin D and Genetic Markers [NCT01704859]25,871 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-06-01Active, not recruiting
Vit D3 Adjuvant Therapy for Early Mild Symptoms of COVID-19 [NCT05008003]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-02Not yet recruiting
Prospective Non-randomised Controlled Study of Vitamin D Metabolism in Patients With Endocrine Disorders (Acromegaly, Cushing's Disease, Primary Hyperparathyroidism, Diabetes Mellitus Type 1) Treated With Cholecalciferol Bolus Dose [NCT04844164]Phase 1261 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-04-16Completed
The Impact of Supplemental Vitamin D on Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Short Term Indicators of Physical Function [NCT02293187]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-03-23Completed
The Impact of Physical Activity and Vitamin D on Osteoarthritic Knee Pain in Older Obese People [NCT02293889]45 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-03-31Completed
The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Transforming Growth Factor-beta1 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Vitamin D-Deficient Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT02460380]Phase 493 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
A Multi-centre, Prospective, Randomised Trial of Short Course Alendronate Therapy or Placebo Combined With Vitamin D and Calcium to Prevent Loss of Bone Mineral Density in Antiretroviral-naïve, HIV-1 Infected Subjects Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy [NCT02322099]Phase 453 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the study was terminated prematurely)
The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 2, 4, and Clinical Outcomes of Spondylitis Tuberculosis [NCT05376189]Phase 2/Phase 337 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-07-01Not yet recruiting
The Effects of Combined Omega-3 and Vitamin D Supplementation on Nutritional Status, Quality of Life and Inflammatory Markers Among the Breast Cancer Women in Gaza Strip [NCT05331807]Early Phase 188 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-04-20Recruiting
Short Term, High Dose Vitamin D Supplementation in Moderate to Severe COVID-19 Disease [NCT04952857]Phase 490 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-08-01Completed
Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Immune Function in Infants [NCT04461665]59 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-18Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Treatment on Glucose Homeostasis and Metabolism in Lebanese Older Adults: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03478475]115 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-02Completed
The Effect of Vitamin D3 Therapy in Post Menopausal Women and Assessment of Changes in Bone Mineral Density [NCT05389943]Phase 180 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-05Not yet recruiting
Vitamin D Intervention in Children With Sickle Cell Disease: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03417947]Phase 342 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-11-30Completed
Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent the Risk of Acquiring or Evolving Into the Severe Form of COVID-19 in Healthcare Workers Caring for Patients With the Disease. Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT04535791]Phase 3321 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-07-15Completed
A Randomized, Multicenter, Double-blinded, Phase III Study of Vitamin D3 in Combination With Oxaliplatin Plus Fluoropyrimidine Versus Oxaliplatin Plus Fluoropyrimidine as First-line Chemotherapy in Previously Untreated Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Ca [NCT03389659]Phase 3750 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-02-28Not yet recruiting
Vitamin D3 Supplementation and Stress Fracture Occurrence in High-Risk Collegiate Athletes [NCT03395171]118 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-30Completed
Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial to Measure the Efficacy and Safety of Vitamin D3 in Patients With Fibromyalgia. [NCT03369379]Phase 480 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-31Completed
Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Muscle Strength and Postural Balance Training in Vulnerable Elderly Women [NCT03367585]46 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-02-01Completed
The Effect of Supplementation With Two Different Doses of Vitamin D (500 IU vs 1000IU)on Bone Mineral Density, Serum 25 Hydroxyvitamin D and Hand Grip Strength in Children With Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 - a Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT01277913]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Comparison of Bioavailability of Liposomal and Traditional Formulation of Vitamin D3 [NCT06010121]27 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-02-17Completed
Investigating the Potential Role of Aerosolized Retinoic Acid, a Potent Vitamin A Metabolite for Treating COVID-19 Anosmia and Retinoic Acid Insufficiency .A Novel Approach for Regaining Sense of Smell. [NCT05002530]Phase 410,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-11-30Not yet recruiting
Influence of Combined Vitamin D Supplementation and Resistance Exercise Training on Musculoskeletal Health in Frail Older Men and Women (EXVITD) [NCT02467153]19 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-01Completed
Effect of Maternal Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Iron Status During Pregnancy and Early Infancy [NCT04764955]Phase 31,300 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Completed
A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Phase II Trial of High-Dose Vitamin D and Calcium for Bone Health in HIV-Infected Individuals Initiating Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) [NCT01403051]Phase 2167 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Completed
Safety, Feasibility and Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation in Women With Metastatic Breast Cancer (SAFE-D) [NCT02186015]Phase 243 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Exercise Adaptations in Patients on Statin Therapy [NCT02030041]Phase 333 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Completed
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of High Dose vs. Standard Dose Vitamin D for Aromatase-Inhibitor Induced Arthralgia in Breast Cancer Survivors [NCT01988090]Phase 293 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Terminated(stopped due to An interim analysis demonstrated no benefit of high dose vitamin D when compared to standard dose vitamin D in the reduction or prevention of arthralgia)
The Combination of Vitamin D and Curcumin Piperine Attenuates the Disease Activity and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Levels in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients [NCT05430087]Phase 245 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-03-01Completed
Vitamin D and Prostate Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Study [NCT02726113]Phase 250 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
Role of Vitamin D Supplementation in First Episode Schizophrenia: A Double Blind Controlled Study [NCT03101319]73 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-04-08Active, not recruiting
Effectiveness of Various Vitamin D Protocols on Raising and Maintaining Blood Serum 25(OH)D3 Levels Over a Three Month Period [NCT03099759]49 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-27Completed
Acute Effect of Systemic Stress on Measured Blood Concentrations of 25 (OH) Vitamin D [NCT02460211]150 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
[NCT02518763]Phase 3120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-06-30Active, not recruiting
The Effects of Oral Vitamin D Supplementation on the Prevention of Peritoneal Dialysis-related Peritonitis [NCT03264625]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-30Completed
The Effect of Colecalciferol (Vitamin D) on Hormonal, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) - a Double Blind Randomised Placebo-controlled Study [NCT02513381]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
Vitamin D as an Adjunctive Treatment in Patients With Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis: a Double-blind Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT02507843]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-01-31Recruiting
Randomized Controlled Trial to Determine the Nutritional Requirement for Vitamin D for Prevention of Deficiency During Pregnancy and in the Early Neonatal Period (D-MAT) [NCT02506439]144 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-01Completed
The Role Of Vitamin D For Therapy Responses On Drug Resistant Epilepsy Through Glial-Cell-Line Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) And Interleukin 1ß (IL-1 ß) Modulation Pathway [NCT06053281]Early Phase 170 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-01Not yet recruiting
Effect of Single High Dose Vitamin D3 on Peri-operative and Post-operative Complications and Clinical Outcomes in Patients Under Craniotomy for Brain Tumor Resection [NCT03248544]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-06Completed
The Effect of Platelet-rich Fibrin and Vitamin Dꝫ Injections on Canine Retraction: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT06071455]14 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-11Recruiting
High Dose Interval Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients With IBD Receiving Remicade [NCT03162432]Phase 350 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-08-01Active, not recruiting
A Pilot Study to Examine the Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Older Adults - An EVIDENCE Sub-Study [NCT02445066]Early Phase 115 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Syndrome Indicators Among Food Insecure, Vitamin D Deficient Older Adults in Karaj City, Alborz Province, Iran; [NCT03193944]Phase 2120 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-10Completed
The Effect of Single High Dose of Vitamin D on Serum Levels of Its Metabolites [NCT05591170]Phase 458 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-01Completed
Comparison Between Low and High Doses of Prophylactic Vitamin D in Prevention of Osteopenia of Prematurity [NCT04768439]Phase 280 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-10Completed
Wheezing in Black Preterm Infants: Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation Strategy [NCT01601847]Phase 4300 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Vitamin D Supplements to Prevent Falls in Older Adults: A Dose-Response Trial [NCT02166333]688 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-30Terminated
Pilot Study of the Biological Effects of Vitamin D in Patients With Resectable Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma [NCT04197089]Phase 42 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-02-11Completed
Effects of Stoss Therapy of Vitamin D3 on Peri-operative Outcomes in Patients Receiving General Surgery [NCT05650268]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-09-01Withdrawn(stopped due to Because of impact from COVID-19 pandemic)
A Randomized Trial to Determine the Effect of Vitamin D and Zinc Supplementation for Improving Treatment Outcomes Among COVID-19 Patients in India [NCT04641195]Phase 3181 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-22Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD at 12 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase [s-BSAP]) at 24 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase [s-BSAP]) at 36 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Trochanter BMD at 12 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum C-Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen [s-CTx]) at 24 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum C-Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen [s-CTx]) at 36 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum Cross-Linked Carboxyterminal Telopeptides of Type I Collagen [1-CTP]) at 36 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum N-Terminal Propeptide of Type 1 Collagen [s-P1NP]) at 12 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum N-Terminal Propeptide of Type 1 Collagen [s-P1NP]) at 24 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum N-terminal Propeptide of Type 1 Collagen [s-P1NP]) at 36 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Urinary Total Deoxypyridinolines [u-DPyr]) at 12 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Urinary N-Telopeptides of Type I Collagen [u-NTx]) at 12 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Urinary N-Telopeptides of Type I Collagen [u-NTx]) at 24 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Urinary N-Telopeptides of Type I Collagen [u-NTx]) at 36 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Urinary Total Deoxypyridinolines [u-DPyr]) at 24 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Urinary Total Deoxypyridinolines [u-DPyr]) at 36 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Distal Forearm BMD at 12 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Distal Forearm BMD at 24 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Distal Forearm BMD at 36 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Femoral Neck BMD at 12 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Femoral Neck BMD at 24 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Femoral Neck BMD at 36 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine BMD at 120 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine BMD at 24 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine BMD at 36 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine BMD at 60 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at 12 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Total Body BMD at 12 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Total Body BMD at 24 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Total Body BMD at 36 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD at 36 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum C-Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen [s-CTx]) at 12 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Total Hip Bone Mineral Density at 24 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Trochanter BMD at 24 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Trochanter BMD at 36 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Discontinued Study Drug Due to an AE During Treatment Years 6-10 (60 Months)
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Experienced At Least One Adverse Event (AE) During Treatment Years 6-10 (60 Months)
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum Bone Tartrate-resistant Acid Phosphatase Isoform 5b [TRAP 5-b]) at 36 Months
NCT00112437 (39) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase [s-BSAP]) at 12 Months
NCT00153816 (2) [back to overview]Advanced Colorectal Lesions
NCT00153816 (2) [back to overview]Colorectal Adenomas
NCT00285467 (2) [back to overview]Systolic Blood Pressure at 3 Months
NCT00285467 (2) [back to overview]Percent Reduction in PTH
NCT00292591 (1) [back to overview]25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration
NCT00321932 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change in Luteinizing Hormone
NCT00321932 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change in Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
NCT00321932 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change in Bone Mineral Density
NCT00321932 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change in Serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphate
NCT00321932 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change in Urinary N-terminal Telopeptide
NCT00321932 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change in Ultrasensitive Estradiol
NCT00321932 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change in Total Testosterone
NCT00321932 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change in Thyroid Function Test 4
NCT00321932 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change in Serum Osteocalcin
NCT00412074 (3) [back to overview]Maternal Health Status - Vitamin D Deficiency
NCT00412074 (3) [back to overview]Infant Health Status - Vitamin D Deficiency
NCT00412074 (3) [back to overview]25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels for Postpartum Mother 7 Months After Delivery
NCT00412087 (2) [back to overview]Parathyroid Hormone at Visit 7
NCT00412087 (2) [back to overview]25-hydroxyvitamin D at Visit 7
NCT00416715 (2) [back to overview]Number of Early Breast Cancer Patients Prescribed Adjuvant Letrozole That Are Vitamin D Deficient and Who Experience Myalgias, Arthralgias and/or Joint Stiffness
NCT00416715 (2) [back to overview]Letrozole Serum Levels Before and After Vitamin D Repletion
NCT00421343 (1) [back to overview]Number Adherent With the Intervention
NCT00424619 (9) [back to overview]Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
NCT00424619 (9) [back to overview]Hemoglobin
NCT00424619 (9) [back to overview]Creatinine
NCT00424619 (9) [back to overview]Alkaline Phosphatase
NCT00424619 (9) [back to overview]Phosphate
NCT00424619 (9) [back to overview]Calcium
NCT00424619 (9) [back to overview]25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD)
NCT00424619 (9) [back to overview]Functional Assessment Using the Two Minute Walk Test (2MWT)After 3 Months
NCT00424619 (9) [back to overview]Functional Assessment Using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test After 3 Months
NCT00427037 (2) [back to overview]Bone Turnover Marker-CTX
NCT00427037 (2) [back to overview]25-hydroxyvitamin D
NCT00436475 (2) [back to overview]Chang in Disposition Index, a Measure of Beta Cell Function
NCT00436475 (2) [back to overview]Change in Hemoglobin A1c
NCT00450073 (1) [back to overview]25-hydroxyvitamin D
NCT00499408 (3) [back to overview]Time to Progression
NCT00499408 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants Showing a 50% Reduction in Serum Prostate Specific Antigen(PSA) During Treatment
NCT00499408 (3) [back to overview]Number of Adverse Events, Grades 1-5
NCT00524680 (4) [back to overview]Occurrence of Infections, Deep Vein Thrombosis, Vascular Events, and Falls
NCT00524680 (4) [back to overview]Toxicity
NCT00524680 (4) [back to overview]Pattern of Response of Parathormone
NCT00524680 (4) [back to overview]Pattern of Response of Serum 25(OH) D3 Levels
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Incidence Rate of Femoral Shaft Fractures Confirmed by Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Incidence Rate of Atypical Femoral Shaft Fractures Confirmed by Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Time to First New Onset ECG-Confirmed Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Time to First New Onset Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Time to First Hospitalization for Unstable Angina Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Time to First Fatal Stroke Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Time to First Fatal or Non-Fatal Stroke Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Time to First Fatal or Non-Fatal Myocardial Infarction Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Time to First Fatal Myocardial Infarction Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Time to First Cardiovascular Death Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Time to First Any Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Time to First All-Cause Death Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Time to First 4-Point MACE Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Time to First 3-Point MACE Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Time From Baseline to First Osteoporotic Clinical Vertebral Fracture (Adjudicated)
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Time From Baseline to First Osteoporotic Clinical Non-Vertebral Fracture (Adjudicated)
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Time From Baseline to First Osteoporotic Clinical Hip Fracture (Adjudicated)
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Time From Baseline to First Osteoporotic Clinical Fracture (Adjudicated)
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Time From Baseline to First Morphometrically-Assessed Vertebral Fracture
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Rate of Discontinuations From Study Treatment Due to an Adverse Event
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Rate of Adverse Events
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Incidence Rate of Femoral Shaft Fractures Confirmed by Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Incidence Rate of Atypical Femoral Shaft Fractures Confirmed by Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Sarcopenia Substudy PN035: Change From Baseline in Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) Score
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Sarcopenia Substudy PN035: Change From Baseline in Gait Speed
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Sarcopenia Substudy PN035: Change From Baseline in Appendicular Lean Body Mass (aLBM)
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in Urinary N-Telopeptides of Type I Collagen/Creatinine (u-NTx/Cr) Ratio After Log-Transformation
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in Serum C-Telopeptides of Type I Collagen (s-CTx) After Log-Transformation
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in N-Terminal Propeptide of Type 1 Collagen (P1NP) After Log-Transformation
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP) After Log-Transformation
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Trochanter in Bisphosphonate-Intolerant Participants
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Trochanter
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Total Hip in Bisphosphonate-Intolerant Participants
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Total Hip
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Lumbar Spine in Bisphosphonate-Intolerant Participants
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Lumbar Spine
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Femoral Neck in Bisphosphonate-Intolerant Participants
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Femoral Neck
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Distal-Third Forearm in Bisphosphonate-Intolerant Participants
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Distal-Third Forearm in Bisphosphonate-Intolerant Participants
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Distal-Third Forearm
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Number of Participants With Height Loss of > 1 cm
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Trochanter
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Total Hip
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Lumbar Spine
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Femoral Neck
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Distal-Third Forearm
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension + Second Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Measurements of the Total Hip
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension + Second Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Trochanter
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension + Second Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Lumbar Spine
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study + First Extension + Second Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Femoral Neck
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Second Extension: Time From Baseline to First Osteoporotic Clinical Fracture of Any Type (Adjudicated)
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Second Extension: Number of Participants Who Experienced an Adverse Event
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Second Extension: Number of Participants Discontinuing Study Treatment Due to an Adverse Event
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Second Extension: Incidence of Osteoporotic Clinical Thoracic Vertebral Fracture (Adjudicated)
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Second Extension: Incidence of Osteoporotic Clinical Lumbar Vertebral Fracture (Adjudicated)
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in Volumetric Bone Mineral Density (vBMD) at the Lumbar Spine Using Quantitative Computed Tomography
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in u-NTx/Cr Ratio After Log-Transformation
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in s-CTx After Log-Transformation
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in P1NP After Log-Transformation
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in Cortical vBMD of the Total Hip Using Quantitative Computed Tomography
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in BSAP After Log-Transformation
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in Areal BMD (aBMD) of the Lumbar Spine Using DXA
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in aBMD of the Trochanter Using DXA
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in aBMD of the Total Hip Using DXA
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in aBMD of the Femoral Neck Using DXA
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in aBMD of the Distal-Third Forearm Using DXA
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Imaging Substudy PN032-Base + Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in vBMD at the Lumbar Spine Using Quantitative Computed Tomography
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Imaging Substudy PN032-Base + Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in Cortical vBMD of the Total Hip Using Quantitative Computed Tomography
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Imaging Substudy PN032-Base + Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in aBMD of the Trochanter Using DXA
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Imaging Substudy PN032-Base + Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in aBMD of the Total Hip Using DXA
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Imaging Substudy PN032-Base + Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in aBMD of the Lumbar Spine Using DXA
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Imaging Substudy PN032-Base + Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in aBMD of the Femoral Neck Using DXA
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Yearly Rate of Height Loss
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Time to First New Onset ECG-Confirmed Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Time to First New Onset Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Time to First Hospitalization for Unstable Angina Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Time to First Fatal Stroke Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Time to First Fatal or Non-Fatal Stroke Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Time to First Fatal or Non-Fatal Myocardial Infarction Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Time to First Fatal Myocardial Infarction Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Time to First Cardiovascular Death Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Time to First Any Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Time to First All-Cause Death Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Time to First 4-Point MACE Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Time to First 3-Point Major Adverse Cardiac Event (MACE) Confirmed by Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group (TIMI) Adjudication
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Time From Baseline to First Osteoporotic Clinical Vertebral Fracture (Adjudicated)
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Time From Baseline to First Osteoporotic Clinical Non-Vertebral Fracture (Adjudicated)
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Time From Baseline to First Osteoporotic Clinical Hip Fracture (Adjudicated)
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Time From Baseline to First Morphometrically-Assessed Vertebral Fracture
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Rate of Discontinuation From Study Treatment Due to an Adverse Event
NCT00529373 (92) [back to overview]Base Study: Rate of Adverse Events
NCT00552409 (1) [back to overview]Change in Urine Albumin Excretion
NCT00581828 (1) [back to overview]Change in Intestinal Calcium Absorption From Baseline to One Month
NCT00610688 (3) [back to overview]Maternal Serum and Neonatal Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Measurement
NCT00610688 (3) [back to overview]Growth of the Newborn Infant as Measured by Crown-heel Length and Head Circumference at Birth
NCT00610688 (3) [back to overview]Birthweight of Newborn Infant
NCT00620113 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants That Discontinued Study Drug Due to an AE
NCT00620113 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants That Experienced an Adverse Event (AE)
NCT00620113 (11) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Femoral Neck BMD
NCT00620113 (11) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Lumbar Vertebrae 1 to 4 (L1-L4)
NCT00620113 (11) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (s-BSAP) Level
NCT00620113 (11) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Serum C-Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen (s-CTx) Level
NCT00620113 (11) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Serum N-Terminal Propeptides of Type 1 Collagen (s-P1NP) Level
NCT00620113 (11) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Total Hip BMD
NCT00620113 (11) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Trochanter BMD
NCT00620113 (11) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Urinary Deoxypyridinoline/Creatinine Ratio (u-DPD/Cre)
NCT00620113 (11) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Urinary N-telopeptides/Creatinine (u-NTx/Cre) Ratio
NCT00621257 (2) [back to overview]Treatment of Low 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels in Pediatric Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
NCT00621257 (2) [back to overview]Maintenance of 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels in Pediatric Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
NCT00674154 (1) [back to overview]Decrease in Preoperative P-PTH
NCT00677534 (1) [back to overview]Change in Monocyte VDR Expression With Vitamin D Therapy
NCT00681590 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Develop Hypercalcemia
NCT00681590 (2) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Levels
NCT00692913 (8) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine and Total Hip Bone Mineral Density
NCT00692913 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Serum Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D Below 20 ng/mL at Week 52
NCT00692913 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Serum Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D Below 20 ng/mL at Week 26
NCT00692913 (8) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline at Week 52 in N-Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen to Urine Creatinine Ratio
NCT00692913 (8) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline at Week 52 in Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase
NCT00692913 (8) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline at Week 26 in N-Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen to Urine Creatinine Ratio
NCT00692913 (8) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline at Week 26 in Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase
NCT00692913 (8) [back to overview]Falls Per Participant
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Change in Serum C4 Level From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Change in Serum C4 Level From Baseline to Week 6
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Constitutional BILAG Status at Week 12
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Gastrointestinal BILAG Status at Week 12
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Hematological BILAG Status at Week 12
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Mucocutaneous BILAG Status at Week 12
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Musculoskeletal BILAG Status at Week 12
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Ophthalmic BILAG Status at Week 12
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Neuropsychiatric BILAG Status at Week 12
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Percent of Participants With Adverse Events of Grade 3 or Above
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Percent of Participants With an IFN Alpha Signature Response at Week 12
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Percent of Participants With an IFN Alpha Signature Response at Week 6
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Percent of Participants With IFN Alpha Signature at Week 12
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Percent of Participants With IFN Alpha Signature at Week 6
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]qRT-PCR Fold Change in Ifi44 Gene Expression From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]qRT-PCR Fold Change in Ifi44 Gene Expression From Baseline to Week 6
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]qRT-PCR Fold Change in Ifit1 Gene Expression From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]qRT-PCR Fold Change in Ifit1 Gene Expression From Baseline to Week 6
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]qRT-PCR Fold Change in Mx1 Gene Expression From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Renal BILAG Status at Week 12
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Change in Status for Anti-double-stranded DNA Autoantibody From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Change in Status for Anti-double-stranded DNA Autoantibody From Baseline to Week 6
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]qRT-PCR Fold Change in Mx1 Gene Expression From Baseline to Week 6
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Cardiorespiratory BILAG Status at Week 12
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Change in SELENA-SLEDAI Total Score From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Change in Serum C3 Level From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00710021 (27) [back to overview]Change in Serum C3 Level From Baseline to Week 6
NCT00729183 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Serum N-Terminal Propeptides of Type 1 Collagen (s-P1NP) Level
NCT00729183 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Total Hip aBMD
NCT00729183 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Total Radius aBMD
NCT00729183 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Trabecular vBMD at Central Section of Spine (L2)
NCT00729183 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Trabecular Volumetric Bone Mineral Density (vBMD) at Central Section of Spine (L1)
NCT00729183 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Ultradistal Radius aBMD
NCT00729183 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Femoral Neck aBMD
NCT00729183 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Hip Trochanter aBMD
NCT00729183 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Serum C-Terminal Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen (s-CTx) Level
NCT00729183 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Month 24 in Lumbar Spine aBMD
NCT00729183 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Lumbar Spine Areal Bone Mineral Density (aBMD)
NCT00729183 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Discontinued Study Treatment Due to an AE
NCT00729183 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Experienced an Adverse Event (AE)
NCT00729183 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Distal Radius aBMD
NCT00729651 (4) [back to overview]Mean Serum 25 OHD(Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D) at 16 Weeks of Treatment
NCT00729651 (4) [back to overview]Patients With Serum 25 OHD (Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D) Below the Deficiency Level (Less Than 15 ng/ml) at 16 Weeks of Treatment
NCT00729651 (4) [back to overview]Serum PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) Percentage Changes From Baseline to 16 Weeks of Treatment
NCT00729651 (4) [back to overview]Patients With Serum 25 OHD (Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D) Less and Greater Than 20 ng/ml at 16 Weeks of Treatment
NCT00732758 (4) [back to overview]Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
NCT00732758 (4) [back to overview]Osteocalcin (OC)
NCT00732758 (4) [back to overview]Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Dietary Data
NCT00732758 (4) [back to overview]Collagen Type 1 Cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTx)
NCT00736632 (9) [back to overview]Serum Calcium
NCT00736632 (9) [back to overview]Hypertension (24h Blood Pressure, Central Blood Pressure, and Office BP)
NCT00736632 (9) [back to overview]hsCRP
NCT00736632 (9) [back to overview]HbA1C
NCT00736632 (9) [back to overview]Fasting Glucose
NCT00736632 (9) [back to overview]Brachial Artery Reactivity Testing
NCT00736632 (9) [back to overview]Macrophage Cholesterol Metabolism
NCT00736632 (9) [back to overview]Vitamin D
NCT00736632 (9) [back to overview]Urine Calcium to Creatinine Ratio.
NCT00742781 (3) [back to overview]25(OH)D3 Serum Levels
NCT00742781 (3) [back to overview]Crohn's Disease Activity Index
NCT00742781 (3) [back to overview]Health Improvement
NCT00743574 (6) [back to overview]Serum Levels of C-reactive Protein at Completion of 3 Months Treatment
NCT00743574 (6) [back to overview]Fasting Glucose Levels at Completion of Treatment, at 3 Months
NCT00743574 (6) [back to overview]AUC (Area Under a Curve at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 Hours) Insulin During 2 Hour GTT at Completion, at 3 Months
NCT00743574 (6) [back to overview]Fasting Insulin Levels at Study Completion After 3 Month Treatment
NCT00743574 (6) [back to overview]AUC (Area Under the Curve at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 Hours) During Oral GTT at Completion, at 3 Months
NCT00743574 (6) [back to overview]Serum HbA1C at 3 Months
NCT00752557 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Any Significant Changes in Serum Biomarkers of Bone Turnover From Baseline
NCT00752557 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Measured by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)
NCT00752557 (7) [back to overview]Timecourse Distribution of Volumetric Bone Mineral Density (BMD) for the Hip Under Study (HUS). Volume of Interest: Femoral Neck
NCT00752557 (7) [back to overview]Time Course Distribution of Volumetric BMD for the Hip Under Study (HUS) for Total Hip
NCT00752557 (7) [back to overview]Summary of Volumetric Density of Cortical and Trabecular Bone Calculated by Quantitative Computed Tomography (vQTC)
NCT00752557 (7) [back to overview]Number Participant Responses to Injectability Questionnaire Injected Population
NCT00752557 (7) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Areal Bone Mineral Density (BMD) for Contralateral Total Hip
NCT00772772 (2) [back to overview]Change in Endotoxin Activity
NCT00772772 (2) [back to overview]25-hydroxy Vitamin D (25-OH Vitamin D)
NCT00779909 (8) [back to overview]Maxillary Modified Gingival Index (MGI) Score
NCT00779909 (8) [back to overview]Urinary Calcium/Creatinine Ratio
NCT00779909 (8) [back to overview]Mandibular Modified Gingival Index (MGI) Score
NCT00779909 (8) [back to overview]Mandibular Plaque Index (PI) Score
NCT00779909 (8) [back to overview]Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) Concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL1-beta, IL-2, IL-12
NCT00779909 (8) [back to overview]Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) Volume
NCT00779909 (8) [back to overview]Serum Calcium
NCT00779909 (8) [back to overview]Maxillary Plaque Index (PI) Score
NCT00789880 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Day 21 in Relative Abundance of CAMP mRNA in Lesional and Non-Lesional Skin for Psoriatic Participants Who Received Vitamin D3 Versus Vitamin D3-Placebo
NCT00789880 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Day 21 in Relative Abundance of IL-13 mRNA in Lesional and Non-Lesional Skin for Psoriatic Participants Who Received Vitamin D3 Versus Vitamin D3-Placebo
NCT00789880 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Day 21 in Relative Abundance of IL-13 mRNA in Lesional and Non-Lesional Skin for Atopic Dermatitis (AD) Participants Who Received Vitamin D3 Versus Vitamin D3-Placebo
NCT00789880 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Day 21 in Relative Abundance of HBD-3 mRNA in Lesional and Non-Lesional Skin for Psoriatic Participants Who Received Vitamin D3 Versus Vitamin D3-Placebo
NCT00789880 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Day 21 in Relative Abundance of HBD-3 mRNA in Lesional and Non-Lesional Skin for Atopic Dermatitis (AD) Participants Who Received Oral Vitamin D3 Versus Vitamin D3-Placebo
NCT00789880 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Day 21 in Relative Abundance of CAMP mRNA in Lesional and Non-Lesional Skin for Atopic Dermatitis (AD) Participants Who Received Oral Vitamin D3 Versus Vitamin D3-Placebo
NCT00789880 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Day 21 in Relative Abundance of IL-13 mRNA in Non-Lesional Skin for Non-Atopic Dermatitis (Non-AD) Participants Who Received Vitamin D3 Versus Vitamin D3-Placebo
NCT00789880 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Day 21 in Relative Abundance of HBD-3 mRNA in Non-Lesional Skin for Non-Atopic Dermatitis (Non-AD) Participants Who Received Oral Vitamin D3 Versus Vitamin D3-Placebo
NCT00789880 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Day 21 in Relative Abundance of CAMP mRNA in Non-Lesional Skin for Non-Atopic Dermatitis (Non-AD) Participants Who Received Oral Vitamin D3 Versus Vitamin D3-Placebo
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Subject Incidence of Hyperphosphatemia During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 12
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Summary of Percent Change From Baseline in iPTH (pg/mL) at Month 12 Efficacy Assessment Phase
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Subject Incidence of Hypercalcemia During the Maintenance Phase
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Subject Incidence of Hypercalcemia During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 12
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Subject Incidence of Hyperphosphatemia During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 6
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Subject Incidence of Hypercalcemia During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 6
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Achievement of a ≥ 30% Reduction in Mean PTH From Baseline to During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 12 (Weeks 48 to 52)
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Achievement of a >= 30% Reduction in Mean iPTH From Baseline to During Both Efficacy Assessment Phases at Month 6 (Weeks 22 to 26) and Month 12 (Weeks 48 to 52)
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Subject Incidence of Hyperphosphatemia During the Maintenance Phase
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Achievement of a ≥ 30% Reduction in Mean PTH From Baseline to During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 6 (Weeks 22 to 26)
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Achievement of a Mean Corrected Serum Calcium < 10.2 mg/dL During Both Efficacy Assessment Phases at Month 6 (Weeks 22 to 26) and Month 12 (Weeks 48 to 52)
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Achievement of a Mean Corrected Serum Calcium < 10.2 mg/dL During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 12 (Weeks 48 to 52)
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Achievement of a Mean Corrected Serum Calcium < 10.2 mg/dL During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 6 (Weeks 22 to 26)
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Achievement of a Mean iPTH <=300 pg/mL During Both Efficacy Assessment Phases at Month 6 (Weeks 22 to 26) and Month 12 (Weeks 48 to 52)
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Summary of Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Phosphorus at Month 6 Efficacy Assessment Phase
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Achievement of a Mean PTH <= 300 pg/mL During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 6 (Weeks 22 to 26)
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Achievement of a Mean Serum Phosphorus < 5.5 mg/dL During Both Efficacy Assessment Phases at Month 6 (Weeks 22 to 26) and Month 12 (Weeks 48 to 52)
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Achievement of a Mean Serum Phosphorus < 5.5 mg/dL During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 12 (Weeks 48 to 52)
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Achievement of a Mean Serum Phosphorus < 5.5 mg/dL During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 6 (Weeks 22 to 26)
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Summary of Serum Phosphorus (mg/dL) at Month 6 Efficacy Assessment Phase
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Summary of Serum Phosphorus (mg/dL) at Month 12 Efficacy Assessment Phase
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Achievement of a Mean PTH <= 300 pg/mL During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 12 (Weeks 48 to 52)
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Summary of Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Phosphorus at Month 12 Efficacy Assessment Phase
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Summary of Percent Change From Baseline in iPTH (pg/mL) at Month 6 Efficacy Assessment Phase
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Summary of Percent Change From Baseline in Corrected Serum Calcium at Month 6 Efficacy Assessment Phase
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Summary of Percent Change From Baseline in Corrected Serum Calcium at Month 12 Efficacy Assessment Phase
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Summary of iPTH (pg/mL) at Month 6 Efficacy Assessment Phase
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Summary of iPTH (pg/mL) at Month 12 Efficacy Assessment Phase
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Summary of Corrected Serum Calcium (mg/dL) at Month 6 Efficacy Assessment Phase
NCT00803712 (30) [back to overview]Summary of Corrected Serum Calcium (mg/dL) at Month 12 Efficacy Assessment Phase
NCT00803790 (3) [back to overview]Part 1: Urinary Excretion of Alendronate
NCT00803790 (3) [back to overview]Part II: AUC (Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve) of Vitamin D
NCT00803790 (3) [back to overview]Part II : Maximum Concentration (Cmax) of Vitamin D
NCT00806416 (3) [back to overview]Part 1: The Total Urinary Excretion of Alendronate With Alendronate/Vitamin D Combination Tablet Relative to Alendronate Tablet
NCT00806416 (3) [back to overview]Part II : The Pharmacokinetic Parameters Cmax of Vitamin D in Combination Tablet Relative to Vitamin D Tablet
NCT00806416 (3) [back to overview]Part II : The Pharmacokinetic Parameters AUC0-120 hr of Vitamin D in Combination Tablet Relative to Vitamin D Tablet
NCT00858247 (6) [back to overview]Change in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol After 12 Weeks of Vitamin D Supplementation
NCT00858247 (6) [back to overview]Change in Insulin Resistance After 12 Weeks of Vitamin D3 Supplementation
NCT00858247 (6) [back to overview]Change in Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol After 12 Weeks of Vitamin D Supplementation
NCT00858247 (6) [back to overview]Change in Total Cholesterol After 12 Weeks of Vitamin D Supplementation
NCT00858247 (6) [back to overview]Change in Triglycerides After 12 Weeks of Vitamin D Supplementation
NCT00858247 (6) [back to overview]Change in High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein After 12 Weeks of Vitamin D Supplementation
NCT00859651 (2) [back to overview]Change in Serum 25(OH)D
NCT00859651 (2) [back to overview]Change in Percent Density
NCT00867217 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Worsening of Musculoskeletal Symptoms (MS)
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in 1/3 Distal Forearm BMD at Month 12
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Serum C-Telopeptides of Type I Collagen (s-CTx) at Month 24
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Discontinuing Study Drug Due to an AE
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Trochanter BMD at Month 24
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Trochanter BMD at Month 12
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD at Month 24
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD at Month 12
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine BMD at Month 24
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine BMD at Month 12
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Urine N-Telopeptides/Creatinine Ratio at Month 24
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed u-NTx/Cr at Month 12
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Serum Phosphate at Month 24
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Serum Parathyroid Hormone at Month 24
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Serum N-Terminal Propeptide of Type I Collagen at Month 24
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Serum N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Collagen at Month 12
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Serum Calcium at Month 24
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Experiencing One or More Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Serum BSAP at Month 12
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Serum Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase at Month 24
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D at Month 24
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Serum 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D at Month 24
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed s-CTx at Month 12
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Month 24
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Femoral Neck BMD at Month 12
NCT00885170 (25) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in 1/3 Distal Forearm BMD at Month 24
NCT00886379 (1) [back to overview]Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Schoolchildren
NCT00887432 (2) [back to overview]PSA Response
NCT00887432 (2) [back to overview]Slope of PSA Concentration Over Time
NCT00892099 (6) [back to overview]Serum 25D Level
NCT00892099 (6) [back to overview]Serum Calcium
NCT00892099 (6) [back to overview]Serum 25-OH Vitamin D
NCT00892099 (6) [back to overview]Serum 1,25(OH)2 Levels
NCT00892099 (6) [back to overview]Parathyroid Hormone
NCT00892099 (6) [back to overview]Serum Phosphate
NCT00903344 (6) [back to overview]Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at HIP at 3 Months
NCT00903344 (6) [back to overview]Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in HIP at 6 Months
NCT00903344 (6) [back to overview]Change in 25-hyroxyvitamin D Levels at 3 Months
NCT00903344 (6) [back to overview]Change in 25-hyroxyvitamin D Levels at 6 Months
NCT00903344 (6) [back to overview]Change in Bone Mineral Denisty (BMD) in SPINE at 3 Months
NCT00903344 (6) [back to overview]Change in Bone Mineral Denisty (BMD) in SPINE at 6 Months
NCT00912782 (2) [back to overview]Arteriovenous Fistulae Maturation
NCT00912782 (2) [back to overview]25-hydroxyvitamin D and Serum Calcium
NCT00914810 (2) [back to overview]Change in Blood Level of Vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D)
NCT00914810 (2) [back to overview]Change in Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) Score
NCT00920621 (8) [back to overview]Child Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Measurement From Blood Collection at 1 Year Visit.
NCT00920621 (8) [back to overview]Child Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Measurement From Blood Collection at 3 Year Visit.
NCT00920621 (8) [back to overview]Mass Spec Vitamin D Value From Cord Blood at Delivery
NCT00920621 (8) [back to overview]Parental Report of Physician Diagnosis of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in the Child's First 3 Years of Life.
NCT00920621 (8) [back to overview]Fecal Microbiome Profile
NCT00920621 (8) [back to overview]Sphingolipid Profile
NCT00920621 (8) [back to overview]Sphingolipid Profile
NCT00920621 (8) [back to overview]Child Positive-specific IgE Tests From Blood Collection at 3 Year Visit.
NCT00933244 (4) [back to overview]Bone Mineral Density
NCT00933244 (4) [back to overview]Muscle Function: One Year Change in Timed Up and Go Test, Five Sit-to-Stand Test
NCT00933244 (4) [back to overview]Intestinal Calcium Absorption
NCT00933244 (4) [back to overview]Bone Turnover
NCT00953225 (2) [back to overview]Number of Positive Biopsy Cores (Out of Twelve) Compared to the Corresponding Values Assessed Before Enrollment
NCT00953225 (2) [back to overview]PSA Slope (Trajectory) or the Change in PSA Level Over Time
NCT00956839 (2) [back to overview]Serum Total Calcium
NCT00956839 (2) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Serum 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D3 > 30 ng/ml
NCT00960934 (17) [back to overview]LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Distal One-third Forearm Areal BMD
NCT00960934 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Bone Neoplasms
NCT00960934 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Albumin-Corrected Calcium Levels Outside the Pre-defined Limits of Change
NCT00960934 (17) [back to overview]LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Serum Procollagen Type I N-Terminal Propeptide (P1NP)
NCT00960934 (17) [back to overview]LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Serum Osteocalcin
NCT00960934 (17) [back to overview]LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Serum C-Terminal Telopeptide Collagen I (s-CTx)
NCT00960934 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Total Serum Calcium Levels Outside the Pre-defined Limits of Change
NCT00960934 (17) [back to overview]LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Trabecular Volumetric BMD of the Lumbar Spine
NCT00960934 (17) [back to overview]LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Serum Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (s-BSAP)
NCT00960934 (17) [back to overview]LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Femoral Neck aBMD
NCT00960934 (17) [back to overview]Least Squares (LS) Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Lumbar Spine Areal Bone Mineral Density (aBMD)
NCT00960934 (17) [back to overview]LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Trochanter aBMD
NCT00960934 (17) [back to overview]LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Trabecular Volumetric BMD of the Hip
NCT00960934 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Kidney Stones
NCT00960934 (17) [back to overview]LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Total Hip aBMD
NCT00960934 (17) [back to overview]LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Total Body aBMD
NCT00960934 (17) [back to overview]LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in the Ratio of Urinary N-Telopeptides of Type I Collagen to Creatinine (u-NTx/Cr)
NCT00996801 (17) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Serum N-Terminal Propeptide (s-P1NP)
NCT00996801 (17) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Total Body Areal BMD
NCT00996801 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Trough Serum Calcium Level Exceeding Predefined Limits At Least Once
NCT00996801 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Predefined Tier 1 Adverse Events
NCT00996801 (17) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Urinary-N Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen (u-NTx)
NCT00996801 (17) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Trochanter Areal BMD
NCT00996801 (17) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Trabecular Volumetric BMD of the Hip
NCT00996801 (17) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Serum C-Terminal Propeptide of Type 1 Collagen (s-CTx)
NCT00996801 (17) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Trabecular Volumetric BMD (vBMD) of the Lumbar Spine
NCT00996801 (17) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in 1/3 Distal Forearm Areal BMD
NCT00996801 (17) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline To Month 12 in Lumbar Spine Areal Bone Mineral Density (BMD)
NCT00996801 (17) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Femoral Neck Areal BMD
NCT00996801 (17) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Cortical Volumetric BMD of the Lumbar Spine
NCT00996801 (17) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Cortical Volumetric BMD of the Hip
NCT00996801 (17) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Total Hip Areal BMD
NCT00996801 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Trough Albumin-Corrected Calcium Level Exceeding Predefined Limits At Least Once
NCT00996801 (17) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Serum Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (s-BSAP)
NCT00996866 (2) [back to overview]Mean Level of 25(OH)D
NCT00996866 (2) [back to overview]Mean Level of 25(OH)D
NCT01005303 (9) [back to overview]Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) Concentration
NCT01005303 (9) [back to overview]Serum N-terminal Prohormone of Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) Concentration
NCT01005303 (9) [back to overview]Serum Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Concentration
NCT01005303 (9) [back to overview]Serum C-reactive Protein (CRP) Concentration
NCT01005303 (9) [back to overview]Urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2 Alpha (8-iso-PGF2α) Concentration
NCT01005303 (9) [back to overview]Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
NCT01005303 (9) [back to overview]Quality of Life Questionnaire Score
NCT01005303 (9) [back to overview]Serum Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Concentration
NCT01005303 (9) [back to overview]Six Minute Walk Test Distance
NCT01029392 (2) [back to overview]Change in Insulin Requirements
NCT01029392 (2) [back to overview]Change in Hemoglobin A1c
NCT01068418 (2) [back to overview]The Change in the Mean Arterial Blood Pressure in Response to an Infusion of Angiotensin II
NCT01068418 (2) [back to overview]The Change in Renal Blood Flow in Response to an Infusion of Angiotensin II
NCT01074216 (1) [back to overview]To Achieve Target Vitamin D Level
NCT01092338 (2) [back to overview]Safety
NCT01092338 (2) [back to overview]Efficacy of the Two Doses (4000 and 7000 IU/d)
NCT01102374 (13) [back to overview]Number of Other Infections
NCT01102374 (13) [back to overview]Number of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs)
NCT01102374 (13) [back to overview]Incident Kidney Stones
NCT01102374 (13) [back to overview]Incident Hypercalcemia
NCT01102374 (13) [back to overview]Change in 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) Level
NCT01102374 (13) [back to overview]Death
NCT01102374 (13) [back to overview]Number of Lower Respiratory Infections
NCT01102374 (13) [back to overview]Number of Upper Respiratory Infections
NCT01102374 (13) [back to overview]Number of Urinary Tract Infections
NCT01102374 (13) [back to overview]Severity of Acute Respiratory Infections
NCT01102374 (13) [back to overview]Time to First ARI
NCT01102374 (13) [back to overview]Falls
NCT01102374 (13) [back to overview]Fractures
NCT01103934 (2) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Daytime Nasal Symptom Score (DNSS) Over 2 Week Randomized Treatment Period
NCT01103934 (2) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) Over 2 Week Randomized Treatment Period
NCT01119131 (8) [back to overview]Change in Static Balance as Recorded Using Dynamic Posturography With the Sensory Organization Test (SOT 1-3)
NCT01119131 (8) [back to overview]Change in Ambulatory Balance Measured by Instrumented Timed up and go (iTUG) Turn Duration
NCT01119131 (8) [back to overview]Change in Cognition (Trail Making Test B-A)
NCT01119131 (8) [back to overview]Change in Dynamic Balance as Recorded Using Dynamic Posturography With the Sensory Organization Test (SOT 4-6)
NCT01119131 (8) [back to overview]Change in Parkinsonism as Measured by the UPDRS
NCT01119131 (8) [back to overview]Change in Quality of Life as Recorded Using Quality of Life Scales (PDQ39)
NCT01119131 (8) [back to overview]Change in Strength as Recorded by Measuring Knee Extension Using Biodex (Total Work)
NCT01119131 (8) [back to overview]Change in Strength as Recorded by Measuring Knee Flexion Using Biodex (Total Work)
NCT01120600 (10) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Trochanter BMD at Month 24
NCT01120600 (10) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Month 24
NCT01120600 (10) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Femoral Neck BMD at Month 24
NCT01120600 (10) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD at Month 24
NCT01120600 (10) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum N-Terminal Propeptides of Type I Collagen (s-P1NP) at Month 24
NCT01120600 (10) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Urine Collagen N-Telopeptide/Creatinine Ratio (U-NTx/Cr) at Month 24
NCT01120600 (10) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum C-Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen (s-CTx) at Month 24
NCT01120600 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Discontinued Treatment Due to an AE
NCT01120600 (10) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (s-BSAP) at Month 24
NCT01120600 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Experienced an Adverse Event (AE)
NCT01125436 (6) [back to overview]Plasma Renin Activity
NCT01125436 (6) [back to overview]Serum Aldosterone
NCT01125436 (6) [back to overview]Timed Get Up and Go
NCT01125436 (6) [back to overview]Leg Proximal Muscle Strength
NCT01125436 (6) [back to overview]Peak VO2
NCT01125436 (6) [back to overview]6 Minute Walk Distance
NCT01138475 (9) [back to overview]Osteocalcin
NCT01138475 (9) [back to overview]Serum 25 OH Vitamin D
NCT01138475 (9) [back to overview]Serum Calcium
NCT01138475 (9) [back to overview]Serum Phosphorus
NCT01138475 (9) [back to overview]The Primary Outcome Measure With iPTH
NCT01138475 (9) [back to overview]Alkaline Phosphatase
NCT01138475 (9) [back to overview]Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase
NCT01138475 (9) [back to overview]N-Telopeptide Cross Linked Urine
NCT01138475 (9) [back to overview]24 Hour Urine Calcium
NCT01166763 (3) [back to overview]Change in Mammographic Breast Density Over Course of Study
NCT01166763 (3) [back to overview]Change in Proliferation (as Assessed by Ki-67) Examined in Breast Epithelial Cells.
NCT01166763 (3) [back to overview]OH Vitamin D Levels in Serum
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Died From Cardiovascular Causes
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Died From Coronary Heart Disease
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Died From Invasive Cancer of Any Type
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Died From Invasive Cancer of Any Type, Excluding First 2 Years of Follow-up
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Died From Myocardial Infarction
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Stroke
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Total Coronary Heart Disease
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Major Cardiovascular Event, Excluding First 2 Years of Follow-up
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Major Cardiovascular Event
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Invasive Cancer of Any Type, Excluding First 2 Years of Follow-up
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Ischemic Stroke
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Myocardial Infarction, Excluding First 2 Years of Follow-up
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Cardiovascular Event in Expanded Composite Cardiovascular Endpoint
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Myocardial Infarction
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Serrated Colorectal Polyps
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Female Participants With Breast Cancer
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Colorectal Cancer
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Conventional Colorectal Adenoma
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Male Participants With Prostate Cancer
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Died From Any Cause
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Died From Stroke
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Coronary-artery Bypass Grafting
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Hemorrhagic Stroke
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Died From Any Cause, Excluding First 2 Years of Follow-up
NCT01169259 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Invasive Cancer of Any Type
NCT01173848 (1) [back to overview]Subjects Achieving Normal Vitamin D Levels
NCT01175798 (1) [back to overview]Change in 25OH-Vitamin D Level
NCT01198132 (10) [back to overview]Number of Relapse-Free (Documented) Subjects
NCT01198132 (10) [back to overview]Annualized Relapse Rate
NCT01198132 (10) [back to overview]Cumulative Probability of Progression of Disability (Kaplan-Meier Curves)
NCT01198132 (10) [back to overview]Mean Number of Relapses Per Subject
NCT01198132 (10) [back to overview]Time to First Documented Relapse
NCT01198132 (10) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Euro Quality of Life Scale (EuroQol) 5-Dimension-3 Level (EQ-5D-3L)
NCT01198132 (10) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Measurement and Evaluation of Cognitive Ability by Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) Total Score At Week 96
NCT01198132 (10) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline in Measured Lesion Load (T2)
NCT01198132 (10) [back to overview]Number of New or Extended Lesions by T1- and T2-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
NCT01198132 (10) [back to overview]Number of Subjects With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Serious TEAEs and Abnormal Clinical Laboratory
NCT01199926 (3) [back to overview]Glucose Tolerance
NCT01199926 (3) [back to overview]Inflammation
NCT01199926 (3) [back to overview]Muscle Function
NCT01214356 (1) [back to overview]Change in Urinary Albumin:Creatinine Ratio (ACR)
NCT01222234 (2) [back to overview]Monocyte Protein Expression
NCT01222234 (2) [back to overview]Change in 24,25(OH)2D Levels in CKD vs. Non-CKD Subjects Receiving Cholecalciferol
NCT01222273 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Aspergillus Induced IL-13 Responses in CD4+ T-cells
NCT01222273 (3) [back to overview]Change in Patient Total IgE Levels
NCT01222273 (3) [back to overview]Change in Patient Aspergillus Specific IgE Levels
NCT01229891 (8) [back to overview]Serum Total Cholesterol (Tchol)
NCT01229891 (8) [back to overview]Serum Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
NCT01229891 (8) [back to overview]Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
NCT01229891 (8) [back to overview]Serum High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
NCT01229891 (8) [back to overview]Insulin
NCT01229891 (8) [back to overview]Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)
NCT01229891 (8) [back to overview]Serum Triglyceride (TG)
NCT01229891 (8) [back to overview]Fasting Serum Glucose (FSG)
NCT01248065 (3) [back to overview]Lung Function Change From Baseline
NCT01248065 (3) [back to overview]Treatment Failure
NCT01248065 (3) [back to overview]Exacerbations
NCT01265615 (10) [back to overview]Coronary Calcium Score
NCT01265615 (10) [back to overview]GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)
NCT01265615 (10) [back to overview]Heart Failure (HF)
NCT01265615 (10) [back to overview]VDR (Vitamin D Receptor) Expression in Myocardium
NCT01265615 (10) [back to overview]VDR (Vitamin D Receptor) Expression in Kidney
NCT01265615 (10) [back to overview]Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT01265615 (10) [back to overview]CAD (Chronic Allograft Dysfunction) Degree
NCT01265615 (10) [back to overview]CAD (Chronic Allograft Dysfunction) Degree
NCT01265615 (10) [back to overview]Number of Circulating SP (Side Population) Stem-Progenitor Cells
NCT01265615 (10) [back to overview]Serum Creatinine
NCT01276587 (1) [back to overview]Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Concentration
NCT01295034 (2) [back to overview]CD4+T Cell Count
NCT01295034 (2) [back to overview]25(OH)D Levels
NCT01306656 (3) [back to overview]Trabecular Bone Density at the Forearm
NCT01306656 (3) [back to overview]Change in Urinary Calcium Level
NCT01306656 (3) [back to overview]Areal Bone Mineral Density of the Lumbar Spine
NCT01320722 (9) [back to overview]Plasma Renin Activity (PRA) [Vitamin D]
NCT01320722 (9) [back to overview]Change in Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation (EDV)
NCT01320722 (9) [back to overview]Mean 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure (ABP)
NCT01320722 (9) [back to overview]Mean 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure (ABP) Nocturnal Dipping
NCT01320722 (9) [back to overview]Angiotensin II (ATII) Concentration [Vitamin D]
NCT01320722 (9) [back to overview]Change in Renal Plasma Flow (RPF) in Response to Captopril in High Sodium Balance [Vitamin D]
NCT01320722 (9) [back to overview]Plasma Renin Activity (PRA) [Uric Acid]
NCT01320722 (9) [back to overview]Change in Renal Plasma Flow (RPF) Response to Captopril in High Sodium Balance [Uric Acid]
NCT01320722 (9) [back to overview]Angiotensin II (ATII) Concentration [Uric Acid]
NCT01325311 (15) [back to overview]Total IGF-2 in Serum at Baseline and Pre-Surgery
NCT01325311 (15) [back to overview]Total IGF-1 in Serum at Baseline and Pre-Surgery
NCT01325311 (15) [back to overview]Detectability of Calcitriol Levels in Tissue Between the Placebo and Cholecalciferol/Genistein Arms
NCT01325311 (15) [back to overview]Immunohistochemistry Measurements in Prostate Cancer Tissue (PCA)
NCT01325311 (15) [back to overview]Levels of Calcidiol in the Participants Serum
NCT01325311 (15) [back to overview]Tissue Levels of Calcitriol Between the Placebo and Cholecalciferol/Genistein Arms
NCT01325311 (15) [back to overview]PBMC CYP mRNA Expression of CYP24
NCT01325311 (15) [back to overview]Percent of Participants With CYP24 and CYP27B1 SNPs (DNA From Paxgene)
NCT01325311 (15) [back to overview]Serum Calcium Levels at Baseline and Pre-Surgery
NCT01325311 (15) [back to overview]Levels of Calcitriol in Participants Serum
NCT01325311 (15) [back to overview]Immunohistochemistry Measurements in Benign Prostate Tissue (BPT)
NCT01325311 (15) [back to overview]Total PTH in Serum at Baseline and Pre-Surgery
NCT01325311 (15) [back to overview]Total PSA in Serum
NCT01325311 (15) [back to overview]Total IGFBP-3 in Serum at Baseline and Pre-Surgery
NCT01325311 (15) [back to overview]PBMC CYP mRNA Expression of CYP27B1
NCT01331148 (1) [back to overview]25 (OH)D in Nmol/L Between Baseline and 6 Months
NCT01344161 (4) [back to overview]Change in Post Load Glucose Concentrations
NCT01344161 (4) [back to overview]Change in Body Fat Mass
NCT01344161 (4) [back to overview]Change in Glucose Concentrations
NCT01344161 (4) [back to overview]Change in Insulin Concentrations
NCT01350934 (7) [back to overview]Extension Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in s-CTx at Month 12
NCT01350934 (7) [back to overview]Extension Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in s-P1NP at Month 12
NCT01350934 (7) [back to overview]Extension Study: Percentage of Participants With Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin (OH) D <20 ng/mL at Month 12
NCT01350934 (7) [back to overview]Base Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Month 6
NCT01350934 (7) [back to overview]Base Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum C-Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen (s-CTx) at Month 6
NCT01350934 (7) [back to overview]Base Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum Procollagen Type 1 N-Terminal Propeptide (s-P1NP) at Month 6
NCT01350934 (7) [back to overview]Extension Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine BMD at Month 12
NCT01351805 (5) [back to overview]Incident Autoimmune Diseases
NCT01351805 (5) [back to overview]Severity of Knee Pain in Subsample With Chronic, Frequent Knee Pain at Baseline- With n-3 FA & Vitamin D
NCT01351805 (5) [back to overview]Serum Levels of Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation: C-reactive Protein (CRP)
NCT01351805 (5) [back to overview]Serum Levels of Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation: Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
NCT01351805 (5) [back to overview]Serum Levels of Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation: Tumor Necrosis Factor-receptor 2 (TNFR2)
NCT01354964 (6) [back to overview]Percent Change in Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity
NCT01354964 (6) [back to overview]Evaluated Expression of Pro-inflammatory Gene TNF-α
NCT01354964 (6) [back to overview]Percent Change in Peripheral Glucose Uptake
NCT01354964 (6) [back to overview]Evaluated Expression of Pro-inflammatory Gene PAI-1
NCT01354964 (6) [back to overview]Evaluated Expression of Pro-inflammatory Gene iNOS
NCT01354964 (6) [back to overview]Evaluated Expression of Pro-inflammatory Gene IL-6
NCT01366885 (2) [back to overview]Number of Children Who Developed Autism
NCT01366885 (2) [back to overview]Number of Mothers Who Developed Side Effects From Vitamin D
NCT01371877 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events
NCT01371877 (3) [back to overview]Total Urticaria Severity Score at 3 Months
NCT01371877 (3) [back to overview]Medication Usage
NCT01372995 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Plasma 25(OH)D Concentration >30ng/mL at Day 84
NCT01372995 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Plasma 25(OH)D Concentration >30ng/mL at Day 7
NCT01372995 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Plasma 25(OH)D Concentration >30ng/mL at Day 28
NCT01372995 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Plasma 25(OH)D Concentration >30ng/mL at Day 21
NCT01372995 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Plasma 25(OH)D Concentration >30ng/mL at Day 14
NCT01372995 (14) [back to overview]Duration of Time in Hospital
NCT01372995 (14) [back to overview]Duration of Time in Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
NCT01372995 (14) [back to overview]Day 84 Mortality
NCT01372995 (14) [back to overview]Change in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score
NCT01372995 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Plasma 25(OH)D Concentration >30ng/mL at Baseline
NCT01372995 (14) [back to overview]Number of Hospital Mortality Cases
NCT01372995 (14) [back to overview]Number of Hospital Acquired Infections
NCT01372995 (14) [back to overview]Duration of Time on Ventilator
NCT01372995 (14) [back to overview]Change in Plasma LL-37 Levels
NCT01375010 (5) [back to overview]Change in Volumetric Bone Mineral Density (vBMD)
NCT01375010 (5) [back to overview]Change in Vitamin D Levels
NCT01375010 (5) [back to overview]Areal Change in Bone Mineral Density (aBMD)
NCT01375010 (5) [back to overview]Change in Biochemical Markers
NCT01375010 (5) [back to overview]Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD)
NCT01384539 (3) [back to overview]Compare the Effect of Calcitriol and Cholecalciferol Supplementation on Vascular Endothelial Cell Expression of Nf-kB
NCT01384539 (3) [back to overview]Compare the Efficacy of Calcitriol and Cholecalciferol Supplementation on Plasma Concentrations of C-reactive Protein
NCT01384539 (3) [back to overview]Compare the Difference Between the Calcitriol and Cholecalciferol Groups in Conduit Artery Endothelium-dependent Dilation (EDD) in Response to Treatment.
NCT01385098 (2) [back to overview]Vitamin D Concentrations, Pre Operative and Post Bariatric Surgery Following 12 Weeks of Vitamin D Supplementation
NCT01385098 (2) [back to overview]Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Levels at Baseline and 12 Weeks of Daily Vit D Supplementation Post Roux-en Y OR Sleeve Gastrectomy
NCT01403051 (14) [back to overview]The Changes From Baseline in P1NP to Weeks 24 and 48
NCT01403051 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Primary Adverse Events
NCT01403051 (14) [back to overview]The Percent Change From Baseline in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Spine
NCT01403051 (14) [back to overview]The Percent Change From Baseline in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Total Hip
NCT01403051 (14) [back to overview]The Changes From Baseline in sCD14 to Weeks 24 and 48
NCT01403051 (14) [back to overview]The Changes From Baseline in Urinary Phosphate Excretion to Weeks 24 and 48
NCT01403051 (14) [back to overview]The Changes From Baseline in iPTH to Weeks 24 and 48
NCT01403051 (14) [back to overview]The Changes From Baseline in IL-6 to Weeks 24 and 48
NCT01403051 (14) [back to overview]The Changes From Baseline in HOMA-IR to Weeks 24 and 48
NCT01403051 (14) [back to overview]The Changes From Baseline in Fasting Total Cholesterol to Weeks 24 and 48
NCT01403051 (14) [back to overview]The Changes From Baseline in Fasting LDL to Weeks 24 and 48
NCT01403051 (14) [back to overview]The Changes From Baseline in CTX to Weeks 24 and 48
NCT01403051 (14) [back to overview]The Changes From Baseline in CD4 to Weeks 4, 12, 24 and 48
NCT01403051 (14) [back to overview]The Change in Total 25-OH Vitamin D Level From Baseline to Weeks 24 and 48
NCT01410084 (3) [back to overview]Change in 25-hydroxyvitamin D Levels Over 5 Months
NCT01410084 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Were Compliant to Intervention
NCT01410084 (3) [back to overview]Number of Falls
NCT01412710 (2) [back to overview]Glycemic Control
NCT01412710 (2) [back to overview]Blood Lipid
NCT01437111 (2) [back to overview]Mean Percent Change From Baseline of Bone Resorption Marker of Serum Beta-CrossLaps at Week 26
NCT01437111 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D >=50 ng/mL at Week 26
NCT01465178 (2) [back to overview]Change in Parameters of the Vitamin D Assay Panel
NCT01465178 (2) [back to overview]Change in Serum 25-hydroxy Vitamin D3
NCT01472445 (9) [back to overview]HOMA-IR to Adiponectin Ratio (HOMA-IR:Adiponectin) in Blood
NCT01472445 (9) [back to overview]Expression Level of MKI67 Gene
NCT01472445 (9) [back to overview]Expression Level of Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein 3 (IGFBP-3) Gene
NCT01472445 (9) [back to overview]Expression Level of ESR1 Gene
NCT01472445 (9) [back to overview]Expression Level of Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1 (CDKI1; p21) Gene
NCT01472445 (9) [back to overview]cRP (C-reactive Protein) to Adiponectin Ratio (cRP:Adiponectin) in Blood
NCT01472445 (9) [back to overview]Expression Level of Matrix Metalloproteinase-11 (MMP-11) Gene
NCT01472445 (9) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetics of Vitamin D Metabolite Calcitriol
NCT01472445 (9) [back to overview]Leptin to Adiponectin Ratio (Leptin:Adiponectin) in Blood
NCT01477463 (4) [back to overview]Number of Genes That Showed Changes in Expression After Vitamin D Treatment
NCT01477463 (4) [back to overview]Incidence of Hypercalcemia for Vitamin D Toxicity
NCT01477463 (4) [back to overview]Number of Genes Differentialy Regulated in Melanoma That Showed Changes in Expression After Vitamin D Treatment
NCT01477463 (4) [back to overview]Vitamin D Toxicity
NCT01490502 (12) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants With Sustained Disability Progression
NCT01490502 (12) [back to overview]Number of Relapses Requiring Treatment
NCT01490502 (12) [back to overview]Number of New or Enlarging T2 Lesions
NCT01490502 (12) [back to overview]Development of Nephrolithiasis
NCT01490502 (12) [back to overview]Proportion of Subjects That Experience a Relapse
NCT01490502 (12) [back to overview]Change in Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC) Score
NCT01490502 (12) [back to overview]Change in Normalized Gray Matter Volume
NCT01490502 (12) [back to overview]Development of Hypercalcemia
NCT01490502 (12) [back to overview]Annualized Relapse Rate
NCT01490502 (12) [back to overview]Change in Brain Parenchymal Volume
NCT01490502 (12) [back to overview]Change in Health-related Quality of Life
NCT01490502 (12) [back to overview]Change in Low-contrast Acuity
NCT01499940 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Peripheral Neurotoxic Reactions
NCT01509079 (7) [back to overview]Change in Steady State Concentrations of Serum Anastrazole and Letrozole
NCT01509079 (7) [back to overview]Serum Estradiol Concentrations
NCT01509079 (7) [back to overview]Average Percent Adherence to Vitamin D Interventio
NCT01509079 (7) [back to overview]Change in Hand Grip Strength
NCT01509079 (7) [back to overview]Change in Musculoskeletal Symptom Sub-scale on the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial Symptom Scale
NCT01509079 (7) [back to overview]Change in PROMIS Physical Functioning Questionnaire
NCT01509079 (7) [back to overview]Whole Body Bone Mineral Density
NCT01523496 (2) [back to overview]Changes in Serum 25(OH)D3 Levels
NCT01523496 (2) [back to overview]Changes in Vitamin D Binding Protein (VDBP)
NCT01532349 (1) [back to overview]Change in Serum Hepcidin With Vitamin D Intervention for Children With Chronic Kidney Disease
NCT01554241 (2) [back to overview]Total 25-OH Vitamin D3 Level
NCT01554241 (2) [back to overview]Free 25-OH Vitamin D3
NCT01596842 (2) [back to overview]25-hydroxyvitamin D Levels at 12 Weeks
NCT01596842 (2) [back to overview]Hemoglobin Levels at 12 Weeks
NCT01601847 (3) [back to overview]Bone Density
NCT01601847 (3) [back to overview]Number With Infants With Allergic Sensitization as Measured by the PhadiaTop Infant Assay
NCT01601847 (3) [back to overview]Number of Infants With Recurrent Wheezing
NCT01633853 (5) [back to overview]The Blood Levels of Intact Parathyroid Hormone at the 24th Month of Following up.
NCT01633853 (5) [back to overview]The Blood 25(OH)Vitamin D Level.
NCT01633853 (5) [back to overview]The Blood Levels of Phosphorus at the 24th Month of Following up.
NCT01633853 (5) [back to overview]The Blood Levels of Calcium at the 24th Month of Following up.
NCT01633853 (5) [back to overview]The Incidence Rate of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism.
NCT01639222 (3) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve From 0 to 6 Hours Post Dose of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH AUC0-6h) in Serum
NCT01639222 (3) [back to overview]Amount of Calcium Excreted in Urine From 0 Hours up to 6 Hours Post Dose (Ca2+ Ae0-6h)
NCT01639222 (3) [back to overview]Amount of Calcium Excreted in Urine From 0 to 6 Hours Post Dose Corected for Creatinine (Ae0-6h/Creatinine)
NCT01667796 (2) [back to overview]Change in Percentages of T Cell Subsets (IFNγ+ and IL-17+)
NCT01667796 (2) [back to overview]Change in Mean Serum Level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D
NCT01669915 (4) [back to overview]Change in Executive Function Score for Cognitive Decline
NCT01669915 (4) [back to overview]Change in Episodic Memory Score for Cognitive Decline
NCT01669915 (4) [back to overview]Change in Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status (TICS) for Cognitive Decline.
NCT01669915 (4) [back to overview]Change in Global Composite Score for Cognitive Decline
NCT01675297 (3) [back to overview]The Change of Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Value
NCT01675297 (3) [back to overview]The Change of 25OHD(25-hydroxyvitamin D)
NCT01675297 (3) [back to overview]PTH(Parathyroid Hormone Value)
NCT01684722 (5) [back to overview]Change in NT-proBNP
NCT01684722 (5) [back to overview]Change in Interleukin-6
NCT01684722 (5) [back to overview]Change in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate
NCT01684722 (5) [back to overview]Change in C-reactive Protein
NCT01684722 (5) [back to overview]Change in Urine Albumin Excretion
NCT01688102 (12) [back to overview]Change in LDL Cholesterol Level
NCT01688102 (12) [back to overview]Change in Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
NCT01688102 (12) [back to overview]Change in Total Cholesterol
NCT01688102 (12) [back to overview]Change in Serum Calcium
NCT01688102 (12) [back to overview]Change in Triglycerides
NCT01688102 (12) [back to overview]Correlation Between Change in LDL Cholesterol and Change in Calcium
NCT01688102 (12) [back to overview]Correlation Between Change in LDL Cholesterol and Change in PTH
NCT01688102 (12) [back to overview]Gene Expression Changes in Peripheral Blood
NCT01688102 (12) [back to overview]Gene Expression Changes in Skin
NCT01688102 (12) [back to overview]Change in 25(OH)D
NCT01688102 (12) [back to overview]Change in C Reactive Protein
NCT01688102 (12) [back to overview]Change in HDL Cholesterol
NCT01689779 (6) [back to overview]Percent (%) Change in Pre-surgical 25(OH)D 2 Weeks After Surgery
NCT01689779 (6) [back to overview]Percent (%) Change in 25(OH)D 5 Days Following Supplementation With 100,000 IU Cholecalciferol
NCT01689779 (6) [back to overview]Percent (%) Change in Pre-surgical 25(OH)D Within 24 Hours of Surgery
NCT01689779 (6) [back to overview]Percent (%) Change in Pre-surgical LL-37 2 Weeks After Surgery
NCT01689779 (6) [back to overview]Percent (%) Change in LL-37 5 Days Following Supplementation With 100,000 IU Cholecalciferol
NCT01689779 (6) [back to overview]Percent (%) Change in Pre-surgical LL-37 Within 24 Hours of Surgery
NCT01696435 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With an Incident Depression Event
NCT01696435 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Depression Event
NCT01696435 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Recurrent Depression Event
NCT01696435 (4) [back to overview]Mood Scores
NCT01709474 (1) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects by Treatment Arm Experiencing Any Adverse Event (AE) ≥ Grade 3
NCT01736865 (4) [back to overview]Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Blood 25-hydroxyvitaminD Concentration
NCT01736865 (4) [back to overview]Hemoglobin A1c
NCT01736865 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Change in Glycemia
NCT01736865 (4) [back to overview]Disposition Index
NCT01744821 (1) [back to overview]Review of the Differences in the Types and Incidence of Toxicities Associated With Vitamin D3 Replacement.
NCT01746264 (16) [back to overview]High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein (Hs-CRP)
NCT01746264 (16) [back to overview]Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance Index (HOMA-IR)
NCT01746264 (16) [back to overview]International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) Short Form Score
NCT01746264 (16) [back to overview]Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL) Cholesterol Levels
NCT01746264 (16) [back to overview]Reactive Hyperemia Index (RHI)
NCT01746264 (16) [back to overview]Serum Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
NCT01746264 (16) [back to overview]Total Cholesterol
NCT01746264 (16) [back to overview]Triglycerides
NCT01746264 (16) [back to overview]Urine Calcium to Creatinine Ratio
NCT01746264 (16) [back to overview]High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol Levels
NCT01746264 (16) [back to overview]25-hydroxy Vitamin D (25[OH]D) Levels
NCT01746264 (16) [back to overview]Body Mass Index
NCT01746264 (16) [back to overview]Calcium Intake Per Day
NCT01746264 (16) [back to overview]Fasting Glucose
NCT01746264 (16) [back to overview]Fasting Insulin
NCT01746264 (16) [back to overview]Flow Mediated Dilatation (FMD)
NCT01747447 (5) [back to overview]Change in Bone Structure
NCT01747447 (5) [back to overview]Body Composition
NCT01747447 (5) [back to overview]Bone Turnover P1NP
NCT01747447 (5) [back to overview]Change in Bone Density
NCT01747447 (5) [back to overview]Bone Turnover Beta Crosslaps
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change in Estimated GFR From Baseline to Week 48.
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change in Estimated GFR From Baseline to Week 24.
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Effect of Concurrent Treatment With Ritonavir on 25-OHD Serum Concentration: Change in Concentration From Baseline to Week 48 by Ritonavir Use
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Effect of Concurrent Treatment With Efavirenz on 25-OHD Serum Concentration: Concentration at Week 48 by Efavirenz Use
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Effect of Concurrent Treatment With Efavirenz on 25-OHD Serum Concentration: Concentration at Baseline by Efavirenz Use
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Effect of Concurrent Treatment With Efavirenz on 25-OHD Serum Concentration: Change in Concentration From Baseline to Week 48 by Efavirenz Use
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change in URBP/UCr Ratio From Baseline to Week 48
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change in UProt/ UCr Ratio From Baseline to Week 48
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change in UGluc From Baseline to Week 48
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change in UB2MG From Baseline to Week 48
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change in Estimated GFR From Baseline to Week 12.
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 48 of Total Hip BMD Z-score for the Randomized Study Groups
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 48 of Lumbar Spine (L1-L4) BMD Z-score for the Randomized Study Groups
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 48 of Femoral Neck BMD Z-score for the Randomized Study Groups
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 48 in UCa/Ucr
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 48 in SPO4
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 48 in Serum Calcium (SCa)
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 48 in PTH
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 48 in OC
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 48 in Glucose Homeostasis (Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR))
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 48 in Glucose Homeostasis (Fasting Insulin)
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 48 in Glucose Homeostasis (Fasting Glucose)
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Week 24 of Lumbar Spine (L1-L4) BMD for the Randomized Study Groups
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 48 in FGF23
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 48 in CTX
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 48 in BAP
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 48 in Actual Free 1,25-OHD
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 48 in 25-OHD
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 48 in TRP %
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 48 in 1,25-OHD
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 of Total Hip BMD Z-score for the Randomized Study Groups
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 of Lumbar Spine (L1-L4) BMD Z-score for the Randomized Study Groups
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 of Femoral Neck BMD Z-score for the Randomized Study Groups
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 in UCa/Ucr
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 in FGF23
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 in CTX
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Week 24 of Total Hip BMD for the Randomized Study Groups
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change in SCr From Baseline to Week 12.
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change in SCr From Baseline to Week 24.
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 in TRP %
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 in SPO4
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Serum Calcium (SCa)
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Week 48 of Total Hip BMD for the Randomized Study Groups
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Week 48 of Femoral Neck BMD for the Randomized Study Groups
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change in SCr From Baseline to Week 48.
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Week 48 of BMC of Whole Body for the Randomized Study Groups
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Week 48 in Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)-Measured BMD at the Spine for the Randomized Study Groups
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]25-OHD Serum Concentration by Randomized Study Group at Week 12
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Week 24 of Femoral Neck BMD for the Randomized Study Groups
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]25-OHD Serum Concentration by Randomized Study Group at Week 48
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Week 24 of BMC of Whole Body for the Randomized Study Groups
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in 1,25-OHD
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in 25-OHD
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Actual Free 1,25-OHD
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in BAP
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in CTX
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in FGF23
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in OC
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in PTH
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Serum Calcium (SCa)
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in SPO4
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in TRP %
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in UCa/Ucr
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 in 1,25-OHD
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 in 25-OHD
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Actual Free 1,25-OHD
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 in BAP
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Effect of Concurrent Treatment With Ritonavir on 25-OHD Serum Concentration: Concentration at Week 48 by Ritonavir Use
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Effect of Concurrent Treatment With Ritonavir on 25-OHD Serum Concentration: Concentration at Baseline by Ritonavir Use
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]25-OHD Serum Concentration by Randomized Study Group at Week 24
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 in PTH
NCT01751646 (72) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 in OC
NCT01782352 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Incident Visually-Significant AMD
NCT01782352 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Incident AMD
NCT01782352 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With an AMD Event, Excluding the First Two Years of Follow-up
NCT01782352 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With an AMD Event
NCT01782352 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Incident Advanced AMD
NCT01782352 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With AMD Progression
NCT01784029 (1) [back to overview]Change in 25(OH)D Serum Level After Treatment for Vitamin D Deficiency (Deficiency Defined as 25(OH)D <20 ng/dL)
NCT01797302 (10) [back to overview]Pulse-wave Velocity (PWV)
NCT01797302 (10) [back to overview]Systemic Diastolic Blood Pressure
NCT01797302 (10) [back to overview]Systemic Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT01797302 (10) [back to overview]Body Mass Index (BMI)
NCT01797302 (10) [back to overview]1/Fasting Insulin Ratio
NCT01797302 (10) [back to overview]Central Diastolic Blood Pressure
NCT01797302 (10) [back to overview]Central Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT01797302 (10) [back to overview]Augmentation Index at Heart Rate of 75 Beats/Min (AIx-75)
NCT01797302 (10) [back to overview]Fasting Blood Glucose
NCT01797302 (10) [back to overview]Flow-mediated Dilation (FMD) Percentage
NCT01838447 (4) [back to overview]Blood 25 Hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) Concentrations
NCT01838447 (4) [back to overview]Post-operative PICU Catecholamine Requirements
NCT01838447 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Hypercalciuria
NCT01838447 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Hypercalcemia as a Vitamin D Related Adverse Event
NCT01884844 (1) [back to overview]Change in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale
NCT01889810 (1) [back to overview]Change in Insulin Resistance
NCT01896544 (5) [back to overview]Change in Immunological Profile 5 Days Following Supplementation With Cholecalciferol
NCT01896544 (5) [back to overview]Change in Immunological Profile 5 Days Following Supplementation With Cholecalciferol
NCT01896544 (5) [back to overview]Incidence of Infection-related Complications Within 90 Days From the Onset of a Suspected Case of Sepsis
NCT01896544 (5) [back to overview]Incidence of Infection-related Complications Within 90 Days From the Onset of a Suspected Case of Sepsis
NCT01896544 (5) [back to overview]Change in Vitamin D Status 5 Days Following Supplementation With Cholecalciferol
NCT01904032 (4) [back to overview]Change in Systolic Blood Pressure From Baseline (Month 0) to Month 6 for the High Dose Cohort Versus Low Dose Cohort
NCT01904032 (4) [back to overview]Change in Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Score From Baseline (Month 0) to Month 6 for the High Dose Cohort Versus Low Dose Cohort
NCT01904032 (4) [back to overview]Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure From Baseline (Month 0) to Month 6 for the High Dose Cohort Versus Low Dose Cohort
NCT01904032 (4) [back to overview]Change in Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAIDS) Score From Baseline (Month 0) to Month 6 for the High Dose Cohort Versus Low Dose Cohort
NCT01908751 (7) [back to overview]Short Form-12 (SF-12) Physical Composite Scale (PCS)
NCT01908751 (7) [back to overview]Short Form-12 (SF-12) Mental Health Composite Scale (MCS)
NCT01908751 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Patient Important Outcomes
NCT01908751 (7) [back to overview]Hip Outcome Score (HOS) Sports Scale
NCT01908751 (7) [back to overview]Hip Outcome Score (HOS) Activities of Daily Living Scale
NCT01908751 (7) [back to overview]Radiographic Fracture Healing
NCT01908751 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Non-Operatively-Treated Fracture Healing Complications
NCT01911169 (1) [back to overview]Change at Week 16 in % Flow Mediated Dilation in Those Who Did and Did Not Replete Vitamin D
NCT01921894 (5) [back to overview]Number of Participants With FEV1 < 80% of Predicted
NCT01921894 (5) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Elevated Urinary Calcium/Creatinine Ratio
NCT01921894 (5) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Vitamin D Toxicity
NCT01921894 (5) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Vitamin D Sufficiency (Vitamin D ≥30 ng/ml) After 4 Weeks of Supplementation
NCT01921894 (5) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Sufficient Vitamin D Levels (≥30 ng/ml) After 8 Weeks of Supplementation
NCT01932788 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Greater Than 100 Nmol/L 25(OH)D (Converted Vitamin D)
NCT01942694 (8) [back to overview]Variability of Response to Vitamin D Supplementation by Baseline Characteristic: Pre-diabetes Criteria (Two vs. Three Criteria)
NCT01942694 (8) [back to overview]Variability of Response to Vitamin D Supplementation by Baseline Characteristic: Waist Circumference
NCT01942694 (8) [back to overview]Variability of Response to Vitamin D Supplementation by Baseline Characteristic: Age
NCT01942694 (8) [back to overview]Time to Development of Diabetes
NCT01942694 (8) [back to overview]Variability of Response to Vitamin D Supplementation by Baseline Characteristic: BMI
NCT01942694 (8) [back to overview]Variability of Response to Vitamin D Supplementation by Baseline Characteristic: Calcium Intake From Supplements
NCT01942694 (8) [back to overview]Variability of Response to Vitamin D Supplementation by Baseline Characteristic: Geographic Location (as a Proxy for Sun Exposure)
NCT01942694 (8) [back to overview]Variability of Response to Vitamin D Supplementation by Baseline Characteristic: Race (as a Proxy for Skin Pigmentation)
NCT01950169 (4) [back to overview]Total Hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Baseline, 6 and 12 Months After Hip Fracture.
NCT01950169 (4) [back to overview]Body Composition, Including Fat Mass at Baseline, 6 and 12 Months After Hip Fracture.
NCT01950169 (4) [back to overview]Body Composition, Including Lean Mass at Baseline, 6 and 12 Months After Hip Fracture.
NCT01950169 (4) [back to overview]Total Body Mineral Density (BMD) at Baseline, 6 and 12 Months After Hip Fracture.
NCT01967628 (1) [back to overview]Antimicrobial Activity by Airway Surface Liquid (ASL) as Measured by Relative Light Units (RLU)
NCT01974245 (1) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Interleukin-6 at 12 Weeks.
NCT01988090 (2) [back to overview]Compliance With Anti-Cancer Treatment
NCT01988090 (2) [back to overview]Association Between Vitamin D Levels Changes and Treatment.
NCT02030041 (2) [back to overview]Peak Oxygen Consumption
NCT02030041 (2) [back to overview]Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Content
NCT02166333 (2) [back to overview]Change in Gait Speed
NCT02166333 (2) [back to overview]Incidence of First Fall or Death (Whichever Comes First)
NCT02168660 (2) [back to overview]Change in HOMA-IR
NCT02168660 (2) [back to overview]Change in BMI Z-score
NCT02186015 (8) [back to overview]Change in Fatigue
NCT02186015 (8) [back to overview]Change in Muscle Function
NCT02186015 (8) [back to overview]Change in Mood
NCT02186015 (8) [back to overview]Change in Worst Pain Rating From the Beck Pain Scale
NCT02186015 (8) [back to overview]Change in Sleep Quality Assessment
NCT02186015 (8) [back to overview]Change in Serum 25(OH)D
NCT02186015 (8) [back to overview]Change in Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-endocrine
NCT02186015 (8) [back to overview]Change in Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-breast
NCT02186600 (3) [back to overview]Change in Bone Strength Index of the Distal Tibia Based on Randomization to Control, Risedronate, or Exercise Group.
NCT02186600 (3) [back to overview]Change in Serum Measures of Bone Resorption (Serum NTx) Based on Randomization to Control, Risedronate, or Exercise Group.
NCT02186600 (3) [back to overview]Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at the Spine (L1-L4) Based on Randomization to Control, Risedronate, or Exercise Group.
NCT02195895 (5) [back to overview]BMD by DXA at the Lumbar Spine
NCT02195895 (5) [back to overview]BMD of Total Hip by DXA
NCT02195895 (5) [back to overview]C-terminal Telopeptide (CTX)
NCT02195895 (5) [back to overview]Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP)
NCT02195895 (5) [back to overview]Amino-terminal Propeptide of Type 1 Collagen (P1NP)
NCT02208310 (12) [back to overview]Hypercalcemia
NCT02208310 (12) [back to overview]Crohn's Related Surgeries (Dichotomous 0/1 Per Subject)
NCT02208310 (12) [back to overview]Crohn's Related Hospitalizations
NCT02208310 (12) [back to overview]Steroid Prescription Given (Dichotomous 0/1)
NCT02208310 (12) [back to overview]Incidence of Nephrolithiasis
NCT02208310 (12) [back to overview]Change in Fatigue Measurements
NCT02208310 (12) [back to overview]Change in C-reactive Protein
NCT02208310 (12) [back to overview]Change in Modified Harvey-Bradshaw Index (HBI Without Examination)
NCT02208310 (12) [back to overview]Composite Endpoint: Number of Participants With (Any of) a CD-related Hospitalization, CD-related Surgery, CD-related ER Visits and Steroid Prescriptions
NCT02208310 (12) [back to overview]Participants With at Least One Crohn's Related Emergency Department (ED) Visit
NCT02208310 (12) [back to overview]Percent With Escalation of Therapy
NCT02208310 (12) [back to overview]Quality of Life Measure Changes
NCT02271230 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants With New Heart Failure Hospitalization
NCT02271230 (2) [back to overview]Number of Recurrent Heart Failure Hospitalization
NCT02328404 (15) [back to overview]Serum Glucose Concentration in Oral Glucose Tolerance Test 1st hr After Treatment
NCT02328404 (15) [back to overview]Serum Parathyroid Hormone Concentration
NCT02328404 (15) [back to overview]Serum Calcium Concentration
NCT02328404 (15) [back to overview]Menstrual Regularity
NCT02328404 (15) [back to overview]Total Testosterone Level
NCT02328404 (15) [back to overview]Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Concentration
NCT02328404 (15) [back to overview]Serum Progesterone Level
NCT02328404 (15) [back to overview]Serum Phosphorous Concentration
NCT02328404 (15) [back to overview]Serum Chromium Concentration
NCT02328404 (15) [back to overview]Body Mass Index
NCT02328404 (15) [back to overview]Free Androgen Index
NCT02328404 (15) [back to overview]Hirsutism Score
NCT02328404 (15) [back to overview]Serum 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D3 Level
NCT02328404 (15) [back to overview]Serum C-Reactive Protien Concentration
NCT02328404 (15) [back to overview]Ultrasound Examination of Number of Follicles and Ovarian Volume
NCT02387164 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in GADA Month 12
NCT02387164 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in GADA Month 1
NCT02387164 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in GADA Month 24
NCT02387164 (5) [back to overview]Injection Site Reactions Month 1
NCT02387164 (5) [back to overview]Injection Site Reactions Day 1
NCT02395081 (13) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Proteinuria as Measured by Urine Dipstick
NCT02395081 (13) [back to overview]Assisted Vaginal Delivery as Measured by Medical Record Abstraction
NCT02395081 (13) [back to overview]Casarean Section as Measured by Medical Record Abstraction
NCT02395081 (13) [back to overview]Average Monthly Blood Pressure
NCT02395081 (13) [back to overview]Number of Large for Gestational Age (LGA) Neonates as Measured by Medical Record Abstraction
NCT02395081 (13) [back to overview]Total Serum 25(OH)D Concentration
NCT02395081 (13) [back to overview]Number of Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Neonates as Measured by Medical Record Abstraction
NCT02395081 (13) [back to overview]Mean Calcemia as Measured by Serum Calcium Test (2mo)
NCT02395081 (13) [back to overview]Mean Calcemia as Measured by Serum Calcium Test (36-40 Weeks)
NCT02395081 (13) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Preterm Delivery as Measured by Clinical Diagnosis
NCT02395081 (13) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy as Measured by Clinical Diagnosis
NCT02395081 (13) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Bacterial Vaginosis as Measured by Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Wet Mount
NCT02395081 (13) [back to overview]The Number of Participants With Preeclampsia
NCT02416193 (7) [back to overview]Trail Making Test Part B
NCT02416193 (7) [back to overview]Controlled Oral Word Association Test
NCT02416193 (7) [back to overview]Hopkins Verbal Learning Total Recall Test
NCT02416193 (7) [back to overview]Stroop Interference Test
NCT02416193 (7) [back to overview]Letter-Number Sequencing
NCT02416193 (7) [back to overview]Semantic Fluency Test
NCT02416193 (7) [back to overview]Symbol-Digit Modality Test
NCT02452762 (3) [back to overview]Vitamin D Axis Function - Calcium
NCT02452762 (3) [back to overview]Vitamin D Status
NCT02452762 (3) [back to overview]Patient Accrual Rate
NCT02460380 (8) [back to overview]The Effects of Vitamin D3 on Clinical Disease Parameters in Women With PCOS
NCT02460380 (8) [back to overview]The Effects of Vitamin D3 on Clinical Disease Parameters in Women With PCOS
NCT02460380 (8) [back to overview]Effect of Vitamin D on Angiogenic Factors
NCT02460380 (8) [back to overview]Effect of Vitamin D on Angiogenic Factors
NCT02460380 (8) [back to overview]The Effects of Vitamin D3 on Clinical Disease Parameters in Women With PCOS
NCT02460380 (8) [back to overview]The Effects of Vitamin D3 on Clinical Disease Parameters in Women With PCOS
NCT02460380 (8) [back to overview]The Effects of Vitamin D3 on Clinical Disease Parameters in Women With PCOS
NCT02460380 (8) [back to overview]The Effects of Vitamin D3 on Clinical Disease Parameters in Women With PCOS
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]Spontaneous IL-17a Secretion
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Reactions of the Injection Site as an Assessment of the Tolerability
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Reactions of the Injection Site as an Assessment of the Tolerability
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Clinically Significant Laboratory Findings
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Any Abnormal Findings From Physical Examinations After Baseline
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]Number of Patients With an Infection Reported as Adverse Event Related to Study Treatment
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]Number of Patients With a Stimulated Maximum C-peptide Level Above 0.2 Nmol/L
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]Number of Patients With a Stimulated Maximum C-peptide Level Above 0.2 Nmol/L
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]Number of Patients With a Stimulated Maximum C-peptide Level Above 0.2 Nmol/L
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), Change From Baseline
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), Change From Baseline
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]GAD65AB Titer Measured to Evaluate the Tolerability (Main Study Period)
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), Change From Baseline
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]GAD65AB Titer Measured to Evaluate the Tolerability (Main Study Period)
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]GAD65AB Titer Measured to Evaluate the Tolerability (Main Study Period)
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]Exogenous Insulin Dose Per kg Body Weight and 24 Hours, Change From Baseline
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]Exogenous Insulin Dose Per kg Body Weight and 24 Hours, Change From Baseline
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]Exogenous Insulin Dose Per kg Body Weight and 24 Hours, Change From Baseline
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]C-peptide: Stimulated, 90 Minute Value, Change From Baseline
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]C-peptide: Stimulated, 90 Minute Value, Change From Baseline
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]C-peptide: Stimulated, 90 Minute Value, Change From Baseline
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]C-peptide: Area Under the Curve (AUC 0-120 Min) During an MMTT, Change From Baseline
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]C-peptide: Area Under the Curve (AUC 0-120 Min) During an MMTT, Change From Baseline
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]C-peptide: Area Under the Curve (AUC 0-120 Min) During an MMTT, Change From Baseline
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]C-peptide Fasting Concentration, Change From Baseline
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]C-peptide Fasting Concentration, Change From Baseline
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]C-peptide Fasting Concentration, Change From Baseline
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]GAD65-induced TNF-alpha Secretion
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]GAD65-induced GM-CSF Secretion
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]GAD65-induced IFN-gamma Secretion
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]GAD65-induced IL-13 Secretion
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]GAD65-induced IL-4 Secretion
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]GAD65-induced MCP-1 Secretion
NCT02464033 (34) [back to overview]GAD65-induced MIP-1b Secretion
NCT02464059 (2) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Lung Cathelicidin Level at 8 Weeks
NCT02464059 (2) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Blood Cathelicidin at 8 Weeks
NCT02513823 (2) [back to overview]Effectiveness of Vitamin d Supplementation on Improving Endothelial Function
NCT02513823 (2) [back to overview]Effectiveness of Vitamin D Supplementation on Reducing Blood Pressure
NCT02687815 (4) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants in Whom Fluticasone Dose Was Halved at Visit 6
NCT02687815 (4) [back to overview]Days to a Severe Asthma Exacerbation
NCT02687815 (4) [back to overview]Average Cumulative Prescribed Dose of ICS at the End of the Trial
NCT02687815 (4) [back to overview]Days to Viral-induced Severe Exacerbation
NCT02726113 (2) [back to overview]Number of Gene Transcripts Identified Regulated by Vitamin D Supplementation in Both AA and European American Participants
NCT02726113 (2) [back to overview]Changes in Serum Levels of Vitamin D [25(OH)D3] in Subjects in the Supplementation Group and Those in the Control Group (Placebo).
NCT02731820 (4) [back to overview]"Changes in Serum Levels of Tartrate-resistant Acid Phosphatase 5b Isoenzyme (TRAcP5b) Over Time, i.e. Baseline, 3 Months, 6 Months."
NCT02731820 (4) [back to overview]"Changes in Serum Levels of N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Procollagen (P1NP) Over Time, i.e. Baseline, 3 Months, 6 Months."
NCT02731820 (4) [back to overview]Changes in Serum Level of Carboxyterminal Cross-linked Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (CTX); Over Time, i.e. Baseline, 3 Months, 6 Months.
NCT02731820 (4) [back to overview]"Changes in Serum Levels of Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BAP) Over Time, i.e. Baseline, 3 Months, 6 Months."
NCT02735200 (1) [back to overview]Level of Serum 25 OHD Level Pre-treatment and Post Treatment
NCT02786498 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AE)
NCT02786498 (11) [back to overview]Serum Levels of Calcium
NCT02786498 (11) [back to overview]Serum Levels of Parathyroid Hormone
NCT02786498 (11) [back to overview]Count of Participants Who Completed Radiographic Imaging Measures
NCT02786498 (11) [back to overview]Count of Participants Who Completed Blood Measures
NCT02786498 (11) [back to overview]Serum Level of 25(OH)D
NCT02786498 (11) [back to overview]Fracture Healing Will be Assessed Radiographically Using Radiographic Union Score for Tibial Fractures (RUST)
NCT02786498 (11) [back to overview]Fracture Healing Will be Assessed Clinically Using Function IndeX for Trauma (FIX-IT)
NCT02786498 (11) [back to overview]Fracture Healing Will be Assessed Biochemically Using Serum Levels of the Bone Turnover Marker N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Procollagen (P1NP)
NCT02786498 (11) [back to overview]Fracture Healing Will be Assessed Biochemically Using Serum Levels of the Bone Turnover Marker (BTM) C-terminal Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (CTX)
NCT02786498 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adherence With Vitamin D Supplementation
NCT02802449 (6) [back to overview]Vitamin D3 Level
NCT02802449 (6) [back to overview]Oxidative Stress Markers: Isoprostane
NCT02802449 (6) [back to overview]Plasma PTH Level
NCT02802449 (6) [back to overview]Oxidative Stress Markers: Homocysteine
NCT02802449 (6) [back to overview]Oxidative Stress Markers: Cysteine
NCT02802449 (6) [back to overview]Oxidative Stress Markers: GSH
NCT02881957 (10) [back to overview]As-treated Hospital Length of Stay
NCT02881957 (10) [back to overview]As-treated ICU Length of Stay
NCT02881957 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Pneumonia
NCT02881957 (10) [back to overview]Intent-to-treat Hospital Length-of-stay
NCT02881957 (10) [back to overview]Intent-to-treat ICU Length of Stay
NCT02881957 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Urinary Tract Infection
NCT02881957 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Sepsis
NCT02881957 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Study Drug Related Adverse Events
NCT02881957 (10) [back to overview]In-hospital Mortality
NCT02881957 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Deep Vein Thrombosis
NCT02925195 (5) [back to overview]Change in Serum PTH Concentration
NCT02925195 (5) [back to overview]Change in Serum Calcium Concentrations
NCT02925195 (5) [back to overview]Change in Serum 1,25(OH)2D Concentration
NCT02925195 (5) [back to overview]Change in Urine Calcium Excretion
NCT02925195 (5) [back to overview]Change in Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT03070483 (4) [back to overview]Change in Intact Parathyroid Hormone Levels From Baseline to 12 Weeks
NCT03070483 (4) [back to overview]Change in Mean Blood Pressure From Baseline to 12 Weeks
NCT03070483 (4) [back to overview]Change in Total 25-hydroxyvitamin D From Baseline to 12 Weeks
NCT03070483 (4) [back to overview]Change in 24-hour Urine Calcium Excretion From Baseline to 12 Weeks
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]Highest Ionized Calcium to Day 14
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Developed (New) ARDS to Day 7
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]Highest Total Calcium to Day 14
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]Hospital Length of Stay to Day 90
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]Hospital Mortality to Day 90
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]Hypercalcemia to Day 14
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]Kidney Stones to Day 90
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]New Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT)
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]New Vasopressor Use to Day 7
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]Ventilator-free Days (VFDs) to Day 28
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]Severity of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]Highest Creatinine Levels
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]25OHD Levels at Day 3
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]Alive and Home (Prior Level of Care) at Day 90
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]All-cause, All Location Mortality to Day 28
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]All-cause, All-location Mortality to Day 90
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]Fall-related Fractures to Day 90
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]Falls to Day 90
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]Health-related Quality of Life by EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L)
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]Healthcare Facility Length of Stay to Day 90
NCT03096314 (21) [back to overview]Highest Cardiovascular SOFA (Sepsis Related Organ Failure Assessment) Score
NCT03101150 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Pre-eclampsia in Both Arms
NCT03101150 (3) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Intrauterine Growth Retardation
NCT03101150 (3) [back to overview]Change in Vitamin D Level
NCT03103152 (2) [back to overview]Rate of Patient Recruitment to a Randomised Chemoprevention Study in Men Enrolled on an Active Surveillance Programme for Prostate Cancer. Number Accrued Per Month.
NCT03103152 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Histological Disease Progression
NCT03313076 (7) [back to overview]Qualitative Review of Treatment-Related Adverse Events
NCT03313076 (7) [back to overview]Sex Differences in Treatment Response Based on Pain Scores
NCT03313076 (7) [back to overview]General Mental Health as Measured by the Short Form (SF)-12 General Mental Health Component Scores
NCT03313076 (7) [back to overview]General Physical Health by Treatment Group Measured by the SF-12 General Physical Health Component Scores
NCT03313076 (7) [back to overview]Pain Interference by Treatment Group Measured by the Brief Pain Inventory
NCT03313076 (7) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Who Are Compliant With Follow-up (Feasibility)
NCT03313076 (7) [back to overview]By Group Efficacy Estimates Over Year Following Thermal Burn Injury
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]Change in Insulin Consumption
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]Change in Maximum C-peptide
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]Number of Clinically Significant Abnormal Results in Vital Signs
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]Change in Stimulated C-peptide During a MMTT
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]Change in HbA1c
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]Number of Hypoglycemias
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]Number of Patients Having at Least 1 Severe Hypoglycemic Event
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]Stimulated C-peptide Above 0.2 Nmol/L at 90 Min
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]Stimulated Maximum C-peptide Above 0.2 Nmol/L
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]C-peptide Levels During a MMTT
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]Change in Glycemic Variability/Fluctuations
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]Number of Clinically Significant Abnormal Results From Physical and Neurological Examinations
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]Change in Body Mass Index (BMI)
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]Change in Body Weight
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]Change in Fasting C-peptide
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]Change in IDAA1c
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]Number of Clinically Significant Abnormal Results From Laboratory Measurements (Haematology and Clinical Chemistry) and Urinalysis.
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With IDAA1c ≤ 9
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]Change in Quality of Life (QoL)
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]GAD65A Titer
NCT03345004 (21) [back to overview]Injection Site Reactions
NCT03380091 (4) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline Week in Vitamin D 25-hydroxy Levels at Week 12.
NCT03380091 (4) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline Week in Insulin Resistance Score at Week 12.
NCT03380091 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Score (STAI-S) at 12 Weeks
NCT03380091 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Depression Score on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) at 12 Weeks
NCT03424239 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Femoral Neck Bone Density Measured by DXA
NCT03424239 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Spine Bone Density Measured by DXA
NCT03424239 (6) [back to overview]Change in Serum CTX
NCT03424239 (6) [back to overview]Change in Total Hip Bone Mineral Density by DXA
NCT03424239 (6) [back to overview]Change in Trabecular Spine Bone Mineral Density by QCT
NCT03424239 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-related Hypocalcemia Events as Assessed by CTCAE v4.0
NCT03588884 (1) [back to overview]Incidence and Severity of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE) as Assessed by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 5.0.
NCT03644212 (1) [back to overview]AMH Levels in Women With PCOS
NCT03686150 (2) [back to overview]Part 1: Optimal Dosing Level to Use in Part 2
NCT03686150 (2) [back to overview]Part 2: Proportion of Participants With Vitamin D Levels >= 40 ng/ml
NCT04070833 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Physical Disability After Stroke as Measured by the Modified Katz Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Scale
NCT04070833 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Physical Disability After Stroke as Measured by the Rosow-Breslau Functional Health Scale
NCT04070833 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With at Least One Functional Limitation After Stroke According to the Scale Adapted From Nagi
NCT04070833 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Social Disability After Stroke as Measured by FHS Social Disability Scale
NCT04140292 (3) [back to overview]Clinical PDT Response as Measured by Percent Change in AK Lesions From Baseline to 3 Months
NCT04140292 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants Reporting 1 or Higher on the Pain Scale
NCT04140292 (3) [back to overview]Tolerability as Measured by Participants' Symptom Score Sheets
NCT04179461 (4) [back to overview]Change in Composite Asthma Severity Index (CASI)
NCT04179461 (4) [back to overview]Asthma Control Test (ACT)
NCT04179461 (4) [back to overview]Adherence of Asthma Controller Medication
NCT04179461 (4) [back to overview]Pulmonary Function Measured by Spirometry: Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) / Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
NCT04400890 (6) [back to overview]Death
NCT04400890 (6) [back to overview]Pneumonia
NCT04400890 (6) [back to overview]Hospitalization Rates for COVID-19
NCT04400890 (6) [back to overview]ICU Admission Rates
NCT04400890 (6) [back to overview]Invasive Ventilation Rates
NCT04400890 (6) [back to overview]Pulmonary Embolism
NCT04629534 (11) [back to overview]Number of Mothers With Elevated Calcium Concentrations at 1 Month
NCT04629534 (11) [back to overview]Number of Mothers With Elevated Calcium Concentrations at Month 2
NCT04629534 (11) [back to overview]Number of Infants With Elevated Calcium Concentration at Month 1
NCT04629534 (11) [back to overview]Number of Mothers With Sufficient 25(OH)D Stores at 3 Months
NCT04629534 (11) [back to overview]Number of Mothers With Elevated Calcium Concentrations at Month 3
NCT04629534 (11) [back to overview]Number of Mothers With Elevated Urine Calcium Creatinine Ratio at Month 1
NCT04629534 (11) [back to overview]Number of Infants With Elevated Calcium Concentration at Month 2
NCT04629534 (11) [back to overview]Number of Infants With Elevated Calcium Concentration at Month 3
NCT04629534 (11) [back to overview]Number of Infants With Sufficient 25(OH)D Stores at 3 Months
NCT04629534 (11) [back to overview]Number of Mothers With Elevated Urine Calcium Creatinine Ratio at Month 2
NCT04629534 (11) [back to overview]Number of Mothers With Elevated Urine Calcium Creatinine Ratio at Month 3

Percentage Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD at 12 Months

Percentage change in total hip BMD (relative to baseline) at 12 months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 months

InterventionPercentage Change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Base-0.61
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Base-1.36
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Base1.05
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Base1.45
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Base1.87

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase [s-BSAP]) at 24 Months

Back-transformation (geometric mean) of the Least Squares Mean of the log-values Percentage change from baseline, in Biochemical Marker of Bone turnover (serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (s-BSAP)) (relative to baseline) at 24 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 months

InterventionGeometric LS Mean percent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Ext 13.38
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Ext 140.17
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Ext 12.99
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Ext 110.62
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 1-13.62

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase [s-BSAP]) at 36 Months

Geometric Mean Percentage change from baseline, in Biochemical Marker of Bone turnover (serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase [s-BSAP]) at 36 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 36 months

InterventionGeometric Mean Percent Change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo / Placebo-Ext 27.73
Placebo / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 210.86
Odanacatib 3 mg / Placebo-Ext 214.26
Odanacatib 3 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 29.13
Odanacatib 10 mg / Placebo-Ext 212.95
Odanacatib 10 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 28.49
Odanacatib 25 mg / 50 Mg-Ext 233.74
Odanacatib 25 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 211.12
Odanacatib 50 mg / Placebo-Ext 21.30
Odanacatib 50 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 217.90

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Trochanter BMD at 12 Months

Percentage change in trochanter BMD (relative to baseline) at 12 months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 Months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Base-0.73
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Base-1.02
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Base1.65
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Base1.91
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Base2.21

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum C-Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen [s-CTx]) at 24 Months

Back-transformation (geometric mean) of the Least Squares Mean of the log-values Percentage change from baseline, in Biochemical Marker of Bone turnover (serum C-telopeptides of Type 1 collagen (s-CTx)) (relative to baseline) at 24 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Ext 132.77
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Ext 154.94
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Ext 18.79
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Ext 1-6.52
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 1-30.57

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum C-Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen [s-CTx]) at 36 Months

Percentage change from baseline in biochemical marker of bone turnover (s-CTx) at 36 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 36 months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo / Placebo-Ext 2-0.09
Placebo / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-41.30
Odanacatib 3 mg / Placebo-Ext 2-4.69
Odanacatib 3 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-44.62
Odanacatib 10 mg / Placebo-Ext 218.24
Odanacatib 10 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-26.26
Odanacatib 25 mg / 50 Mg-Ext 261.14
Odanacatib 25 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-36.71
Odanacatib 50 mg / Placebo-Ext 210.32
Odanacatib 50 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-23.93

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum Cross-Linked Carboxyterminal Telopeptides of Type I Collagen [1-CTP]) at 36 Months

Percentage change from baseline in biochemical marker of bone turnover (serum Cross-Linked Carboxyterminal Telopeptides of Type I Collagen [1-CTP]) at 36 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 36 months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo / Placebo-Ext 27.40
Placebo / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2193.91
Odanacatib 3 mg / Placebo-Ext 21.67
Odanacatib 3 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2187.37
Odanacatib 10 mg / Placebo-Ext 258.76
Odanacatib 10 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2188.50
Odanacatib 25 mg / Placebo 50 Mg-Ext 277.94
Odanacatib 25 mg / 50 Mg-Ext 2231.93
Odanacatib 50 mg / Placebo-Ext 227.20
Odanacatib 50 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2236.64

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum N-Terminal Propeptide of Type 1 Collagen [s-P1NP]) at 12 Months

Back-transformation (geometric mean) of the Least Squares Mean of the log-values Percentage change in Biochemical Marker of Bone turnover (serum N-terminal propeptide of Type 1 collagen (s-P1NP) (relative to baseline) at 12 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Base3.91
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Base50.81
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Base2.33
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Base2.23
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Base-31.83

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum N-Terminal Propeptide of Type 1 Collagen [s-P1NP]) at 24 Months

Back-transformation (geometric mean) of the least squares mean of the log-values percentage change from baseline in biochemical marker of bone turnover (s-P1NP) (relative to baseline) at 24 months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 months

InterventionGeometric LS Mean percent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Ext 11.29
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Ext 150.52
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Ext 19.07
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Ext 114.60
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 1-20.20

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum N-terminal Propeptide of Type 1 Collagen [s-P1NP]) at 36 Months

Percentage change from baseline in biochemical marker of bone turnover (serum N-terminal propeptide of Type 1 collagen [s-P1NP]) at 36 months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 36 months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo / Placebo-Ext 2-20.79
Placebo / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-18.79
Odanacatib 3 mg / Placebo-Ext 2-13.11
Odanacatib 3 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-21.08
Odanacatib 10 mg / Placebo-Ext 28.58
Odanacatib 10 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 212.44
Odanacatib 25 mg / 50 Mg-Ext 222.57
Odanacatib 25 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-8.14
Odanacatib 50 mg / Placebo-Ext 2-0.77
Odanacatib 50 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-6.20

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Urinary Total Deoxypyridinolines [u-DPyr]) at 12 Months

Back-transformation (geometric mean) of the Least Squares Mean of the log-values percentage change from baseline in biochemical marker of bone turnover (urinary total deoxypyridinolines (u-DPyr)) (relative to baseline) at 12 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Base-7.25
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Base20.91
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Base-8.58
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Base-8.50
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Base-25.52

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Urinary N-Telopeptides of Type I Collagen [u-NTx]) at 12 Months

Back-transformation (geometric mean) of the Least Squares (LS) Mean of the log-values Percentage change from baseline, in Biochemical Marker of Bone turnover (urinary N-telopeptides of Type I collagen (u-NTx)) at 12 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 Months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Base-2.37
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Base8.80
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Base-34.21
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Base-48.29
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Base-60.23

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Urinary N-Telopeptides of Type I Collagen [u-NTx]) at 24 Months

Back-transformation (geometric mean) of the Least Squares Mean of the log-values percentage change from baseline in biochemical marker of bone turnover (u-NTx) (relative to baseline) at 24 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Base-4.62
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Base12.89
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Ext 1-40.57
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Base-38.30
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Base-51.83

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Urinary N-Telopeptides of Type I Collagen [u-NTx]) at 36 Months

Percentage change from baseline in biochemical marker of bone turnover (u-NTx) at 36 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 36 months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo / Placebo-Ext 2-17.43
Placebo / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-55.12
Odanacatib 3 mg / Placebo-Ext 2-11.90
Odanacatib 3 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-57.17
Odanacatib 10 mg / Placebo-Ext 2-12.15
Odanacatib 10 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-49.10
Odanacatib 25 mg / 50 Mg-Ext 214.26
Odanacatib 25 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-52.11
Odanacatib 50 mg / Placebo-Ext 227.55
Odanacatib 50 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-50.51

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Urinary Total Deoxypyridinolines [u-DPyr]) at 24 Months

Back-transformation (geometric mean) of the Least Squares Mean of the log-values Percentage change from baseline, in Biochemical Marker of Bone turnover (urinary total deoxypyridinolines (u-DPyr)) (relative to baseline) at 24 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 months

InterventionGeometric LS Mean percent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Ext 1-5.78
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Ext 115.96
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Ext 1-7.57
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Ext 1-14.30
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 1-22.49

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Urinary Total Deoxypyridinolines [u-DPyr]) at 36 Months

Percentage change from baseline in biochemical marker of bone turnover u-DPyr at 36 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 36 months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo / Placebo-Ext 2-18.69
Placebo / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-14.95
Odanacatib 3 mg / Placebo-Ext 2-7.82
Odanacatib 3 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-26.27
Odanacatib 10 mg / Placebo-Ext 2-4.69
Odanacatib 10 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 20.43
Odanacatib 25 mg / 50 Mg-Ext 2-9.16
Odanacatib 25 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-16.41
Odanacatib 50 mg / Placebo-Ext 222.41
Odanacatib 50 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-16.84

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Distal Forearm BMD at 12 Months

Percentage change in distal forearm BMD (relative to baseline) at 12 months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 Months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Base-1.27
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Base-2.55
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Base-1.00
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Base-0.17
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Base-0.04

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Distal Forearm BMD at 24 Months

Percentage change in distal forearm BMD (relative to baseline) at 24 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Base-2.75
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Base-5.70
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Ext 1-1.22
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Base-0.65
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Base0.15

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Distal Forearm BMD at 36 Months

Percentage change in distal forearm BMD (relative to baseline) at 36 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 36 months

InterventionPercentage Change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo / Placebo-Ext 2-2.08
Placebo / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-4.04
Odanacatib 3 mg / Placebo-Ext 2-6.59
Odanacatib 3 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-6.34
Odanacatib 10 mg / Placebo-Ext 2-1.74
Odanacatib 10 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-3.74
Odanacatib 25 mg / 50 Mg-Ext 2-2.39
Odanacatib 25 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 20.53
Odanacatib 50 mg / Placebo-Ext 2-2.73
Odanacatib 50 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-0.26

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Femoral Neck BMD at 12 Months

Percentage change in femoral neck BMD (relative to baseline) at 12 months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Base-0.13
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Base-0.32
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Base0.74
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Base1.76
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Base2.53

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Femoral Neck BMD at 24 Months

Percentage change in femoral neck Bone Mineral Density (relative to baseline) at 24 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Ext 1-0.85
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Ext 1-1.25
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Ext 11.97
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Ext 12.73
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 13.84

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Femoral Neck BMD at 36 Months

Percentage change in femoral neck BMD (relative to baseline) at 36 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 36 months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo / Placebo-Ext 2-0.52
Placebo / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 21.03
Odanacatib 3 mg / Placebo-Ext 2-1.04
Odanacatib 3 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 22.26
Odanacatib 10 mg / Placebo-Ext 2-0.14
Odanacatib 10 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 25.06
Odanacatib 25 mg / 50 Mg-Ext 20.80
Odanacatib 25 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 27.23
Odanacatib 50 mg / Placebo-Ext 22.26
Odanacatib 50 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 24.97

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine BMD at 120 Months

Percentage change from baseline in lumbar spine BMD at 120 Months. (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 120

InterventionPercentage Change (Mean)
Group A: Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly16.92
Group B: Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly14.56
Group C: Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly17.18
Group D: Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly7.71

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine BMD at 24 Months

Percentage change in lumbar spine BMD (relative to baseline) at 24 Months. (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 months

InterventionPercentage Change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Ext 1-0.19
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Ext 1-1.03
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Ext 13.20
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Ext 14.26
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 15.48

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine BMD at 36 Months

Percentage change in lumbar spine BMD (relative to baseline) at 36 months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 36 months

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo / Placebo-Ext 20.42
Placebo / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 22.95
Odanacatib 3 mg / Placebo-Ext 2-1.57
Odanacatib 3 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 24.41
Odanacatib 10 mg / Placebo-Ext 22.03
Odanacatib 10 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 26.11
Odanacatib 25 mg / Placebo-Ext 20.32
Odanacatib 25 mg / 50 Mg-Ext 27.45
Odanacatib 50 mg / Placebo-Ext 21.39
Odanacatib 50 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 27.85

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine BMD at 60 Months

Percentage change from baseline in lumbar spine BMD at 60 months. (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 60

InterventionPercentage change (Mean)
Placebo Once Weekly-0.41
Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly11.88

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at 12 Months

Percentage change in lumbar spine BMD (relative to baseline) at 12 Months. (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Base-0.13
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Base-0.62
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Base1.50
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Base2.65
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Base3.37

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Total Body BMD at 12 Months

Percentage change in total body BMD (relative to baseline) at 12 months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 Months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Base-0.42
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Base-1.89
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Base-1.06
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Base-0.51
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Base-0.13

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Total Body BMD at 24 Months

Percentage change in total body BMD (relative to baseline) at 24 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Ext 1-1.54
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Ext 1-2.70
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Ext 1-1.35
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Ext 1-0.43
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 10.19

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Total Body BMD at 36 Months

Percentage change from baseline in total body BMD (relative to baseline) at 36 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 36 months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo / Placebo-Ext 20.13
Placebo / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-2.20
Odanacatib 3 mg / Placebo-Ext 2-3.63
Odanacatib 3 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 20.28
Odanacatib 10 mg / Placebo-Ext 2-2.28
Odanacatib 10 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-1.22
Odanacatib 25 mg / 50 Mg-Ext 2-0.85
Odanacatib 25 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 20.56
Odanacatib 50 mg / Placebo-Ext 2-1.84
Odanacatib 50 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 2-0.38

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD at 36 Months

Percentage change in total hip BMD (relative to baseline) at 36 months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 36 months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo / Placebo-Ext 2-0.77
Placebo / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 21.16
Odanacatib 3 mg / Placebo-Ext 2-0.63
Odanacatib 3 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 22.75
Odanacatib 10 mg / Placebo-Ext 20.96
Odanacatib 10 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 24.61
Odanacatib 25 mg / 50 Mg-Ext 21.64
Odanacatib 25 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 25.70
Odanacatib 50 mg / Placebo-Ext 2-0.48
Odanacatib 50 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 25.83

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum C-Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen [s-CTx]) at 12 Months

Back-transformation (geometric mean) of the Least Squares (LS) Mean of the log-values Percentage change from baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone turnover (serum C-telopeptides of Type 1 collagen (s-CTx)) at 12 Months. (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 Months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Base-0.58
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Base19.12
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Base-22.24
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Base-36.15
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Base-56.91

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Total Hip Bone Mineral Density at 24 Months

Percentage change in total hip Bone Mineral Density (relative to baseline) at 24 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Ext 1-0.93
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Ext 1-1.44
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Ext 11.82
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Ext 12.55
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 13.16

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Trochanter BMD at 24 Months

Percentage change from baseline in trochanter BMD (relative to baseline) at 24 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 months

InterventionPercentage Change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Ext 1-0.81
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Ext 1-0.85
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Ext 13.61
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Ext 13.75
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 14.28

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Trochanter BMD at 36 Months

Percentage change in trochanter BMD (relative to baseline) at 36 months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 36 months

InterventionPercentage Change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo / Placebo-Ext 2-0.46
Placebo / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 22.32
Odanacatib 3 mg / Placebo-Ext 2-1.04
Odanacatib 3 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 24.53
Odanacatib 10 mg / Placebo-Ext 20.66
Odanacatib 10 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 28.21
Odanacatib 25 mg / 50 Mg-Ext 21.14
Odanacatib 25 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 27.97
Odanacatib 50 mg / Placebo-Ext 2-0.69
Odanacatib 50 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 27.44

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Number of Participants Who Discontinued Study Drug Due to an AE During Treatment Years 6-10 (60 Months)

An AE is defined as any unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a study drug, whether or not it is considered related to the study drug. (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Years 6-10 (up to 60 months)

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Group A: Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly1
Group B: Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly2
Group C: Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly0
Group D: Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly1

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Number of Participants Who Experienced At Least One Adverse Event (AE) During Treatment Years 6-10 (60 Months)

An AE is defined as any unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a study drug, whether or not it is considered related to the study drug. (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Years 6-10 (up to 60 months, up to 14 days after the last dose of study drug)

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Group A: Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly27
Group B: Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly34
Group C: Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly23
Group D: Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly32

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum Bone Tartrate-resistant Acid Phosphatase Isoform 5b [TRAP 5-b]) at 36 Months

Percentage change from baseline in biochemical marker of bone turnover (serum bone tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b [TRAP 5-b]) at 36 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 36 months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo / Placebo-Ext 252.98
Placebo / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 252.37
Odanacatib 3 mg / Placebo-Ext 233.25
Odanacatib 3 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 259.37
Odanacatib 10 mg / Placebo-Ext 256.71
Odanacatib 10 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 282.94
Odanacatib 25 mg / 50 Mg-Ext 256.42
Odanacatib 25 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 277.90
Odanacatib 50 mg / Placebo-Ext 247.61
Odanacatib 50 mg / Odanacatib 50 Mg-Ext 296.70

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Biochemical Marker of Bone Turnover (Serum Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase [s-BSAP]) at 12 Months

Back-transformation (geometric mean) of the Least Squares Mean of the log-values Percentage change from baseline, in Biochemical Marker of Bone turnover (serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (s-BSAP)), at 12 Months (NCT00112437)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 months

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-Base-2.77
Odanacatib 3 Mg-Base42.08
Odanacatib 10 Mg-Base8.95
Odanacatib 25 Mg-Base2.66
Odanacatib 50 Mg-Base-18.35

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Advanced Colorectal Lesions

Includes: adenomas >=1 cm, adenomas with high grade dysplasia, adenomas with villous features, or cancer. (NCT00153816)
Timeframe: 1 to 10 years

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Full Factorial Placebo9.2
Full Factorial Calcium11.4
Full Factorial Vitamin D10.9
Full Factorial Calcium Plus Vitamin D9.6
Two Arm Placebo6.9
Two Arm Vitamin D7.3

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Colorectal Adenomas

(NCT00153816)
Timeframe: 1 to 10 years

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Full Factorial Placebo48.2
Full Factorial Calcium44.9
Full Factorial Vitamin D47.0
Full Factorial Calcium Plus Vitamin D45.7
Two Arm Placebo32.1
Two Arm Vitamin D32.4

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Systolic Blood Pressure at 3 Months

systolic blood pressure at 3 months (NCT00285467)
Timeframe: 3 month

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Doxercalciferol, Active Vitamin D120
Cholecalciferol, Inactive Vitamin D128

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Percent Reduction in PTH

Percent reduction in PTH from baseline to 3 months (NCT00285467)
Timeframe: 3 month

Intervention% change in PTH baseline to 3 months (Mean)
Doxercalciferol, Active Vitamin D27
Cholecalciferol, Inactive Vitamin D10

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25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration

Circulating total 25(OH)D concentration measured in serum at visit 7, one month prior to delivery (NCT00292591)
Timeframe: 7 months

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Cholecalciferol-400 IU32.5
Cholecalciferol 2000 IU41.0
Cholecalciferol 4000 IU45.7

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Mean Change in Luteinizing Hormone

Change in bone resorption markers of bone metabolism measured at baseline and 12 months post transplant for all enrolled patients. Luteinizing hormone is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. (NCT00321932)
Timeframe: From Time of Transplant to 12 Months Post-Transplant

InterventionIU/L (Mean)
Arm I (Standard of Care)18.8
Arm II (Treatment With Zometa)12.8

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Mean Change in Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

Change in bone resorption markers of bone metabolism measured at baseline and 12 months post transplant for all enrolled patients. Follicle-stimulating hormone is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. (NCT00321932)
Timeframe: From Time of Transplant to 12 Months Post-Transplant

InterventionIU/L (Mean)
Arm I (Standard of Care)14.0
Arm II (Treatment With Zometa)6.6

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Mean Change in Bone Mineral Density

"Change in bone mineral density of the femoral neck measured from baseline to 12 months after transplant utilizing Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan. Comparison of difference between the standard of care group (receiving calcium and vitamin D)and the Zometa group. The measurement consists of baseline bone mineral density measurements with followup measurements at 12 months.~This will be analyzed as a continuous variable. Percent change in bone mineral density (BMD) will be calculated as (BMD change) x 100/BMD baseline." (NCT00321932)
Timeframe: From Time of Transplant to 12 Months Post-Transplant

Interventionpercent (Mean)
Arm I (Standard of Care)-0.0714
Arm II (Treatment With Zometa)-0.0036

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Mean Change in Serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphate

Change in bone resorption markers of bone metabolism measured at baseline and 12 months post transplant for all enrolled patients. The decrease in serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase predicts bone mineral density response to hormone replacement therapy in early postmenopausal women. (NCT00321932)
Timeframe: From Time of Transplant to 12 Months Post-Transplant

InterventionU/L (Mean)
Arm I (Standard of Care)-3.0
Arm II (Treatment With Zometa)-4.3

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Mean Change in Urinary N-terminal Telopeptide

Change in bone resorption markers of bone metabolism measured at baseline and 12 months post transplant for all enrolled patients. In bone physiology, the N-terminal telopeptide is a biomarker used to measure the rate of bone turnover. (NCT00321932)
Timeframe: From Time of Transplant to 12 Months Post-Transplant

InterventionnM Bone Collagen Equivalents/mM creatini (Mean)
Arm I (Standard of Care)-22.5
Arm II (Treatment With Zometa)-103.0

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Mean Change in Ultrasensitive Estradiol

Change in bone resorption markers of bone metabolism measured at baseline and 12 months post transplant for all enrolled patients. In women estradiol is responsible for growth of the breast and reproductive epithelia, maturation of long bones and development of the secondary sexual characteristics. (NCT00321932)
Timeframe: From Time of Transplant to 12 Months Post-Transplant

Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
Arm I (Standard of Care)-3.6
Arm II (Treatment With Zometa)-6.3

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Mean Change in Total Testosterone

Change in bone resorption markers of bone metabolism measured at baseline and 12 months post transplant for all enrolled patients. Testosterone affects the brain, bone and muscle mass, fat distribution, the vascular system, energy levels, genital tissues, and sexual functioning. (NCT00321932)
Timeframe: From Time of Transplant to 12 Months Post-Transplant

Interventionng/dL (Mean)
Arm I (Standard of Care)-65.4
Arm II (Treatment With Zometa)-23.6

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Mean Change in Thyroid Function Test 4

Change in bone resorption markers of bone metabolism measured at baseline and 12 months post transplant for all enrolled patients. Individuals who have hyperthyroidism will have an elevated thyroxine (FT4). Low serum thyroxine can also indicate a pituitary problem. (NCT00321932)
Timeframe: From Time of Transplant to 12 Months Post-Transplant

Interventionng/dL (Mean)
Arm I (Standard of Care)-0.6
Arm II (Treatment With Zometa)-0.2

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Mean Change in Serum Osteocalcin

Change in bone resorption markers of bone metabolism measured at baseline and 12 months post transplant for all enrolled patients. As osteocalcin is produced by osteoblasts, it is often used as a marker for the bone formation process. (NCT00321932)
Timeframe: From Time of Transplant to 12 Months Post-Transplant

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Arm I (Standard of Care)-3.6
Arm II (Treatment With Zometa)-11.3

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Maternal Health Status - Vitamin D Deficiency

Percentage of subjects with 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration <20 ng/mL at Visit 7 (NCT00412074)
Timeframe: to 7 months postpartum

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Control 400 IU Vitamin D322.95
2400 IU Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)11.36
6400 IU Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)4.69

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Infant Health Status - Vitamin D Deficiency

Percentage of infants with 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration <20 ng/mL at Visit 7 (NCT00412074)
Timeframe: to 7 months of age

Interventionpercentage of infants (Number)
Control 400 IU Vitamin D32.78
2400 IU Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)8.11
6400 IU Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)2.63

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25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels for Postpartum Mother 7 Months After Delivery

(NCT00412074)
Timeframe: to 7 months postpartum

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Control 400 IU Vitamin D328.5
2400 IU Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)38.0
6400 Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)55.6

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Parathyroid Hormone at Visit 7

Intact parathyroid hormone at Visit 7, one month prior to delivery (NCT00412087)
Timeframe: 7 months

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Cholecalciferol 2000 IU17.3
Cholecalciferol 4000 IU14.3

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25-hydroxyvitamin D at Visit 7

25-hydroxyvitamin D at Visit 7, one month prior to delivery (NCT00412087)
Timeframe: 7 months

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Cholecalciferol 2000 IU36.7
Cholecalciferol 4000 IU39.8

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Number of Early Breast Cancer Patients Prescribed Adjuvant Letrozole That Are Vitamin D Deficient and Who Experience Myalgias, Arthralgias and/or Joint Stiffness

Count of early breast cancer patients prescribed adjuvant letrozole that are vitamin D deficient and who experience myalgias, arthralgias and/or joint stiffness, assessed at baseline and 1 month after vitamin D repletion. (NCT00416715)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 month post vitamin D repletion

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Baseline12
Post Vitamin D Repletion (1 Month)1

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Letrozole Serum Levels Before and After Vitamin D Repletion

Letrezole serum level concentration in patients that were vitamin D deficient and experienced myalgias, arthralgias and/or joint stiffness. (NCT00416715)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 month post vitamin D repletion

Interventionmicro-grams/mL (Median)
Baseline85
Post Vitamin D Repletion (1 Month)70

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Number Adherent With the Intervention

(NCT00421343)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Osteoporosis Medication29

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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Baseline blood samples were drawn in-hospital. In additional PTH was accessed at baseline. (NCT00424619)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionpmol/L (Mean)
50 000 IU Vitamin D25.35
100 000 IU Vitamin D25.10
Placebo4.2

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Hemoglobin

Baseline blood samples were drawn in-hospital. In additional hemoglobin was accessed at baseline. (NCT00424619)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventiong/L (Mean)
50 000 IU Vitamin D2102.2
100 000 IU Vitamin D2107.9
Placebo108.6

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Creatinine

Baseline blood samples were drawn in-hospital. In additional creatinine was accessed at baseline. (NCT00424619)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionµmol/L (Mean)
50 000 IU Vitamin D270.5
100 000 IU Vitamin D277.4
Placebo73.7

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Alkaline Phosphatase

Baseline blood samples were drawn in-hospital. In additional Alkaline Phosphatase was accessed at baseline. (NCT00424619)
Timeframe: Baseline

InterventionU/L (Mean)
50 000 IU Vitamin D298.6
100 000 IU Vitamin D278.7
Placebo79.4

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Phosphate

Baseline blood samples were drawn in-hospital. In additional phosphate was accessed at baseline. (NCT00424619)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
50 000 IU Vitamin D20.86
100 000 IU Vitamin D20.97
Placebo0.94

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Calcium

Baseline blood samples were drawn in-hospital. In additional Calcium was accessed at baseline and approximately 4 weeks. (NCT00424619)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

,,
Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Baseline4 Weeks
100 000 IU Vitamin D22.122.31
50 000 IU Vitamin D22.102.26
Placebo2.082.28

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25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD)

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD) was measured at baseline, at discharge from hospital (approximately 4-weeks), and at a follow-up study visit at approximately 3-months.Baseline and 4-week blood samples were drawn in-hospital; venipunctures performed at 3-months were either in-hospital (if patient remained in acute care or rehabilitation) or at the out-patient clinic visit.Serum 25-OHD was analyzed with the DiaSorin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D radioimmunoassay (Stillwater, Minnesota 55082-0285, U.S.A) at the central laboratory with the exception of 3 patients (data analyzed at other laboratories). (NCT00424619)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks and 3 months

,,
Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
Baseline4-week3-month
100 000 IU Vitamin D258.475.673.3
50 000 IU Vitamin D253.584.584.2
Placebo46.769.386.7

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Functional Assessment Using the Two Minute Walk Test (2MWT)After 3 Months

The 2MWT was collected for patients who attended the 3-month clinic appointment by study coordinators or for patients who attended rehabilitation, it was abstracted from their charts. The 2MWT test was given in a carpeted corridor and the subject was instructed to wear regular footwear and to use their customary walking aid. The distance the participant could comfortably walk in two-minutes (without physical assistance) was measured in metres. (NCT00424619)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionmeters (Mean)
50 000 IU Vitamin D260.2
100 000 IU Vitamin D280.3
Placebo63.4

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Functional Assessment Using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test After 3 Months

"The Timed Up and Go (TUG) was collected for patients who attended the 3-month clinic appointment by study coordinators or for patients who attended the rehabilitation unit this is routinely collected and was abstracted from chart. The TUG was conducted using a standard armchair and a line marked 3-metres from the chair. Participants were given the following instructions (no physical assistance was given): Rise from the chair, walk to the line on the floor, turn, return to the chair and sit down again. Scores are measured as time in seconds to complete the task." (NCT00424619)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionseconds (Mean)
50 000 IU Vitamin D226.2
100 000 IU Vitamin D219.1
Placebo18.1

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Bone Turnover Marker-CTX

Blood levels of C-telopeptide (NCT00427037)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpg/mL (Geometric Mean)
Placebo0.24
Cholecalciferol0.29

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25-hydroxyvitamin D

25-hydroxyvitamin D measured in serum by ELISA (NCT00427037)
Timeframe: 3 months

,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Baseline12 weeks
Cholecalciferol17.349.4
Placebo18.619.5

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Chang in Disposition Index, a Measure of Beta Cell Function

Range is 0 to infinity Lower is better. (NCT00436475)
Timeframe: baseline and 4 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Vitamin D-Calcium287
Vitamin D Only314
Calcium Only-122
Placebo-Placebo-129

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Change in Hemoglobin A1c

This outcome measures change in Hemoglobin A1c, a measure of glycemia (NCT00436475)
Timeframe: Baseline to 4 months

Intervention% of hemoglobin (Mean)
Vitamin D-Calcium0.05
Vitamin D Only0.08
Calcium Only0.09
Placebo-Placebo0.18

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25-hydroxyvitamin D

This is a marker of vitamin D status (NCT00450073)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Vitamin D321.2
Vitamin D224.4
Sunlamp28.2

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Time to Progression

Progression will be defined as a 50% rise in serum PSA compared to the baseline value confirmed on at least two measurements at least two weeks apart. (NCT00499408)
Timeframe: up to three years

Interventionmonths (Median)
Vitamin D and Soy Supplementation10.3

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Number of Participants Showing a 50% Reduction in Serum Prostate Specific Antigen(PSA) During Treatment

(NCT00499408)
Timeframe: up to one year

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Vitamin D and Soy Supplementation0

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Number of Adverse Events, Grades 1-5

Toxicity will be graded according to the revised NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v 3.0, (CTCAE). Number of events with grade 1-5 will be reported. (NCT00499408)
Timeframe: up to one year

Interventionevents (Number)
Grade 1Grade 2Grade 3Grade 4Grade 5
Vitamin D and Soy Supplementation9330701

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Occurrence of Infections, Deep Vein Thrombosis, Vascular Events, and Falls

Number of participant with occurrence of infections, deep venous thrombosis, vascular events and falls (NCT00524680)
Timeframe: Baseline, at 1, 3 ,6 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Arm I: Vitamin D 4000 IU Daily2
Arm II: Vitamin D 6000 IU Daily0
Arm III: Vitamin D 8000 IU Daily2
Arm IV: Vitamin D 10,000 IU Daily2

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Toxicity

Number of treated patients that had serious adverse events. (NCT00524680)
Timeframe: Baseline, at 1, 3 and 6 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Arm I: Vitamin D 4000 IU Daily2
Arm II: Vitamin D 6000 IU Daily0
Arm III: Vitamin D 8000 IU Daily1
Arm IV: Vitamin D 10,000 IU Daily5

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Pattern of Response of Parathormone

Change from Baseline in PTH Levels at 1, 3, and 6 Months at dose levels 4000, 6000, 8000 and 10000 IU. Statistical analysis was done using one sample t-test. (NCT00524680)
Timeframe: Baseline, at 1, 3, 6 months

,,,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
1-month3-month6-month
Arm I: Vitamin D 4000 IU Daily-.73-11.3-8.4
Arm II: Vitamin D 6000 IU Daily-12.18.24-24.05
Arm III: Vitamin D 8000 IU Daily-1.28-8.03-9.78
Arm IV: Vitamin D 10,000 IU Daily-10.37-18.06-16.51

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Pattern of Response of Serum 25(OH) D3 Levels

Change from Baseline in Serum 25(OH) D3 Levels at 1, 3, and 6 Months at dose levels 4000, 6000, 8000 and 10000 IU. Statistical analysis was done using one sample t-test. (NCT00524680)
Timeframe: Baseline, at 1, 3, 6 months

,,,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
1-month3-month6-month
Arm I: Vitamin D 4000 IU Daily11.3423.4527.16
Arm II: Vitamin D 6000 IU Daily24.8438.3143.4
Arm III: Vitamin D 8000 IU Daily18.8735.7641.7
Arm IV: Vitamin D 10,000 IU Daily26.9145.6757.59

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Base Study: Incidence Rate of Femoral Shaft Fractures Confirmed by Adjudication

The incidence rate of femoral shaft fracture events (including both atypical and non-atypical; of any etiology including traumatic) confirmed by adjudication was determined for the base study. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.10
Placebo0.06

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Base Study: Incidence Rate of Atypical Femoral Shaft Fractures Confirmed by Adjudication

Atypical subtrochanteric/diaphyseal femoral fractures (AFF) are an uncommon type of low-energy (eg, osteoporotic) femoral shaft fracture of unclear causation infrequently reported in osteoporotic persons treated with long-term anti-resorptive therapy (eg, bisphosphonates). All femoral (femur, femur-distal, femur-shaft) fractures in the base study were adjudicated against both ASBMR 2010 and 2013 criteria. All 5 major features (ie, location along femoral shaft, no/minimal trauma, transverse/short oblique fracture, non-comminuted, complete/incomplete fracture) were required for ASBMR 2010 AFF case definition; while 4 of 5 major features (ie, no/minimal trauma, substantially transverse orientation at cortical origin with possible oblique orientation medially, non-comminuted/minimally comminuted, complete/incomplete fracture, localized periosteal reaction of lateral cortex) with requirement for location along femoral shaft were required for ASBMR 2013 AFF case definition. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.02
Placebo0.00

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Base Study + First Extension: Time to First New Onset ECG-Confirmed Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated new or presumed new onset atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter was determined for the base study + first extension using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Participants with known history of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter were excluded and electrocardiogram confirmation was required. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.27
Placebo0.22

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Base Study + First Extension: Time to First New Onset Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated new or presumed new onset atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter was determined for the base study + first extension using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Participants with known history of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter were excluded and electrocardiogram confirmation was not required. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.51
Placebo0.43

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Base Study + First Extension: Time to First Hospitalization for Unstable Angina Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated hospitalization for unstable angina was determined for the base study + first extension using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.08
Placebo0.10

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Base Study + First Extension: Time to First Fatal Stroke Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated fatal definite stroke was determined for the base study + first extension using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.09
Placebo0.05

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Base Study + First Extension: Time to First Fatal or Non-Fatal Stroke Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated fatal or non-fatal definite stroke was determined for the base study + first extension using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.58
Placebo0.42

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Base Study + First Extension: Time to First Fatal or Non-Fatal Myocardial Infarction Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated fatal or non-fatal definite myocardial infarction was determined for the base study + first extension using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.26
Placebo0.28

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Base Study + First Extension: Time to First Fatal Myocardial Infarction Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated fatal definite myocardial infarction was determined for the base study + first extension using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.02
Placebo0.03

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Base Study + First Extension: Time to First Cardiovascular Death Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated cardiovascular death was determined for the base study + first extension using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. The analysis includes data obtained from vital status data collections of participants no longer followed in the base study. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.48
Placebo0.43

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Base Study + First Extension: Time to First Any Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated any reported episode of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter was determined for the base study using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Participants with known history of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter were included and electrocardiogram confirmation was not required. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.61
Placebo0.50

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Base Study + First Extension: Time to First All-Cause Death Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated all-cause death was determined for the base study + first extension using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. The analysis includes data obtained from vital status data collections of participants no longer followed in the base study. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW1.79
Placebo1.70

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Base Study + First Extension: Time to First 4-Point MACE Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated 4-point MACE (a composite outcome measure of 1. cardiovascular death, 2. non-fatal definite MI, 3. non-fatal definite stroke, or 4. hospitalization for unstable angina) was determined for the base study + first extension using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW1.31
Placebo1.15

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Base Study + First Extension: Time to First 3-Point MACE Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated 3-point MACE (a composite outcome measure of 1. cardiovascular death, 2. non-fatal definite MI, or 3. non-fatal definite stroke) was determined for the base study + first extension using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW1.24
Placebo1.06

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Base Study + First Extension: Time From Baseline to First Osteoporotic Clinical Vertebral Fracture (Adjudicated)

Osteoporotic vertebral clinical fractures were confirmed by central adjudication using radiographic evidence on all symptomatic fractures reported as adverse experiences (excluding fractures of the fingers, toes, face, and skull). Vertebral fractures were assessed for all vertebral levels (C7, T1 to T12, L1 to L5). Osteoporotic (fragility) fractures did not include fractures with traumatic or pathological etiologies. A clinical fracture was defined as a fracture with clinical fracture-related symptoms (e.g., pain). A time-to-event methodology was used to evaluate results: the incidence rate of participants with fracture (number of participants with a fracture per 100 person-years of follow-up) is provided. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.18
Placebo0.56

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Base Study + First Extension: Time From Baseline to First Osteoporotic Clinical Non-Vertebral Fracture (Adjudicated)

Osteoporotic non-vertebral clinical fractures were confirmed by central adjudication using radiographic evidence on all symptomatic fractures reported as adverse experiences (excluding fractures of the fingers, toes, face, and skull). Non-vertebral fractures were assessed across multiple anatomical sites including clavicle, distal femur and shaft, fibula, hip, humerus, pelvis, radius, ribs, sacrum, tibia, ulna, and wrist. Osteoporotic (fragility) fractures did not include fractures with traumatic or pathological etiologies. A clinical fracture was defined as a fracture with clinical fracture-related symptoms (e.g., pain). A time-to-event methodology was used to evaluate results: the incidence rate of participants with fracture (number of participants with a fracture per 100 person-years of follow-up) is provided. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. w/ fracture per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW1.78
Placebo2.41

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Base Study + First Extension: Time From Baseline to First Osteoporotic Clinical Hip Fracture (Adjudicated)

Osteoporotic clinical hip fractures was confirmed by central adjudication using radiographic evidence on all symptomatic fractures reported as adverse experiences (excluding fractures of the fingers, toes, face, and skull). Hip fractures were fractures of the proximal femur confirmed as being located in the hip (i.e., sub-region not specified; cervical, and intertrochanteric). Osteoporotic (fragility) fractures did not include fractures with traumatic or pathological etiologies. A clinical fracture was defined as a fracture with clinical fracture-related symptoms (e.g., pain). A clinical fracture was defined as a fracture with clinical fracture-related symptoms (e.g., pain). A time-to-event methodology was used to evaluate results: the incidence rate of participants with fracture (number of participants with a fracture per 100 person-years of follow-up) is provided. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. w/ fracture per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.29
Placebo0.56

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Base Study + First Extension: Time From Baseline to First Osteoporotic Clinical Fracture (Adjudicated)

Osteoporotic clinical fractures (combining vertebral and non-vertebral) were confirmed by central adjudication using radiographic evidence on all symptomatic fractures reported as adverse experiences (excluding fractures of the fingers, toes, face, and skull). Vertebral fractures were assessed for all vertebral levels (C7, T1 to T12, L1 to L5). Non-vertebral fractures were assessed across multiple anatomical sites including clavicle, distal femur or shaft, fibula, hip, humerus, pelvis, radius, ribs, sacrum, tibia, ulna, and wrist. Osteoporotic (fragility) fractures did not include fractures with traumatic or pathological etiologies. A clinical fracture was defined as a fracture with clinical fracture-related symptoms (e.g., pain). A time-to-event methodology was used to evaluate results: the incidence rate of participants with fracture (number of participants with a fracture per 100 person-years of follow-up) is provided. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW1.95
Placebo2.93

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Base Study + First Extension: Time From Baseline to First Morphometrically-Assessed Vertebral Fracture

Morphometric vertebral fractures were confirmed by central adjudication on lumbar and thoracic spinal radiographs acquired at baseline and at Months 6, 12, and subsequent yearly time points. Incident fractures (i.e., occurring after baseline) in previously normal vertebral bodies and/or those occurring after baseline in previously fractured vertebral bodies (Genant SQ Grade 1-3) (T4 to L4) were confirmed by QM and either SQ or binary SQ (yes/no) methodologies. A time-to-event methodology was used to evaluate results: life-table estimates of the incidence proportion (cumulative incidence) of participants with at least one morphometric vertebral fracture were assessed at Months 6, 12, and subsequent yearly intervals; an interval-censored approach was then used to determine incidence rate (number of participants with a morphometric fracture per 100 person-years of follow-up). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. w/ fracture per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW1.33
Placebo2.74

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Base Study + First Extension: Rate of Discontinuations From Study Treatment Due to an Adverse Event

An adverse event is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a person or clinical investigation participant administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. The incidence rate of participant discontinuations from treatment due to adverse events (number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up) is provided. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW2.66
Placebo2.55

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Base Study + First Extension: Rate of Adverse Events

An adverse event is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a person or clinical investigation participant administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. The incidence rate of participants with adverse events (number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up) is provided. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW97.25
Placebo96.36

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Base Study + First Extension: Incidence Rate of Femoral Shaft Fractures Confirmed by Adjudication

The incidence rate of femoral shaft fracture events (including both atypical and non-atypical; of any etiology including traumatic) confirmed by adjudication was determined for the base study + first extension. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.09
Placebo0.02

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Base Study + First Extension: Incidence Rate of Atypical Femoral Shaft Fractures Confirmed by Adjudication

Atypical subtrochanteric/diaphyseal femoral fractures (AFF) are an uncommon type of low-energy (eg, osteoporotic) femoral shaft fracture of unclear causation infrequently reported in osteoporotic persons treated with long-term anti-resorptive therapy (eg, bisphosphonates). All femoral (femur, femur-distal, femur-shaft) fractures in the base study + first extension were adjudicated against both ASBMR 2010 & 2013 criteria. All 5 major features (ie, location along femoral shaft, no/minimal trauma, transverse/short oblique fracture, non-comminuted, complete/incomplete fracture) were required for ASBMR 2010 AFF case definition; while 4 of 5 major features (ie, no/minimal trauma, substantially transverse orientation at cortical origin with possible oblique orientation medially, non-comminuted/minimally comminuted, complete/incomplete fracture, localized periosteal reaction of lateral cortex) with requirement for location along femoral shaft were required for ASBMR 2013 AFF case definition. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 74 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.03
Placebo0.00

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Sarcopenia Substudy PN035: Change From Baseline in Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) Score

The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) Score is used to assess physical function in older persons. The SPPB consists of 3 types of physical activities: standing balance, gait speed, and chair rise. Component activities are timed and then reduced to a categorical 0 to 4 scale based on time achieved. A higher composite score (range 0 to 12) indicates an improved function level. The change from baseline at yearly intervals was then assessed using a longitudinal data analysis model with terms for treatment, stratum (sarcopenia, non-sarcopenia), time and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline and once yearly up to 4 years

,
InterventionScore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.03-0.04-0.18-0.05
Placebo-0.08-0.19-0.37-0.24

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Sarcopenia Substudy PN035: Change From Baseline in Gait Speed

Gait speed is a component of the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) Score. Participants are asked to walk a distance of 4 meters at their normal pace. The test is performed 2 times, and the walk done in the shortest time is used for scoring. The activity is timed and then reduced to a categorical 0 to 4 scale based on time achieved. Higher scores indicate an improved function level. The change from baseline at yearly intervals was then assessed using a longitudinal data analysis model with terms for treatment, stratum (sarcopenia, non-sarcopenia), time and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline and once yearly up to 4 years.

,
InterventionScore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48
Odanacatib 50 mg OW-0.02-0.02-0.09-0.15
Placebo-0.06-0.10-0.11-0.24

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Sarcopenia Substudy PN035: Change From Baseline in Appendicular Lean Body Mass (aLBM)

Sarcopenia is the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and associated loss of strength. Progression of sarcopenia was assessed using aLBM as measured by total body DXA. The change from baseline at yearly intervals was then assessed using a longitudinal data analysis model with terms for treatment, stratum (sarcopenia, non-sarcopenia), time and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline and once yearly up to 4 years

,
Interventionkg (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48
Odanacatib 50 mg OW-0.20-0.19-0.36-0.44
Placebo-0.18-0.19-0.32-0.23

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Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in Urinary N-Telopeptides of Type I Collagen/Creatinine (u-NTx/Cr) Ratio After Log-Transformation

u-NTx, a biochemical marker of bone resorption, was assessed at randomization, Month 6, and at yearly intervals until the end of the study (base study) in an approximate 10% random subset participants at selected sites. Urine NTx measurements (in bone collagen equivalents [BCE]) were normalized to urine Cr concentration (i.e., u-NTx/Cr ratio) and the log-transformed fraction from baseline in u-NTx/Cr ratio was then determined using a longitudinal model with terms for treatment, stratum, region and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for region and stratum size). Back-transformed weighted geometric LS means values for percent change from baseline are provided. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6, and once yearly up to 4 years

,
InterventionPercent change (Geometric Mean)
Month 6Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48
Odanacatib 50 mg OW-56.46-55.58-47.21-43.91-38.01
Placebo-4.76-1.999.4615.236.53

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Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in Serum C-Telopeptides of Type I Collagen (s-CTx) After Log-Transformation

s-CTx, a biochemical marker of bone resorption by osteoclasts reflecting collagen breakdown products, was assessed at randomization, Month 6, and at yearly intervals until the end of the study (base study) in an approximate 10% random subset participants at selected sites. The log-transformed fraction from baseline in s-CTx was determined using a longitudinal model with terms for treatment, stratum, region and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for region and stratum size). Back-transformed weighted geometric LS means values for percent change from baseline are provided. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6, and once yearly up to 4 years

,
InterventionPercent change (Geometric Mean)
Month 6Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48
Odanacatib 50 mg OW-61.27-53.47-39.47-23.71-4.61
Placebo-2.286.547.2320.9614.12

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Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in N-Terminal Propeptide of Type 1 Collagen (P1NP) After Log-Transformation

P1NP is a cleavage fragment produced during the synthesis of collagenous bone matrix (type 1 collagen) used as a biochemical marker of bone formation. Serum P1NP was assessed at randomization, Month 6, and at yearly intervals until the end of the study (base study) in an approximate 10% random subset participants at selected sites. The log-transformed fraction from baseline in P1NP was determined using a longitudinal model with terms for treatment, stratum, and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). Back-transformed weighted geometric LS means values for percent change from baseline are provided. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6, and once yearly up to 4 years

,
InterventionPercent change (Geometric Mean)
Month 6Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48
Odanacatib 50 mg OW-44.51-37.49-22.46-11.89-3.61
Placebo-15.08-11.55-6.200.22-0.28

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Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP) After Log-Transformation

BSAP is an enzyme produced by matrix-synthesizing osteoblasts during the synthesis of collagenous bone matrix (type 1 collagen) used as a biochemical marker of bone formation. Serum BSAP was assessed at randomization, Month 6, and at yearly intervals until the end of the study (base study) in an approximate 10% random subset participants at selected sites. The log-transformed fraction from baseline in BSAP was determined using a longitudinal model with terms for treatment, stratum, and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). Back-transformed weighted geometric LS means values for percent change from baseline are provided. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6, and once yearly up to 4 years

,
InterventionPercent change (Geometric Mean)
Month 6Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48
Odanacatib 50 mg OW-23.27-21.43-9.33-8.41-0.63
Placebo-9.13-9.42-0.04-0.770.15

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Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Trochanter in Bisphosphonate-Intolerant Participants

BMD was measured by DXA in bisphosphonate-intolerant participants at the trochanter-hip at screening, and at yearly intervals until the end of the study (base study). Bisphosphonates are anti-resorptive agents used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Bisphosphonate-intolerance was defined by contraindication or history of intolerance to bisphosphonates, or physician's determination of unsuitability for bisphosphonate treatment. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6, and once yearly, up to approximately 60 months of observation

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60
Odanacatib 50 mg OWNA4.025.737.476.68NA
PlaceboNA0.58-0.30-1.02-5.07NA

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Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Trochanter

BMD was measured by DXA for all participants at the trochanter-hip at screening, Months 6, 12, and subsequent yearly intervals until the end of the study (base study). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6, and once yearly, up to approximately 60 months of observation

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60
Odanacatib 50 mg OW2.654.326.178.019.4610.16
Placebo0.910.82-0.24-1.26-2.98-3.65

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Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Total Hip in Bisphosphonate-Intolerant Participants

BMD was measured by DXA in bisphosphonate-intolerant participants at the total hip at screening, and at yearly intervals until the end of the study (base study). Bisphosphonates are anti-resorptive agents used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Bisphosphonate-intolerance was defined by contraindication or history of intolerance to bisphosphonates, or physician's determination of unsuitability for bisphosphonate treatment. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6, and once yearly, up to approximately 60 months of observation

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60
Odanacatib 50 mg OWNA2.633.564.454.07NA
PlaceboNA0.24-0.64-1.41-4.47NA

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Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Total Hip

BMD was measured by DXA for all participants at the total hip at screening, Months 6, 12, and subsequent yearly intervals until the end of the study (base study). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6, and once yearly, up to approximately 60 months of observation

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60
Odanacatib 50 mg OW1.852.823.794.815.395.67
Placebo0.530.33-0.68-1.64-3.23-3.82

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Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Lumbar Spine in Bisphosphonate-Intolerant Participants

BMD was measured by DXA in bisphosphonate-intolerant participants at the lumbar spine at randomization, and at yearly intervals until the end of the study (base study). Measurements were made on at least 3 vertebrae for all time points; vertebrae with fractures were excluded from analyses. Bisphosphonates are anti-resorptive agents used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Bisphosphonate-intolerance was defined by contraindication or history of intolerance to bisphosphonates, or physician's determination of unsuitability for bisphosphonate treatment. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6, and once yearly, up to approximately 60 months of observation

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60
Odanacatib 50 mg OWNA4.566.608.4910.31NA
PlaceboNA0.540.820.870.80NA

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Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Lumbar Spine

"BMD was measured by DXA for all participants at the lumbar spine at randomization, Months 6, 12, and subsequent yearly intervals until the end of the study (base study). Measurements were made on at least 3 vertebrae for all time points; vertebrae with fractures were excluded from analyses.~at" (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6, and once yearly, approximately 60 months of observation

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60
Odanacatib 50 mg OW3.754.676.778.5910.4711.49
Placebo0.780.590.720.750.760.26

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Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Femoral Neck in Bisphosphonate-Intolerant Participants

BMD was measured by DXA in bisphosphonate-intolerant participants at the femoral neck-hip at screening, and at yearly intervals until the end of the study (base study). Bisphosphonates are anti-resorptive agents used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Bisphosphonate-intolerance was defined by contraindication or history of intolerance to bisphosphonates, or physician's determination of unsuitability for bisphosphonate treatment. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6, and once yearly, up to approximately 60 months of observation

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60
Odanacatib 50 mg OWNA2.713.885.126.75NA
PlaceboNA0.50-0.45-0.97-2.32NA

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Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Femoral Neck

BMD was measured by DXA for all participants at the femoral neck-hip at screening, Months 6, 12, and subsequent yearly intervals until the end of the study (base study). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6, and once yearly, up to approximately 60 months of observation

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60
Odanacatib 50 mg OW2.172.804.015.456.156.69
Placebo0.680.59-0.37-1.01-2.27-1.84

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Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Distal-Third Forearm in Bisphosphonate-Intolerant Participants

BMD was measured by DXA at the distal one-third radius at randomization and at yearly intervals until the end of the study (base study) in an approximate 10% random subset of bisphosphonate-intolerant participants at selected sites. Bisphosphonates are anti-resorptive agents used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Bisphosphonate-intolerance was defined by contraindication or history of intolerance to bisphosphonates, or physician's determination of unsuitability for bisphosphonate treatment. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline and once yearly, up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60
Placebo-0.09-0.80-1.87-2.27NA

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Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Distal-Third Forearm in Bisphosphonate-Intolerant Participants

BMD was measured by DXA at the distal one-third radius at randomization and at yearly intervals until the end of the study (base study) in an approximate 10% random subset of bisphosphonate-intolerant participants at selected sites. Bisphosphonates are anti-resorptive agents used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Bisphosphonate-intolerance was defined by contraindication or history of intolerance to bisphosphonates, or physician's determination of unsuitability for bisphosphonate treatment. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline and once yearly, up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.990.24-0.66-0.72

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Base Study: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Distal-Third Forearm

BMD was measured by DXA at the distal one-third radius at randomization and at yearly intervals until the end of the study (base study) in an approximate 10% random subset of participants at selected sites. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline and once yearly, up to approximately 60 months of observation

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.510.330.02-0.620.29
Placebo-0.60-1.02-1.90-2.82-3.21

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Base Study: Number of Participants With Height Loss of > 1 cm

Height was measured by wall-mounted stadiometer at randomization and at yearly intervals in the base study. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline and once yearly, up to approximately 60 months of observation

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Up to Month 12Up to Month 24Up to Month 36Up to Month 48Up to Month 60Overall/At any time
Odanacatib 50 mg OW31659287590231022
Placebo36566994459121149

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Base Study + First Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Trochanter

BMD was measured by DXA for all participants at the trochanter-hip at screening, Months 6, 12, and subsequent yearly intervals until the end of the study (base study + first extension-dbp). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6, and once yearly, up to approximately 74 months of observation

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60
Odanacatib 50 mg OW2.704.336.177.969.2710.66
Placebo0.950.83-0.23-1.29-2.86-3.90

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Base Study + First Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Total Hip

BMD was measured by DXA for all participants at the total hip at screening, Months 6, 12, and subsequent yearly intervals until the end of the study (base study + first extension-dbp). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6, and once yearly, up to approximately 74 months of observation

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60
Odanacatib 50 mg OW1.892.843.794.785.526.23
Placebo0.550.34-0.67-1.67-2.97-4.06

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Base Study + First Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Lumbar Spine

BMD was measured by DXA for all participants at the lumbar spine at randomization, Months 6, 12, and subsequent yearly intervals until the end of the study (base study + first extension-dbp). Measurements were made on at least 3 vertebrae for all time points; vertebrae with fractures were excluded from analyses. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6, and once yearly, up to approximately 74 months of observation

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60
Odanacatib 50 mg OW3.724.616.638.4110.1911.93
Placebo0.820.600.700.720.851.06

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Base Study + First Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Femoral Neck

BMD was measured by DXA for all participants at the femoral neck-hip at screening, Months 6, 12, and subsequent yearly intervals until the end of the study (base study + first extension-dbp). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6, and once yearly, up to approximately 74 months of observation

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60
Odanacatib 50 mg OW2.172.814.035.486.377.30
Placebo0.700.60-0.36-1.02-1.93-2.75

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Base Study + First Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Distal-Third Forearm

BMD was measured by DXA at the distal one-third radius at randomization and at yearly intervals until the end of the study (base study + first extension-dbp) in an approximate 10% random subset of participants at selected sites. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline and once yearly, up to approximately 74 months of observation

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.500.330.05-0.30-0.84
Placebo-0.61-1.02-1.91-2.49-3.17

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Base Study + First Extension + Second Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Measurements of the Total Hip

BMD was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the total hip starting at screening, and at yearly intervals until the end of the study (second extension study) for all participants who entered the second extension study. Least squares (LS) means percent change in BMD from original baseline are provided through Month 108 (Year 9). At Months 96 (Year 8) and 108 (Year 9), approximately 3% or fewer participants in each treatment group had BMD data, and results at those time points should be viewed with caution. NOTE: The mean percent change in BMD from baseline in participants originally randomized to placebo includes BMD results obtained after those participants were switched to open-label odanacatib, which occurred at different times relative to their start of blinded study medication in the base study. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline and once yearly, up to approximately 108 months of observation

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60Month 72Month 84Month 96Month 108
Odanacatib 50 mg OW3.034.325.606.567.457.887.947.877.03
Placebo1.080.580.04-0.74-1.40-0.010.971.571.11

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Base Study + First Extension + Second Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Trochanter

BMD was measured by DXA at the trochanter starting at screening, and at yearly intervals until the end of the study (2nd extension study) for all participants who entered the 2nd extension study. LS means percent change in BMD from original baseline are provided through Month 108. At Months 96 and 108, approximately 3% or fewer participants in each treatment group had BMD data, and results at those time points should be viewed with caution. NOTE: The mean percent change in BMD from baseline in participants originally randomized to placebo includes BMD results obtained after those participants were switched to open-label odanacatib, which occurred at different times relative to their start of blinded study medication in the base study. A longitudinal model with terms for treatment, stratum, region and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for region and stratum size) was used for analysis. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline and once yearly, up to approximately 108 months of observation

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60Month 72Month 84Month 96Month 108
Odanacatib 50 mg OW4.556.859.0010.5812.2112.9513.3013.4412.69
Placebo1.811.450.89-0.16-0.681.223.174.662.97

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Base Study + First Extension + Second Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Lumbar Spine

BMD was measured by DXA at the lumbar spine starting at randomization, and at yearly intervals until the end of the study (2nd extension study) for all participants who entered the 2nd extension study. Measurements were made on at least 3 vertebrae for all time points; vertebrae with fractures were excluded from analyses. At Months 96 and 108, approximately 3% or fewer participants in each treatment group had BMD data, and results at those time points should be viewed with caution. NOTE: The mean percent change in BMD from baseline in participants originally randomized to placebo includes BMD results obtained after those participants were switched to open-label odanacatib, which occurred at different times relative to their start of blinded study medication in the base study. A longitudinal model with terms for treatment, stratum, region & interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for region & stratum size) was used for analysis. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline and once yearly, up to approximately 108 months of observation

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60Month 72Month 84Month 96Month 108
Odanacatib 50 mg OW4.686.958.8410.7412.5513.7614.9115.1315.54
Placebo1.011.401.612.062.456.258.379.6610.85

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Base Study + First Extension + Second Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in BMD Measurements of the Femoral Neck

BMD was measured by DXA at the femoral neck starting at screening, and at yearly intervals until the end of the study (2nd extension study) for all participants who entered the 2nd extension study. LS means percent change in BMD from original baseline are provided through Month 108. At Months 96 and 108, approximately 3% or fewer participants in each treatment group had BMD data, and results at those time points should be viewed with caution. NOTE: The mean percent change in BMD from baseline in participants originally randomized to placebo includes BMD results obtained after those participants were switched to open-label odanacatib, which occurred at different times relative to their start of blinded study medication in the base study. A longitudinal model with terms for treatment, stratum, region and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for region and stratum size) was used for analysis. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline and once yearly, up to approximately 108 months of observation

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60Month 72Month 84Month 96Month 108
Odanacatib 50 mg OW2.894.396.027.017.988.519.118.849.38
Placebo1.060.38-0.03-0.73-1.320.411.561.953.63

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Second Extension: Time From Baseline to First Osteoporotic Clinical Fracture of Any Type (Adjudicated)

Osteoporotic clinical fractures of any type were confirmed by central adjudication using radiographic evidence on all symptomatic fractures reported as adverse experiences (excluding fractures of the fingers, toes, face, and skull). Non-vertebral fractures were assessed across multiple anatomical sites including clavicle, distal femur or shaft, fibula, hip, humerus, pelvis, radius, ribs, sacrum, tibia, ulna, and wrist; Vertebral fractures assessed across all vertebral levels (C7, T1 to T12, L1 to L5) were included in the analysis. Osteoporotic (fragility) fractures did not include fractures with traumatic or pathological etiologies. A clinical fracture was defined as a fracture with clinical fracture-related symptoms (e.g., pain). A time-to-event methodology was used to evaluate results: the incidence proportion (cumulative incidence) of participants in the second extension study with at least one osteoporotic clinical fracture of any type is provided. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 34 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW2.04
Placebo2.64

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Second Extension: Number of Participants Who Experienced an Adverse Event

An adverse event is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a person or clinical investigation participant administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 34 months of observation

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW2173
Placebo (Originally Assigned to Placebo)1587

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Second Extension: Number of Participants Discontinuing Study Treatment Due to an Adverse Event

An adverse event is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a person or clinical investigation participant administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 34 months of observation

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW55
Placebo (Originally Assigned to Placebo)36

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Second Extension: Incidence of Osteoporotic Clinical Thoracic Vertebral Fracture (Adjudicated)

Osteoporotic vertebral clinical fractures were confirmed by central adjudication using radiographic evidence on all symptomatic fractures reported as adverse experiences (excluding fractures of the fingers, toes, face, and skull). Vertebral fractures were assessed for all thoracic vertebral levels (T1 to T12). Osteoporotic (fragility) fractures did not include fractures with traumatic or pathological etiologies. A clinical fracture was defined as a fracture with clinical fracture-related symptoms (e.g., pain). A time-to-event methodology was used to evaluate results: the incidence of participants in the second extension study with osteoporotic vertebral clinical fractures is provided. Due to early termination of the study, the cumulative incidence using a time-to-event methodology was not assessed across base and extension studies. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 34 months of observation

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.13
Placebo0.09

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Second Extension: Incidence of Osteoporotic Clinical Lumbar Vertebral Fracture (Adjudicated)

Osteoporotic vertebral clinical fractures were confirmed by central adjudication using radiographic evidence on all symptomatic fractures reported as adverse experiences (excluding fractures of the fingers, toes, face, and skull). Vertebral fractures were assessed for all lumbar vertebral levels (L1 to L5). Osteoporotic (fragility) fractures did not include fractures with traumatic or pathological etiologies. A clinical fracture was defined as a fracture with clinical fracture-related symptoms (e.g., pain). A time-to-event methodology was used to evaluate results: the incidence of participants in the second extension study with osteoporotic vertebral clinical fractures is provided. Due to early termination of the study, the cumulative incidence using a time-to-event methodology was not assessed across base and extension studies. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 34 months of observation

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.22
Placebo0.04

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Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in Volumetric Bone Mineral Density (vBMD) at the Lumbar Spine Using Quantitative Computed Tomography

Compartment-specific effects of osteoporosis were assessed by measuring trabecular vBMD at the lumbar spine (L1 total vertebral body) using quantitative computed tomography. The percent change from baseline at Month 24 (base study) was then assessed using a longitudinal data analysis model including terms for treatment, stratum (prior vertebral fracture [yes/no]) and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 24

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW8.05
Placebo-0.87

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Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in u-NTx/Cr Ratio After Log-Transformation

u-NTx, a biochemical marker of bone resorption by osteoclasts reflecting collagen breakdown products, was assessed at baseline and Month 24 in an approximate 10% random subset participants at selected sites in the P018 base study who were additionally included in the imaging substudy PN032-base study. Urine NTx measurements (in BCE) were normalized to urine Cr concentration (i.e., u-NTx/Cr ratio) and the log-transformed fraction from baseline in u-NTx/Cr ratio was then determined using a longitudinal model with terms for treatment, stratum, and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). Back-transformed weighted geometric LS means values for percent change from baseline are provided. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 24

InterventionPercent change (Geometric Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW-47.87
Placebo16.56

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Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in s-CTx After Log-Transformation

s-CTx, a biochemical marker of bone resorption by osteoclasts reflecting collagen breakdown products, was assessed at baseline and Month 24 in an approximate 10% random subset participants at selected sites in the P018 base study who were additionally included in the imaging substudy PN032-base study. The log-transformed fraction from baseline in s-CTx was determined using a longitudinal model with terms for treatment, stratum, and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). Back-transformed weighted geometric LS means values for percent change from baseline are provided. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 24

InterventionPercent change (Geometric Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW-55.62
Placebo6.62

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Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in P1NP After Log-Transformation

P1NP is a cleavage fragment produced during the synthesis of collagenous bone matrix (type 1 collagen) used as a biochemical marker of bone formation. Serum P1NP was assessed at baseline and Month 24 in an approximate 10% random subset participants at selected sites in the P018 base study who were additionally included in the imaging substudy PN032-base study. The log-transformed fraction change from baseline in P1NP was determined using a longitudinal model with terms for treatment, stratum, and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). Back-transformed weighted geometric LS means values for percent change from baseline are provided. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 24

InterventionPercent change (Geometric Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW-33.56
Placebo-6.86

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Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in Cortical vBMD of the Total Hip Using Quantitative Computed Tomography

Compartment-specific effects of osteoporosis were assessed by measuring cortical vBMD at the total hip using quantitative computed tomography. The percent change from baseline at Month 24 was then assessed using a longitudinal data analysis model including terms for treatment, stratum (prior vertebral fracture [yes/no]) and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 24

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW3.29
Placebo0.52

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Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in BSAP After Log-Transformation

BSAP is an enzyme produced by matrix-synthesizing osteoblasts during the synthesis of collagenous bone matrix (type 1 collagen) used as a biochemical marker of bone formation. Serum BSAP was assessed at baseline and Month 24 in an approximate 10% random subset participants at selected sites in the P018 base study who were additionally included in the imaging substudy PN032-base study. The log-transformed fraction from baseline in BSAP was determined using a longitudinal model with terms for treatment, stratum, and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). Back-transformed weighted geometric LS means values for percent change from baseline are provided. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 24

InterventionPercent change (Geometric Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW-12.39
Placebo12.64

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Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in Areal BMD (aBMD) of the Lumbar Spine Using DXA

aBMD was measured at the lumbar spine (L1 to L4) at baseline and Month 24 using DXA . If a vertebra was fractured at baseline or became fractured during the study, its BMD measurement was excluded from analysis. The percent change from baseline was assessed using a longitudinal data analysis model including terms for treatment, stratum and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 24

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW5.63
Placebo0.08

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Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in aBMD of the Trochanter Using DXA

aBMD was measured at the trochanter at baseline and Month 24 using DXA. The percent change from baseline was assessed using a longitudinal data analysis model including terms for treatment, stratum and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 24

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW5.10
Placebo-0.55

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Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in aBMD of the Total Hip Using DXA

aBMD was measured at the total hip at baseline and Month 24 using DXA. The percent change from baseline was assessed using a longitudinal data analysis model including terms for treatment, stratum and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 24

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW2.96
Placebo-0.66

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Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in aBMD of the Femoral Neck Using DXA

aBMD was measured at the femoral neck at baseline and Month 24 using DXA. The percent change from baseline was assessed using a longitudinal data analysis model including terms for treatment, stratum and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 24

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW3.15
Placebo0.36

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Imaging Substudy PN032-Base: Percent Change From Baseline in aBMD of the Distal-Third Forearm Using DXA

aBMD was measured at the the distal one-third radius at baseline and Month 24 using DXA. The percent change from baseline was assessed using a longitudinal data analysis model including terms for treatment, stratum and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 24

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.40
Placebo-1.27

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Imaging Substudy PN032-Base + Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in vBMD at the Lumbar Spine Using Quantitative Computed Tomography

Compartment-specific effects of osteoporosis were assessed by measuring trabecular vBMD at the lumbar spine (L1 total vertebral body) using quantitative computed tomography. The percent change from baseline at Month 60 (base study + extension study) was then assessed using a longitudinal data analysis model including terms for treatment, stratum (prior vertebral fracture [yes/no]) and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 60

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW14.76
Placebo-11.69

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Imaging Substudy PN032-Base + Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in Cortical vBMD of the Total Hip Using Quantitative Computed Tomography

Compartment-specific effects of osteoporosis were assessed by measuring cortical vBMD at the total hip using quantitative computed tomography. The percent change from baseline at Month 60 (base study + extension study) was then assessed using a longitudinal data analysis model including terms for treatment, stratum (prior vertebral fracture [yes/no]) and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 60

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW6.00
Placebo-2.53

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Imaging Substudy PN032-Base + Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in aBMD of the Trochanter Using DXA

aBMD was measured at the trochanter at baseline and Month 60 using DXA. The percent change from baseline was assessed using a longitudinal data analysis model including terms for treatment, stratum and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 60

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW10.44
Placebo-4.50

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Imaging Substudy PN032-Base + Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in aBMD of the Total Hip Using DXA

aBMD was measured at the total hip at baseline and Month 60 using DXA. The percent change from baseline was assessed using a longitudinal data analysis model including terms for treatment, stratum and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 60

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW5.34
Placebo-5.07

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Imaging Substudy PN032-Base + Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in aBMD of the Lumbar Spine Using DXA

aBMD was measured at the lumbar spine (L1 to L4) at baseline and Month 60 using DXA . If a vertebra was fractured at baseline or became fractured during the study, its BMD measurement was excluded from analysis. The percent change from baseline was assessed using a longitudinal data analysis model including terms for treatment, stratum and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 60

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW11.80
Placebo0.72

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Imaging Substudy PN032-Base + Extension: Percent Change From Baseline in aBMD of the Femoral Neck Using DXA

aBMD was measured at the femoral neck at baseline and Month 60 using DXA. The percent change from baseline was assessed using a longitudinal data analysis model including terms for treatment, stratum and interaction between treatment and time as fixed effects (LS means weighted for stratum size). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 60

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW6.87
Placebo-3.11

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Base Study: Yearly Rate of Height Loss

Height was measured by wall-mounted stadiometer at randomization and at yearly intervals in the base study. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

Interventioncm/year (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW-0.13
Placebo-0.15

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Base Study: Time to First New Onset ECG-Confirmed Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated new or presumed new onset atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter was determined for the base study using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Participants with known history of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter were excluded and electrocardiogram confirmation was required. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.25
Placebo0.23

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Base Study: Time to First New Onset Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated new or presumed new onset atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter was determined for the base study using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Participants with known history of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter were excluded and electrocardiogram confirmation was not required. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.48
Placebo0.41

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Base Study: Time to First Hospitalization for Unstable Angina Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated hospitalization for unstable angina was determined for the base study using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.10
Placebo0.09

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Base Study: Time to First Fatal Stroke Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated fatal definite stroke was determined for the base study using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.09
Placebo0.05

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Base Study: Time to First Fatal or Non-Fatal Stroke Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated fatal or non-fatal definite stroke was determined for the base study using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.58
Placebo0.44

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Base Study: Time to First Fatal or Non-Fatal Myocardial Infarction Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated fatal or non-fatal definite myocardial infarction was determined for the base study using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.25
Placebo0.31

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Base Study: Time to First Fatal Myocardial Infarction Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated fatal definite myocardial infarction was determined for the base study using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.03
Placebo0.03

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Base Study: Time to First Cardiovascular Death Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated cardiovascular death was determined for the base study using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. The analysis includes data obtained from vital status data collections of participants no longer followed in the base study. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.45
Placebo0.39

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Base Study: Time to First Any Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated any reported episode of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter was determined for the base study using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Participants with known history of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter were included and electrocardiogram confirmation was not required. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.60
Placebo0.48

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Base Study: Time to First All-Cause Death Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated all-cause death was determined for the base study using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. The analysis includes data obtained from vital status data collections of participants no longer followed in the base study. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW1.55
Placebo1.38

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Base Study: Time to First 4-Point MACE Confirmed by TIMI Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated 4-point MACE (a composite outcome measure of 1. cardiovascular death, 2. non-fatal definite MI, 3. non-fatal definite stroke, or 4. hospitalization for unstable angina) was determined for the base study using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW1.28
Placebo1.14

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Base Study: Time to First 3-Point Major Adverse Cardiac Event (MACE) Confirmed by Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group (TIMI) Adjudication

The time to first TIMI-adjudicated 3-point MACE (a composite outcome measure of 1. cardiovascular death, 2. non-fatal definite MI, or 3. non-fatal definite stroke) was determined for the base study using a Cox proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, stratum and geographic region. Results are expressed as number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up. Results from MK-0822-083, a follow up study to the MK-088-018 base study and the double-blind period of the first extension study for participants who discontinued prior to 5 years follow-up, are not included. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW1.17
Placebo1.04

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Base Study: Time From Baseline to First Osteoporotic Clinical Vertebral Fracture (Adjudicated)

Osteoporotic vertebral clinical fractures were confirmed by central adjudication using radiographic evidence on all symptomatic fractures reported as adverse experiences (excluding fractures of the fingers, toes, face, and skull). Vertebral fractures were assessed for all vertebral levels (C7, T1 to T12, L1 to L5). Osteoporotic (fragility) fractures did not include fractures with traumatic or pathological etiologies. A clinical fracture was defined as a fracture with clinical fracture-related symptoms (e.g., pain). A time-to-event methodology was used to evaluate results: the incidence rate of participants with fracture (number of participants with a fracture per 100 person-years of follow-up) is provided. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionParts. w/ fracture per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.16
Placebo0.58

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Base Study: Time From Baseline to First Osteoporotic Clinical Non-Vertebral Fracture (Adjudicated)

Osteoporotic non-vertebral clinical fractures were confirmed by central adjudication using radiographic evidence on all symptomatic fractures reported as adverse experiences (excluding fractures of the fingers, toes, face, and skull). Non-vertebral fractures were assessed across multiple anatomical sites including clavicle, distal femur or shaft, fibula, hip, humerus, pelvis, radius, ribs, sacrum, tibia, ulna, and wrist. Osteoporotic (fragility) fractures did not include fractures with traumatic or pathological etiologies. A clinical fracture was defined as a fracture with clinical fracture-related symptoms (e.g., pain). A time-to-event methodology was used to evaluate results: the incidence rate of participants with fracture (number of participants with a fracture per 100 person-years of follow-up) is provided. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionParts. w/ fracture per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW1.85
Placebo2.41

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Base Study: Time From Baseline to First Osteoporotic Clinical Hip Fracture (Adjudicated)

Osteoporotic clinical hip fractures were confirmed by central adjudication using radiographic evidence on all symptomatic fractures reported as adverse experiences (excluding fractures of the fingers, toes, face, and skull). Hip fractures were fractures of the proximal femur confirmed as being located in the hip (i.e., sub-region not specified; cervical, and intertrochanteric). Osteoporotic (fragility) fractures did not include fractures with traumatic or pathological etiologies. A clinical fracture was defined as a fracture with clinical fracture-related symptoms (e.g., pain). A time-to-event methodology was used to evaluate results: the incidence rate of participants with fracture (number of participants with a fracture per 100 person-years of follow-up) is provided. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionParts. w/ fracture per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW0.28
Placebo0.54

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Base Study: Time From Baseline to First Morphometrically-Assessed Vertebral Fracture

Morphometric vertebral fractures were assessed by central adjudication on lumbar and thoracic spinal radiographs acquired at baseline and at Months 6, 12, and subsequent yearly time points. Incident fractures (i.e., occurring after baseline) in previously normal vertebral bodies and/or those occurring after baseline in previously fractured vertebral bodies (Genant semiquantitative [SQ] Grade 1-3) (T4 to L4) were confirmed by quantitative morphometric (QM) and either SQ or binary SQ (yes/no) methodologies. A time-to-event methodology was used to evaluate results: life-table estimates of the incidence proportion (cumulative incidence) of participants with at least one morphometric vertebral fracture were assessed at Months 6, 12, and subsequent yearly intervals; an interval-censored approach was then used to determine incidence rate (number of participants with a morphometric fracture per 100 person-years of follow-up). (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionParts. w/ fracture per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW1.27
Placebo2.74

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Base Study: Rate of Discontinuation From Study Treatment Due to an Adverse Event

An adverse event is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a person or clinical investigation participant administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. The incidence rate of participant discontinuations from treatment due to adverse events (number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up) is provided. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW2.97
Placebo2.70

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Base Study: Rate of Adverse Events

An adverse event is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a person or clinical investigation participant administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. The incidence rate of participants with adverse events (number of participants with an event per 100 person-years of follow-up) is provided. (NCT00529373)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 60 months of observation

InterventionParts. with event per 100 person-years (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg OW100.16
Placebo98.65

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Change in Urine Albumin Excretion

Albumin and creatinine concentrations were measured in 24hr urine collections at baseline, 3 months after randomization, and one year after randomization. We analyzed the difference in log-transformed albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR, mg/g) after randomization (3 months and one year, analyzed together with all available data included) compared with baseline, by treatment assignment. Results are transformed to present percent difference in urine ACR. (NCT00552409)
Timeframe: Baseline, 3 months, and one year

Interventionpercent difference (Mean)
Cholecalciferol-21
Placebo-5

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Change in Intestinal Calcium Absorption From Baseline to One Month

percent and true fractional calcium absorption (NCT00581828)
Timeframe: 1 month

Interventionpercent calcium absorption (Mean)
Vitamin D3

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Maternal Serum and Neonatal Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Measurement

Maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurement at 12, 16, 28 weeks during pregnancy and at delivery and cord blood or neonatal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurement (NCT00610688)
Timeframe: 12, 16, 28 weeks and at maternal delivery and neonatal birth

,,
Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
Maternal at 12 WeeksMaternal at 16 WeeksMaternal at 28 WeeksMaternal at DeliveryNeonatal at Birth
2000 IU20.553.782.364.948.3
400 IU21.540.753.948.236.9
4000 IU19.660.788.289.866.1

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Growth of the Newborn Infant as Measured by Crown-heel Length and Head Circumference at Birth

Growth of the newborn infant as measured by crown-heel length in centimeters and head circumference in centimeters at birth (NCT00610688)
Timeframe: At delivery

,,
Interventioncm (Mean)
Heel Crown LengthHead Circumference
2000 IU51.634.5
400 IU51.934.1
4000 IU50.933.9

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Birthweight of Newborn Infant

Growth of the Newborn Infant as Measured by Birthweight in grams. (NCT00610688)
Timeframe: Measured at birth.

InterventionGrams (Mean)
400 IU3100
2000 IU3191
4000 IU3103

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Number of Participants That Discontinued Study Drug Due to an AE

An AE was defined as any unfavorable and unintended change in the structure (sign), function (symptoms), or chemistry of the body (laboratory data) temporally associated with the use of the SPONSOR's products (including placebo), whether or not considered related to the use of the product. Any worsening (i.e., any clinically significant adverse change in frequency and/or intensity) of a preexisting condition which is temporally associated with the use of the SPONSOR's product was also an AE. The number of participants that discontinued study drug due to an AE was reported for each treatment arm. Participants may have discontinued study drug but continued on the trial. (NCT00620113)
Timeframe: From first dose up to end of treatment (up to 52 weeks)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo3
Odanacatib 10 mg2
Odanacatib 25 mg1
Odanacatib 50 mg1

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Number of Participants That Experienced an Adverse Event (AE)

An AE was defined as any unfavorable and unintended change in the structure (sign), function (symptoms), or chemistry of the body (laboratory data) temporally associated with the use of the SPONSOR's products (including placebo), whether or not considered related to the use of the product. Any worsening (i.e., any clinically significant adverse change in frequency and/or intensity) of a preexisting condition which is temporally associated with the use of the SPONSOR's product was also an AE. The number of participants that experienced at least one AE was reported for each treatment arm. (NCT00620113)
Timeframe: From first dose up to Post-Study (up to 54 weeks)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo57
Odanacatib 10 mg63
Odanacatib 25 mg62
Odanacatib 50 mg58

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Percent Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Femoral Neck BMD

BMD (g/cm2) data was measured by DXA at the femoral neck subregion of the hip at the Observation visit (up to 5 weeks before Treatment Period), Week 0 (start of Treatment Period) and Week 52 (end of Treatment Period) or at discontinuation. Baseline was defined as the average of the 2 values collected at the Observation visit and Week 0 visit. Percent change from baseline in BMD = ([BMD at Week 52 visit] - [baseline BMD] ÷ baseline BMD) × 100. Measurements were performed using the Hologic QDR Series densitometer, and by same machine and under same scan mode throughout the study period. BMD data was centrally judged. (NCT00620113)
Timeframe: Baseline (Observation visit to Wk 0 treatment visit), Week 52

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.72
Odanacatib 10 mg1.51
Odanacatib 25 mg1.14
Odanacatib 50 mg2.35

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Percent Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Lumbar Vertebrae 1 to 4 (L1-L4)

BMD (g/cm2) data was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at lumbar spine vertebrae 1 through 4 (L1-L4) from anterior view at the Observation visit (up to 5 weeks before Treatment Period), Week 0 (start of Treatment Period) and Week 52 (end of Treatment Period) or at discontinuation. Baseline was defined as the average of the 2 values collected at the Observation visit and Week 0 visit. Percent change from baseline in BMD = ([BMD at Week 52 visit] - [baseline BMD] ÷ baseline BMD) × 100. Measurements were performed using the Hologic Quantitative Digital Radiography (QDR) Series densitometer, and by same machine and under same scan mode throughout the study period. BMD data was centrally judged. (NCT00620113)
Timeframe: Baseline (Observation visit to Wk 0 treatment visit), Week 52

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.55
Odanacatib 10 mg4.09
Odanacatib 25 mg5.67
Odanacatib 50 mg5.94

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Percent Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (s-BSAP) Level

s-BSAP is a biochemical marker index of bone formation. Blood samples were collected in the morning and in fasting state for measurement of s-BSAP. Percent change from baseline in biomarker = ([biomarker value at Week 52 visit] - [baseline biomarker value] ÷ baseline biomarker value) × 100. All measurements of bone biochemical markers were centrally performed. (NCT00620113)
Timeframe: Baseline (Wk 0), Week 52

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-9.91
Odanacatib 10 mg-7.44
Odanacatib 25 mg-22.47
Odanacatib 50 mg-25.43

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Percent Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Serum C-Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen (s-CTx) Level

s-CTx is a biochemical marker index of bone resorption. Blood samples were collected in the morning and in fasting state for measurement of s-CTx. Percent change from baseline in biomarker = ([biomarker value at Week 52 visit] - [baseline biomarker value] ÷ baseline biomarker value) × 100. All measurements of bone biochemical markers were centrally performed. (NCT00620113)
Timeframe: Baseline (Wk 0), Week 52

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-10.95
Odanacatib 10 mg-49.68
Odanacatib 25 mg-71.64
Odanacatib 50 mg-71.36

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Percent Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Serum N-Terminal Propeptides of Type 1 Collagen (s-P1NP) Level

s-P1NP is a biochemical marker index of bone formation. Blood samples were collected in the morning and in fasting state for measurement of s- P1NP. Percent change from baseline in biomarker = ([biomarker value at Week 52 visit] - [baseline biomarker value] ÷ baseline biomarker value) × 100. All measurements of bone biochemical markers were centrally performed. (NCT00620113)
Timeframe: Baseline (Wk 0), Week 52

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-20.14
Odanacatib 10 mg-25.75
Odanacatib 25 mg-48.99
Odanacatib 50 mg-47.00

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Percent Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Total Hip BMD

BMD (g/cm2) data was measured by DXA for total hip at the Observation visit (up to 5 weeks before Treatment Period), Week 0 (start of Treatment Period) and Week 52 (end of Treatment Period) or at discontinuation. Baseline was defined as the average of the 2 values collected at the Observation visit and Week 0 visit. Percent change from baseline in BMD = ([BMD at Week 52 visit] - [baseline BMD] ÷ baseline BMD) × 100. Measurements were performed using the Hologic QDR Series densitometer, and by same machine and under same scan mode throughout the study period. BMD data was centrally judged. (NCT00620113)
Timeframe: Baseline (Observation visit to Wk 0 treatment visit), Week 52

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.35
Odanacatib 10 mg1.31
Odanacatib 25 mg1.85
Odanacatib 50 mg2.70

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Percent Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Trochanter BMD

BMD (g/cm2) data was measured by DXA at the trochanter subregion of the hip (near bony protrusions along outside edge of femur) at the Observation visit (up to 5 weeks before Treatment Period), Week 0 (start of Treatment Period) and Week 52 (end of Treatment Period) or at discontinuation. Baseline was defined as the average of the 2 values collected at the Observation visit and Week 0 visit. Percent change from baseline in BMD = ([BMD at Week 52 visit] - [baseline BMD] ÷ baseline BMD) × 100. Measurements were performed using the Hologic QDR Series densitometer, and by same machine and under same scan mode throughout the study period. BMD data was centrally judged. (NCT00620113)
Timeframe: Baseline (Observation visit to Wk 0 treatment visit), Week 52

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.28
Odanacatib 10 mg2.16
Odanacatib 25 mg3.56
Odanacatib 50 mg4.38

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Percent Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Urinary Deoxypyridinoline/Creatinine Ratio (u-DPD/Cre)

The u-DPD/Cre ratio is a biochemical marker index of bone resorption. Urine samples were collected from second void morning urine specimens to assess the u-DPD/Cre ratio. Percent change from baseline in biomarker = ([biomarker value at Week 52 visit] - [baseline biomarker value] ÷ baseline biomarker value) × 100. All measurements of bone biochemical markers were centrally performed. (NCT00620113)
Timeframe: Baseline (Wk 0), Week 52

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo16.45
Odanacatib 10 mg-10.32
Odanacatib 25 mg-21.00
Odanacatib 50 mg-26.46

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Percent Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Urinary N-telopeptides/Creatinine (u-NTx/Cre) Ratio

The u-NTx/Cre ratio is a biochemical marker index of bone resorption. Urine samples were collected from second void morning urine specimens to assess the u-NTx/Cre ratio. Percent change from baseline in biomarker = ([biomarker value at Week 52 visit] - [baseline biomarker value] ÷ baseline biomarker value) × 100. All measurements of bone biochemical markers were centrally performed. (NCT00620113)
Timeframe: Baseline (Wk 0), Week 52

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-7.84
Odanacatib 10 mg-43.59
Odanacatib 25 mg-52.16
Odanacatib 50 mg-58.48

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Treatment of Low 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels in Pediatric Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease

"Change in serum 25OHD levels after treatment with vitamin D formulations for 6 weeks in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease.~25OHD is the most abundant vitamin D metabolite, which is bound to vitamin D binding protein. The measurement of its concentration in serum, reflects vitamin D stores." (NCT00621257)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Treatment A9.3
Treatment B16.4
Treatment C25.4

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Maintenance of 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels in Pediatric Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Percentage of pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease who maintained their serum 25OHD level at or above 32 ng/mL at all study visits over the duration of the maintenance study 25OHD is the most abundant vitamin D metabolite, which is bound to vitamin D binding protein. The measurement of its concentration in serum, reflects vitamin D stores. Concentration at or above 32 ng/mL has been identified as optimal vitamin D level for bone health by majority of experts. (NCT00621257)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Maintenance A3
Maintenance B3

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Decrease in Preoperative P-PTH

Decrease in plasma PTH after 25 weeks of preoperative vitamin D treatment compared with the plasebo Group. (NCT00674154)
Timeframe: 25 weeks

Interventionpmol/l (Mean)
Vitamin D-2.2
Placebo0.2

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Change in Monocyte VDR Expression With Vitamin D Therapy

Monocytes will be analyzed pre- and post-cholecalciferol by flow cytometry to measure changes in monocyte VDR expression. Unit of measure is represented by mean florescence intensity (MFI), which is a relative measure. (NCT00677534)
Timeframe: Change from End of Washout to Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Cholecalciferol 50,000 U1899

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Number of Participants Who Develop Hypercalcemia

calcium serum levels measured at baseline and at the end of the intervention (6-months) (NCT00681590)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Vitamin D 400 IU0
Vitamin D 2000 IU2

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Change From Baseline in Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Levels

(NCT00681590)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Vitamin D 400 IU-0.5
Vitamin D 2000 IU6.5

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Percent Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine and Total Hip Bone Mineral Density

Bone Mineral Density (BMD) as measured by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) and measured in g/cm^2 was obtained at baseline (visit 1) and Week 52 (visit 13) or at early study discontinuation visit. The percent change was calculated as: [100 * ((Week 52/Baseline)-1)]. The greater the percent change from baseline, the greater the response to therapy. (NCT00692913)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
Lumbar Spine (n= 226/ n=219)Total Hip (n=227/ n=218)
FOSAVANCE 56004.922.22
Referred-Care3.911.40

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Percentage of Participants With Serum Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D Below 20 ng/mL at Week 52

"Percentage of participants with serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D below~20 ng/mL after 52 weeks of treatment (6 month extension study) with FOSAVANCE 5600 once weekly versus Referred-Care in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and at increased risk of falls." (NCT00692913)
Timeframe: Week 52

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
FOSAVANCE 560011.3
Referred-Care36.9

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Percentage of Participants With Serum Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D Below 20 ng/mL at Week 26

"Percentage of participants with serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D below~20 nanograms/milliliter (ng/mL) after 26 weeks of treatment with FOSAVANCE 5600 once weekly versus Referred-Care in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and at increased risk of falls." (NCT00692913)
Timeframe: Week 26

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
FOSAVANCE 56008.6
Referred-Care31.0

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Percent Change From Baseline at Week 52 in N-Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen to Urine Creatinine Ratio

NTx is a urine biochemical marker of bone resorption and measured in nanomoles (nmol) Bone Collagen Equivalents (BCE)/millimoles (mmol) creatinine. The percent change was calculated as: [100 * ((Week 52/Baseline)-1)]. The greater the percent decrease from baseline, the greater the response to therapy. (NCT00692913)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
FOSAVANCE 5600-58.42
Referred-Care-50.07

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Percent Change From Baseline at Week 52 in Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase

BSAP is a serum biochemical marker of bone formation and measured in micrograms/Liter (mcg/L). The percent change was calculated as: [100 * ((Week 52/Baseline)-1)]. The greater the percent decrease from baseline, the greater the response to therapy. (NCT00692913)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
FOSAVANCE 5600-51.21
Referred-Care-43.13

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Percent Change From Baseline at Week 26 in N-Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen to Urine Creatinine Ratio

N-Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen to Urine Creatinine Ratio (NTx) is a urine biochemical marker of bone resorption and measured in nanomoles (nmol) Bone Collagen Equivalents (BCE)/millimoles (mmol) creatinine. The percent change was calculated as: [100 * ((Week 26/Baseline)-1)]. The greater the percent decrease from baseline, the greater the response to therapy. (NCT00692913)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 26

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
FOSAVANCE 5600-57.06
Referred-Care-47.36

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Percent Change From Baseline at Week 26 in Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase

Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP) is a serum biochemical marker of bone formation and measured in micrograms/Liter (mcg/L). The percent change was calculated as: [100 * ((Week 26/Baseline)-1)]. The greater the percent decrease from baseline, the greater the response to therapy. (NCT00692913)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 26

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
FOSAVANCE 5600-46.67
Referred-Care-39.60

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Falls Per Participant

"Number of falls per participant was measured.~The fall event rate during the study period was defined as the number of adjudicated falls during the study period divided by the total patient-years in the study. Each participant was to be in the study for approximately one year.~In order to guide and standardize all procedures during the fall adjudication process, a Standard Operating Procedure for Fall Adjudication was created by the~SPONSOR and served as a guideline to standardize operational procedures for fall adjudication." (NCT00692913)
Timeframe: Up to Week 52

InterventionNumber of Falls (Mean)
FOSAVANCE 56000.51
Referred-Care0.45

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Change in Serum C4 Level From Baseline to Week 12

C4 is a blood test that measures the activity of the complement component 4 (C4) protein. The normal range for males is 12 to 72 mg/dL and the normal range for females is 13 to 75 mg/dL. Patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus may have a lower-than-normal level of C4. A decrease in C4 level over time may indicate disease activity. An increase in C4 from baseline to Week 12 is represented as a positive value (and vice versa). (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: 0, Week 12

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo0.2
Vitamin D3 2000 IU-0.3
Vitamin D3 4000 IU1.9
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled ).9

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Change in Serum C4 Level From Baseline to Week 6

Outcome measure description: C4 is a blood test that measures the activity of the complement component 4 (C4) protein. The normal range for males is 12 to 72 mg/dL and the normal range for females is 13 to 75 mg/dL. Patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus may have a lower-than-normal level of C4. A decrease in C4 level over time may indicate disease activity. An increase in C4 from baseline to Week 6 is represented as a positive value (and vice versa). (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: 0, Week 6

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo0.3
Vitamin D3 2000 IU-0.8
Vitamin D3 4000 IU0.4
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )-0.2

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Constitutional BILAG Status at Week 12

"The British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) assessment gives a grade for each of 9 body systems (e.g., domains). Grades reflect systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity as follows: A (severe), B (moderate), C (mild), D (inactive at present but previously affected), E (inactive and system never involved). To be randomized, subjects had to have mild or inactive disease (C,D,E) in all but the mucocutaneous system in which B(moderate) disease was also allowed. The percent of subjects experiencing A or B level activity at Week 12 is assessed for the Constitutional-specific body system." (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionPercent with grade A or B (Number)
Placebo0.0
Vitamin D3 2000 IU0.0
Vitamin D3 4000 IU0.0
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )0.0

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Gastrointestinal BILAG Status at Week 12

"The British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) assessment gives a grade for each of 9 body systems (e.g., domains). Grades reflect systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity as follows: A (severe), B (moderate), C (mild), D (inactive at present but previously affected), E (inactive and system never involved). To be randomized, subjects had to have mild or inactive disease (C,D,E) in all but the mucocutaneous system in which B(moderate) disease was also allowed. The percent of subjects experiencing A or B level activity at Week 12 is assessed for the Gastrointestinal-specific body system." (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionPercent with grade A or B (Number)
Placebo0.0
Vitamin D3 2000 IU0.0
Vitamin D3 4000 IU0.0
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )0.0

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Hematological BILAG Status at Week 12

"The British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) assessment gives a grade for each of 9 body systems (e.g., domains). Grades reflect systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity as follows: A (severe), B (moderate), C (mild), D (inactive at present but previously affected), E (inactive and system never involved). To be randomized, subjects had to have mild or inactive disease (C,D,E) in all but the mucocutaneous system in which B(moderate) disease was also allowed. The percent of subjects experiencing A or B level activity at Week 12 is assessed for the Hematological-specific body system." (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionPercent with grade A or B (Number)
Placebo0.0
Vitamin D3 2000 IU0.0
Vitamin D3 4000 IU0.0
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )0.0

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Mucocutaneous BILAG Status at Week 12

"The British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) assessment gives a grade for each of 9 body systems (e.g., domains). Grades reflect systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity as follows: A (severe), B (moderate), C (mild), D (inactive at present but previously affected), E (inactive and system never involved). To be randomized, subjects had to have mild or inactive disease (C,D,E) in all but the mucocutaneous system in which B(moderate) disease was also allowed. The percent of subjects experiencing A or B level activity at Week 12 is assessed for the Mucocutaneous-specific body system." (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionPercent with grade A or B (Number)
Placebo5.6
Vitamin D3 2000 IU12.5
Vitamin D3 4000 IU0.0
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )5.9

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Musculoskeletal BILAG Status at Week 12

"Outcome measure description: The British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) assessment gives a grade for each of 9 body systems (e.g., domains). Grades reflect systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity as follows: A (severe), B (moderate), C (mild), D (inactive at present but previously affected), E (inactive and system never involved). To be randomized, subjects had to have mild or inactive disease (C,D,E) in all but the mucocutaneous system in which B(moderate) disease was also allowed. The percent of subjects experiencing A or B level activity at Week 12 is assessed for the Musculoskeletal-specific body system." (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionPercent with grade A or B (Number)
Placebo5.6
Vitamin D3 2000 IU0.0
Vitamin D3 4000 IU11.1
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )5.9

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Ophthalmic BILAG Status at Week 12

"The British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) assessment gives a grade for each of 9 body systems (e.g., domains). Grades reflect systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity as follows: A (severe), B (moderate), C (mild), D (inactive at present but previously affected), E (inactive and system never involved). To be randomized, subjects had to have mild or inactive disease (C,D,E) in all but the mucocutaneous system in which B(moderate) disease was also allowed. The percent of subjects experiencing A or B level activity at Week 12 is assessed for the Ophthalmic-specific body system." (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionPercent with grade A or B (Number)
Placebo0.0
Vitamin D3 2000 IU0.0
Vitamin D3 4000 IU0.0
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )0.0

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Neuropsychiatric BILAG Status at Week 12

"The British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) assessment gives a grade for each of 9 body systems (e.g., domains). Grades reflect systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity as follows: A (severe), B (moderate), C (mild), D (inactive at present but previously affected), E (inactive and system never involved). To be randomized, subjects had to have mild or inactive disease (C,D,E) in all but the mucocutaneous system in which B(moderate) disease was also allowed. The percent of subjects experiencing A or B level activity at Week 12 is assessed for the Neuropsychiatric-specific body system." (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionPercent with grade A or B (Number)
Placebo0.0
Vitamin D3 2000 IU0.0
Vitamin D3 4000 IU0.0
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )0.0

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Percent of Participants With Adverse Events of Grade 3 or Above

Grades are based on National Cancer Institute--Common Terminology Criteria (NCI-CTCAE) Version 3.0 over the duration of the study. Participants who experienced at least one grade 3 or higher adverse event (AE) are counted only once. The adverse events are treatment-emergent, which means that the AE occurred after taking the first dose of study drug. (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: From start of study treatment through Week 12

InterventionPercent of participants (Number)
Placebo5.3
Vitamin D3 2000 IU23.5
Vitamin D3 4000 IU22.2
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )22.9

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Percent of Participants With an IFN Alpha Signature Response at Week 12

Presence of an Interferon (IFN) Alpha signature response is defined as: a reduction in expression from baseline (Screening) of at least 50% for 1 of 3 IFN Alpha responsive genes (Ifit1, Ifi44, Mx1) with concurrent expression in the remaining 2 genes at a level not more than 25% above baseline, or a reduction in expression from baseline of at least 25% for 2 of the 3 IFN Alpha responsive genes with concurrent expression in the third gene at a level of no more than 25% above baseline. Gene expression was measured on peripheral blood samples using qRT-PCR. Missing data were considered as response failures during calculation. (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: 0, Week 12

InterventionPercent of participants (Number)
Placebo36.8
Vitamin D3 2000 IU23.5
Vitamin D3 4000 IU27.8
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )25.7

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Percent of Participants With an IFN Alpha Signature Response at Week 6

Presence of an Interferon (IFN) Alpha signature response is defined as: a reduction in expression from baseline (Screening) of at least 50% for 1 of 3 IFN Alpha responsive genes (Ifit1, Ifi44, Mx1) with concurrent expression in the remaining 2 genes at a level not more than 25% above baseline, or a reduction in expression from baseline of at least 25% for 2 of the 3 IFN Alpha responsive genes with concurrent expression in the third gene at a level of no more than 25% above baseline. Gene expression was measured on peripheral blood samples using qRT-PCR. Missing data were considered as response failures during calculation. (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: 0, Week 6

InterventionPercent of participants (Number)
Placebo36.8
Vitamin D3 2000 IU17.6
Vitamin D3 4000 IU5.6
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )11.4

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Percent of Participants With IFN Alpha Signature at Week 12

An Interferon (IFN) Alpha signature is defined as: expression of Mx1, Ifit1, or Ifi44 at a level greater than or equal to 4 standard deviations above the mean of a set of normal controls, or expression of 2 of the 3 genes at a level greater than or equal to 2 standard deviations above the mean of a set of normal controls. Gene expression was measured on peripheral blood samples using qRT-PCR. Missing data were assumed as signatures during calculation. (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: 0, Week 12

InterventionPercent of participants (Number)
Placebo78.9
Vitamin D3 2000 IU94.1
Vitamin D3 4000 IU100.0
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )97.1

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Percent of Participants With IFN Alpha Signature at Week 6

An Interferon (IFN) Alpha signature is defined as: expression of Mx1, Ifit1, or Ifi44 at a level greater than or equal to 4 standard deviations above the mean of a set of normal controls, or expression of 2 of the 3 genes at a level greater than or equal to 2 standard deviations above the mean of a set of normal controls. Gene expression was measured on peripheral blood samples using qRT-PCR. Missing data were assumed as signatures during calculation. (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: Week 6

InterventionPercent of participants (Number)
Placebo84.2
Vitamin D3 2000 IU94.1
Vitamin D3 4000 IU100.0
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )97.1

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qRT-PCR Fold Change in Ifi44 Gene Expression From Baseline to Week 12

"The Ifi44 gene is one of three genes included in the definition of the alpha-interferon signature used for this study. It encodes interferon-induced protein 44. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to measure gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained by blood draw. Gene expression is quantified as fold change relative to normal controls and is computed using a comparative CT (threshold cycle) method. A study hypothesis was that expression of alpha-interferon signature genes would decrease with increasing vitamin D levels. A decrease in gene expression from baseline to Week 12 is represented as a negative value (and vice versa)." (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: 0, Week 12

InterventionqRT-PCR fold change (Mean)
Placebo-2.5
Vitamin D3 2000 IU-0.3
Vitamin D3 4000 IU2.9
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )1.4

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qRT-PCR Fold Change in Ifi44 Gene Expression From Baseline to Week 6

"The Ifi44 gene is one of three genes included in the definition of the alpha-interferon signature used for this study. It encodes interferon-induced protein 44. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to measure gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained by blood draw. Gene expression is quantified as fold change relative to normal controls and is computed using a comparative CT (threshold cycle) method. A study hypothesis was that expression of alpha-interferon signature genes would decrease with increasing vitamin D levels. A decrease in gene expression from baseline to Week 6 is represented as a negative value (and vice versa)." (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: 0, Week 6

InterventionqRT-PCR fold change (Mean)
Placebo-3.9
Vitamin D3 2000 IU-4.6
Vitamin D3 4000 IU4.1
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )0.3

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qRT-PCR Fold Change in Ifit1 Gene Expression From Baseline to Week 12

"The Ifit1 gene is one of three genes included in the definition of the alpha-interferon signature used for this study. This gene encodes an interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to measure gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained by blood draw. Gene expression is quantified as fold change relative to normal controls and is computed using a comparative CT (threshold cycle) method. A study hypothesis was that expression of alpha-interferon signature genes would decrease with increasing vitamin D levels. A decrease in gene expression from baseline to Week 12 is represented as a negative value (and vice versa)." (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: 0, Week 12

InterventionqRT-PCR fold change (Mean)
Placebo-8.6
Vitamin D3 2000 IU-2.9
Vitamin D3 4000 IU5.2
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )1.5

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qRT-PCR Fold Change in Ifit1 Gene Expression From Baseline to Week 6

"The Ifit1 gene is one of three genes included in the definition of the alpha-interferon signature used for this study. It encodes an interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to measure gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained by blood draw. Gene expression is quantified as fold change relative to normal controls and is computed using a comparative CT (threshold cycle) method. A study hypothesis was that expression of alpha-interferon signature genes would decrease with increasing vitamin D levels. A decrease in gene expression from baseline to Week 6 is represented as a negative value (and vice versa)." (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: 0, Week 6

InterventionqRT-PCR fold change (Mean)
Placebo-15.5
Vitamin D3 2000 IU-11.6
Vitamin D3 4000 IU6.3
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )-1.4

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qRT-PCR Fold Change in Mx1 Gene Expression From Baseline to Week 12

"The Mx1 gene is one of three genes included in the definition of the alpha-interferon signature used for this study. It encodes for the homolog of mouse myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1 protein. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to measure gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained by blood draw. Gene expression is quantified as fold change relative to normal controls and is computed using a comparative CT (threshold cycle) method. A study hypothesis was that expression of alpha-interferon signature genes would decrease with increasing vitamin D levels. A decrease in gene expression from baseline to Week 12 is represented as a negative value (and vice versa)." (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: 0, Week 12

InterventionqRT-PCR fold change (Mean)
Placebo-1.6
Vitamin D3 2000 IU2.0
Vitamin D3 4000 IU4.8
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )3.5

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Renal BILAG Status at Week 12

"The British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) assessment gives a grade for each of 9 body systems (e.g., domains). Grades reflect systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity as follows: A (severe), B (moderate), C (mild), D (inactive at present but previously affected), E (inactive and system never involved). To be randomized, subjects had to have mild or inactive disease (C,D,E) in all but the mucocutaneous system in which B(moderate) disease was also allowed. The percent of subjects experiencing A or B level activity at Week 12 is assessed for the Renal-specific body system." (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionPercent with grade A or B (Number)
Placebo0.0
Vitamin D3 2000 IU0.0
Vitamin D3 4000 IU0.0
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )0.0

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Change in Status for Anti-double-stranded DNA Autoantibody From Baseline to Week 12

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may have autoantibodies (e.g., self against self) to double-stranded DNA. Double-stranded DNA is one of multiple diagnostic tests for SLE and levels may be associated with disease activity. A positive test for autoantibodies to double-stranded DNA is based on the normal range from the local laboratory. Change in status (+ or -) from baseline is evaluated. (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: 0, Week 12

,,,
InterventionPercent of participants (Number)
Positive at Baseline, Positive at Week 12Positive at Baseline, Negative at Week 12Negative at Baseline, Positive at Week 12Negative at Baseline, Negative at Week 12
Placebo94.10.00.05.9
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )88.26.02.92.9
Vitamin D3 2000 IU100.00.00.00.0
Vitamin D3 4000 IU77.811.05.65.6

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Change in Status for Anti-double-stranded DNA Autoantibody From Baseline to Week 6

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may have autoantibodies (e.g., self against self) to double-stranded DNA. Double-stranded DNA is one of multiple diagnostic tests for SLE and levels may be associated with disease activity. A positive test for autoantibodies to double-stranded DNA is based on the normal range from the local laboratory. Change in status (+ or -) from baseline is evaluated. (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: 0, Week 6

,,,
InterventionPercent of participants (Number)
Positive at Baseline, Positive at Week 6Positive at Baseline, Negative at Week 6Negative at Baseline, Positive at Week 6Negative at Baseline, Negative at Week 6
Placebo94.70.00.05.3
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )91.22.90.05.9
Vitamin D3 2000 IU93.76.30.00.0
Vitamin D3 4000 IU88.90.00.011.1

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qRT-PCR Fold Change in Mx1 Gene Expression From Baseline to Week 6

"The Mx1 gene is one of three genes included in the definition of the alpha-interferon signature used for this study. It encodes for the homolog of mouse myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1 protein. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to measure gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained by blood draw. Gene expression is quantified as fold change relative to normal controls and is computed using a comparative CT (threshold cycle) method. A study hypothesis was that expression of alpha-interferon signature genes would decrease with increasing vitamin D levels. A decrease in gene expression from baseline to Week 6 is represented as a negative value (and vice versa)." (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: 0, Week 6

InterventionqRT-PCR fold change (Mean)
Placebo-4.8
Vitamin D3 2000 IU1.4
Vitamin D3 4000 IU0.7
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )1.0

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Cardiorespiratory BILAG Status at Week 12

"The British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) assessment gives a grade for each of 9 body systems (e.g., domains). Grades reflect systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity as follows: A (severe), B (moderate), C (mild), D (inactive at present but previously affected), E (inactive and system never involved). To be randomized, subjects had to have mild or inactive disease (C,D,E) in all but the mucocutaneous system in which B(moderate) disease was also allowed. The percent of subjects experiencing A or B level activity at Week 12 is assessed for the Cardiorespiratory-specific body system." (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionPercent with grade A or B (Number)
Placebo0.0
Vitamin D3 2000 IU6.3
Vitamin D3 4000 IU0.0
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )2.9

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Change in SELENA-SLEDAI Total Score From Baseline to Week 12

The modified Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment-Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Disease Activity Index (SELENA-SLEDAI) score is a weighted scale score ranging from 0 to 105 based on the presence or absence of 24 manifestations of SLE. The SELENA-SLEDAI assesses disease activity for 10 days prior to and including the day of assessment. For this study, the SELENA-SLEDAI score was modified to include proteinuria defined by dipstick rather than 24 hour urine. Positive change in the SELENA-SLEDAI score indicate increased disease activity. (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: 0, Week 12

InterventionChange in Scores on a Scale (Mean)
Placebo0.0
Vitamin D3 2000 IU0.2
Vitamin D3 4000 IU0.2
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )0.2

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Change in Serum C3 Level From Baseline to Week 12

C3 is a blood test that measures the activity of the complement component 3 (C3) protein. The normal C3 range is 75 to 135 mg/dL. Patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus may have a lower-than-normal level of C3. A decrease in C3 level over time may indicate disease activity. An increase in C3 from baseline to Week 12 is represented as a positive value (and vice versa). (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: 0, Week 12

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo1.8
Vitamin D3 2000 IU0.7
Vitamin D3 4000 IU2.9
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )1.9

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Change in Serum C3 Level From Baseline to Week 6

C3 is a blood test that measures the activity of the complement component 3 (C3) protein. The normal C3 range is 75 to 135 mg/dL. Patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus may have a lower-than-normal level of C3. A decrease in C3 level over time may indicate disease activity. An increase in C3 from baseline to Week 6 is represented as a positive value (and vice versa). (NCT00710021)
Timeframe: 0, Week 6

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo3.3
Vitamin D3 2000 IU3.8
Vitamin D3 4000 IU3.7
Vitamin D3 2000 and 4000 IU (Pooled )3.8

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Percent Change From Baseline in Serum N-Terminal Propeptides of Type 1 Collagen (s-P1NP) Level

s-P1NP is a biochemical marker index of bone formation. s-P1NP was measured via fasting blood draws at Baseline (Randomization), Month 6, Month 12, Month 18, and Month 24 for the repeated measures longitudinal ANCOVA model, with percent change from baseline at Months 12 and 24 pre-specified to be reported as secondary outcome measures. s-P1NP was analyzed using the log-transformed fraction from baseline using the per-protocol approach. Data were back-transformed for presentation and geometric LS mean percent change from baseline was reported with 95% CI. (NCT00729183)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months

,
Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12 (n=90, n=88)Month 24 (n=76, n=80)
Odanacatib 50 mg-28.32-11.06
Placebo-2.97-1.99

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Percent Change From Baseline in Total Hip aBMD

aBMD (g/cm^2) data was measured by DXA at the total hip. All measurements utilized the same hip and at least 2 vertebrae for all time points. The left hip only was scanned. If the left hip was unevaluable, then the right hip was scanned. Once the appropriate leg was identified for scanning, it was used for all subsequent measurements. aBMD data was centrally evaluated and all areal BMD measurements included a longitudinal BMD correction factor as determined by the quality control center. aBMD at the total hip was assessed at the Screening visit (Baseline), Month 6, Month 12, and Month 24 for the repeated measures longitudinal ANCOVA model, with percent change from baseline at Months 12 and 24 pre-specified to be reported as secondary outcome measures. (NCT00729183)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months

,
Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12 (n=96, n=97)Month 24 (n=82, n=90)
Odanacatib 50 mg1.412.43
Placebo-0.16-0.89

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Percent Change From Baseline in Total Radius aBMD

aBMD (g/cm^2) data was measured by DXA at the total radius (forearm). aBMD data was centrally evaluated and all areal BMD measurements included a longitudinal BMD correction factor as determined by the quality control center. aBMD at the total radius was assessed at the Screening visit (Baseline), Month 6, Month 12, and Month 24 for the repeated measures longitudinal ANCOVA model, with percent change from baseline at Months 12 and 24 pre-specified to be reported as secondary outcome measures. (NCT00729183)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months

,
Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12 (n=96, n=96)Month 24 (n=82, n=90)
Odanacatib 50 mg0.01-0.19
Placebo-0.70-1.89

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Percent Change From Baseline in Trabecular vBMD at Central Section of Spine (L2)

Trabecular vBMD at the lumbar spine (L2) was measured by quantitative computed tomography (QCT). All QCT-derived vBMD measurements were evaluated centrally (and possibly locally) for bone and soft tissue abnormalities. Trabecular vBMD at the lumbar spine (L2) was assessed at the Screening visit (Baseline), Month 6, Month 12, and Month 24 for the repeated measures longitudinal ANCOVA model, with percent change from baseline at Months 12 and 24 pre-specified to be reported as secondary outcome measures. (NCT00729183)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months

,
Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12 (n=84, n=86)Month 24 (n=73, n=79)
Odanacatib 50 mg5.675.97
Placebo-0.00-3.41

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Percent Change From Baseline in Trabecular Volumetric Bone Mineral Density (vBMD) at Central Section of Spine (L1)

Trabecular vBMD at the lumbar spine (L1) was measured by quantitative computed tomography (QCT). All QCT-derived vBMD measurements were evaluated centrally (and possibly locally) for bone and soft tissue abnormalities. Trabecular vBMD at the lumbar spine (L1) was assessed at the Screening visit (Baseline), Month 6, Month 12, and Month 24 for the repeated measures longitudinal ANCOVA model, with percent change from baseline at Months 12 and 24 pre-specified to be reported as secondary outcome measures. (NCT00729183)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months

,
Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12 (n=82, n=86)Month 24 (n=72, n=79)
Odanacatib 50 mg6.586.44
Placebo-1.43-5.02

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Percent Change From Baseline in Ultradistal Radius aBMD

aBMD (g/cm^2) data was measured by DXA at the ultradistal radius (forearm). aBMD data was centrally evaluated and all areal BMD measurements included a longitudinal BMD correction factor as determined by the quality control center. aBMD at the ultradistal radius was assessed at the Screening visit (Baseline), Month 6, Month 12, and Month 24 for the repeated measures longitudinal ANCOVA model, with percent change from baseline at Months 12 and 24 pre-specified to be reported as secondary outcome measures. (NCT00729183)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months

,
Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12 (n=96, n=96)Month 24 (n=82, n=90)
Odanacatib 50 mg0.981.25
Placebo-0.73-1.45

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Percent Change From Baseline in Femoral Neck aBMD

aBMD (g/cm^2) data was measured by DXA at the femoral neck (hip). All measurements utilized the same hip and at least 2 vertebrae for all time points. The left hip only was scanned. If the left hip was unevaluable, then the right hip was scanned. Once the appropriate leg was identified for scanning, it was used for all subsequent measurements. aBMD data was centrally evaluated and all areal BMD measurements included a longitudinal BMD correction factor as determined by the quality control center. aBMD at the femoral neck was assessed at the Screening visit (Baseline), Month 6, Month 12, and Month 24 for the repeated measures longitudinal ANCOVA model, with percent change from baseline at Months 12 and 24 pre-specified to be reported as secondary outcome measures. (NCT00729183)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months

,
Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12 (n=96, n=97)Month 24 (n=82, n=90)
Odanacatib 50 mg1.032.47
Placebo-0.45-1.33

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Percent Change From Baseline in Hip Trochanter aBMD

aBMD (g/cm^2) data was measured by DXA at the hip trochanter. All measurements utilized the same hip and at least 2 vertebrae for all time points. The left hip only was scanned. If the left hip was unevaluable, then the right hip was scanned. Once the appropriate leg was identified for scanning, it was used for all subsequent measurements. aBMD data was centrally evaluated and all areal BMD measurements included a longitudinal BMD correction factor as determined by the quality control center. aBMD at the hip trochanter was assessed at the Screening visit (Baseline), Month 6, Month 12, and Month 24 for the repeated measures longitudinal ANCOVA model, with percent change from baseline at Months 12 and 24 pre-specified to be reported as secondary outcome measures. (NCT00729183)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months

,
Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12 (n=96, n=97)Month 24 (n=82, n=90)
Odanacatib 50 mg2.374.75
Placebo0.18-0.73

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Percent Change From Baseline in Serum C-Terminal Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen (s-CTx) Level

s-CTx is a biochemical marker index of bone resorption. s-CTx was measured via fasting blood draws at Baseline (Randomization), Month 6, Month 12, Month 18, and Month 24 for the repeated measures longitudinal ANCOVA model, with percent change from baseline at Months 12 and 24 pre-specified to be reported as secondary outcome measures. S-CTx was analyzed using the log-transformed fraction from baseline using the per-protocol approach. Data were back-transformed for presentation and geometric LS mean percent change from baseline was reported with 95% CI. (NCT00729183)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months

,
Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12 (n=89, n=87)Month 24 (n=74, n=78)
Odanacatib 50 mg-53.33-42.56
Placebo0.703.03

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Percent Change From Baseline to Month 24 in Lumbar Spine aBMD

aBMD (g/cm^2) was measured by DXA at the lumbar spine and mean BMD measurements from at least 3 evaluable vertebrae from L1 through L4 were used. If a vertebra was fractured at baseline or became fractured during the study, its BMD measurement was excluded from the analysis and the lumbar spine BMD was recalculated based on the three remaining vertebrae. aBMD data was centrally evaluated and all areal BMD measurements included a longitudinal BMD correction factor as determined by the quality control center. aBMD at the lumbar spine was assessed at the Screening visit (Baseline), Month 6, Month 12, and Month 24 for the repeated measures longitudinal ANCOVA model, with percent change from baseline at Months 12 and 24 pre-specified to be reported as primary and secondary outcome measures, respectively. (NCT00729183)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 months

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg5.02
Placebo-0.38

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Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Lumbar Spine Areal Bone Mineral Density (aBMD)

aBMD (g/cm^2) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the lumbar spine and mean BMD measurements from at least 3 evaluable lumbar spine vertebrae (L1-L4) were used. If a vertebra was fractured at baseline or became fractured during the study, its BMD measurement was excluded from the analysis and the lumbar spine BMD was recalculated based on the three remaining vertebrae. aBMD data was centrally evaluated and all areal BMD measurements included a longitudinal BMD correction factor as determined by the quality control center. aBMD at the lumbar spine was assessed at the Screening visit (Baseline), Month 6, Month 12, and Month 24 for the repeated measures longitudinal Analysis of Covariates (ANCOVA) model, with percent change from baseline at Months 12 and 24 pre-specified to be reported as primary and secondary outcome measures, respectively. (NCT00729183)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg3.63
Placebo0.14

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Percentage of Participants That Discontinued Study Treatment Due to an AE

An AE was defined as any unfavorable and unintended change in the structure, function, or chemistry of the body temporally associated with the use of the SPONSOR's products, whether or not considered related to the use of the product. Any worsening (i.e., any clinically significant adverse change in frequency and/or intensity) of a preexisting condition which is temporally associated with the use of the SPONSOR's product was also an AE. The percentage of participants that discontinued study treatment (different from discontinuation of the study) due to an AE was reported for each treatment arm. (NCT00729183)
Timeframe: Up to ~14 days post study end (up to ~24 months)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg10.1
Placebo5.7

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Percentage of Participants That Experienced an Adverse Event (AE)

An AE was defined as any unfavorable and unintended change in the structure, function, or chemistry of the body temporally associated with the use of the SPONSOR's products, whether or not considered related to the use of the product. Any worsening (i.e., any clinically significant adverse change in frequency and/or intensity) of a preexisting condition which is temporally associated with the use of the SPONSOR's product was also an AE. The percentage of participants that experienced at least one AE was reported for each treatment arm. (NCT00729183)
Timeframe: Up to ~14 days post study end (up to ~24 months)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg82.6
Placebo84.8

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Percent Change From Baseline in Distal Radius aBMD

aBMD (g/cm^2) data was measured by DXA at the one-third distal radius (forearm). aBMD data was centrally evaluated and all areal BMD measurements included a longitudinal BMD correction factor as determined by the quality control center. aBMD at the distal radius was assessed at the Screening visit (Baseline), Month 6, Month 12, and Month 24 for the repeated measures longitudinal ANCOVA model, with percent change from baseline at Months 12 and 24 pre-specified to be reported as secondary outcome measures. (NCT00729183)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months

,
Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 12 (n=96, n=96)Month 24 (n=82, n=90)
Odanacatib 50 mg-0.21-0.57
Placebo-0.37-1.79

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Mean Serum 25 OHD(Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D) at 16 Weeks of Treatment

(NCT00729651)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Fosamax Plus D30.08
Fosamax17.14

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Patients With Serum 25 OHD (Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D) Below the Deficiency Level (Less Than 15 ng/ml) at 16 Weeks of Treatment

(NCT00729651)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
With Vitamin D DeficiencyWithout Vitamin D Deficiency
Fosamax5577
Fosamax Plus D2134

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Serum PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) Percentage Changes From Baseline to 16 Weeks of Treatment

(NCT00729651)
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeks

InterventionPercentage Change Serum PTH (Least Squares Mean)
Fosamax Plus D8.17
Fosamax29.98

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Patients With Serum 25 OHD (Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D) Less and Greater Than 20 ng/ml at 16 Weeks of Treatment

(NCT00729651)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
With 25 OHD < 20ng/ml at 16 weeks of treatmentWith 25 OHD >= 20ng/ml at 16 weeks of treatment
Fosamax9339
Fosamax Plus D7129

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Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D

Circulating concentration of 25 hydroxyvitamin D is a biomarker of vitamin D status. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations <20 ng/mL. (NCT00732758)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Vitamin D3 Group26.7
Placebo Group22.4

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Osteocalcin (OC)

Marker of bone formation (NCT00732758)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Vitamin D3 Group101.1
Placebo Group104.8

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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Dietary Data

(NCT00732758)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Vitamin D3 Group35.5
Placebo Group33.5

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Collagen Type 1 Cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTx)

Collagen type 1 cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTx) is a marker of bone resorption. (NCT00732758)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Vitamin D3 Group1.4
Placebo Group1.6

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Serum Calcium

Serum calcium assessed by photometric assessment after calcium reaction with NM-BAPTA, then with EDTA (NCT00736632)
Timeframe: 0, 2, and 4 Month

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
0 Month, serum ca2 Month, serum ca4 Month, serum ca
Placebo9.19.29.1
Vitamin D9.19.19.3

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Hypertension (24h Blood Pressure, Central Blood Pressure, and Office BP)

24-hour blood pressure collected by ambulatory automated arm cuff, central mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) collected by non-invasive arterial tonometry and pulse wave analysis/pulse wave velocity, office blood pressure collected by manual aneroid sphygmomanometry. (NCT00736632)
Timeframe: 0, 2, and 4 months

,
Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
0 Month, Office SBP0 Month, Office DBP2 Month, Office SBP2 Month, Office DBP4 Month, Office SBP4 Month, Office DBP0 Month, Central MAP2 Month, Central MAP4 Month, Central MAP0 Month, Daytime MAP0 Month, Nighttime MAP2 Month, Daytime MAP2 Month, Nighttime MAP4 Month, Daytime MAP4 Month, Nighttime MAP
Placebo126.679.2127.679.2129.679.6103.9100.6102.699.889.497.686.6100.089.1
Vitamin D131.178.9133.279.9132.777.9107.2107.8105.2101.692.2101.794.099.190.3

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hsCRP

High sensitivity C-reactive protein assessed by particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay (NCT00736632)
Timeframe: 0, 2, and 4 Month

,
Interventionmg/L (Mean)
0 Month, hsCRP2 Month, hsCRP4 Month, hsCRP
Placebo3.73.64.2
Vitamin D6.05.96.7

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HbA1C

HbA1c percentage assessed by turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay for hemolyzed whole blood (NCT00736632)
Timeframe: 0, 2, and 4 month

,
Interventionpercentage (Mean)
HbA1c 0 monthHbA1c 2 monthHbA1c 4 month
Placebo7.07.47.4
Vitamin D7.06.97.0

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Fasting Glucose

Serum fasting glucose assessed by hexokinase method (NCT00736632)
Timeframe: 0, 2, and 4 Month

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
0 Month, Fasting Glucose2 Month, Fasting Glucose4 Month, Fasting Glucose
Placebo126.7137.4138.4
Vitamin D123.3124.9128.7

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Brachial Artery Reactivity Testing

Brachial artery response to hyperemia assessed by measuring brachial artery diameter every 30 seconds for 180 seconds after a 5-minute occlusion with arm cuff above systolic blood pressure, with response defined as maximal percentage increase above baseline. (NCT00736632)
Timeframe: 0, 2, and 4 months

,
Interventionpercentage of dilation (Mean)
0 Month2 Month4 Month
Placebo7.88.57.8
Vitamin D8.67.57.8

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Macrophage Cholesterol Metabolism

Macrophage uptake of labeled oxidized low density lipoprotein, assessed by the ratio of post-treatment cholesterol uptake to baseline uptake. (NCT00736632)
Timeframe: 0 and 4 months

Interventionunitless (ratio) (Mean)
Placebo1.01
Vitamin D0.47

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Vitamin D

25(OH) Vitamin D assess by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (NCT00736632)
Timeframe: 0, 2, and 4 Month

,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
0 Month, Vitamin D2 Month, Vitamin D4 Month, Vitamin D
Placebo46.137.744.5
Vitamin D40.140.742.7

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Urine Calcium to Creatinine Ratio.

Urine calcium to creatinine ratio assessed by spectrophotometry (NCT00736632)
Timeframe: 0, 2 and 4 Months

,
Interventionmg/gm (Mean)
0 Month, ca to creatinine ratio2 Month, ca to creatinine ratio4 Month, ca to creatinine ratio
Placebo69.8102.389.9
Vitamin D88.1114.1134.5

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25(OH)D3 Serum Levels

25(OH)D3 levels before and after vitamin D supplementation. (NCT00742781)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionng/ml 25(OH)D3 (Mean)
Baseline16
Vitamin D Supplemented45

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Crohn's Disease Activity Index

Questionnaire and physical measurements combine to generate a score. Scores below 150 indicate remission, 150-350 mild to moderate disease, over 350 severe disease. The total range of scores are from 0- Don't have Crohn's disease to 600 severe Crohn's disease. 0-150 is remission, 151-219 is mild, 220-450 is moderate disease and over 451 is severe. (NCT00742781)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline230
Vitamin D Supplemented112

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Health Improvement

International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Minutes/week for 30 min/day, 5days (MET) are calculated for different activity intensities. Total range of scores 0-600 MET low activity, 600-1200 Moderate activity, Over 1200-3000 High activity. (NCT00742781)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline5778
Vitamin D Supplemented6714

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Serum Levels of C-reactive Protein at Completion of 3 Months Treatment

Serum levels of C-reactive protein upon completion, at 3 months (NCT00743574)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionmg/L (Median)
Vitamin D Plus Calcium (Ca) Supplementation5.3

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Fasting Glucose Levels at Completion of Treatment, at 3 Months

Fasting glucose levels drawn after 3 months completion during oral GTT (NCT00743574)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Vitamin D Plus Calcium (Ca) Supplementation103.79

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AUC (Area Under a Curve at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 Hours) Insulin During 2 Hour GTT at Completion, at 3 Months

Following 3 months intervention, AUC insulin was determined during 2 hour oral GTT (NCT00743574)
Timeframe: 3 months

InterventionµIU/ml/120min (Mean)
Vitamin D Plus Calcium (Ca) Supplementation16715.57

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Fasting Insulin Levels at Study Completion After 3 Month Treatment

Fasting insulin levels at study completion after 3 month treatment (NCT00743574)
Timeframe: 3 months intervention

InterventionµIU/ml (Mean)
Vitamin D Plus Calcium (Ca) Supplementation25.17

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AUC (Area Under the Curve at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 Hours) During Oral GTT at Completion, at 3 Months

AUC (Area under the curve at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 hours)for glucose was determined at completion of 3 months intervention for 2 hour oral GTT (NCT00743574)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionmg/min/120min (Mean)
Vitamin D Plus Calcium (Ca) Supplementation16726.56

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Serum HbA1C at 3 Months

Fasting HbA1C levels at study completion after 3 month treatment (NCT00743574)
Timeframe: Completion

Interventionpercentage (Mean)
Vitamin D Plus Calcium (Ca) Supplementation5.55

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Number of Participants With Any Significant Changes in Serum Biomarkers of Bone Turnover From Baseline

Participants with significant change in serum biomarkers of bone formation and resorption from baseline are reported. Significant changes were judged by investigator. (NCT00752557)
Timeframe: Baseline up to 12 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Standard of Care Control0
rhBMP-2/CPM 1.0 mg/mL0
rhBMP-2/CPm 2.0 mg/mL0

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Change From Baseline in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Measured by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)

Evaluating local changes (expected increases) in BMD after administration of rhBMP-2/CPM, compared to those observed with systemic osteoporosis therapy alone. Alternatively, if changes in the total area surrounding the proximal femur are observed, bone mineral content (BMC) may instead be applied for the primary measure. BMD is defined as a derived measure of bone density, generated by dividing the bone mineral content value obtained from a bone densitometry technique (for example, DXA) by the total area of the region scanned. (NCT00752557)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months post dose

,,
Interventiongram per centimeter squared (g/cm^2) (Mean)
Total hipIntertrochanterTrochanterFemoral neck
rhBMP-2/CPM 1.0 mg/mL0.12990.10630.11970.2408
rhBMP-2/CPm 2.0 mg/mL0.11960.11920.08690.2120
Standard of Care Control-0.0026-0.0029-0.00910.0058

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Timecourse Distribution of Volumetric Bone Mineral Density (BMD) for the Hip Under Study (HUS). Volume of Interest: Femoral Neck

Evaluating local changes (expected increases) in BMD after administration of rhBMP-2/CPM, compared to those observed with systemic osteoporosis therapy alone. Alternatively, if changes in the total area surrounding the proximal femur are observed, bone mineral content (BMC) may instead be applied for the primary measure. (NCT00752557)
Timeframe: At Month 12

,,
Interventionmg/cm^3 (Mean)
Cortical +Sub CorticalPeeled TrabecularIntegral
rhBMP-2/CPM 1.0 mg/mL166.3165.0331.3
rhBMP-2/CPm 2.0 mg/mL164.4159.3323.7
Standard of Care Control144.361.1205.4

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Time Course Distribution of Volumetric BMD for the Hip Under Study (HUS) for Total Hip

Time course distribution of volumetric Bone mineral density (BMD) for hip is assessed by volumetric Quantitative Computed Tomography (vQCT) technique which is a 4-detector spiral (helical) computed tomography (CT) scanner with designated calibration phantom, obtain a CT scan of the proximal femora (bilateral simultaneous acquisition with volumetric rendering) to identify the specified region of interests (ROIs) for volumetric parameter to be quantified, reconstruct images of both hips and send reconstructed data (in electronic format). The vQCT regions of interest are cortical, the subcortical and trabecular. Cortical and the subcortical BMD are distinguished from trabecular effects. Peeled trabecular BMD reflects the subtraction of the extended CPM. Integral BMD reflects the cortical, subcortical, and peeled trabecular regions (minus the extended Calcium phosphate matrix [CPM]). (NCT00752557)
Timeframe: At Month 12

,,
Interventionmilligram per centimeter cubed (mg/cm^3) (Mean)
Cortical + Sub-CorticalPeeled TrabecularIntegral
rhBMP-2/CPM 1.0 mg/mL165.677.8243.4
rhBMP-2/CPm 2.0 mg/mL151.688.4240.0
Standard of Care Control136.845.1181.9

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Summary of Volumetric Density of Cortical and Trabecular Bone Calculated by Quantitative Computed Tomography (vQTC)

Here, measurement of density of cortical and trabecular bone in various regions of interest (ROIs) in the femoral neck, proximal shaft, and individual trochanters and was calculated by Quantitative Computed Tomography (vQTC) in ROIs. (NCT00752557)
Timeframe: 24 months

,,
Interventionmg/cm^3 (Mean)
Cortical BoneTrabecular Bone
rhBMP-2/CPM 1.0 mg/mL2.42594.7073
rhBMP-2/CPm 2.0 mg/mL2.51284.2205
Standard of Care Control2.57820

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Number Participant Responses to Injectability Questionnaire Injected Population

Investigator documents preparation of the study medication evaluates injectability and product placement relative to desired location (for participants in active treatment groups). Surgeon performing the injection had to complete the questionnaire that evaluates ease of preparing the study medication, ability to administer study medication, and ability for the study medication to remain in the location it was administered. (NCT00752557)
Timeframe: Participants were monitored after treatment administration (dosing period)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Ease of Preparing-satisfactoryEase of Preparing-unsatisfactoryEase of Injecting-satisfactoryEase of Injecting-unsatisfactoryAbility to inject entire volume- satisfactoryAbility to inject entire volume- unsatisfactoryLocalization within Proximal Femur-satisfactoryLocalization within Proximal Femur-unsatisfactoryMissing
rhBMP-2/CPM 1.0 mg/mL1501501321500
rhBMP-2/CPm 2.0 mg/mL1401131221121

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Areal Bone Mineral Density (BMD) for Contralateral Total Hip

Evaluating local changes (expected increases) in BMD after administration of rhBMP-2/CPM, compared to those observed with systemic osteoporosis therapy alone. The percentage change from baseline in BMD for total hip (assessed by DXA) is presented for the contralateral (untreated) hip below. (NCT00752557)
Timeframe: 36 months

InterventionPercent change (Mean)
Standard of Care Control0.73
rhBMP-2/CPM 1.0 mg/mL0.71
rhBMP-2/CPm 2.0 mg/mL0.71

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Change in Endotoxin Activity

Endotoxin Activity as measured by the Endotoxin Activity Assay. This measurement was made at baseline and after 8 weeks of therapy with Vitamin D3. The measurement of the assay is unitless. It is not based on an absolute amount of endotoxin, but rather the proportion of the theoretical maximal response of the patient and ranges from 0 (lowest) to 1 (highest). (NCT00772772)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks

InterventionEA units (Mean)
Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)-.057

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25-hydroxy Vitamin D (25-OH Vitamin D)

25-OH Vitamin D levels were measured in patients with chronic kidney disease at baseline and after 8 weeks of treatment with Vitamin D3 30000 units weekly. (NCT00772772)
Timeframe: after 8 weeks of vitamin D therapy

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
CKD Patients37.4

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Maxillary Modified Gingival Index (MGI) Score

The Modified Gingival Index (MGI) uses non-invasive/no probing and rates mild and moderate inflammation where: 0 = absence of inflammation; 1 = mild inflammation or with slight changes in color and texture but not in all portions of gingival marginal or papillary; 2 = mild inflammation, such as the preceding criteria, in all portions of gingival marginal or papillary; 3 = moderate, bright surface inflammation, erythema, edema and/or hypertrophy of gingival marginal or papillary; 4 = severe inflammation: erythema, edema and/or marginal gingival hypertrophy of the unit or spontaneous bleeding, papillary, congestion or ulceration. The MGI can be obtained by adding the values of each tooth and dividing by the number of teeth examined. The MGI may be scored for all surfaces of all or selected teeth or for selected areas of all or selected teeth. A score from 0.1-1.0 = mild inflammation; 1.1-2.0 = moderate inflammation from, and 2.1-3.0 signifies severe inflammation. (NCT00779909)
Timeframe: week 8 and week 12

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
8wk maxillary MGI score12wk maxillary MGI score
1- Placebo1.782.11
2- Vitamin D3, 500 IU1.631.87
3- Vitamin D3 2500 IU1.571.9
4- Vitamin D3 5000 IU1.612.1

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Urinary Calcium/Creatinine Ratio

Urinary calcium ratios were calculated from urine samples at week 4, 7, and 12. A normal reference interval for the urine calcium (mg/dL):urine creatinine (mg/dL) ratio is <0.14. (NCT00779909)
Timeframe: week 4, week 7, week 12

,,,
Interventionratio (Mean)
4wk calcium/creatinine ratio7wk calcium/creatinine ratio12wk calcium/creatinine ratio
1-Placebo0.070.090.12
2-Vitamin D3, 500 IU0.060.070.07
3-Vitamin D3, 2500 IU0.070.090.11
4-Vitamin D3, 5000 IU0.090.130.11

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Mandibular Modified Gingival Index (MGI) Score

The Modified Gingival Index (MGI) uses non-invasive/no probing and rates mild and moderate inflammation where: 0 = absence of inflammation; 1 = mild inflammation or with slight changes in color and texture but not in all portions of gingival marginal or papillary; 2 = mild inflammation, such as the preceding criteria, in all portions of gingival marginal or papillary; 3 = moderate, bright surface inflammation, erythema, edema and/or hypertrophy of gingival marginal or papillary; 4 = severe inflammation: erythema, edema and/or marginal gingival hypertrophy of the unit or spontaneous bleeding, papillary, congestion or ulceration. The MGI can be obtained by adding the values of each tooth and dividing by the number of teeth examined. The MGI may be scored for all surfaces of all or selected teeth or for selected areas of all or selected teeth. A score from 0.1-1.0 = mild inflammation; 1.1-2.0 = moderate inflammation from, and 2.1-3.0 signifies severe inflammation. (NCT00779909)
Timeframe: week 8 and week 12

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
8wk mandibular MGI score12wk mandibular MGI score
1- Placebo1.832.12
2- Vitamin D3, 500 IU1.761.97
3- Vitamin D3 2500 IU1.622.02
4- Vitamin D3 5000 IU1.672.19

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Mandibular Plaque Index (PI) Score

The Turesky plaque index was used. In this index, plaque is identified using a disclosing solution and scored using a 0 to 5 scale in which a score of 0= No plaque, 1= Separate flecks of plaque, 2= continuous band of plaque less or equal 1 mm, 3= Continuous band of plaque greater than 1 mm but less than 1/3 of crown height, 4= Continuous band of plaque greater or equal 1/3 but less or equal 2/3 of crown height, and 5= Continuous band of plaque greater 2/3 of crown height. Each tooth receives 6 individual scores at: mesial, middle, and distal scores for both the facial and lingual surfaces. An individual's score is derived by adding the scores at each site and dividing by the number of sites evaluated. Higher scores denote higher plaque accumulation. Lower scores are more favorable. (NCT00779909)
Timeframe: week 8 and week 12

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
8wk mandibular PI score12wk mandibular PI score
1- Placebo1.842.92
2- Vitamin D3, 500 IU1.772.93
3- Vitamin D3 2500 IU1.822.74
4- Vitamin D3 5000 IU1.822.89

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Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) Concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL1-beta, IL-2, IL-12

"GCF will be collected by placing a filter paper strip at the opening of the gingival crevice. After carefully removing the supragingival plaque from the sampling area, a paper strip will be placed for 30s or until visibly wet. Sampling time will be recorded and GCF volume collected with each sample will be quantified using a Periotron device.~GCF volume will be sampled from three mesial sites per subject: The upper left central incisor, the first upper left premolar and the first upper left molar. Should any of these teeth be missing, substitution will occur in the following order (i) the contralateral tooth, (ii) the distally adjacent tooth, or (iii) the distally adjacent tooth of the contralateral tooth. Should a sample be visibly contaminated with blood, the sample will be discarded and substitution will occur as described above. Concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, and IL-12 will be measured and means and SDs will be calculated for each study arm." (NCT00779909)
Timeframe: week 8 and week 12

,,,
Interventionpg/site (Mean)
8wk TNF-alpha12wk TNF-alpha8wk IL-1 beta12wk IL-1 beta8wk IL-212wk IL-28wk IL-1212wk IL-12
1-Placebo0.971.000.040.0424.1120.780.650.62
2-Vitamin D3, 500 IU1.531.110.050.0413.4412.50.110.06
3-Vitamin D3, 2500 IU1.341.730.040.0413.1312.560.030.02
4-Vitamin D3, 5000 IU1.877.940.040.0413.0713.360.961.08

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Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) Volume

GCF will be collected by placing a filter paper strip at the opening of the gingival crevice. After carefully removing the supragingival plaque from the sampling area, a paper strip will be placed for 30s or until visibly wet. Sampling time will be recorded and GCF volume collected with each sample will be quantified using a Periotron device. GCF volume will be sampled from three mesial sites per subject: The upper left central incisor, the first upper left premolar and the first upper left molar. Should any of these teeth be missing, substitution will occur in the following order (i) the contralateral tooth, (ii) the distally adjacent tooth, or (iii) the distally adjacent tooth of the contralateral tooth. Should a sample be visibly contaminated with blood, the sample will be discarded and substitution will occur as described above. (NCT00779909)
Timeframe: week 8 and week 12

,,,
Interventionul (Mean)
8wk GCF volume site 112wk GCF volume site 18wk GCF volume site 212wk GCF volume site 28wk GCF volume site 312wk GCF volume site 3
1-Placebo38.150.853.783.670.495.9
2-Vitamin D3, 500 IU49.166.553.571.992.999.1
3-Vitamin D3, 2500 IU37.135.142.554.358.464.8
4-Vitamin D3, 5000 IU57.655.961.072.459.992

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Serum Calcium

The serum calcium blood test measures the total calcium in the participants' blood. The normal range for total serum calcium concentration in adults is 8.9-10.2 mg/dL. (NCT00779909)
Timeframe: week 7, week 12

,,,
Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
7wk serum calcium12wk serum calcium
1-Placebo9.69.4
2-Vitamin D3, 500 IU9.19.2
3-Vitamin D3, 2500 IU9.29.2
4-Vitamin D3, 5000 IU9.19.3

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Maxillary Plaque Index (PI) Score

The Turesky plaque index was used. In this index, plaque is identified using a disclosing solution and scored using a 0 to 5 scale in which a score of 0= No plaque, 1= Separate flecks of plaque, 2= continuous band of plaque less or equal 1 mm, 3= Continuous band of plaque greater than 1 mm but less than 1/3 of crown height, 4= Continuous band of plaque greater or equal 1/3 but less or equal 2/3 of crown height, and 5= Continuous band of plaque greater 2/3 of crown height. Each tooth receives 6 individual scores at: mesial, middle, and distal scores for both the facial and lingual surfaces. An individual's score is derived by adding the scores at each site and dividing by the number of sites evaluated. Higher scores denote higher plaque accumulation. Lower scores are more favorable. (NCT00779909)
Timeframe: week 8 and week 12

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
8wk maxillary PI score12 wk maxillary PI score
1- Placebo1.562.77
2- Vitamin D3, 500 IU1.713
3- Vitamin D3 2500 IU1.692.81
4- Vitamin D3 5000 IU1.682.89

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Change From Baseline on Day 21 in Relative Abundance of CAMP mRNA in Lesional and Non-Lesional Skin for Psoriatic Participants Who Received Vitamin D3 Versus Vitamin D3-Placebo

Cathelicidin (CAMP) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression from skin biopsies measured by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Average delta cycle threshold (CT) adjusted for non-atopic average at baseline on the arithmetic scale = [(average of (CT for CAMP - CT for Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)) across replicates) - (the average of (CT for CAMP - CT for GAPDH) for non-atopic subjects at baseline)]. A negative value indicates a drop from baseline and a positive value indicates an increase from baseline, Cathelicidin abundance in psoriasis has been hypothesized to correlate with increased inflammation. No direct clinical correlation is known. (NCT00789880)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 21

,
InterventionCycle Number (Mean)
Lesional Skin TypeNon-Lesional Skin Type
Placebo (Psoriasis)0.20.7
Vitamin D (Psoriasis)-0.9-0.6

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Change From Baseline on Day 21 in Relative Abundance of IL-13 mRNA in Lesional and Non-Lesional Skin for Psoriatic Participants Who Received Vitamin D3 Versus Vitamin D3-Placebo

Cytokine interleukin-13 ( IL-13) Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) expression from skin biopsies measured by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Average delta cycle threshold (CT) adjusted for non-atopic average at baseline on the arithmetic scale = [(average of (CT for CAMP - CT for Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)) across replicates) - (the average of (CT for CAMP - CT for GAPDH) for non-atopic subjects at baseline)]. A negative value indicates a drop from baseline and a positive value indicates an increase from baseline. There is no known clinical correlation between IL-13 and psoriasis. (NCT00789880)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 21

,
InterventionCycle Number (Mean)
Lesional Skin TypeNon-Lesional Skin Type
Placebo (Psoriasis)-0.10.9
Vitamin D (Psoriasis)-2.1-0.3

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Change From Baseline on Day 21 in Relative Abundance of IL-13 mRNA in Lesional and Non-Lesional Skin for Atopic Dermatitis (AD) Participants Who Received Vitamin D3 Versus Vitamin D3-Placebo

Cytokine interleukin-13 (IL-13) Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) expression from skin biopsies measured by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Average delta cycle threshold (CT) adjusted for non-atopic average at baseline on the arithmetic scale = [(average of (CT for CAMP - CT for Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)) across replicates) - (the average of (CT for CAMP - CT for GAPDH) for non-atopic subjects at baseline)]. A negative value indicates a drop from baseline and a positive value indicates an increase from baseline. A decrease in IL-13 may be clinically correlated with improvement of AD. (NCT00789880)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 21

,
InterventionCycle Number (Mean)
Lesional Skin TypeNon-Lesional Skin Type
Placebo (AD)1.1-0.1
Vitamin D (AD)-0.7-0.8

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Change From Baseline on Day 21 in Relative Abundance of HBD-3 mRNA in Lesional and Non-Lesional Skin for Psoriatic Participants Who Received Vitamin D3 Versus Vitamin D3-Placebo

Human Beta-defensin 3 (HBD-3) Messenger Ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression from skin biopsies measured by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Average delta cycle threshold (CT) adjusted for non-atopic average at baseline on the arithmetic scale = [(average of (CT for CAMP - CT for Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)) across replicates) - (the average of (CT for CAMP - CT for GAPDH) for non-atopic subjects at baseline)]. A negative value indicates a drop from baseline and a positive value indicates an increase from baseline. There is no known clinical correlation between HBD-3 and psoriasis. (NCT00789880)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 21

,
InterventionCycle Number (Mean)
Lesional Skin TypeNon-Lesional Skin Type
Placebo (Psoriasis)-1.6-1.5
Vitamin D (Psoriasis)0.8-1.5

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Change From Baseline on Day 21 in Relative Abundance of HBD-3 mRNA in Lesional and Non-Lesional Skin for Atopic Dermatitis (AD) Participants Who Received Oral Vitamin D3 Versus Vitamin D3-Placebo

Human Beta-defensin 3 (HBD-3) Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) expression from skin biopsies as measured by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Average delta cycle threshold (CT) adjusted for non-atopic average at baseline on the arithmetic scale = [(average of (CT for CAMP - CT for Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)) across replicates) - (the average of (CT for CAMP - CT for GAPDH) for non-atopic subjects at baseline)]. A negative value indicates a drop from baseline and a positive value indicates an increase from baseline. HBD-3 amount is clinically significant as it is necessary to resist infection. HBD-3 amount is not known to be clinically relevant to the clinical signs of dermatitis associated with AD. (NCT00789880)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 21

,
InterventionCycle Number (Mean)
Lesional Skin TypeNon-Lesional Skin Type
Placebo (AD)-0.81.4
Vitamin D (AD)-0.1-0.1

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Change From Baseline on Day 21 in Relative Abundance of CAMP mRNA in Lesional and Non-Lesional Skin for Atopic Dermatitis (AD) Participants Who Received Oral Vitamin D3 Versus Vitamin D3-Placebo

Cathelicidin (CAMP) Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) expression from skin biopsies measured by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Average delta cycle threshold (CT) adjusted for non-atopic average at baseline on the arithmetic scale = [(average of (CT for CAMP - CT for Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)) across replicates) - (the average of (CT for CAMP - CT for GAPDH) for non-atopic subjects at baseline)]. A negative value indicates a drop from baseline and a positive value indicates an increase from baseline. Cathelicidin amount is clinically significant as it is necessary to resist infection. Cathelicidin amount is not known to be clinically relevant to the clinical signs of dermatitis associated with AD. (NCT00789880)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 21

,
InterventionCycle Number (Mean)
Lesional Skin TypeNon-Lesional Skin Type
Placebo (AD)0.10.7
Vitamin D (AD)-0.4-0.6

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Change From Baseline on Day 21 in Relative Abundance of IL-13 mRNA in Non-Lesional Skin for Non-Atopic Dermatitis (Non-AD) Participants Who Received Vitamin D3 Versus Vitamin D3-Placebo

Cytokine interleukin-13 ( IL-13) Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) expression from skin biopsies measured by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Average delta cycle threshold (CT) adjusted for non-atopic average at baseline on the arithmetic scale = [(average of (CT for CAMP - CT for Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)) across replicates) - (the average of (CT for CAMP - CT for GAPDH) for non-atopic subjects at baseline)]. Non-AD is defined as a healthy volunteer without atopic dermatitis. A negative value indicates a drop from baseline and a positive value indicates an increase from baseline. A decrease in IL-13 may be clinically correlated with improvement of AD. (NCT00789880)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 21

InterventionCycle Number (Mean)
Vitamin D (Non-AD)0.2
Placebo (Non-AD)0.5

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Change From Baseline on Day 21 in Relative Abundance of HBD-3 mRNA in Non-Lesional Skin for Non-Atopic Dermatitis (Non-AD) Participants Who Received Oral Vitamin D3 Versus Vitamin D3-Placebo

Human Beta-defensin 3 (HBD-3) Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) expression from skin biopsies measured by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Average delta cycle threshold (CT) adjusted for non-atopic average at baseline on the arithmetic scale = [(average of (CT for CAMP - CT for Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)) across replicates) - (the average of (CT for CAMP - CT for GAPDH) for non-atopic subjects at baseline)]. Non-AD is defined as a healthy volunteer without atopic dermatitis, therefore the lesional skin-type was not measured in this group. A negative value indicates a drop from baseline and a positive value indicates an increase from baseline. HBD-3 amount is clinically significant as it is necessary to resist infection. HBD-3 amount is not known to be clinically relevant to the clinical signs of dermatitis associated with AD. (NCT00789880)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 21

InterventionCycle Number (Mean)
Vitamin D (Non-AD)0.2
Placebo (Non-AD)1.2

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Change From Baseline on Day 21 in Relative Abundance of CAMP mRNA in Non-Lesional Skin for Non-Atopic Dermatitis (Non-AD) Participants Who Received Oral Vitamin D3 Versus Vitamin D3-Placebo

Cathelicidin (CAMP) Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) expression from skin biopsies measured by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Average delta cycle threshold (CT) adjusted for non-atopic average at baseline on the arithmetic scale = [(average of (CT for CAMP - CT for Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)) across replicates) - (the average of (CT for CAMP - CT for GAPDH) for non-atopic subjects at baseline)]. Non-AD is defined as a healthy volunteer without atopic dermatitis, therefore the lesional skin-type was not measured in this group. A negative value indicates a drop from baseline and a positive value indicates an increase from baseline. Cathelicidin amount is clinically significant as it is necessary to resist infection. Cathelicidin amount is not known to be clinically relevant to the clinical signs of dermatitis associated with AD. (NCT00789880)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 21

InterventionCycle Number (Mean)
Vitamin D (Non-AD)1.2
Placebo (Non-AD)0.3

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Subject Incidence of Hyperphosphatemia During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 12

Hyperphosphatemia is defined as at least one serum phosphorus value >= 5.5 mg/dL (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 48-52

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cinacalcet74
Control Group83

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Summary of Percent Change From Baseline in iPTH (pg/mL) at Month 12 Efficacy Assessment Phase

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phases were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during an EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 48-52

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Cinacalcet-34.15
Control Group-12.41

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Subject Incidence of Hypercalcemia During the Maintenance Phase

Hypercalcemia is defined as at least one corrected serum calcium value >= 10.2 mg/dL (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 26-48

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cinacalcet16
Control Group25

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Subject Incidence of Hypercalcemia During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 12

Hypercalcemia is defined as at least one corrected serum calcium value >= 10.2 mg/dL (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 48-52

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cinacalcet15
Control Group21

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Subject Incidence of Hyperphosphatemia During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 6

Hyperphosphatemia is defined as at least one serum phosphorus value >= 5.5 mg/dL (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-26

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cinacalcet71
Control Group93

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Subject Incidence of Hypercalcemia During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 6

Hypercalcemia is defined as at least one corrected serum calcium value >= 10.2 mg/dL (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-26

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cinacalcet11
Control Group22

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Achievement of a ≥ 30% Reduction in Mean PTH From Baseline to During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 12 (Weeks 48 to 52)

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phase (EAP) at month 12 were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during the EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 48-52

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Responders defined as >= 30% reduction in mean PTHNon responders
Cinacalcet9756
Control Group7279

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Achievement of a >= 30% Reduction in Mean iPTH From Baseline to During Both Efficacy Assessment Phases at Month 6 (Weeks 22 to 26) and Month 12 (Weeks 48 to 52)

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phases were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during an EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-26 and Weeks 48-52

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Responders, a >= 30% reduction in mean iPTHNon responders
Cinacalcet7479
Control Group42109

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Subject Incidence of Hyperphosphatemia During the Maintenance Phase

Hyperphosphatemia is defined as at least one serum phosphorus value >= 5.5 mg/dL (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 26-48

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cinacalcet71
Control Group87

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Achievement of a ≥ 30% Reduction in Mean PTH From Baseline to During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 6 (Weeks 22 to 26)

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phase (EAP) at month 6 were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For participants with no measurements taken during the EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-26

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Responders defined as >= 30% reduction in Mean PTHNon responders
Cinacalcet9657
Control Group5893

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Achievement of a Mean Corrected Serum Calcium < 10.2 mg/dL During Both Efficacy Assessment Phases at Month 6 (Weeks 22 to 26) and Month 12 (Weeks 48 to 52)

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phases were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during an EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-26 and Weeks 48-52

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Responders, a mean corrected calcium < 10.2 mg/dLNon responders
Cinacalcet1458
Control Group13912

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Achievement of a Mean Corrected Serum Calcium < 10.2 mg/dL During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 12 (Weeks 48 to 52)

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phase (EAP) at month 12 were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during the EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 48-52

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Responders, a mean corrected calcium < 10.2 mg/dLNon responders
Cinacalcet1467
Control Group14110

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Achievement of a Mean Corrected Serum Calcium < 10.2 mg/dL During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 6 (Weeks 22 to 26)

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phase (EAP) at month 6 were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during the EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-26

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Responders, a mean corrected calcium < 10.2 mg/dLNon responders
Cinacalcet1512
Control Group1447

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Achievement of a Mean iPTH <=300 pg/mL During Both Efficacy Assessment Phases at Month 6 (Weeks 22 to 26) and Month 12 (Weeks 48 to 52)

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phases were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during an EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-26 and Weeks 48-52

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Responders, a mean iPTH <= 300 pg/mLNon responders
Cinacalcet5499
Control Group39112

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Summary of Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Phosphorus at Month 6 Efficacy Assessment Phase

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phases were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during an EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-26

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Cinacalcet-1.79
Control Group3.94

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Achievement of a Mean PTH <= 300 pg/mL During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 6 (Weeks 22 to 26)

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phase (EAP) at month 6 were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during the EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-26

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Responders defined as a mean PTH <= 300 pg/mLNon responders
Cinacalcet8766
Control Group5398

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Achievement of a Mean Serum Phosphorus < 5.5 mg/dL During Both Efficacy Assessment Phases at Month 6 (Weeks 22 to 26) and Month 12 (Weeks 48 to 52)

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phases were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during an EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-26 and Weeks 48-52

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Responders, a mean serum phosphorus < 5.5 mg/dLNon responders
Cinacalcet7182
Control Group6487

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Achievement of a Mean Serum Phosphorus < 5.5 mg/dL During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 12 (Weeks 48 to 52)

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phase (EAP) at month 12 were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during the EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 48-52

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Responders, a mean serum phosphorus < 5.5 mg/dLNon responders
Cinacalcet8172
Control Group8071

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Achievement of a Mean Serum Phosphorus < 5.5 mg/dL During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 6 (Weeks 22 to 26)

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phase (EAP) at month 6 were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during the EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-26

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Responders, a mean phosphorus < 5.5 mg/dLNon responders
Cinacalcet10053
Control Group8566

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Summary of Serum Phosphorus (mg/dL) at Month 6 Efficacy Assessment Phase

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phases were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during an EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-26

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Cinacalcet5.11
Control Group5.52

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Summary of Serum Phosphorus (mg/dL) at Month 12 Efficacy Assessment Phase

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phases were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during an EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 48-52

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Cinacalcet5.37
Control Group5.53

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Achievement of a Mean PTH <= 300 pg/mL During the Efficacy Assessment Phase at Month 12 (Weeks 48 to 52)

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phase (EAP) at month 12 were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during the EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 48-52

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Responders defined as a mean PTH <= 300 pg/mLNon responders
Cinacalcet8073
Control Group6784

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Summary of Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Phosphorus at Month 12 Efficacy Assessment Phase

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phases were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during an EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 48-52

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Cinacalcet3.21
Control Group4.26

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Summary of Percent Change From Baseline in iPTH (pg/mL) at Month 6 Efficacy Assessment Phase

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phases were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during an EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-26

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Cinacalcet-34.62
Control Group-9.69

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Summary of Percent Change From Baseline in Corrected Serum Calcium at Month 6 Efficacy Assessment Phase

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phases were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during an EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-26

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Cinacalcet-5.68
Control Group1.05

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Summary of Percent Change From Baseline in Corrected Serum Calcium at Month 12 Efficacy Assessment Phase

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phases were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during an EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 48-52

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Cinacalcet-2.62
Control Group2.37

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Summary of iPTH (pg/mL) at Month 6 Efficacy Assessment Phase

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phases were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during an EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-26

Interventionpg/mL (Least Squares Mean)
Cinacalcet291.15
Control Group402.11

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Summary of iPTH (pg/mL) at Month 12 Efficacy Assessment Phase

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phases were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during an EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 48-52

Interventionpg/mL (Least Squares Mean)
Cinacalcet293.95
Control Group364.79

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Summary of Corrected Serum Calcium (mg/dL) at Month 6 Efficacy Assessment Phase

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phases were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during an EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-26

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Cinacalcet8.66
Control Group9.30

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Summary of Corrected Serum Calcium (mg/dL) at Month 12 Efficacy Assessment Phase

All available measurements from the efficacy assessment phases were used in the calculation of the mean over the period. For subjects with no measurements taken during an EAP, the mean of the last 2 measurements available after Day 1 were carried forward. If there was only 1 value available, this single value was carried forward to the EAP. (NCT00803712)
Timeframe: Weeks 48-52

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Cinacalcet8.95
Control Group9.42

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Part 1: Urinary Excretion of Alendronate

Bioequivalence was demonstrated by measuring the total urinary excretion of alendronate which was determined over a 36-hour period following single dose administration of 70-mg alendronate+5600 International Units (IU) vitamin D combination tablet and 70mg alendronate tablet alone. Urine for each treatment period was collected at -2 to 0 hours predose, 0 to 8, 8 to 24, and 24 to 36 hours postdose on Days 1 and 2. (NCT00803790)
Timeframe: Day 1-2 across the 36 hour urinary collection period (Periods 1 and 2)

Interventionμg (Least Squares Mean)
Alendronate+Vitamin D Combo133.6
Alendronate132.2

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Part II: AUC (Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve) of Vitamin D

The serum vitamin D pharmacokinetic parameter was calculated following the treatment of 70mg alendronate+5600 IU vitamin D combination tablet and 5600 IU vitamin D tablet on Day 1: area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-80hr). Serum samples for determination of vitamin D concentrations were obtained at -2 and 0 hrs predose on Day 1 and at 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 80 hours post dose for each treatment period. (NCT00803790)
Timeframe: Day 1 across the 80-hour plasma collection period (Period 1 and 2)

Interventionng*hr/mL (Least Squares Mean)
Alendronate+Vitamin D Combo490.2
Vitamin D518.7

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Part II : Maximum Concentration (Cmax) of Vitamin D

Serum vitamin D pharmacokinetic parameter was calculated for the following: maximum concentration of drug observed in serum (Cmax). Serum samples for determination of vitamin D concentrations were obtained at -2 and 0 hrs predose on Day 1 and at 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 80 hours post dose for each treatment period. (NCT00803790)
Timeframe: Day 1 across the 80-hour plasma collection period (Periods 1 and 2)

Interventionng/ml (Least Squares Mean)
Alendronate+Vitamin D Combo12.2
Vitamin D13.0

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Part 1: The Total Urinary Excretion of Alendronate With Alendronate/Vitamin D Combination Tablet Relative to Alendronate Tablet

Urinary excretion of alendronate was determined over a 36-hour period following single-dose administration of a 70 mg alendronate/2800-IU vitamin D3 combination tablet or 70 mg alendronate alone tablet. Urine for each treatment period was collected at -2 to 0 hours predose, 0 to 8, 8 to 24, and 24 to 36 hours postdose. (NCT00806416)
Timeframe: On Day 1 across the 36-hour urinary collection period (Periods 1 and 2).

Interventionmicrograms (μg) (Least Squares Mean)
Alendronate/Vitamin D Combination197.5
Alendronate191.9

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Part II : The Pharmacokinetic Parameters Cmax of Vitamin D in Combination Tablet Relative to Vitamin D Tablet

Serum vitamin D3 pharmacokinetic parameter Cmax (maximum concentration observed in serum) after treatmen on Day 1was calculated following single-dose administration of a 70 mg alendronate/2800-IU vitamin D3 combination tablet or 2800-IU vitamin D3 tablet. Serum for each treatment period was collected at -24, -18, -12, -6, and 0 hours predose, and 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours postdose. (NCT00806416)
Timeframe: On Day 1 across the 120-hour plasma collection period (Periods 1 and 2).

Interventionng/mL (Least Squares Mean)
Alendronate/Vitamin D Combination5.9
Vitamin D6.6

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Part II : The Pharmacokinetic Parameters AUC0-120 hr of Vitamin D in Combination Tablet Relative to Vitamin D Tablet

"Serum vitamin D3 pharmacokinetic parameter AUC0-120 hr (area under the serum concentration-time curve) after treatment on Day 1was calculated following single-dose administration of a 70 mg alendronate/2800-IU vitamin D3 combination tablet or 2800-IU vitamin D3 tablet.~Serum for each treatment period was collected at -24, -18, -12, -6, and 0 hours predose, and 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours postdose." (NCT00806416)
Timeframe: On Day 1 across the 120-hour plasma collection period (Periods 1 and 2).

Interventionng*hr/mL (Least Squares Mean)
Alendronate/Vitamin D Combination296.4
Vitamin D337.9

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Change in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol After 12 Weeks of Vitamin D Supplementation

HDL (good) cholesterol protects against heart disease, so for HDL, higher numbers are better. A level less than 40 mg/dL is low and is considered a major risk factor because it increases your risk for developing heart disease. HDL levels of 60 mg/dL or more help to lower your risk for heart disease. (NCT00858247)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Vitamin D3-low Dose1.3
Vitamin D3-high Dose1.9

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Change in Insulin Resistance After 12 Weeks of Vitamin D3 Supplementation

"Insulin resistance (IR) is a physiological condition in which cells fail to respond to the normal actions of the hormone insulin. The body produces insulin, but the cells in the body become resistant to insulin and are unable to use it as effectively, leading to hyperglycemia. Beta cells in the pancreas subsequently increase their production of insulin, further contributing to hyperinsulinemia.~From the fasting glucose and insulin measurements, insulin resistance was calculated by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA -IR) as: HOMA -IR = fasting insulin concentration (µU/mL) x fasting glucose concentration (mmol/L)/22.5. High HOMA-IR scores denote increased insulin resistance." (NCT00858247)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks

InterventionHOMA score (Mean)
Vitamin D3-low Dose0.01
Vitamin D3-high Dose-0.27

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Change in Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol After 12 Weeks of Vitamin D Supplementation

LDL cholesterol is considered to be the main source of cholesterol buildup and blockage in the arteries. Less than 100 mg/dL is optimal, >130 mg/dL is borderline high, >160 mg/dL is high, >190 mg/dL is very high. (NCT00858247)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Vitamin D3-low Dose4.6
Vitamin D3-high Dose1.3

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Change in Total Cholesterol After 12 Weeks of Vitamin D Supplementation

Less than 200 mg/dL is desirable, >200 mg/dL is borderline high, >240 mg/dL is High (NCT00858247)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Vitamin D3-low Dose4.7
Vitamin D3-high Dose3.5

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Change in Triglycerides After 12 Weeks of Vitamin D Supplementation

The current recommendation on fasting blood triglyceride levels: < 150 mg/dL is normal, >150 mg/dL is borderline high, and >200 mg/dL is high. (NCT00858247)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Vitamin D3-low Dose-4.7
Vitamin D3-high Dose1.7

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Change in High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein After 12 Weeks of Vitamin D Supplementation

The high-sensitivity C-reactive protein test measures your risk for heart problems. <1.0 mg/L is lowest risk, 1.0-3.0 mg/L is average risk, and >3.0 mg/L is highest risk. (NCT00858247)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

Interventionmg/L (Mean)
Vitamin D3-low Dose-0.2
Vitamin D3-high Dose-0.5

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Change in Serum 25(OH)D

25(OH)D level at the end of one year intervention (NCT00859651)
Timeframe: Baseline to 1 year

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Cholecalciferol 20,000 IU Group25
Cholecalciferol 30,000 IU Group33

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Change in Percent Density

Assessed by mammography and breast MRI. (NCT00859651)
Timeframe: Baseline to 1 year

Interventionpercentage of breast density (Mean)
Cholecalciferol 20,000 IU Group3
Cholecalciferol 30,000 IU Group1

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Number of Participants With Worsening of Musculoskeletal Symptoms (MS)

Worsening of Musculoskeletal Symptoms (MS) is defined as any one of the following three events: (a) an increase by at least 0.25 in the Health Assessment Questionnaire II (HAQ II, a measure of disability from joint pain) score, (b) an increase in patient reported severity of joint and/or muscle pain, or (c) discontinuation from trial prior to 24 weeks specifically because of problems with musculoskeletal symptoms. (NCT00867217)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to 24 Weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
HAQ II increase by 0.25Subjective Pain increaseDiscontinuation due to AEsAny of the three measures
Placebo2324339
Vitamin D1818026

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Percent Change From Baseline in 1/3 Distal Forearm BMD at Month 12

BMD at the 1/3 distal forearm was assessed by DXA at baseline and Month 12. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 Months

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg-0.11
Placebo-0.49

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Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Serum C-Telopeptides of Type I Collagen (s-CTx) at Month 24

s-CTx is a biochemical marker of bone resorption. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg93.86
Placebo83.70

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Percentage of Participants Discontinuing Study Drug Due to an AE

An AE was defined as any unfavorable and unintended sign including an abnormal laboratory finding, symptom or disease associated with the use of a medical treatment or procedure, regardless of whether it was considered related to the medical treatment or procedure, that occurred during the course of the study. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Up to 24 months

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg9.0
Placebo3.3

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Percent Change From Baseline in Trochanter BMD at Month 24

BMD at the trochanter was assessed by DXA at baseline and Month 24. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 Months

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg1.83
Placebo-1.35

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Percent Change From Baseline in Trochanter BMD at Month 12

BMD at the trochanter was assessed by DXA at baseline and Month 12. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 Months

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg0.86
Placebo-0.14

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Percent Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD at Month 24

BMD at the total hip was assessed by DXA at baseline and Month 24. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 Months

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg0.83
Placebo-1.87

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Percent Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD at Month 12

BMD at the total hip was assessed by DXA at baseline and Month 12. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 Months

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg0.26
Placebo-0.80

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Percent Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine BMD at Month 24

BMD at the lumbar spine was assessed by DXA at baseline and Month 24. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 Months

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg2.28
Placebo-0.30

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Percent Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine BMD at Month 12

BMD at the lumbar spine was assessed by DXA at baseline and Month 12. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 Months

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg0.69
Placebo-0.12

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Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Urine N-Telopeptides/Creatinine Ratio at Month 24

N-Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen to Urine Creatinine Ratio (u-NTx/Cr) is a biochemical marker of bone resorption. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg-15.55
Placebo31.48

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Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed u-NTx/Cr at Month 12

u-NTx/Cr is a biochemical marker of bone resorption. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg-17.23
Placebo29.06

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Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Serum Phosphate at Month 24

Serum phosphate is an index of mineral homeostasis. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg2.37
Placebo0.99

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Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Serum Parathyroid Hormone at Month 24

Serum parathyroid hormone (SPH) regulates calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels in the blood. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg4.38
Placebo10.28

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Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Serum N-Terminal Propeptide of Type I Collagen at Month 24

Serum N-terminal propeptide of Type I collagen (s-P1NP) is a biochemical marker of bone formation. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg90.70
Placebo59.53

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Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Serum N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Collagen at Month 12

s-P1NP is a biochemical marker of bone formation. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg80.37
Placebo56.37

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Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Serum Calcium at Month 24

Serum calcium is an index of calcium homeostasis. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg-2.40
Placebo-2.51

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Percentage of Participants Experiencing One or More Adverse Events (AEs)

An AE was defined as any unfavorable and unintended sign including an abnormal laboratory finding, symptom or disease associated with the use of a medical treatment or procedure, regardless of whether it was considered related to the medical treatment or procedure, that occurred during the course of the study. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Up to 25 months

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg68.0
Placebo73.6

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Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Serum BSAP at Month 12

BSAP is a biochemical marker of bone formation. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg30.91
Placebo18.10

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Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Serum Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase at Month 24

Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP) is a biochemical marker of bone formation. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg51.62
Placebo40.65

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Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D at Month 24

The 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] test is the most accurate way to measure vitamin D. In the kidney, 25-hydroxy vitamin D is converted into 1,25 di-hydroxyvitamin D, the active vitamin D metabolite. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg-2.57
Placebo0.57

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Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed Serum 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D at Month 24

1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2 D] is the active vitamin D metabolite and stimulates calcium absorption in the intestine. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg-5.23
Placebo-6.71

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Percent Change From Baseline in Log-Transformed s-CTx at Month 12

s-CTx is a biochemical marker of bone resorption. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg62.27
Placebo68.09

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Percent Change From Baseline in Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Month 24

BMD at the femoral neck was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline and Month 24. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg1.73
Placebo-0.94

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Percent Change From Baseline in Femoral Neck BMD at Month 12

BMD at the femoral neck was assessed by DXA at baseline and Month 12. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 Months

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg0.60
Placebo-0.28

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Percent Change From Baseline in 1/3 Distal Forearm BMD at Month 24

BMD at the 1/3 distal forearm was assessed by DXA at baseline and Month 24. (NCT00885170)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 Months

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg-0.92
Placebo-1.14

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Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Schoolchildren

Baseline and Follow-up 25(OH)D3 by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (NCT00886379)
Timeframe: Blood was analyzed at day 0 and day 49

,,,,
Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Blood concentration on Day 0Blood concentration on Day 49
Daily Vitamin D Supplements721
Fortified Mongolian Milk820
Fortified UHT Milk1029
Seasonal Vitamin D Supplements812
Unfortified Mongolain Milk88

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PSA Response

"Difference in the mean change in PSA on vitamin D (9 month period: pre-Vitamin D to 9 months after start of vitamin D) versus on placebo (9 month period: pre-Placebo to 9 months after starting placebo).~Compared using a paired t-test." (NCT00887432)
Timeframe: 9 month period: pre-Vitamin D/pre-placebo to 9 months after start of vitamin D/ placebo, up to 30 days after completion of study treatment

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Cholecalciferol0.55
Placebo0.31

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Slope of PSA Concentration Over Time

The PSA levels were modeled as a function of treatment, time, their interaction, sequence, and a random subject effect using a linear mixed model. From this model, the subject specific PSA slope was obtained for each subject under each condition (vitamin D versus placebo). The PSA slopes were then compared between treatment conditions using linear mixed model to account for treatment arm and repeated measures. (NCT00887432)
Timeframe: 9 month period: pre-Vitamin D/pre-placebo to 9 months after start of vitamin D/ placebo, up to 30 days after completion of study treatment -Up to 30 days after completion of study treatment

Intervention(ng/mL) / day (Least Squares Mean)
Cholecalciferol0.000434
Placebo0.000245

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Serum 25D Level

(NCT00892099)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
High Dose Ergocalciferol49.8
Low Dose Ergocalciferol38.3
Placebo27.3

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Serum Calcium

serum calcium levels (mg/dL) (NCT00892099)
Timeframe: every 4 weeks for 12 weeks

,,
Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Visit 1Visit 2Visit 3Visit 4
High Dose Ergocalciferol8.89.19.39.1
Low Dose Ergocalciferol8.78.99.19.1
Placebo8.89.09.39.1

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Serum 25-OH Vitamin D

serum 25-OH vitamin D levels (ng/mL) (NCT00892099)
Timeframe: every 4 weeks for 12 weeks

,,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Visit 1Visit 2Visit 3Visit 4
High Dose Ergocalciferol21.842.248.949.8
Low Dose Ergocalciferol21.733.635.638.3
Placebo22.327.62727.4

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Serum 1,25(OH)2 Levels

serum 1,25(OH) vitamin D levels (pg/mL) (NCT00892099)
Timeframe: At week 12

Interventionpg/mL (Median)
High Dose Ergocalciferol95
Low Dose Ergocalciferol100
Placebo120

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Parathyroid Hormone

serum PTH levels (pg/mL) (NCT00892099)
Timeframe: every 4 weeks for 12 weeks

,,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Visit 1Visit 2Visit 3Visit 4
High Dose Ergocalciferol281253255245
Low Dose Ergocalciferol214195195216
Placebo243243196215

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Serum Phosphate

serum phosphate levels (mmol/L) (NCT00892099)
Timeframe: every 4 weeks for 12 weeks

,,
Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Visit 1Visit 2Visit 3Visit 4
High Dose Ergocalciferol4.24.74.94.7
Low Dose Ergocalciferol4.24.75.25.4
Placebo4.14.854.9

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Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at HIP at 3 Months

(NCT00903344)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to 3 months

Interventiongrams/cm^2 (Mean)
Vitamin D - Experimental-0.017
Multivitamin - Active Comparator-0.016

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Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in HIP at 6 Months

(NCT00903344)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to 6 months

Interventiongrams/cm^2 (Mean)
Vitamin D - Experimental-0.041
Multivitamin - Active Comparator0.011

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Change in 25-hyroxyvitamin D Levels at 3 Months

Difference in means between visits (NCT00903344)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to 3 Months

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Vitamin D - Experimental2.600
Multivitamin - Active Comparator-5.850

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Change in 25-hyroxyvitamin D Levels at 6 Months

(NCT00903344)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to 6 Months

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Vitamin D - Experimental1.889
Multivitamin - Active Comparator-3.200

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Change in Bone Mineral Denisty (BMD) in SPINE at 3 Months

difference in mean (NCT00903344)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to 3 Months

Interventiongrams/cm^2 (Mean)
Vitamin D - Experimental-0.025
Multivitamin - Active Comparator-0.025

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Change in Bone Mineral Denisty (BMD) in SPINE at 6 Months

difference in the mean (NCT00903344)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to 6 Months

Interventiongrams/cm^2 (Mean)
Vitamin D - Experimental-0.060
Multivitamin - Active Comparator-0.109

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Arteriovenous Fistulae Maturation

Maturation of an AVF is the ability to stick the AVF with two large bore needles at ≥ 6 consecutive dialysis sessions, and achievement of an AVF blood flow >300 ml/min, assessed at six months following AVF creation. (NCT00912782)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpercentage of group (Number)
Placebo50
Cholecalciferol40

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25-hydroxyvitamin D and Serum Calcium

(NCT00912782)
Timeframe: 10 weeks

,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Serum 25 (OH) DSerum Calcium
Cholecalciferol53.48.8
Placebo18.49.1

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Change in Blood Level of Vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D)

(NCT00914810)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Placebo-1.8
Vitamin D8.7

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Change in Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) Score

SPPB measures lower extremity strength using 3 simple office-based tests to assess standing balance, gait speed, and chair stands. The composite SPPB score ranges from 0 (worst performance) to 12 (best performance). The minimal clinically important difference is not fully agreed upon, although a difference of 1.0 point has been used in many studies. (NCT00914810)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo0.6
Vitamin D0.9

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Child Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Measurement From Blood Collection at 1 Year Visit.

Child serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurement from blood collection at 1 year visit. (NCT00920621)
Timeframe: 1 year visit

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Vitamin D Treatment29.3
Placebo30.1

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Child Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Measurement From Blood Collection at 3 Year Visit.

Child serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurement from blood collection at 3 year visit. (NCT00920621)
Timeframe: Blood collection at childs' 3 year visit.

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Vitamin D Treatment21.3
Placebo21.5

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Mass Spec Vitamin D Value From Cord Blood at Delivery

Mass Spec Vitamin D value from cord blood at delivery (NCT00920621)
Timeframe: Blood collection at delivery

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Vitamin D Treatment28.2
Placebo19.1

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Parental Report of Physician Diagnosis of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in the Child's First 3 Years of Life.

Parental report of physician diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) in the child's first 3 years of life. LRI defined as physician diagnosed bronchitis, bronchiolitis, croup, or pneumonia ascertained from questionnaires administered every 3 months. (NCT00920621)
Timeframe: Child's first 3 years of life.

InterventionNumber of lower respiratory infections (Number)
Vitamin D Treatment222
Placebo276

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Fecal Microbiome Profile

We extracted DNA and sequenced the bacterial 16S V4 hyper-variable region. The average number of 16S region reads sequenced per participant is provided here. Prior evidence suggests that read counts of at least 1,000 are adequate for 16S fecal microbiome profiling (Reference: Momozawa Y, et cal. Characterization of bacteria in biopsies of colon and stools by high throughput sequencing of the V2 region of bacterial 16S rRNA gene in human. PLoS One. 2011 Feb 10;6(2):e16952.) (NCT00920621)
Timeframe: Mother at 32-38 weeks gestation, Child's first 6 years of life

,
Interventionread counts (Mean)
Mother at 32-38 weeks gestationChild at 3-6 monthsChild at 1 yearChild at 3 yearsChild at 4 yearsChild at 5 yearsChild at 6 years
Placebo10773140241163512407000
Vitamin D Treatment10787134431170912095000

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Sphingolipid Profile

Mass spec measured relative abundance of five metabolites of the sphingolipid metabolism pathway in plasma samples extracted at the year one visit. (NCT00920621)
Timeframe: 1 year

,
Interventionrelative abundance (no units) (Mean)
sphinganine-1-phosphatesphinganinephosphoethanolaminesphingosinesphingosine-1-phosphate
Placebo0.320.310.340.330.32
Vitamin D Treatment0.320.330.330.340.31

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Sphingolipid Profile

Mass spec measured relative abundance of five metabolites of the sphingolipid metabolism pathway in plasma samples extracted at the year three visit. (NCT00920621)
Timeframe: 3 years

,
Interventionrelative abundance (no units) (Mean)
sphinganine-1-phosphatesphinganinephosphoethanolaminesphingosinesphingosine-1-phosphate
Placebo0.320.370.300.370.30
Vitamin D Treatment0.340.390.310.380.31

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Child Positive-specific IgE Tests From Blood Collection at 3 Year Visit.

Child positive-specific IgE tests from blood collection at 3 year visit. (NCT00920621)
Timeframe: 3 years

InterventionPositive-specific IgE tests (Number)
Vitamin D Treatment414
Placebo452

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Bone Mineral Density

Annualized percent change in bone mineral density at spine, hip, femoral neck, and body (NCT00933244)
Timeframe: 1 Year

,,
InterventionPercent Change in Bone Mineral Density (Mean)
Annualized Percent Change in BMD at SpineAnnualized Percent Change in Total Hip BMDAnnualized Percent Change in Femoral Neck BMDAnnualized Percent Change in Total Body BMD
High Dose Vitamin D-0.3-0.2-0.3-0.4
Low Dose Vitamin D0.0-0.5-0.9-0.5
Placebo0.2-0.9-0.8-0.5

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Muscle Function: One Year Change in Timed Up and Go Test, Five Sit-to-Stand Test

We summarized within-arm one-year changes in continuous muscle outcomes using the mean (95% confidence interval). (NCT00933244)
Timeframe: 1 Year

,,
Interventionseconds (Mean)
One Year Change in Timed Up and Go Test (seconds)One Year Change in Five Sit-to-Stand Test (sec)
High Dose Vitamin D-0.38-1.04
Low Dose Vitamin D-0.44-0.98
Placebo-0.35-0.55

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Intestinal Calcium Absorption

Percent of calcium absorbed in the intestinal tract within one day (NCT00933244)
Timeframe: One Year

,,
InterventionTotal Fractional Calcium Absorption (Median)
BaselineOne Year
High Dose Vitamin D0.2000.206
Low Dose Vitamin D0.2170.172
Placebo0.1830.174

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Bone Turnover

C-telopeptide (pg/mL) was measured at baseline, 30 days, 60 days, 120 days, 365 days in the subset of subjects who arrived at all study visit fasting since midnight and had phlebotomy prior to 10 am. Data demonstrated outliers and was summarized using the median (25th, 75th interquartile range). (NCT00933244)
Timeframe: 0, 30, 60, 120, 365 days

,,
Interventionpg/mL (Median)
C-telopeptide (pg/mL) at BaselineC-telopeptide (pg/mL) at 30 daysC-telopeptide (pg/mL) at 60 daysC-telopeptide (pg/mL) at 120 daysC-telopeptide (pg/mL) at 365 days
High Dose Vitamin D812012
Low Dose Vitamin D971-1-10
Placebo980-1-20

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Number of Positive Biopsy Cores (Out of Twelve) Compared to the Corresponding Values Assessed Before Enrollment

Change in the number of positive cores per subject from the pre-study prostate biopsy to the repeat prostate biopsy following study participation. (NCT00953225)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventioncores per subject (Median)
Vitamin D3-1.00
Placebo0.00

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PSA Slope (Trajectory) or the Change in PSA Level Over Time

Change in PSA (ng/mL) from baseline to 1 year visit, which include the baseline through 1 year follow-up. (NCT00953225)
Timeframe: 1 year (visits # 1-8)

Interventionng/mL (Median)
Vitamin D30.59
Placebo0.27

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Serum Total Calcium

Serum total calcium (mg/dL) at time points 0, 1, 3 and 6 months (NCT00956839)
Timeframe: 0, 1, 3, 6 months post intervention

,,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
baseline1 month3 months6 months
IM Vitamin D3 3,00,000 Units9.209.289.409.40
IM Vitamin D3 6,00,000 Units9.569.529.449.40
Oral Vitamin D39.249.289.409.28

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Percentage of Patients With Serum 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D3 > 30 ng/ml

Percentage of patients in each group with serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D >30 ng/ml (NCT00956839)
Timeframe: 6 months post intervention

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
IM Vitamin D3 3,00,000 Units85
IM Vitamin D3 6,00,000 Units29
Oral Vitamin D30

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Percentage of Participants With Bone Neoplasms

"Evidence of bone neoplasm(s) was considered an event of interest and was prespecified as a Tier 1 safety event." (NCT00960934)
Timeframe: Baseline through Month 6

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
MK-5442 2.5 mg0.0
MK-5442 5 mg0.0
MK-5442 7.5 mg0.0
MK-5442 10 mg0.0
MK-5442 15 mg0.0
Placebo0.0

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Percentage of Participants With Albumin-Corrected Calcium Levels Outside the Pre-defined Limits of Change

"Albumin-Corrected Calcium = ([4 - plasma albumin in g/dL] × 0.8 + serum calcium).~≥10.6 mg/dL was predefined in this study as the cut-off for the normal limits of change. Participants with albumin-corrected calcium levels ≥10.6 mg/dL were considered as having a Tier 1 safety event." (NCT00960934)
Timeframe: Baseline through Month 6

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
MK-5442 2.5 mg0.0
MK-5442 5 mg9.7
MK-5442 7.5 mg18.8
MK-5442 10 mg37.5
MK-5442 15 mg49.2
Placebo1.6

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LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Serum Procollagen Type I N-Terminal Propeptide (P1NP)

Measurement of P1NP appears to be a sensitive marker of bone formation rate in the assessment of osteoporosis. (NCT00960934)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
MK-5442 2.5 mg-9.97
MK-5442 5 mg-9.76
MK-5442 7.5 mg2.33
MK-5442 10 mg21.30
MK-5442 15 mg38.41
Placebo-18.36

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LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Serum Osteocalcin

Serum osteocalcin is a biomarker of bone formation and is measured using units of nanograms (ng) / milliliter (mL). (NCT00960934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
MK-5442 2.5 mg-11.61
MK-5442 5 mg-2.75
MK-5442 7.5 mg9.18
MK-5442 10 mg25.79
MK-5442 15 mg37.43
Placebo-15.62

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LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Serum C-Terminal Telopeptide Collagen I (s-CTx)

C-Terminal Telopeptide Collagen I is used as a serum-marker of bone resorption in the assessment of osteoporosis. (NCT00960934)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
MK-5442 2.5 mg-15.39
MK-5442 5 mg-5.87
MK-5442 7.5 mg-4.93
MK-5442 10 mg5.68
MK-5442 15 mg19.37
Placebo-14.89

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Percentage of Participants With Total Serum Calcium Levels Outside the Pre-defined Limits of Change

"Normal serum calcium level is 8-10 mg/dL (2-2.5 mmol/L) with some interlaboratory variation in the reference range, and hypercalcemia is defined as a serum calcium level greater than 10.5 mg/dL (>2.5 mmol/L).~Based on these references, ≥10.6 mg/dL was predefined in this study as the cut-off for the normal limits of change. Participants with calcium levels ≥10.6 mg/dL were considered as having a Tier 1 safety event." (NCT00960934)
Timeframe: Baseline through Month 6

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
MK-5442 2.5 mg7.8
MK-5442 5 mg32.3
MK-5442 7.5 mg32.8
MK-5442 10 mg56.3
MK-5442 15 mg73.0
Placebo3.2

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LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Trabecular Volumetric BMD of the Lumbar Spine

Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) technology was used at baseline and periodically through out the study to assess and measure bone mineral content volumetrically (ie, in grams of tissue per centimeter of tissue cubed). (NCT00960934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
MK-5442 2.5 mg1.94
MK-5442 5 mg0.94
MK-5442 7.5 mg1.83
MK-5442 10 mg3.35
MK-5442 15 mg1.06
Placebo1.43

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LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Serum Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (s-BSAP)

Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase is a biomarker of bone formation and is measured in units of microgram (μg)/liter (L). (NCT00960934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
MK-5442 2.5 mg-0.60
MK-5442 5 mg0.26
MK-5442 7.5 mg4.39
MK-5442 10 mg17.33
MK-5442 15 mg13.13
Placebo-6.05

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LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Femoral Neck aBMD

"DXA was used to assess and measure aBMD of the femoral neck. Areal BMD was measured as areal density using units of gram (gm) of tissue /centimeter of tissue squared (cm^2)." (NCT00960934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
MK-5442 2.5 mg1.23
MK-5442 5 mg-0.52
MK-5442 7.5 mg0.12
MK-5442 10 mg-0.20
MK-5442 15 mg0.54
Placebo-0.04

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Least Squares (LS) Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Lumbar Spine Areal Bone Mineral Density (aBMD)

"Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) was used to assess and measure aBMD of the lumbar spine. Areal BMD was measured as areal density using units of gram (gm) of tissue /centimeter of tissue squared (cm^2)." (NCT00960934)
Timeframe: Baseline (BL) and Month 6

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
MK-5442 2.5 mg0.74
MK-5442 5 mg1.50
MK-5442 7.5 mg0.92
MK-5442 10 mg1.69
MK-5442 15 mg1.13
Placebo0.57

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LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Trochanter aBMD

"DXA was used to assess and measure aBMD of the trochanter. Areal BMD was measured as areal density using units of gram (gm) of tissue /centimeter of tissue squared (cm^2)." (NCT00960934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
MK-5442 2.5 mg0.41
MK-5442 5 mg0.95
MK-5442 7.5 mg0.54
MK-5442 10 mg0.49
MK-5442 15 mg1.10
Placebo0.49

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LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Trabecular Volumetric BMD of the Hip

Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) technology was used to assess and measure bone mineral content volumetrically (ie, in grams of tissue per centimeter of tissue cubed). (NCT00960934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
MK-5442 2.5 mg-0.41
MK-5442 5 mg-0.34
MK-5442 7.5 mg-0.89
MK-5442 10 mg-0.88
MK-5442 15 mg-0.80
Placebo-0.37

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Percentage of Participants With Kidney Stones

"Evidence of kidney stone(s) was considered an event of interest and was prespecified as a Tier 1 safety event." (NCT00960934)
Timeframe: Baseline through Month 6

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
MK-5442 2.5 mg1.6
MK-5442 5 mg1.6
MK-5442 7.5 mg0.0
MK-5442 10 mg0.0
MK-5442 15 mg0.0
Placebo0.0

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LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Total Hip aBMD

"DXA was used to assess and measure aBMD of the total hip. Areal BMD was measured as areal density using units of gram (gm) of tissue /centimeter of tissue squared (cm^2)." (NCT00960934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
MK-5442 2.5 mg-0.20
MK-5442 5 mg-0.32
MK-5442 7.5 mg0.32
MK-5442 10 mg0.07
MK-5442 15 mg0.33
Placebo0.08

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LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Total Body aBMD

"DXA was used to assess and measure aBMD of the total body. Areal BMD was measured as areal density using units of gram (gm) of tissue /centimeter of tissue squared (cm^2)." (NCT00960934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
MK-5442 2.5 mg0.43
MK-5442 5 mg0.28
MK-5442 7.5 mg0.80
MK-5442 10 mg0.21
MK-5442 15 mg0.09
Placebo0.27

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LS Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in the Ratio of Urinary N-Telopeptides of Type I Collagen to Creatinine (u-NTx/Cr)

The ratio of u-NTx to Cr is a biomarker for bone resorption. It is measured in the serum in units of nanomoles (nm) of bone collagen equivalents (BCE)/millimoles of creatinine (Cr). (NCT00960934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
MK-5442 2.5 mg-12.18
MK-5442 5 mg-9.46
MK-5442 7.5 mg-20.73
MK-5442 10 mg-7.82
MK-5442 15 mg1.87
Placebo-17.90

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Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Serum N-Terminal Propeptide (s-P1NP)

s-P1NP is a sensitive marker of bone formation rate in the assessment of osteoporosis and is measured in units of ng/ml. (NCT00996801)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo68.61
MK-5442 5 mg127.18
MK-5442 7.5 mg125.69
MK-5442 10 mg163.96
Alendronate 70 mg-5.85

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Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Total Body Areal BMD

"Areal bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using DXA scanning technology. Scanning is performed with two X-ray beams with different energy levels which are aimed at the participant's bones. When soft tissue absorption is subtracted out, the BMD is determined from the absorption of each beam by bone.~BMD = BMC / W, where BMD = bone mineral density in g/cm^2, BMC = bone mineral content in g/cm, and W = width at the scanned line in cm" (NCT00996801)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.17
MK-5442 5 mg-0.54
MK-5442 7.5 mg-0.69
MK-5442 10 mg-1.10
Alendronate 70 mg0.82

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Number of Participants With Trough Serum Calcium Level Exceeding Predefined Limits At Least Once

"Normal serum calcium level is 8-10 mg/dL (2-2.5 mmol/L) with some interlaboratory variation in the reference range, and hypercalcemia is defined as a serum calcium level greater than 10.5 mg/dL (>2.5 mmol/L).~Based on these references, ≥10.6 mg/dL was predefined in this study as the cut-off for the normal limits of change. Participants with at least a one calcium level value ≥10.6 mg/dL were considered as having a Tier 1 adverse event (AE). A Tier 1 AE was an AE of special interest identified a priori that could be used for inferential testing for statistical significance for between-group comparisons." (NCT00996801)
Timeframe: Baseline through Month 12

,,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
≥10.6 ng/mL≥11.1 ng/mL≥12.1 ng/mL
Alendronate 70 mg710
MK-5442 10 mg2771
MK-5442 15 mg39191
MK-5442 5 mg1610
MK-5442 7.5 mg1940
Placebo310

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Number of Participants With Predefined Tier 1 Adverse Events

Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ), kidney stones, and bone neoplasms were predefined Tier-1 AEs in the study (an AE of special interest identified a priori that could be used for inferential testing for statistical significance for between-group comparisons). (NCT00996801)
Timeframe: Baseline through Month 12

,,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Osteonecrosis of the jawKidney stonesBone neoplasms
Alendronate 70 mg010
MK-5442 10 mg000
MK-5442 15 mg000
MK-5442 5 mg000
MK-5442 7.5 mg000
Placebo030

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Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Urinary-N Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen (u-NTx)

"Urinary, type I collagen, crosslinked N-telopeptide (uNTx) is a biomarker used to measure the rate of bone turnover found in urine.~uNTx was expressed in units of nanomoles (nM) per bone collagen equivalents (BCE) per millimoles of creatinine (Cr) or nM/BCE/mM Cr" (NCT00996801)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo63.64
MK-5442 5 mg86.51
MK-5442 7.5 mg83.32
MK-5442 10 mg107.44
Alendronate 70 mg0.18

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Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Trochanter Areal BMD

"Areal bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using DXA scanning technology. Scanning is performed with two X-ray beams with different energy levels which are aimed at the participant's bones. When soft tissue absorption is subtracted out, the BMD is determined from the absorption of each beam by bone.~BMD = BMC / W, where BMD = bone mineral density in g/cm^2, BMC = bone mineral content in g/cm, and W = width at the scanned line in cm" (NCT00996801)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.30
MK-5442 5 mg-1.56
MK-5442 7.5 mg-1.50
MK-5442 10 mg-1.52
Alendronate 70 mg1.68

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Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Trabecular Volumetric BMD of the Hip

vBMD was measured using QCT in order to assess bone strength. QCT is a three-dimensional non-projectional technique that quantifies trabecular and cortical BMD in the lumbar spine and hip as a true volumetric mineral density in g/cm^3. (NCT00996801)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.02
MK-5442 5 mg0.76
MK-5442 7.5 mg0.81
MK-5442 10 mg0.27
Alendronate 70 mg1.23

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Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Serum C-Terminal Propeptide of Type 1 Collagen (s-CTx)

C-Terminal Telopeptide Collagen I is used as a serum-marker of bone resorption in the assessment of osteoporosis and in measured in units of nanograms (n)/milliliter (ml). (NCT00996801)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo165.80
MK-5442 5 mg214.09
MK-5442 7.5 mg227.07
MK-5442 10 mg251.08
Alendronate 70 mg26.78

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Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Trabecular Volumetric BMD (vBMD) of the Lumbar Spine

vBMD was measured using quantitative computed tomography (QCT) in order to assess bone strength. Quantitative computed tomography is a three-dimensional non-projectional technique that quantifies trabecular and cortical BMD in the lumbar spine and hip as a true volumetric mineral density in g/cm^3. (NCT00996801)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.18
MK-5442 5 mg-0.25
MK-5442 7.5 mg0.08
MK-5442 10 mg0.16
Alendronate 70 mg1.74

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Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in 1/3 Distal Forearm Areal BMD

"Areal bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using DXA scanning technology. Scanning is performed with two X-ray beams with different energy levels which are aimed at the participant's bones. When soft tissue absorption is subtracted out, the BMD is determined from the absorption of each beam by bone.~BMD = BMC / W, where BMD = bone mineral density in g/cm^2, BMC = bone mineral content in g/cm, and W = width at the scanned line in cm" (NCT00996801)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.54
MK-5442 5 mg-1.38
MK-5442 7.5 mg-0.92
MK-5442 10 mg-2.01
Alendronate 70 mg-0.91

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Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline To Month 12 in Lumbar Spine Areal Bone Mineral Density (BMD)

"Areal bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning technology. Scanning is performed with two X-ray beams with different energy levels which are aimed at the participant's bones. When soft tissue absorption is subtracted out, the BMD is determined from the absorption of each beam by bone.~BMD = BMC / W, where BMD = bone mineral density in g/cm^2, BMC = bone mineral content in g/cm, and W = width at the scanned line in cm" (NCT00996801)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.36
MK-5442 5 mg-0.67
MK-5442 7.5mg-0.52
MK-5442 10 mg-0.53
Alendronate 70 mg1.29

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Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Femoral Neck Areal BMD

"Areal bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using DXA scanning technology. Scanning is performed with two X-ray beams with different energy levels which are aimed at the participant's bones. When soft tissue absorption is subtracted out, the BMD is determined from the absorption of each beam by bone.~BMD = BMC / W, where BMD = bone mineral density in g/cm^2, BMC = bone mineral content in g/cm, and W = width at the scanned line in cm" (NCT00996801)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.26
MK-5442 5 mg-2.12
MK-5442 7.5 mg-1.37
MK-5442 10 mg-1.84
Alendronate 70 mg-0.08

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Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Cortical Volumetric BMD of the Lumbar Spine

vBMD was measured using QCT in order to assess bone strength. QCT is a three-dimensional non-projectional technique that quantifies trabecular and cortical BMD in the lumbar spine and hip as a true volumetric mineral density in g/cm^3. (NCT00996801)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.67
MK-5442 5 mg-3.41
MK-5442 7.5 mg14.66
MK-5442 10 mg-0.34
Alendronate 70 mg12.80

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Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Cortical Volumetric BMD of the Hip

vBMD was measured using QCT in order to assess bone strength. QCT is a three-dimensional non-projectional technique that quantifies trabecular and cortical BMD in the lumbar spine and hip as a true volumetric mineral density in g/cm^3. (NCT00996801)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.10
MK-5442 5 mg-0.49
MK-5442 7.5 mg-0.15
MK-5442 10 mg-0.16
Alendronate 70 mg0.99

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Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Total Hip Areal BMD

"Areal bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using DXA scanning technology. Scanning is performed with two X-ray beams with different energy levels which are aimed at the participant's bones. When soft tissue absorption is subtracted out, the BMD is determined from the absorption of each beam by bone.~BMD = BMC / W, where BMD = bone mineral density in g/cm^2, BMC = bone mineral content in g/cm, and W = width at the scanned line in cm" (NCT00996801)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.44
MK-5442 5 mg-2.18
MK-5442 7.5 mg-2.16
MK-5442 10 mg-1.66
Alendronate 70 mg0.46

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Number of Participants With Trough Albumin-Corrected Calcium Level Exceeding Predefined Limits At Least Once

"Albumin-Corrected Calcium = ([4 - plasma albumin in g/dL] × 0.8 + serum calcium).~≥10.6 mg/dL was predefined in this study as the cut-off for the normal limits of change. Participants with at least one albumin-corrected calcium level value ≥10.6 mg/dL were considered as having a Tier 1 AE (an AE of special interest identified a priori that could be used for inferential testing for statistical significance for between-group comparisons)." (NCT00996801)
Timeframe: Baseline through Month 12

,,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
≥10.6 ng/mL≥11.1 ng/mL≥12.1 ng/mL
Alendronate 70 mg200
MK-5442 10 mg1331
MK-5442 15 mg2890
MK-5442 5 mg300
MK-5442 7.5 mg710
Placebo110

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Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Serum Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (s-BSAP)

Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase is a biomarker of bone formation and is measured in units of μg/L. (NCT00996801)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo29.51
MK-5442 5 mg50.04
MK-5442 7.5 mg49.98
MK-5442 10 mg51.64
Alendronate 70 mg-3.83

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Mean Level of 25(OH)D

Vitamin D (25(OH)D) level at Month 2. (NCT00996866)
Timeframe: Week 8

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
Placebo49.9
Vitamin D74.5

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Mean Level of 25(OH)D

Vitamin D (25(OH)D) level at Baseline. (NCT00996866)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
Placebo51.1
Vitamin D49.2

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Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) Concentration

(NCT01005303)
Timeframe: Baseline, and 12 months

,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Baseline12 months
Micronutrient4.14.1
Placebo4.44.6

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Serum N-terminal Prohormone of Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) Concentration

(NCT01005303)
Timeframe: Baseline, and 12 months

,
Interventionng/L (Mean)
Baseline12 months
Micronutrient1293.41763.6
Placebo841.61343.6

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Serum Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Concentration

(NCT01005303)
Timeframe: Baseline, and 12 months

,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Baseline12 months
Micronutrient7.14.2
Placebo5.05.0

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Serum C-reactive Protein (CRP) Concentration

(NCT01005303)
Timeframe: Baseline, and 12 months

,
Interventionmg/L (Mean)
Baseline12 months
Micronutrient6.34.6
Placebo5.64.3

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Urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2 Alpha (8-iso-PGF2α) Concentration

(NCT01005303)
Timeframe: Baseline, and 12 months

,
Interventionmol/mmol creatinine (Mean)
Baseline12 months
Micronutrient12.110.5
Placebo11.311.7

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Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction

(NCT01005303)
Timeframe: Baseline, and 12 months

,
Interventionpercentage of LVEF (Mean)
Baseline12 months
Micronutrient38.938.6
Placebo44.744.9

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Quality of Life Questionnaire Score

Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire. The questionnaire is comprised of 21 questions around several physical, emotional and socioeconomic ways heart failure can adversely affect a patient's life. After receiving brief standardized instructions, the patient marks a 0 (zero) to 5 (five) scale to indicate the extent to which each itemized adversity of heart failure has prevented the patient from living as they wanted to live during the past 4 weeks. The questionnaire is simply scored by summation of all 21 responses (score range 0-105). Higher scores indicate worse quality of life. (NCT01005303)
Timeframe: Baseline, and 12 months

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline12 months
Micronutrient34.033.1
Placebo33.738.2

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Serum Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Concentration

(NCT01005303)
Timeframe: Baseline, and 12 months

,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Baseline12 months
Micronutrient1.21.1
Placebo1.51.5

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Six Minute Walk Test Distance

(NCT01005303)
Timeframe: Baseline, and 12 months

,
InterventionMetres (Mean)
Baseline12 months
Micronutrient417.0412.5
Placebo437.8440.2

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Change in Insulin Requirements

Percentage change from baseline number of units of lantus insulin over 6 months. (NCT01029392)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpercentage change of baseline insulin (Mean)
Vitamin D Supplement2.62
No Vitamin D Supplementation1.80

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Change in Hemoglobin A1c

Change in hemoglobin A1c calculated as a percentage change from baseline measurement (NCT01029392)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpercentage change from baseline (Mean)
Those Requiring Vit D Supplement2.67
No Vitamin D Supplementation1.05

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The Change in the Mean Arterial Blood Pressure in Response to an Infusion of Angiotensin II

(NCT01068418)
Timeframe: baseline and 1 month following vitamin D3 therapy

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Vitamin D31.97

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The Change in Renal Blood Flow in Response to an Infusion of Angiotensin II

(NCT01068418)
Timeframe: baseline and 1 month following vitamin D3 therapy

InterventionmL/min/1.72m2 (Mean)
Vitamin D3-20.0

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To Achieve Target Vitamin D Level

To determine the ability of achieving the target serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D level of 40 ng/ml within 6 weeks of beginning vitamin D supplements in patients with metastatic colon cancer. A response is defined as achieving serum vitamin D levels ≥40 ng/ml at least once at any point during the first 6 weeks (NCT01074216)
Timeframe: Within 6 weeks of beginning vitamin D

Interventionparticipants (Number)
All Patients41

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Safety

Determined by incidence of elevated serum calcium (above age specific range) associated with elevated serum 25D concentrations (>160ng/ml). (NCT01092338)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
4000IU/d of Vitamin D30
7000IU/d Vitamin D30

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Efficacy of the Two Doses (4000 and 7000 IU/d)

Daily D3 supplementation will result in 25D >= to 32/ng/ml (NCT01092338)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
4000IU/d of Vitamin D316
7000IU/d Vitamin D319

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Number of Other Infections

(NCT01102374)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionevents (Number)
High Dose Vitamin D33
Standard Dose Vitamin D43

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Number of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs)

ARIs defined as upper or lower respiratory infections (NCT01102374)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionevents (Number)
High Dose Vitamin D32
Standard Dose Vitamin D48

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Incident Kidney Stones

(NCT01102374)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
High Dose Vitamin D0
Standard Dose Vitamin D0

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Incident Hypercalcemia

(NCT01102374)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
High Dose Vitamin D0
Standard Dose Vitamin D0

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Change in 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) Level

(NCT01102374)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 months

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
High Dose Vitamin D8.18
Standard Dose Vitamin D2.71

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Death

(NCT01102374)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
High Dose Vitamin D9
Standard Dose Vitamin D13

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Number of Lower Respiratory Infections

(NCT01102374)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionevents (Number)
High Dose Vitamin D11
Standard Dose Vitamin D12

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Number of Upper Respiratory Infections

(NCT01102374)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionevents (Number)
High Dose Vitamin D21
Standard Dose Vitamin D36

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Number of Urinary Tract Infections

(NCT01102374)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionevents (Number)
High Dose Vitamin D38
Standard Dose Vitamin D22

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Severity of Acute Respiratory Infections

ARIs resulting in emergency department visits or hospitalizations (NCT01102374)
Timeframe: 12 month

Interventionevents (Number)
High Dose Vitamin D3
Standard Dose Vitamin D6

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Time to First ARI

(NCT01102374)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionHazard Ratio (Number)
High Dose Vitamin D0.59
Standard Dose Vitamin D1.00

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Falls

(NCT01102374)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionEvents (Number)
High Dose Vitamin D70
Standard Dose Vitamin D27

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Fractures

(NCT01102374)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionevents (Number)
High Dose Vitamin D5
Standard Dose Vitamin D8

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Change From Baseline in Daytime Nasal Symptom Score (DNSS) Over 2 Week Randomized Treatment Period

Patients recorded the severity of sneezing, runny nose, stuffy nose, and other symptoms (e.g. itchy nose/throat) twice a day on a scale from 0 to 3 (0 = no symptoms, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe). The DNSS was calculated as the sum of all scores for morning with a range of 0 to 12. The change from baseline for each day of treatment was then calculated for each subject. So that each subject only had one observation, the average of these changes was calculated for each subject, and this summary measure was used in the analysis comparing the two treatment groups. We report the median and full range of these average changes for each group. A negative value indicates an improvement in daytime symptoms. (NCT01103934)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Fluticasone Propionate Plus Vitamin D3-6.9
Fluticasone Propionate Plus Placebo-3.7

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Change From Baseline in Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) Over 2 Week Randomized Treatment Period

Patients recorded the severity of sneezing, runny nose, stuffy nose, and other symptoms (e.g. itchy nose/throat) twice a day on a scale from 0 to 3 (0 = no symptoms, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe). The TNSS was calculated as the sum of all scores for morning and evening recordings with a range of 0 to 24. The change from baseline for each day of treatment was then calculated for each subject. So that each subject only had one observation, the average of these changes was calculated for each subject, and this summary measure was used in the analysis comparing the two treatment groups. We report the median and full range of these average changes for each group. A negative value indicates an improvement in symptoms. (NCT01103934)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Fluticasone Propionate Plus Vitamin D3-11.3
Fluticasone Propionate Plus Placebo-7.6

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Change in Static Balance as Recorded Using Dynamic Posturography With the Sensory Organization Test (SOT 1-3)

Sensory organization test (SOT) is a form of posturography. which is designed to assess quantitatively an individual's ability to use visual, proprioceptive and vestibular cues to maintain postural stability in stance. The SOT measures sway during 6 scenarios. In scenarios 1-3 the base is stable and eyes are open, then closed, and then the visual surround moves. SOT 1-3 is an average measurement of equilibrium - the average center of gravity sway for each condition. It generates a score of 0 (fall) up to 100 for each scenario and an overall composite score. Change score is measurement at 16 weeks minus measurement at baseline. (NCT01119131)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Vitamin D (Open Label)-3.25
Vitamin D2.05
Placebo1.78

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Change in Ambulatory Balance Measured by Instrumented Timed up and go (iTUG) Turn Duration

"This is a test that measures ambulatory balance and mobility. The instrumented timed up and go (iTUG) is an average time (seconds) of three trials that involve the participant arising from a chair, walking 25 feet turning around, walking back to the chair, and sitting down. The turn duration is the average time to turn at the end of the 25 foot walk. Longer duration of time (seconds) indicates more rigidity, a proxy measure for ON time in Parkinson's disease. Change score is measurement at 16 weeks minus measurement at baseline." (NCT01119131)
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeks

Interventionseconds (Mean)
Vitamin D (Open Label)0.32
Vitamin D0.09
Placebo-0.07

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Change in Cognition (Trail Making Test B-A)

The Trail Making Test (TMT) consists of two parts (A & B) in which the subject is instructed to connect a set of 25 dots as quickly as possible while still maintaining accuracy. The test provides information about visual search speed, scanning, speed of processing, and executive functioning. Part A measures processing speed and part B measures executive functioning. The TMT is time to complete each part of the test in seconds. Higher scores indicate greater impairment. Subtracting part A from part B is theorized to reduce the influence of the working memory and visuospatial demands and, therefore, provides a relatively pure indicator of executive function. Change score is measurement (Part B - Part A) at 16 weeks minus measurement (Part B - Part A) at baseline, negative scores indicate a improvement in executive functioning. (NCT01119131)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks

Interventionseconds (Mean)
Vitamin D (Open Label)8.00
Vitamin D12.13
Placebo-17.33

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Change in Dynamic Balance as Recorded Using Dynamic Posturography With the Sensory Organization Test (SOT 4-6)

Sensory organization test (SOT) is a form of posturography. which is designed to assess quantitatively an individual's ability to use visual, proprioceptive and vestibular cues to maintain postural stability in stance. The SOT measures sway during 6 scenarios. In 4-6 the base moves and the subject has eyes open, then closed, then the visual surround moves. SOT 4-6 is an average measurement of equilibrium - the average center of gravity sway for each condition. It generates a score of 0 (fall) up to 100 for each scenario and an overall composite score. Change score is measurement at 16 weeks minus measurement at baseline. (NCT01119131)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Vitamin D (Open Label)-1.56
Vitamin D2.272
Placebo-1.89

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Change in Parkinsonism as Measured by the UPDRS

This is the motor subsection of the UPDRS and is a commonly used tool to rate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. This scale rates from 0 (normal) to 4 (Can barely perform the task) several motor areas including speech, facial expression, tremor, rigidity, hand movements, agility, posture, and gait. A sum score represents motor function with higher values on this scale represent a more severe stage of the disease. Change is measurement at 16 weeks minus baseline measurement, negative scores indicate an improvement in Parkinson's motor symptoms. (NCT01119131)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Vitamin D (Open Label)0.25
Vitamin D0.48
Placebo-0.18

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Change in Quality of Life as Recorded Using Quality of Life Scales (PDQ39)

"The PDQ39 is a 39 item patient completed survey targeting well-being and functioning in PD. This scale address 8 dimensions (mobility, activities of daily living, emotional well-being, stigma, social support, cognitions, communication, and bodily discomfort). The PDQ39 dimension scores are on a scale of 0 (Never) to 4 (Always/Cannot Do). Scale scores are summed and range from 0 to 100 with 100 being the maximum level of problems. For a single index figure to characterize the impact of Parkinson's disease upon PD patients (PDSI), all 39 items of the PDQ39 can be summed. The PDQ39 and the use of a PDSI have shown adequate reliability and convergent validity. Change score is measurement at 16 weeks minus baseline measurement, negative scores indicate an improvement in quality of life." (NCT01119131)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Vitamin D (Open Label)-0.16
Vitamin D-0.02
Placebo-0.14

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Change in Strength as Recorded by Measuring Knee Extension Using Biodex (Total Work)

Defined as the total muscular force output for the repetition with the greatest amount of work. The equation for work is: W = F x D. Change score is measurement at 16 weeks minus measurement at baseline. (NCT01119131)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks

Interventionfoot pounds (Mean)
Vitamin D (Open Label)18.11
Vitamin D23.33
Placebo17.49

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Change in Strength as Recorded by Measuring Knee Flexion Using Biodex (Total Work)

Defined as the total muscular force output for the repetition with the greatest amount of work. The equation for work is: W = F x D. Change score is measurement at 16 weeks minus measurement at baseline. (NCT01119131)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks

Interventionfoot pounds (Mean)
Vitamin D (Open Label)83.07
Vitamin D6.89
Placebo35.19

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Trochanter BMD at Month 24

Trochanter BMD was assessed by DXA at Baseline and at Month 24. (NCT01120600)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly2.77
Placebo Once Weekly0.66

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Month 24

Lumbar spine BMD was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at Baseline and at Month 24. (NCT01120600)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly6.86
Placebo Once Weekly1.27

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Femoral Neck BMD at Month 24

Femoral Neck BMD was assessed by DXA at Baseline and at Month 24. (NCT01120600)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly1.69
Placebo Once Weekly0

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD at Month 24

Total hip BMD was assessed by DXA at Baseline and at Month 24. (NCT01120600)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly1.91
Placebo Once Weekly-0.11

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum N-Terminal Propeptides of Type I Collagen (s-P1NP) at Month 24

Serum samples were collected to evaluate biochemical markers for s-P1NP, which were measured at Baseline and at Month 24. (NCT01120600)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly-10.94
Placebo Once Weekly5.06

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Urine Collagen N-Telopeptide/Creatinine Ratio (U-NTx/Cr) at Month 24

Urine samples were collected to evaluate biochemical markers for u-NTx/Cr, which were measured at Baseline and at Month 24. (NCT01120600)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly-61.43
Placebo Once Weekly6.65

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum C-Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen (s-CTx) at Month 24

Serum samples were collected to evaluate biochemical markers for s-CTx, which were measured at Baseline and at Month 24. (NCT01120600)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly-20.07
Placebo Once Weekly56.51

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Number of Participants Who Discontinued Treatment Due to an AE

An AE is defined as any unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a study drug, whether or not it is considered related to the study drug. (NCT01120600)
Timeframe: Up to 24 months after first dose of study drug

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly5
Placebo Once Weekly6

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (s-BSAP) at Month 24

Serum samples were collected to evaluate biochemical markers for s-BSAP, which were measured at Baseline and at Month 24. (NCT01120600)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly-5.28
Placebo Once Weekly2.66

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Number of Participants Who Experienced an Adverse Event (AE)

An AE is defined as any unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a study drug, whether or not it is considered related to the study drug. (NCT01120600)
Timeframe: Up to 24 months (plus 14 days) after first dose of study drug

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Odanacatib 50 mg Once Weekly113
Placebo Once Weekly114

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Plasma Renin Activity

Serum for renin will be drawn at baseline, 3, and 6 months, and processed according to lab protocol. (NCT01125436)
Timeframe: change in renin from baseline to 6 months

Interventionng/ml/hr (Mean)
Cholecalciferol + Calcium1.3
Placebo +Calcium-2.5

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Serum Aldosterone

Serum for aldosterone will be drawn at baseline, 3, and 6 months, and processed according to lab protocol. (NCT01125436)
Timeframe: change from baseline to 6 months

Interventionng/dl (Mean)
Cholecalciferol + Calcium3.7
Placebo +Calcium-0.1

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Timed Get Up and Go

stand from chair walk 3 meters, return to chair and sit (NCT01125436)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 6 months

Interventionseconds (Mean)
Cholecalciferol + Calcium-0.2
Placebo +Calcium-1.0

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Leg Proximal Muscle Strength

Strength of the proximal lower extremity muscles measured by peak torque Nm/kg adjusted for body weight in flexion and extension (NCT01125436)
Timeframe: change from baseline to 6 months

,
Interventionnewton-meters/kg (Mean)
Flexion 60°s-1Extension 60°s-1
Cholecalciferol + Calcium1.65.2
Placebo +Calcium5.13.5

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Peak VO2

Cardiopulmonary stress testing with the Peak VO2 representing maximal aerobic capacity (NCT01125436)
Timeframe: change from baseline to 6 months

Interventionml/kg/min (Mean)
Cholecalciferol + Calcium-.17
Placebo +Calcium-.68

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6 Minute Walk Distance

The six-minute walk test is a reliable and valid test of aerobic capacity, predictive of morbidity and mortality outcome, and correlates with Activity of Daily Living (ADL) and Quality of Living (QOL). (NCT01125436)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 6 months

Interventionmeters (Mean)
Cholecalciferol + Calcium59
Placebo +Calcium36

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Osteocalcin

This secondary outcome measure is change in osteocalcin from baseline to final measure at 6 weeks differences in the 3 arms were compared (NCT01138475)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Paricalcitrol38
Cholecalciferol39
Placebo-controlled42

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Serum 25 OH Vitamin D

This secondary outcome measure is change in serum hydroxy-vitaminD from baseline to final measure at 6 weeks differences in the 3 arms were compared (NCT01138475)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionng/dL (Mean)
Paricalcitrol27
Cholecalciferol38
Placebo-controlled25

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Serum Calcium

This secondary outcome measure is change in serum calcium from baseline to final measure at 6 weeks differences in the 3 arms were compared (NCT01138475)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Paricalcitrol9.3
Cholecalciferol9.4
Placebo-controlled9.3

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Serum Phosphorus

This secondary outcome measure is change in serum phosphorus from baseline to final measure at 6 weeks differences in the 3 arms were compared (NCT01138475)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Paricalcitrol4.0
Cholecalciferol3.4
Placebo-controlled3.7

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The Primary Outcome Measure With iPTH

Change in iPTH was compared in each arm from baseline to final measure at 6 weeks the differences were compared in the 3 arms of the study (NCT01138475)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Paricalcitol72
Cholecalciferol87
Placebo82

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Alkaline Phosphatase

This secondary outcome measure is change in alkaline phosphatase from baseline to final measure at 6 weeks differences were compared between the 3 arms of the study (NCT01138475)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

InterventionU/L (Mean)
Paricalcitol87
Cholecalciferol94
Placebo101

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Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase

This secondary outcome measure is change in bone specific alkaline phosphatase from baseline to final measure at 6 weeks, differences in the 3 arms were compared (NCT01138475)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionu/L (Mean)
Paricalcitrol15
Cholecalciferol19
Placebo-controlled18

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N-Telopeptide Cross Linked Urine

This secondary outcome measure is change in N-Telopeptide cross linked urine from baseline to final measure at 6 weeks, differences in the 3 arms were compared (NCT01138475)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionnmol (Mean)
Paricalcitrol74
Cholecalciferol67
Placebo-controlled77

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24 Hour Urine Calcium

This secondary outcome measure is change in 24-hour urine calcium from baseline to final measure at 6 weeks, differences in the 3 arms were compared (NCT01138475)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Paricalcitrol132
Cholecalciferol101
Placebo-controlled135

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Change in Mammographic Breast Density Over Course of Study

Change in the percent of the breast area that is considered to be at higher density on mammogram. (NCT01166763)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months

InterventionChange in percent dense breast area (Mean)
High Dose Vitamin D3 (10,000 IU Weekly)-0.5

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Change in Proliferation (as Assessed by Ki-67) Examined in Breast Epithelial Cells.

Change in percent of cells expressing staining for Ki-67 antibody in breast epithelial cell specimens acquird by Random Periareolar Fine Needle Aspiration. (NCT01166763)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months

Interventionpercentage of cells staining positive (Median)
High Dose Vitamin D3 (10,000 IU Weekly)-0.4

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OH Vitamin D Levels in Serum

Assessment of 25(OH)D levels as a measure of circulating vitamin D. (NCT01166763)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
High Dose Vitamin D3 (10,000 IU Weekly)55.4

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Number of Participants Who Died From Cardiovascular Causes

Death from cardiovascular causes (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D152
Vitamin D Placebo138
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids142
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo148

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Number of Participants Who Died From Coronary Heart Disease

Death from coronary heart disease (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D48
Vitamin D Placebo38
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids37
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo49

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Number of Participants Who Died From Invasive Cancer of Any Type

Death from invasive cancer of any type (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D154
Vitamin D Placebo187
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids168
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo173

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Number of Participants Who Died From Invasive Cancer of Any Type, Excluding First 2 Years of Follow-up

Death from invasive cancer of any type, excluding first 2 years of follow-up (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years, excluding first 2 years of follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D112
Vitamin D Placebo149
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids126
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo135

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Number of Participants Who Died From Myocardial Infarction

Death from myocardial infarction (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D24
Vitamin D Placebo15
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids13
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo26

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Number of Participants With Stroke

Stroke (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D141
Vitamin D Placebo149
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids148
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo142

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Number of Participants With Total Coronary Heart Disease

Total coronary heart disease = a composite of myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization (percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary-artery bypass grafting), and death from coronary heart disease (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D332
Vitamin D Placebo346
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids308
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo370

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Number of Participants With a Major Cardiovascular Event, Excluding First 2 Years of Follow-up

Major cardiovascular event = a composite endpoint of myocardial infarction, stroke, and death from cardiovascular causes; excluding first 2 years of follow-up (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years, excluding first 2 years of follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D274
Vitamin D Placebo296
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids269
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo301

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Number of Participants With a Major Cardiovascular Event

Major cardiovascular event = a composite endpoint of myocardial infarction, stroke, and death from cardiovascular causes (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D396
Vitamin D Placebo409
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids386
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo419

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Number of Participants With Invasive Cancer of Any Type, Excluding First 2 Years of Follow-up

Invasive cancer of any type, excluding first 2 years of follow-up (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years, excluding first 2 years of follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D490
Vitamin D Placebo522
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids536
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo476

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Number of Participants With Ischemic Stroke

Ischemic stroke (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D117
Vitamin D Placebo110
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids111
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo116

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Number of Participants With Myocardial Infarction, Excluding First 2 Years of Follow-up

Myocardial infarction, excluding first 2 years of follow-up (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years, excluding first 2 years of follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D108
VItamin D Placebo117
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids94
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo131

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Number of Participants With Cardiovascular Event in Expanded Composite Cardiovascular Endpoint

Expanded composite cardiovascular endpoint = a composite endpoint of myocardial infarction, stroke, death from cardiovascular causes, and coronary revascularization (coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous coronary intervention) (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D536
Vitamin D Placebo558
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids527
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo567

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Number of Participants With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Percutaneous coronary intervention (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D182
Vitamin D Placebo188
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids162
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo208

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Number of Participants With Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D169
Vitamin D Placebo176
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids145
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo200

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Number of Participants With Serrated Colorectal Polyps

hyperplastic polyp, traditional serrated adenoma, sessile serrated polyp (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D172
Vitamin D Placebo169
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids174
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo167

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Number of Female Participants With Breast Cancer

Breast cancer (in women) (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D124
Vitamin D Placebo122
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids117
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo129

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Number of Participants With Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D51
Vitamin D Placebo47
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids54
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo44

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Number of Participants With Conventional Colorectal Adenoma

tubular, tubulovillous, villous adenoma; adenoma w/high-grade dysplasia (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D308
Vitamin D Placebo287
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids294
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo301

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Number of Male Participants With Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer (in men) (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D192
Vitamin D Placebo219
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids219
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo192

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Number of Participants Who Died From Any Cause

Death from any cause (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D485
Vitamin D Placebo493
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids493
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo485

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Number of Participants Who Died From Stroke

Death from stroke (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D19
Vitamin D Placebo23
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids22
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo20

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Number of Participants With Coronary-artery Bypass Grafting

Coronary-artery bypass grafting (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D73
Vitamin D Placebo98
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids85
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo86

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Number of Participants With Hemorrhagic Stroke

Hemorrhagic stroke (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D19
Vitamin D Placebo25
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids25
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo19

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Number of Participants Who Died From Any Cause, Excluding First 2 Years of Follow-up

Death from any cause, excluding first 2 years of follow-up (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years, excluding first 2 years of follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D368
Vitamin D Placebo384
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids371
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo381

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Number of Participants With Invasive Cancer of Any Type

Invasive cancer of any type (NCT01169259)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D793
Vitamin D Placebo824
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids820
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo797

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Subjects Achieving Normal Vitamin D Levels

(NCT01173848)
Timeframe: within 24 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Vitamin D24
Vitamin D34

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Change in 25OH-Vitamin D Level

Vitamin D deficient study subjects will be randomized to either treatment with 50,000 IU oral 25OH-Vit D weekly or no treatment (standard of care). The primary outcome of change in 25OH-Vit D level will be measured at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. (NCT01175798)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionng/dL (Median)
No Treatment (Standard of Care)15.8
Vitamin D Repletion40.9

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Number of Relapse-Free (Documented) Subjects

The relapse-free patients after 2 years of treatment was calculated using Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test using the site as control variable. (NCT01198132)
Timeframe: 2 years post treatment (IMP) administration

Interventionsubjects (Number)
Cholecalciferol35
Placebo27

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Annualized Relapse Rate

The annualized relapse rate was calculated for each treatment group as follows: the number of relapses observed during the study period divided by the time spent in the study (in years). (NCT01198132)
Timeframe: 2 years post treatment (IMP) administration

InterventionRelapse per year (Mean)
Cholecalciferol0.45
Placebo0.34

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Cumulative Probability of Progression of Disability (Kaplan-Meier Curves)

Disability progression was assessed using Expanded disability status scale (EDSS). EDSS assesses disability in 8 functional systems. An overall score ranging from 0 (normal) to 10 (death due to MS) was calculated. A one-point increase on the EDSS scale was considered as a progression in disability. The time to disability progression was summarized using Kaplan-Meier survival methods. The cumulative probability of confirmed disease progression at each visit was obtained by applying a Kaplan-Meier method to the time to confirmed disease progression. (NCT01198132)
Timeframe: Baseline up to week 96

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Cholecalciferol12.7
Placebo9.1

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Mean Number of Relapses Per Subject

Relapse was defined as new, worsening or recurrent neurological symptoms attributed to multiple sclerosis that last for at least 24 hours without fever or infection, or adverse reaction to prescribed medication, preceded by a stable or improving neurological status of at least 30 days. Mean and standard deviation were reported. (NCT01198132)
Timeframe: 2 years post treatment (IMP) administration

Interventionrelapses (Mean)
Cholecalciferol0.5
Placebo0.5

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Time to First Documented Relapse

Time to First Documented Relapse was calculated using Kaplan-Meier survival methods. (NCT01198132)
Timeframe: 2 years post treatment (IMP) administration

Interventionweeks (Median)
CholecalciferolNA
Rebif +PlaceboNA

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Change From Baseline in Euro Quality of Life Scale (EuroQol) 5-Dimension-3 Level (EQ-5D-3L)

The EQ-5D health questionnaire is a generic self-reported health-related quality of life instrument that includes a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS) to measure the general health state, as well as 5 items corresponding to one dimension each: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. In this study, the VAS scale is not collected and the version 3L of the scale was used: Each dimension had 3 possible levels: 1 = no problem, 2 = some problems and 3 = extreme problems. EQ-5D-3L weighted health state index exists that combines the score of the 5 dimensions and ranges from 0 to 1 (full health). The variables for the 5 dimensions of the EQ-5D descriptive system was named 'mobility','selfcare', 'activity', 'pain', and 'anxiety'. The 5 variables contained the values for the different dimensions in the EQ-5D health profile (i.e. 1, 2, or 3). (NCT01198132)
Timeframe: 2 years post treatment (IMP) administration

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=60, 63)Change at Week 96 (n=43, 45)
Cholecalciferol0.7834-0.0051
Placebo0.79370.0043

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Change From Baseline in Measurement and Evaluation of Cognitive Ability by Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) Total Score At Week 96

The Adapted Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) is a measure of cognitive function that specifically assesses auditory information processing speed and flexibility, as well as calculation ability. The total score for PASAT is the total number of correct answers (out of 60, for a total possible score ranging from 0-60 with higher score indicates higher auditory processing speed) for each trial. Change from baseline in PASAT total score at Week 96 was summarized. (NCT01198132)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 96

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 96
Cholecalciferol39.96.4
Placebo43.36.0

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Changes From Baseline in Measured Lesion Load (T2)

Baseline defined as last value recorded prior to first intake of study drug. (NCT01198132)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 96

,
Interventioncubic millimeter (mm^3) (Mean)
Baseline (n=49, 43)Change at Week 96 (n=44, 38)
Cholecalciferol5305.4-315.0
Placebo3520.1596.3

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Number of New or Extended Lesions by T1- and T2-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

(NCT01198132)
Timeframe: 2 years post treatment (IMP) administration

,
Interventionlesions (Mean)
T1-weighted MRIT2-weighted MRI
Cholecalciferol0.40.5
Placebo1.92.0

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Number of Subjects With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Serious TEAEs and Abnormal Clinical Laboratory

A serious TEAE was an AE that resulted in any of the following outcomes: death; life threatening; persistent/significant disability/incapacity; initial or prolonged inpatient hospitalization; congenital anomaly/birth defect and TEAE was defined as newly occurring or worsening after first dose. Clinical laboratory abnormalities are expected to be reported as adverse events if they met any criterion for seriousness, led to treatment discontinuation, required a medical intervention or were considered clinically significant by the investigator. (NCT01198132)
Timeframe: Baseline up to end of treatment (week 96)

,
Interventionsubjects (Number)
TEAEsSerious TEAEs
Cholecalciferol4311
Placebo3510

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Glucose Tolerance

The primary endpoint is the change in the area under the glucose curve following an oral glucose tolerance test prior to and after the three month intervention. (NCT01199926)
Timeframe: three months

Interventionmmol/L/120 min (Mean)
Vitamin D-18.0
Placebo-25.7

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Inflammation

The primary endpoint is the change in C reactive protein after the three month intervention (NCT01199926)
Timeframe: three months

Interventionmg/L (Mean)
Vitamin D0.64
Placebo-0.33

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Muscle Function

The primary endpoint is the change in lean mass (kilograms) after the three month resistance exercise intervention. (NCT01199926)
Timeframe: three months

Interventionkilograms (Mean)
Vitamin D1.14
Placebo1.50

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Change in Urinary Albumin:Creatinine Ratio (ACR)

Urinary Albumin:Creatinine Ratio (ACR) is a well-established, sensitive marker of nephropathy progression (urine albumin (mg/dL) to urine creatinine (g/dL) ratio). (NCT01214356)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months

Interventionratio (Mean)
Vitamin D Supplementation-52.55555556
Usual Care46.44444444

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Monocyte Protein Expression

Flow cytometry analysis of monocyte CD14, ACE, VDR, and Mac-1 expression (NCT01222234)
Timeframe: 8 weeks of therapy

,
Interventionrelative fluorescence units (Mean)
CD14ACEVDRMac-1
Group 1: Cholecalciferol - CKD341101359279914318
Group 2: Calcitriol - CKD385401360346814278.5

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Change in 24,25(OH)2D Levels in CKD vs. Non-CKD Subjects Receiving Cholecalciferol

(NCT01222234)
Timeframe: 8 weeks of therapy

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Group 1: CKD Cholecalciferol1.59
Group 3: Non-CKD Cholecalciferol3.59

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Number of Participants With Aspergillus Induced IL-13 Responses in CD4+ T-cells

To test the hypothesis that supplementation with Vitamin D in CF patients with ABPA will reduce Aspergillus induced IL-13 responses in peripheral CD4+ T-cells. Response confirmed for each individual patient and recorded as number of participants with response. (NCT01222273)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Cholecalciferol7

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Change in Patient Total IgE Levels

To test the hypothesis that supplementation with Vitamin D in CF patients with ABPA will reduce total IgE levels by the end of the 24-week period (NCT01222273)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionIU/mL (Mean)
Cholecalciferol312.6

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Change in Patient Aspergillus Specific IgE Levels

To test the hypothesis that supplementation with Vitamin D in CF patients with ABPA will reduce aspergillus specific IgE levels by the end of the 24-week period (NCT01222273)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionkUA/I (Mean)
Cholecalciferol11.73

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Serum Total Cholesterol (Tchol)

(NCT01229891)
Timeframe: 12-week

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Plain Yogurt Drink197.3
Vitamin D-fortified Yogurt Drink182.8
Vitamin D-calcium Fortified Yogurt Drink178.5

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Serum Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

(NCT01229891)
Timeframe: 12-week

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Plain Yogurt Drink93.5
Vitamin D-fortified Yogurt Drink91.1
Vitamin D-calcium Fortified Yogurt Drink96.3

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Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D

(NCT01229891)
Timeframe: 12-week

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
Plain Yogurt Drink45.6
Vitamin D-fortified Yogurt Drink76.2
Vitamin D-calcium Fortified Yogurt Drink78.4

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Serum High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

(NCT01229891)
Timeframe: 12-week

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Plain Yogurt Drink51.8
Vitamin D-fortified Yogurt Drink46.1
Vitamin D-calcium Fortified Yogurt Drink48

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Insulin

fasting serum insulin concentration (NCT01229891)
Timeframe: 12-week

InterventionmU/L (Mean)
Plain Yogurt Drink10.8
Vitamin D-fortified Yogurt Drink6.5
Vitamin D-calcium Fortified Yogurt Drink6.4

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Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)

(NCT01229891)
Timeframe: 12-week

Interventionpercent (Mean)
Plain Yogurt Drink8.7
Vitamin D-fortified Yogurt Drink7
Vitamin D-calcium Fortified Yogurt Drink7.8

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Serum Triglyceride (TG)

(NCT01229891)
Timeframe: 12-week

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Plain Yogurt Drink181.3
Vitamin D-fortified Yogurt Drink155.2
Vitamin D-calcium Fortified Yogurt Drink161.1

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Fasting Serum Glucose (FSG)

(NCT01229891)
Timeframe: 12-week

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Plain Yogurt Drink203.3
Vitamin D-fortified Yogurt Drink171.2
Vitamin D-calcium Fortified Yogurt Drink174.3

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Lung Function Change From Baseline

FEV1 (liters) and methacholine PC20 will be evaluated. Changes are measured as 28 weeks minus baseline. (NCT01248065)
Timeframe: Change is measured as value at 28 weeks minus baseline value.

InterventionLiters (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide + Placebo-0.04
Ciclesonide + Vitamin D-0.07

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Treatment Failure

Treatment failure is a well-defined asthma outcome reflecting overall asthma control that has been used previously in multiple clinical trials. Treatment failure as defined in the current proposal and prior trials is consistent with the American Thoracic Society (ATS)/European Respiratory Society(ERS) definition of a moderate exacerbation - a deterioration in symptoms and/or lung function with increased rescue bronchodilator use that lasts 2 days or more. The percentages of participants experiencing a treatment failure are Kaplan-Meier estimates of failure rate. (NCT01248065)
Timeframe: Twenty-eight week intervention period from randomization until end of trial.

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Ciclesonide + Placebo29
Ciclesonide + Vitamin D28

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Exacerbations

Outcome defined as number of exacerbations per person-year. (NCT01248065)
Timeframe: Overall exacerbation rate during 28-week trial

InterventionExacerbations/person-year (Number)
Ciclesonide + Placebo0.40
Ciclesonide + Vitamin D0.26

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Coronary Calcium Score

Bone mineral density assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the whole body, lumbar spine and hip was performed using Hologic scanners (QDR 1000W or QDR 2000). The total Agatston coronary calcium score (CCS) was measured as the sum of calcified plaque scores of all the coronary arteries. The amount of calcium present in the coronary arteries is scored according to the Agatson scale, as follows: 0 - no identifiable disease; 1 to 99 - mild disease; 100 to 399 - moderate disease; 400 or higher - severe disease. (NCT01265615)
Timeframe: on day 180

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Paricalcitol Treatment530
Calcitriol Treatment611
Cholecalciferol524
Supplemental990

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GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the abbreviated form of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation: eGFR = exp (5.228 - 1.154 × ln (serum creatinine) - 0.203 × ln (age). Concerning of GFR with Tc99m DTPA renography was used for the complex analysis of renal function. Camera based GFR estimated from Tc99m DTPA renography was named Gates GFR. (NCT01265615)
Timeframe: on day 180

Interventionml/min/1.73 m^2 (Mean)
Paricalcitol Treatment84
Calcitriol Treatment81
Cholecalciferol76
Supplemental54

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Heart Failure (HF)

"NYHA (New York Heart Association) functional class verified with veloergometry probe and by NYHA clinical classification NYHA Class Symptoms I No symptoms and no limitation in ordinary physical activity, e.g. shortness of breath when walking, climbing stairs etc.~II Mild symptoms and slight limitation during ordinary activity. III Marked limitation in activity due to symptoms, even during less-than-ordinary activity, e.g. walking short distances (20-100 m).~Comfortable only at rest. IV Severe limitations. Experiences symptoms even while at rest. Mostly bedbound patients." (NCT01265615)
Timeframe: on day 180 after Tx (transplantation)

InterventionNYHA functional class of HF (Mean)
Paricalcitol Treatment1.8
Calcitriol Treatment1.9
Cholecalciferol1.9
Supplemental2.5

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VDR (Vitamin D Receptor) Expression in Myocardium

VDR content was determined by using an ELISA developed in this laboratory. The protein concentration of the homogenates was determined by the method of Bradford (1976), using BSA as a standard. (NCT01265615)
Timeframe: on day 180

Interventionfmol VDR/ mg protein (Mean)
Paricalcitol Treatment801
Calcitriol Treatment715
Cholecalciferol654
Supplemental389

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VDR (Vitamin D Receptor) Expression in Kidney

VDR content was determined by using an ELISA developed in this laboratory. The protein concentration of the homogenates was determined by the method of Bradford (1976), using BSA as a standard. (NCT01265615)
Timeframe: on day 180

Interventionfmol VDR/ mg protein (Mean)
Paricalcitol Treatment584
Calcitriol Treatment599
Cholecalciferol478
Supplemental333

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Systolic Blood Pressure

SBP measured by routine method (NCT01265615)
Timeframe: on day 180

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Paricalcitol Treatment143
Calcitriol Treatment141
Cholecalciferol147
Supplemental165

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CAD (Chronic Allograft Dysfunction) Degree

"CAD degree measured by Banff score after routine renal biopsy (revised 2005/2007 criteria). We assessed antibody-mediated rejection, borderline changes, T-cell-mediated rejection, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atropthy, and other changes. Grades:~Grade I. Mild interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (<25% of cortical area) II. Moderate (26-50%) III. Severe (>50%) (may include non-specific vascular and glomerular sclerosis)" (NCT01265615)
Timeframe: on day 90

InterventionScores on a Banff scale (Mean)
Paricalcitol Treatment1.24
Calcitriol Treatment1.22
Cholecalciferol1.43
Supplemental1.68

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CAD (Chronic Allograft Dysfunction) Degree

"Beyond 180 days, chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD) was characterized by mean Banff degree (revised 2005/2007 criteria) with the data of renal biopsy material. Renal tissue was recovered during routined biopsy. We assessed antibody-mediated rejection, borderline changes, T-cell-mediated rejection, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atropthy, and other changes. Grades:~Grade I. Mild interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (<25% of cortical area) II. Moderate (26-50%) III. Severe (>50%) (may include non-specific vascular and glomerular sclerosis)" (NCT01265615)
Timeframe: day 180 after Tx (transplantation)

InterventionScores on a Banff scale (Mean)
Paricalcitol Treatment1.24
Calcitriol Treatment1.22
Cholecalciferol1.43
Supplemental1.68

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Number of Circulating SP (Side Population) Stem-Progenitor Cells

Renal cells and solid tissue were obtained from the normal portion of cortex obtained from surgically removed kidneys or by standart biopsy on day 180. Cytofluorimetric analysis and immunofluorescence were performed as described by Oliver J.A. (2004). Sorting and analysis of different cells was done on a FACS (fluorescent activated cell sorting) and by flow cytometry. Cells were analyzed with EPICS systems (Beckman Coulter). Quantification of mRNA expression was achieved using Assays-on-Demand gene expression kits and the ABI PRISM 7000 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystem). (NCT01265615)
Timeframe: on day 180

Interventionper cent of SP cells (Mean)
Paricalcitol Treatment7.6
Calcitriol Treatment6.5
Cholecalciferol5.7
Supplemental4.2

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Serum Creatinine

After an overnight fast, plasma concentrations of hemoglobin, creatinine, cholesterol, glucose, total calcium, and phosphate were measured using an autoanalyzer as described by Adorini L. (2005) (NCT01265615)
Timeframe: on day 180 after Tx

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Paricalcitol Treatment2.5
Calcitriol Treatment2.5
Cholecalciferol2.8
Supplemental4.1

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Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Concentration

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was measured at 6 months. (NCT01276587)
Timeframe: Up to 6 months

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Month 1Month 2Month 3Month 4Month 5Month 6
Single Arm28.536.541.041.7540.7542.5

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CD4+T Cell Count

The change in the CD4+T cell count between the two arms. (NCT01295034)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 months

Interventioncell/μL (Median)
Conventional Vitamin B Dosing26
Tiered/Titrated Vitamin D Dosing40

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25(OH)D Levels

The difference in the percentage of subjects with 25(OH)D levels in the range of 30-60 ng/ml at 12 mo between the two arms. (NCT01295034)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Conventional Vitamin D Treatment13
Tiered/Titrated Vitamin D Dosing20

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Trabecular Bone Density at the Forearm

Measured by high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (NCT01306656)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Group 1-1.00345
Group 2-2.59816

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Change in Urinary Calcium Level

This is designed to measure how the study treatment will affect urinary calcium level over time. (NCT01306656)
Timeframe: 1 month, 3 months, 6 months

,
Interventionmg/day (Mean)
1-month3-month6-month
10,000 IU Vitamin D3 + Multivitamin182.67172.67195.17
Placebo + Multivitamin154115.550.5

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Areal Bone Mineral Density of the Lumbar Spine

Measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan (NCT01306656)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
10,000 IU Vitamin D3 + Multivitamin-.98777
Placebo + Multivitamin1.442861

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Plasma Renin Activity (PRA) [Vitamin D]

PRA is a measure of systemic renin angiotensin system (RAS) activation. Blood was collected and plasma PRA was analyzed using a competitive binding radioimmunoassay (RIA) laboratory test. (NCT01320722)
Timeframe: Week 8

Interventionng/mL per hour (Mean)
Vitamin D0.36
Placebo- Vitamin D0.44

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Change in Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation (EDV)

Endothelial function was assessed by EDV using brachial artery ultrasonography. Measurements of brachial artery diameter were made under basal conditions and reactive hyperemia following ischaemic stimulus. A blood pressure cuff on the forearm was pumped up for 5 minutes then released. Images were taken at baseline and after reactive hyperemia (increased blood flow). The maximum diameter was determined by the investigator. Change in EDV was expressed as a percent of brachial luminal diameter calculated as post-ischaemic brachial artery diameter - pre-ischaemic brachial artery diameter/pre-ischaemic brachial artery diameter * 100. (NCT01320722)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8 (pre and post ischaemic stimulus)

,,,,
Interventionpercent of brachial luminal diameter (Mean)
BaselineWeek 8
Allopurinol7.66.2
Placebo- Uric Acid6.57.1
Placebo- Vitamin D7.96.8
Probenecid7.48.3
Vitamin D6.36.1

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Mean 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure (ABP)

A 24-hour mean ambulatory blood pressure was monitored using a 24 hour ABP device. The ABP device is a small box that is worn on the belt or pant/skirt line with a line that connect under the clothing to the cuff on the upper arm. Blood Pressure was recorded every 30 minutes during the day and every 60 minutes during the night for 24 hours. (NCT01320722)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,,,,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Overall Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), BaselineOverall Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), BaselineAwake SBP, BaselineAsleep SBP, BaselineOverall SBP, Week 8Overall DBP, Week 8Awake SBP, Week 8Asleep SBP, Week 8
Allopurinol124.172.1126.7117.1123.772.0125.1118.6
Placebo- Uric Acid122.471.9125.5113.9122.972.6124.9116.2
Placebo- Vitamin D123.773.7126.4116.5124.774.7127.6117.4
Probenecid126.973.3130.0119.2125.273.8128.1116.2
Vitamin D120.471.6122.4113.9121.672.0124.2114.7

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Mean 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure (ABP) Nocturnal Dipping

A 24-hour mean ambulatory blood pressure was monitored using a 24 hour ABP device. The ABP device is a small box that is worn on the belt or pant/skirt line with a line that connect under the clothing to the cuff on the upper arm. Blood Pressure was recorded every 30 minutes during the day and every 60 minutes during the night for 24 hours. Nocturnal dipping is the percent change lower between the daytime and nighttime values. (NCT01320722)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,,,,
Interventionpercent change (Mean)
BaselineWeek 8
Allopurinol7.55.2
Placebo- Uric Acid9.46.9
Placebo- Vitamin D7.88.1
Probenecid8.49.2
Vitamin D7.37.5

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Angiotensin II (ATII) Concentration [Vitamin D]

ATII concentration is a measure of systemic renin angiotensin system (RAS) activation. Blood was collected and plasma ATII was analyzed using a double-antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) laboratory test. (NCT01320722)
Timeframe: Week 8

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Vitamin D19.5
Placebo- Vitamin D19.7

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Change in Renal Plasma Flow (RPF) in Response to Captopril in High Sodium Balance [Vitamin D]

Change in RPF in response to captopril is a measure of the vasodilator effect from inhibiting angiotensin II (AngII)- mediated vascular tone and therefore the degree of kidney specific Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) activity. Participants consumed a high sodium diet 3 days prior to the test. Following an 8 hour fast, participants remained in a supine (lying down) position and had an intravenous (IV) catheter inserted in each arm, one for infusion and one for blood collection. An 8 milligrams (mg)/kilogram(kg) loading dose of para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) was given, immediately followed by a continuous PAH infusion at 12 mg/minute. After 60 minutes a single dose of 25 mg of captopril was administered. Three pre-captopril measurements and three post-captopril measurements of RPF were made. RPF was normalized to body surface area of 1.73 meters squared (m^2). The change in RPF was calculated as post-captopril RPF- pre-captopril RPF. (NCT01320722)
Timeframe: Week 8 (pre and post captopril)

InterventionmL/min per 1.73 m^2 (Mean)
Vitamin D35.7
Placebo- Vitamin D35.9

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Plasma Renin Activity (PRA) [Uric Acid]

PRA is a measure of systemic renin angiotensin system (RAS) activation. Blood was collected and plasma PRA was analyzed using a competitive binding radioimmunoassay (RIA) laboratory test. (NCT01320722)
Timeframe: Week 8

Interventionng/mL per hour (Median)
Probenecid0.4
Allopurinol0.3
Placebo- Uric Acid0.2

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Change in Renal Plasma Flow (RPF) Response to Captopril in High Sodium Balance [Uric Acid]

RPF in response to captopril iis a measure of the vasodilator effect from inhibiting angiotensin II (AngII)- mediated vascular tone and therefore the degree of kidney specific Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) activity. Participants consumed a high sodium diet 3 days prior to the test. Following an 8 hour fast, participants remained in a supine (lying down) position and had an intravenous (IV) catheter inserted in each arm, one for infusion and one for blood collection. An 8 milligrams (mg)/kilogram(kg) loading dose of para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) was given, immediately followed by a continuous PAH infusion at 12 mg/minute. After 60 minutes a single dose of 25 mg of captopril was administered. Three pre-captopril measurements and three post-captopril measurements of RPF were made. RPF was normalized to body surface area of 1.73 meters squared (m^2). The change in RPF was calculated as post-captopril RPF- pre-captopril RPF. (NCT01320722)
Timeframe: Week 8 (pre and post captopril)

InterventionmL/min per 1.73 m^2 (Median)
Probenecid33
Allopurinol36
Placebo- Uric Acid30

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Angiotensin II (ATII) Concentration [Uric Acid]

ATII concentration is a measure of systemic renin angiotensin system (RAS) activation. Blood was collected and plasma ATII was analyzed using a double-antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) laboratory test. (NCT01320722)
Timeframe: Week 8

Interventionpg/mL (Median)
Probenecid20.3
Allopurinol21.4
Placebo- Uric Acid19.1

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Total IGF-2 in Serum at Baseline and Pre-Surgery

This is measuring the concentration of the Biomarker IGF-2 in blood serum at Baseline and at the end of the study (NCT01325311)
Timeframe: Baseline and Up to Day 35

,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
BaselinePre-Surgery
Arm I (Cholecalciferol, Genistein)805.9858.8
Arm II (Placebo)770.4605.0

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Total IGF-1 in Serum at Baseline and Pre-Surgery

This is measuring the concentration of the Biomarker IGF-1 in blood serum at Baseline and at the end of the study. (NCT01325311)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 35

,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
BaselineDay 35
Arm I (Cholecalciferol, Genistein)66.374.6
Arm II (Placebo)64.260.6

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Detectability of Calcitriol Levels in Tissue Between the Placebo and Cholecalciferol/Genistein Arms

To identify the amount of Calcitriol that is found in the tissue comparing Placebo and Cholecalciferol/Genistein (NCT01325311)
Timeframe: up to 35 days

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
UndetectableDetectable
Arm I (Cholecalciferol, Genistein)61
Arm II (Placebo)71

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Immunohistochemistry Measurements in Prostate Cancer Tissue (PCA)

"The Immunohistochemistry measurement for: AR (Nucleus), VDR (Cytoplasm), p21 (Nucleus), PGE2 (Cytoplasm), TUNEL Pos (Nucleus), Caspase 3 (Cytoplasm), PSMA (Cytoplasm), IGF-1 and IGF-2 (Cytoplasm), Akt (Nucleus and Cytoplasm), and pAkt (nucleus and Cytoplasm)~This is to serve as normalized case data to determine expression of protein.~The normalized optical densities were measured as optical density per unit area by densitometric scanning using Vectra imaging system (Perkin Elmer).~This Optical Density is based on fluorescence." (NCT01325311)
Timeframe: Up to day Day 35

,
InterventionNormalized Optical Density (Mean)
AR (Nucleus)VDR (Cytoplasm)p21 (Nucleus)PGE2 (Cytoplasm)TUNEL Pos (Nucleus)Caspase 3 (Cytoplasm)PSMA (Cytoplasm)IGF-1 (Cytoplasm)IGF-2 (Cytoplasm)Akt (Nucleus)pAkt (Nucleus)Akt (Cytoplasm)pAkt (Cytoplasm)
Arm I (Cholecalciferol, Genistein)0.5630.2810.1850.1350.3630.1030.210-0.155-0.4430.3090.2910.3790.365
Arm II (Placebo)-0.563-0.281-0.185-0.135-0.363-0.103-0.2100.1550.443-0.309-0.291-0.379-0.365

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Levels of Calcidiol in the Participants Serum

This is measuring the amount of Calcidiol that was found in the participants blood Serum at baseline and end of study (NCT01325311)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to day 35

,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
BaselinePre-Surgery
Arm I (Cholecalciferol, Genistein)24.527.3
Arm II (Placebo)20.519.2

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Tissue Levels of Calcitriol Between the Placebo and Cholecalciferol/Genistein Arms

This is a measure of calcitriol in prostate tissue comparing placebo and cholecalciferol/genistein (NCT01325311)
Timeframe: up to Day 35

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Arm II (Placebo)0.045
Arm I (Cholecalciferol, Genistein)0.057

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PBMC CYP mRNA Expression of CYP24

This is a measure of expression of CYP24 in comparing placebo to Cholecalciferol/genistein. (NCT01325311)
Timeframe: Baseline and Up to Day 35

InterventionRatio to Baseline (Geometric Mean)
Arm II (Placebo)3.054
Arm I (Cholecalciferol, Genistein)2.202

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Percent of Participants With CYP24 and CYP27B1 SNPs (DNA From Paxgene)

(NCT01325311)
Timeframe: up to Day 35

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
rs2209314- T/Crs2209314- T/Trs2248359- C/Crs2248359- C/Trs2248359- T/Trs2296241- A/Ars2296241- A/Grs2296241- G/Grs2762939- C/Grs2762939- G/Grs927650- C/Crs927650- C/Trs927650- T/Trs703842- A/Ars703842- A/Grs703842- G/G
Arm I (Cholecalciferol, Genistein)42.8657.1442.8657.14014.2971.4314.2928.5771.4371.4314.2914.2914.2971.4314.29
Arm II (Placebo)37.562.537.537.52537.535.52537.562.5050505037.512.5

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Serum Calcium Levels at Baseline and Pre-Surgery

This is a measurement of calcium in the Blood serum at baseline and at the end of the study. (NCT01325311)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 35

,
Interventionng/mL (absolute change) (Mean)
BaselineDay 35
Arm I (Cholecalciferol, Genistein)11.310.9
Arm II (Placebo)10.510.8

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Levels of Calcitriol in Participants Serum

This is measuring the amount of Calcitriol that was found in the participants blood Serum at baseline and end of study. (NCT01325311)
Timeframe: baseline and Up to Day 35

,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
BaselinePre-Surgery
Arm I (Cholecalciferol, Genistein)0.50.1
Arm II (Placebo)0.50.5

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Immunohistochemistry Measurements in Benign Prostate Tissue (BPT)

"The Immunohistochemistry measurement for: AR (Nucleus), VDR (Cytoplasm), p21 (Nucleus), PGE2 (Cytoplasm), TUNEL Pos (Nucleus), Caspase 3 (Cytoplasm), PSMA (Cytoplasm), IGF-1 and IGF-2 (Cytoplasm), Akt (Nucleus and Cytoplasm), and pAkt (nucleus and Cytoplasm)~This is to serve as normalized control data to determine expression of protein.~The normalized optical densities were measured as optical density per unit area by densitometric scanning using Vectra imaging system (Perkin Elmer).~This Optical Density is based on fluorescence." (NCT01325311)
Timeframe: Up to Day 35

,
InterventionNormalized Optical Density (Mean)
AR (Nucleus)VDR (Cytoplasm)p21 (Nucleus)PGE2 (Cytoplasm)TUNEL Pos (Nucleus)Caspase 3 (Cytoplasm)PSMA (Cytoplasm)IGF-1 (Cytoplasm)IGF-2 (Cytoplasm)Akt (Nucleus)pAkt (Nucleus)Akt (Cytoplasm)pAkt (Cytoplasm)
Arm I (Cholecalciferol, Genistein)0.4140.5150.0970.1840.1920.352-0.0290.3370.3830.3610.1310.2840.061
Arm II (Placebo)-0.362-0.451-0.085-0.161-0.168-0.3080.025-0.295-0.335-0.316-0.114-0.249-0.053

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Total PTH in Serum at Baseline and Pre-Surgery

This is measuring the concentration of the Biomarker PTH in blood serum at Baseline and at the end of the study (NCT01325311)
Timeframe: Baseline and Up to Day 35

,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
BaselinePre-Surgery
Arm I (Cholecalciferol, Genistein)144.8136.5
Arm II (Placebo)143.4151.1

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Total PSA in Serum

This is a measure of the concentration of PSA in the blood serum at baseline and at the end of study. (NCT01325311)
Timeframe: at Baseline and up to Day 35

,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
BaselineDay 35
Arm I (Cholecalciferol, Genistein)6.35.8
Arm II (Placebo)8.78.3

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Total IGFBP-3 in Serum at Baseline and Pre-Surgery

This is measuring the concentration of the Biomarker IGFBP-3 in blood serum at Baseline and at the end of the study. (NCT01325311)
Timeframe: Baseline and Up to Day 35

,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
BaselineDay 35
Arm I (Cholecalciferol, Genistein)2004.51843.4
Arm II (Placebo)1838.91667.5

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PBMC CYP mRNA Expression of CYP27B1

This is a measure of expression of CYP27B1 in comparing placebo to Cholecalciferol/genistein. (NCT01325311)
Timeframe: Up to Day 35

InterventionRatio to Baseline (Geometric Mean)
Arm II (Placebo)1.656
Arm I (Cholecalciferol, Genistein)2.389

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25 (OH)D in Nmol/L Between Baseline and 6 Months

Change in 25 (OH)D level in SCD patients with and without chronic pain between baseline and 6 months. (NCT01331148)
Timeframe: Baseline and after 6 months of study participation

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
Drug55.2
Placebo50.4

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Change in Post Load Glucose Concentrations

It was performed 2 hours after 75g oral glucose tolerance test (75-OGTT). (NCT01344161)
Timeframe: 3 months minus baseline

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Vitamin D-0.29
Placebo-0.3

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Change in Body Fat Mass

Body composition was assessed by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (model 4000; Body Stat Quad Scan, Douglas Isle of Man, British Isles).The principle of measuring the flow of current through the body is dependent on the frequency applied. At low frequencies, the current cannot bridge the cellular membrane and will pass predominantly through the extra-cellular space. At higher frequencies penetration of the cell membrane occurs and the current is conducted by both the extra-cellular water (ECW) and intra-cellular water (ICW).FFM can be estimated because FFM is primarily composed of water. (NCT01344161)
Timeframe: 3 months minus baseline

Interventionkg (Mean)
Vitamin D-2.7
Placebo-0.4

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Change in Glucose Concentrations

(NCT01344161)
Timeframe: 3 months minus baseline

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Vitamin D-0.28
Placebo-0.65

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Change in Insulin Concentrations

(NCT01344161)
Timeframe: 3 months minus baseline

Interventionpmol/L (Mean)
Vitamin D-24.8
Placebo-19

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Extension Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in s-CTx at Month 12

s-CTx is a biochemical marker for bone turnover that has been shown to detect increased bone resorption, a process by which bone is broken down within the body. s-CTx was measured at baseline and Month 12. (NCT01350934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Fosamax Plus-76.15
Calcitriol-24.19

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Extension Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in s-P1NP at Month 12

s-P1NP is a biochemical marker of bone turnover that is particularly useful in monitoring bone resorption, a process by which bone is broken down within the body. s-P1NP was measured at baseline and Month 12. (NCT01350934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Fosamax Plus-68.07
Calcitriol-17.00

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Extension Study: Percentage of Participants With Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin (OH) D <20 ng/mL at Month 12

"The term vitamin D insufficiency is used to describe vitamin D levels that are low enough to cause secondary hyperparathyroidism, bone loss, and increased risk of skeletal fracture. In this study, a threshold for vitamin D insufficiency was a level of serum 25(OH) D <20 ng/mL." (NCT01350934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Fosamax Plus4.1
Calcitriol47.1

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Base Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Month 6

BMD at the lumbar spine was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline and Month 6. (NCT01350934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Fosamax Plus3.54
Calcitriol1.59

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Base Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum C-Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen (s-CTx) at Month 6

s-CTx is a biochemical marker for bone turnover that has been shown to detect increased bone resorption, a process by which bone is broken down within the body. s-CTx was measured at baseline and Month 6. (NCT01350934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Fosamax Plus-79.23
Calcitriol-27.20

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Base Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum Procollagen Type 1 N-Terminal Propeptide (s-P1NP) at Month 6

s-P1NP is a biochemical marker of bone turnover that is particularly useful in monitoring bone resorption, a process by which bone is broken down within the body. s-P1NP was measured at baseline and Month 6. (NCT01350934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Fosamax Plus-59.12
Calcitriol-16.75

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Extension Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine BMD at Month 12

BMD at the lumbar spine was assessed by DXA at baseline and Month 12. (NCT01350934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Fosamax Plus5.17
Calcitriol2.26

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Incident Autoimmune Diseases

"All participants were followed for the development of new autoimmune diseases, including, but not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, autoimmune thyroid disease, inflammatory bowel disease and polymyalgia rheumatica. The primary endpoint was all incident autoimmune disease confirmed by extensive medical record review. Participants self-reported all incident autoimmune diseases from baseline through follow-up. We used Cox proportional hazards models to test the effects of vitamin D and n-3 fatty acids upon autoimmune disease incidence.~We compared the separate main effects of vitamin D or n-3 fatty acid supplement assignment on AD incidence using Cox regression models. To account for randomization stratification and study design, we additionally adjusted for age, sex, self-reported race, and randomization to the other supplement. Person-time was counted until diagnosis of a new confirmed AD, death, or the end of the trial. We also test interactions between the two supplements (NCT01351805)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D123
Placebo Vitamin D155
Active n-3 FA130
Placebo n-3 FA148

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Severity of Knee Pain in Subsample With Chronic, Frequent Knee Pain at Baseline- With n-3 FA & Vitamin D

"Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) Pain was the primary outcome on a scale of 0-100 with 100= worst pain.~Subsample of VITAL participants with chronic, frequent knee pain at trial baseline were followed with annual WOMAC questionnaires to test for change in severity of chronic knee pain in those taking Omega-3 fish oil (n-3 FA) supplements compared to those taking placebo and for those taking Vitamin D supplements compared to those taking placebo. We tested whether n-3 FA supplements and Vitamin D are associated with reduced levels of WOMAC knee pain at the end of the trial (comparing knee pain outcomes in those receiving supplements to placebo). We will also test whether there were multiplicative interactions between the two supplements for the outcome of knee pain severity by WOMAC-Pain index" (NCT01351805)
Timeframe: Baseline and 5 years

,,,
InterventionWOMAC units on a scale (Mean)
Baseline mean WOMAC PainFollow Up mean WOMAC pain
Active n-3 FA36.533.6
Active Vitamin D35.432.7
Placebo n-3 FA35.433.7
Placebo Vitamin D36.534.6

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Serum Levels of Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation: C-reactive Protein (CRP)

In a subsample of the randomized trial population across the four arms, blood samples at baseline and in follow-up were collected and analyzed for changes in biomarkers of systemic inflammation: C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-receptor 2 (TNFR2). We tested whether either or both supplements were associated with a decrease in the biomarkers of systemic inflammation (blood biomarker levels among those receiving supplements vs. placebo). We also tested whether there were interactions between the two supplements in their effects on changes in the CRP serum biomarker of systemic inflammation. (NCT01351805)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 year

,,,
Interventionmg/L (Geometric Mean)
Baseline ln (hsCRP) mg/L, geometric mean (95% Cl)Year 1 ln (hsCRP) mg/L, geometric mean (95% CI)
Active n-3 FA1.571.63
Active Vitamin D1.481.62
Placebo n-3 FA1.431.53
Placebo Vitamin D1.511.54

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Serum Levels of Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation: Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

In a subsample of the randomized trial population across the four arms, blood samples at baseline and in follow-up were collected and analyzed for changes in biomarkers of systemic inflammation: C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-receptor 2 (TNFR2). We tested whether either or both supplements were associated with a decrease in the biomarkers of systemic inflammation (blood biomarker levels among those receiving supplements vs. placebo). We also tested whether there were interactions between the two supplements in their effects on changes in the IL-6 serum biomarker of systemic inflammation. (NCT01351805)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 year

,,,
Interventionpg/ml (Geometric Mean)
Baseline ln (IL-6) pg/ml, geometric mean (95% Cl)Year 1 ln (IL-6) pg/mL, geometric mean (95% CI)
Active n-3 FA1.691.70
Active Vitamin D1.711.80
Placebo n-3 FA1.701.72
Placebo Vitamin D1.681.63

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Serum Levels of Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation: Tumor Necrosis Factor-receptor 2 (TNFR2)

In a subsample of the randomized trial population across the four arms, blood samples at baseline and in follow-up were collected and analyzed for changes in biomarkers of systemic inflammation: C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-receptor 2 (TNFR2). We tested whether either or both supplements were associated with a decrease in the biomarkers of systemic inflammation (blood biomarker levels among those receiving supplements vs. placebo). We also tested whether there were interactions between the two supplements in their effects on changes in the TNFR2 serum biomarker of systemic inflammation. (NCT01351805)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 year

,,,
Interventionpg/ml (Geometric Mean)
Baseline ln (TNFR2) pg/ml, geometric mean (95% Cl)Year 1 ln (TNFR2) pg/mL, geometric mean (95% CI)
Active n-3 FA2571.32605.3
Active Vitamin D2546.52604.7
Placebo n-3 FA2500.92567.3
Placebo Vitamin D2525.42567.9

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Percent Change in Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity

Endogenous glucose production (EGP) was assessed at each study visit to evaluate hepatic insulin sensitivity. Percent change between the EGP at baseline and second visit (after treatment for up to 3 months with Vitamin D to reach a target level of ≥30 ng/ml), and baseline and third visits (after treatment for up to 6 months with Vitamin D in order to reach a target level of ≥50 ng/ml) will be calculated. (NCT01354964)
Timeframe: 2nd clamp visit (after up to 3 months) and 3rd clamp visit (after up to 6 months)

,
Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Percent change between baseline and 2nd visitPercent change between baseline and 3rd visit
Placebo5.8113.7
Vitamin D-19.2-33.66

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Evaluated Expression of Pro-inflammatory Gene TNF-α

Adipose tissue macrophages will be isolated from subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue, and will be quantified by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. TNF-α gene expression will be examined by real-time (rt-PCR) and will provide a measure of macrophage activation at baseline, at 2nd study visit (after treatment with Vitamin D to a goal level of ≥30 ng/ml), and at 3rd study visit (goal Vitamin D level of ≥50 ng/ml). The mRNA copy number is then compared with a reference gene copy number (5 commonly used house keeping genes [HKGs]) as a ratio, which is a measure of relative gene expression. (NCT01354964)
Timeframe: 2nd clamp visit (up to 3 months) and 3rd clamp visit (up to 6 months)

,
InterventionRatio of mRNA copy numbers (TNF-α/5HKGs) (Mean)
TNF-α (2nd study visit)TNF-α (3rd study visit)
Placebo0.0210.008
Vitamin D0.0230.036

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Percent Change in Peripheral Glucose Uptake

The rate of glucose uptake to determine peripheral insulin sensitivity was measured using the rate of disappearance (Rd) of glucose at each study visit. Percent change between the Rd at baseline and second visit (after treatment with Vitamin D for up to 3 months to target level of ≥30 ng/ml), and baseline and third visits (after treatment with Vitamin D for up to 6 months to target level of ≥50 ng/ml) will be calculated. (NCT01354964)
Timeframe: 2nd clamp visit (up to 3 months) and 3rd clamp visit (up to 6 months)

,
Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Percent change between baseline and 2nd visitPercent change between baseline and 3rd visit
Placebo-2.541.75
Vitamin D0.48-0.98

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Evaluated Expression of Pro-inflammatory Gene PAI-1

Adipose tissue macrophages will be isolated from subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue, and will be quantified by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. PAI-1 gene expression will be examined by real-time (rt-PCR) and will provide a measure of macrophage activation at baseline, at 2nd study visit (after treatment with Vitamin D to a goal level of ≥30 ng/ml), and at 3rd study visit (goal Vitamin D level of ≥50 ng/ml). The mRNA copy number is then compared with a reference gene copy number (5 commonly used house keeping genes [HKGs]) as a ratio, which is a measure of relative gene expression. (NCT01354964)
Timeframe: 2nd clamp visit (up to 3 months) and 3rd clamp visit (up to 6 months)

,
InterventionRatio of mRNA copy numbers (PAI-1/5HKGs) (Mean)
PAI-1 (2nd study visit)PAI-1 (3rd study visit)
Placebo0.0320.019
Vitamin D0.0200.008

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Evaluated Expression of Pro-inflammatory Gene iNOS

Adipose tissue macrophages will be isolated from subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue, and will be quantified by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. iNOS gene expression will be examined by real-time (rt-PCR) and will provide a measure of macrophage activation at baseline, at 2nd study visit (after treatment with Vitamin D to a goal level of ≥30 ng/ml), and at 3rd study visit (goal Vitamin D level of ≥50 ng/ml). The mRNA copy number is then compared with a reference gene copy number (5 commonly used house keeping genes [HKGs]) as a ratio, which is a measure of relative gene expression. (NCT01354964)
Timeframe: 2nd clamp visit (up to 3 months) and 3rd clamp visit (up to 6 months)

,
InterventionRatio of mRNA copy numbers (iNOS/5HKGs) (Mean)
iNOS (2nd study visit)iNOS (3rd study visit)
Placebo0.0080.005
Vitamin D0.0040.003

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Evaluated Expression of Pro-inflammatory Gene IL-6

Adipose tissue macrophages will be isolated from subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue, and will be quantified by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. IL-6 gene expression will be examined by real-time (rt-PCR) and will provide a measure of macrophage activation at baseline, at 2nd study visit (after treatment with Vitamin D to a goal level of ≥30 ng/ml), and at 3rd study visit (goal Vitamin D level of ≥50 ng/ml). The mRNA copy number is then compared with a reference gene copy number (5 commonly used house keeping genes [HKGs]) as a ratio, which is a measure of relative gene expression. (NCT01354964)
Timeframe: 2nd clamp visit (up to 3 months) and 3rd clamp visit (up to 6 months)

,
InterventionRatio of mRNA copy numbers (IL-6/5HKGs) (Mean)
IL-6 (2nd study visit)IL-6 (3rd study visit)
Placebo0.0470.050
Vitamin D0.0190.022

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Number of Children Who Developed Autism

The child will be screened by an Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (MCHAT) interview at 18 months of age, and by a questionnaire, the Pervasive Developmental Disorder Behavioral Inventory (PDDBI) at 3 years of age to determine whether the child has developed autism or not. (NCT01366885)
Timeframe: Child assessed at 3 years of age

InterventionChildren who developed autism (Number)
Intervention During Pregnancy1

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Number of Mothers Who Developed Side Effects From Vitamin D

Mother will be followed by blood and urine screening for hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria which is the primary side effects of too much vitamin D. (NCT01366885)
Timeframe: During pregnancy and the 3 years of the child's development

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Intervention During Pregnancy0

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events

Unit of Measure is Safety and Tolerability. The number of participants with adverse events will be compared between the groups using the independent sample t-test (assuming the distribution is normal). (NCT01371877)
Timeframe: 3 month study trial

Interventionparticipants (Number)
High Dose Vitamin D0
Low Dose Vitamin D0

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Total Urticaria Severity Score at 3 Months

The Unit of Measure is Efficacy. The Total Urticaria Severity Score (USS) ranges from 0 to 93, higher scores = worse symptoms. This secondary outcome of this study is to determine if high dose vitamin D supplementation improves the urticaria severity score (USS). The change in USS will be compared between the groups using the independent sample t-test (assuming the distribution is normal). Logistic regression and multiple linear regression will be used to adjust for possible confounders. (NCT01371877)
Timeframe: 3 month intervention

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline Total Urticaria Score1 week Total Urticaria Score3 month Total Urticaria Score
High Dose Vitamin D41.1425.4815.0
Low Dose Vitamin D40.129.2424.1

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Medication Usage

The Unit of Measure is Efficacy. The primary outcome of this study is to determine if vitamin D supplementation reduces the medication usage in subjects with CUA. Thus, for the outcome of reduction in pills, at 12 weeks, subjects whose pill usage decreases by 2 or more pills per day will be classified as improved. Subjects whose pill consumption did not change or increased will be classified as unchanged. (NCT01371877)
Timeframe: 12 week intervention

,
Interventionnumber of pills/day (Mean)
Baseline medication usage3 month medication usage
High Dose Vitamin D2.82.0
Low Dose Vitamin D4.64.9

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Number of Participants With Plasma 25(OH)D Concentration >30ng/mL at Day 84

The number of participants with a plasma 25(OH)D concentration in the desirable range (defined as greater than 30 ng/mL) at the Day 84 measurement. (NCT01372995)
Timeframe: Day 84

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo1
250,000 IU of Vitamin D30
500,000 IU of Vitamin D30

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Number of Participants With Plasma 25(OH)D Concentration >30ng/mL at Day 7

The number of participants with a plasma 25(OH)D concentration in the desirable range (defined as greater than 30 ng/mL) at the Day 7 measurement. (NCT01372995)
Timeframe: Day 7

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo2
250,000 IU of Vitamin D34
500,000 IU of Vitamin D39

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Number of Participants With Plasma 25(OH)D Concentration >30ng/mL at Day 28

The number of participants with a plasma 25(OH)D concentration in the desirable range (defined as greater than 30 ng/mL) at the Day 28 measurement. (NCT01372995)
Timeframe: Day 28

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo0
250,000 IU of Vitamin D32
500,000 IU of Vitamin D31

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Number of Participants With Plasma 25(OH)D Concentration >30ng/mL at Day 21

The number of participants with a plasma 25(OH)D concentration in the desirable range (defined as greater than 30 ng/mL) at the Day 21 measurement. (NCT01372995)
Timeframe: Day 21

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo1
250,000 IU of Vitamin D33
500,000 IU of Vitamin D32

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Number of Participants With Plasma 25(OH)D Concentration >30ng/mL at Day 14

The number of participants with a plasma 25(OH)D concentration in the desirable range (defined as greater than 30 ng/mL) at the Day 14 measurement. (NCT01372995)
Timeframe: Day 14

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo2
250,000 IU of Vitamin D35
500,000 IU of Vitamin D35

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Duration of Time in Hospital

The number of days that each participant spent in the hospital was collected and the average number of days for each study arm is reported. (NCT01372995)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventiondays (Mean)
Placebo36
250,000 IU of Vitamin D325
500,000 IU of Vitamin D318

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Duration of Time in Intensive Care Unit (ICU)

The number of days spent in the intensive care unit (ICU) was collected for each participant and the average number of days for each study arm is reported. (NCT01372995)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventiondays (Mean)
Placebo23
250,000 IU of Vitamin D317
500,000 IU of Vitamin D315

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Day 84 Mortality

The number of participants who died prior to the end of the study (Day 84) was collected. (NCT01372995)
Timeframe: Day 84

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo2
250,000 IU of Vitamin D31
500,000 IU of Vitamin D34

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Change in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score

Change in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score between Baseline and Day 7. The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score is a mortality prediction score that is based on the degree of dysfunction of 6 organ systems (respiratory, nervous, cardiovascular, liver, coagulation, and kidneys). A score ranges from 0-24. 0 (normal) to 4 (high degree of dysfunction) is given for each organ system, with a higher score indicating greater severity. A score of 0-6 is associated with a mortality rate of less than 10% while a score between 16 and 24 is associated with a greater than 90% mortality rate. Scores decreasing between the Baseline and Day 7 measurements are represented as negative values for the change in SOFA score. (NCT01372995)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 7

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-2
250,000 IU of Vitamin D3-3
500,000 IU of Vitamin D3-2

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Number of Participants With Plasma 25(OH)D Concentration >30ng/mL at Baseline

The number of participants with a plasma 25(OH)D concentration in the desirable range (defined as greater than 30 ng/mL) at the baseline measurement. (NCT01372995)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo2
250,000 IU of Vitamin D32
500,000 IU of Vitamin D31

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Number of Hospital Mortality Cases

The number of study participants who died while in the hospital was collected. (NCT01372995)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo1
250,000 IU of Vitamin D30
500,000 IU of Vitamin D31

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Number of Hospital Acquired Infections

The number of study participants who had a hospital acquired infection. (NCT01372995)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo3
250,000 IU of Vitamin D33
500,000 IU of Vitamin D32

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Duration of Time on Ventilator

The number of days spent on mechanical ventilation was collected for all study participants and the average number of days for each study arm is reported. (NCT01372995)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventiondays (Mean)
Placebo20
250,000 IU of Vitamin D312
500,000 IU of Vitamin D314

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Change in Plasma LL-37 Levels

Plasma LL-37 was measured at Baseline, Day 7 and Day 14. (NCT01372995)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 7, Day 14

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Day 7 Compared to BaselineDay 14 Compared to Baseline
250,000 IU of Vitamin D36.0-12.3
500,000 IU of Vitamin D3-13.5-6.0
Placebo-3.81.1

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Change in Volumetric Bone Mineral Density (vBMD)

To evaluate the change in volumetric BMD (VBMD) at the Tibia (NCT01375010)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Group A-0.3
Group B-0.9

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Change in Vitamin D Levels

To evaluate the change in vitamin D levels with supplementation (NCT01375010)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Group A33.7
Group B64.1

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Areal Change in Bone Mineral Density (aBMD)

To evaluate the change in areal BMD (aBMD) at the total hip (TH) (NCT01375010)
Timeframe: Baseline,12 months

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Group A-0.5
Group B-0.8

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Change in Biochemical Markers

To evaluate the effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on biochemical markers of bone turnover and markers of inflammation. (PTH) (NCT01375010)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Group A-7.2
Group B-16.8

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Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD)

Percent change from baseline in BMD at lumbar spine (as measured by Dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan) at 12 months (NCT01375010)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months

Interventionpercentage change (Mean)
Group A0.4
Group B-0.8

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Compare the Effect of Calcitriol and Cholecalciferol Supplementation on Vascular Endothelial Cell Expression of Nf-kB

The effect of calcitriol and cholecalciferol supplementation will be evaluated calculating the mean change in total vascular endothelial cell NFkB expression. NFkB expression is given as arbitrary units and represent ratios of endothelial cell protein expression to human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) expression in order to account for any variation in the staining procedure. (NCT01384539)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionratio of NFkB to HUVEC expression (Mean)
Cholecalciferol0.03
Calcitriol-0.01

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Compare the Efficacy of Calcitriol and Cholecalciferol Supplementation on Plasma Concentrations of C-reactive Protein

Secondary aims are focused to explore whether vitamin D improves vascular endothelial function through decreases in inflammation (NCT01384539)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
Interventionmg/dL (Median)
BaselineEnd of Study
Calcitriol3.43.9
Cholecalciferol3.03.1

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Compare the Difference Between the Calcitriol and Cholecalciferol Groups in Conduit Artery Endothelium-dependent Dilation (EDD) in Response to Treatment.

EDD will be measured by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). The mean change in percent FMD from baseline will be documented. (NCT01384539)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpercent change in FMD (Mean)
Cholecalciferol-0.5
Calcitriol0.3

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Vitamin D Concentrations, Pre Operative and Post Bariatric Surgery Following 12 Weeks of Vitamin D Supplementation

Serum 25(OH)D ng/ml levels at baseline and 12 weeks following bariatric surgery (NCT01385098)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Preoperative12 weeks
Vitamin D3 and Calcium19.127.2

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Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Levels at Baseline and 12 Weeks of Daily Vit D Supplementation Post Roux-en Y OR Sleeve Gastrectomy

We anticipate that vitamin D supplementation of Roux-en Y bariatric surgery patients will be less effective in improving or maintaining vitamin D status. (NCT01385098)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Preoperative12 Weeks
Roux-Y Gastric Bypass19.628.1
Sleeve Gastrectomy18.526.3

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The Changes From Baseline in P1NP to Weeks 24 and 48

P1NP (marker of bone formation) changes from baseline to weeks 24 and 48 ( [week 24-baseline] and [week 48 - baseline], respectively). (NCT01403051)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 24 and 48

,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
change from baseline to week 24change from baseline to week 48
Arm A: Vitamin D3 and Calcium Carbonate Plus EFV/FTC/TDF1115
Arm B: Vitamin D3 Placebo and Calcium Placebo Plus EFV/FTC/TDF2118

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Number of Participants With Primary Adverse Events

Primary adverse events include all SAEs defined according to ICH guidelines and targeted protocol events, which include all diagnoses of hypercalcemia, hypophoatemia, and nephrolithiasis as well as signs and symptoms grade 2 or higher that may be associated with hypercalcemia and all laboratory toxicities grade 2 or higher defined by the 2004 DAIDS grading table (NCT01403051)
Timeframe: From first study treatment to week 48

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Arm A: Vitamin D3 and Calcium Carbonate Plus EFV/FTC/TDF50
Arm B: Vitamin D3 Placebo and Calcium Placebo Plus EFV/FTC/TDF53

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The Percent Change From Baseline in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Spine

The percent change from baseline to week 48 in bone mineral density (BMD) at spine as measured by DXA scan (NCT01403051)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 and 48

Interventionpercentage change (Median)
Arm A: Vitamin D3 and Calcium Carbonate Plus EFV/FTC/TDF-1.41
Arm B: Vitamin D3 Placebo and Calcium Placebo Plus EFV/FTC/TDF-2.91

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The Percent Change From Baseline in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Total Hip

The efficacy endpoint is the percent change from baseline to week 48 in bone mineral density (BMD) at total hip (as measured by DXA scan) (NCT01403051)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 and 48

Interventionpercentage change (Median)
Arm A: Vitamin D3 and Calcium Carbonate Plus EFV/FTC/TDF-1.46
Arm B: Vitamin D3 Placebo and Calcium Placebo Plus EFV/FTC/TDF-3.19

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The Changes From Baseline in sCD14 to Weeks 24 and 48

Soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14) changes from baseline to weeks 24 and 48 ( [week 24-baseline] and [week 48 - baseline], respectively). (NCT01403051)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 24 and 48

,
Interventionlog10 ng/mL (Median)
change from baseline to week 24change from baseline to week 48
Arm A: Vitamin D3 and Calcium Carbonate Plus EFV/FTC/TDF0.020.07
Arm B: Vitamin D3 Placebo and Calcium Placebo Plus EFV/FTC/TDF0.000.02

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The Changes From Baseline in Urinary Phosphate Excretion to Weeks 24 and 48

"Fractional excretion of phosphate changes from baseline to weeks 24 and 48 ( [week 24-baseline] and [week 48 - baseline], respectively).~Fractional Excretion of Phosphate (in %) is defined as:~[Urine Phosphate x Serum Creatinine] / [Urine Creatinine x Serum Phosphate] x 100%" (NCT01403051)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 24 and 48

,
Interventionpercent (Median)
change from baseline to week 24change from baseline to week 48
Arm A: Vitamin D3 and Calcium Carbonate Plus EFV/FTC/TDF0.70
Arm B: Vitamin D3 Placebo and Calcium Placebo Plus EFV/FTC/TDF0.20.9

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The Changes From Baseline in iPTH to Weeks 24 and 48

iPTH (Parathyroid Hormone, intact) changes from baseline to weeks 24 and 48 ( [week 24-baseline] and [week 48 - baseline], respectively). (NCT01403051)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 24 and 48

,
Interventionpg/mL (Median)
change from baseline to week 24change from baseline to week 48
Arm A: Vitamin D3 and Calcium Carbonate Plus EFV/FTC/TDF0.41.1
Arm B: Vitamin D3 Placebo and Calcium Placebo Plus EFV/FTC/TDF4.25.2

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The Changes From Baseline in IL-6 to Weeks 24 and 48

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) changes from baseline to weeks 24 and 48 ( [week 24-baseline] and [week 48 - baseline], respectively). (NCT01403051)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 24 and 48

,
Interventionlog10 pg/mL (Median)
change from baseline to week 24change from baseline to week 48
Arm A: Vitamin D3 and Calcium Carbonate Plus EFV/FTC/TDF-0.05-0.07
Arm B: Vitamin D3 Placebo and Calcium Placebo Plus EFV/FTC/TDF-0.04-0.03

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The Changes From Baseline in HOMA-IR to Weeks 24 and 48

Homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) changes from baseline to weeks 24 and 48 ( [week 24-baseline] and [week 48 - baseline], respectively). (NCT01403051)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 24 and 48

,
InterventionHOMA-IR (Median)
change from baseline to week 24change from baseline to week 48
Arm A: Vitamin D3 and Calcium Carbonate Plus EFV/FTC/TDF0.170.13
Arm B: Vitamin D3 Placebo and Calcium Placebo Plus EFV/FTC/TDF0.390.26

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The Changes From Baseline in Fasting Total Cholesterol to Weeks 24 and 48

Fasting total cholesterol changes from baseline to weeks 24 and 48 ( [week 24-baseline] and [week 48 - baseline], respectively). (NCT01403051)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 24 and 48

,
Interventionmg/dL (Median)
change from baseline to week 24change from baseline to week 48
Arm A: Vitamin D3 and Calcium Carbonate Plus EFV/FTC/TDF1113
Arm B: Vitamin D3 Placebo and Calcium Placebo Plus EFV/FTC/TDF1814

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The Changes From Baseline in Fasting LDL to Weeks 24 and 48

Fasting LDL cholesterol changes from baseline to weeks 24 and 48 ( [week 24-baseline] and [week 48 - baseline], respectively). (NCT01403051)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 24 and 48

,
Interventionmg/dL (Median)
change from baseline to week 24change from baseline to week 48
Arm A: Vitamin D3 and Calcium Carbonate Plus EFV/FTC/TDF02
Arm B: Vitamin D3 Placebo and Calcium Placebo Plus EFV/FTC/TDF84

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The Changes From Baseline in CTX to Weeks 24 and 48

CTX (marker of bone resorption) changes from baseline to weeks 24 and 48 ( [week 24-baseline] and [week 48 - baseline], respectively). (NCT01403051)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 24 and 48

,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
change from baseline to week 24change from baseline to week 48
Arm A: Vitamin D3 and Calcium Carbonate Plus EFV/FTC/TDF0.110.10
Arm B: Vitamin D3 Placebo and Calcium Placebo Plus EFV/FTC/TDF0.220.14

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The Changes From Baseline in CD4 to Weeks 4, 12, 24 and 48

Total CD4 count changes from baseline to weeks 4, 12, 24 and 48 [week 4/12/24/48 - baseline]. (NCT01403051)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 4, 12, 24 and 48

,
Interventioncells/mm^3 (Median)
change from baseline to week 4change from baseline to week 12change from baseline to week 24change from baseline to week 48
Arm A: Vitamin D3 and Calcium Carbonate Plus EFV/FTC/TDF74103138192
Arm B: Vitamin D3 Placebo and Calcium Placebo Plus EFV/FTC/TDF60106136201

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The Change in Total 25-OH Vitamin D Level From Baseline to Weeks 24 and 48

"Changes in total 25-OH vitamin D from baseline to weeks 24 and 48 ( [week 24-baseline] and [week 48 - baseline], respectively).~Total 25-OH vitamin D is the sum of vitamin 25-OH D2 and D3 levels. All 25-OH vitamin D2 or D3 values below the lower limit of 1.25 ng/mL were imputed to 0 ng/mL" (NCT01403051)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 24, and 48

,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
change from baseline to week 24change from baseline to week 48
Arm A: Vitamin D3 and Calcium Carbonate Plus EFV/FTC/TDF27.524.2
Arm B: Vitamin D3 Placebo and Calcium Placebo Plus EFV/FTC/TDF-0.80.6

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Change in 25-hydroxyvitamin D Levels Over 5 Months

Determine the effectiveness of the intervention on improving 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (change in 25(OH)D from baseline to 5-month follow-up). Measured as 5-month follow-up 25(OH)D level minus baseline 25(OH)D level. (NCT01410084)
Timeframe: 5 months

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Vitamin D321.7
Vitamin E0

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Number of Participants Who Were Compliant to Intervention

Number of participants who consumed at least 4 out of a possible 5 supplement doses (=>80% compliance) over 5 months. (NCT01410084)
Timeframe: 5 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vitamin D337
Vitamin E24

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Number of Falls

Determine the effectiveness of the intervention on reducing the number of falls using monthly fall calendars (compare the average number of falls in vitamin D3 group vs. active placebo group over 5 months) (NCT01410084)
Timeframe: 5 months

Interventionfalls/participant (Mean)
Vitamin D30.5
Vitamin E1.1

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Glycemic Control

hemoglobin A1C blood test (NCT01412710)
Timeframe: Baseline

InterventionPercentage of Hemoglobin (Mean)
4000 IU Group8.25
6000 IU Group8.26

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Blood Lipid

Total cholesterol will be used as surrogate measures for cardiovascular disease risk. (NCT01412710)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
4000 IU Group213.08
6000 IU Group193.88

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Mean Percent Change From Baseline of Bone Resorption Marker of Serum Beta-CrossLaps at Week 26

Serum samples for Beta-CrossLaps (β-CTx) will be collected at specific visits during the treatment phase of the study. (NCT01437111)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 26

InterventionPercent change (Mean)
Fosamax Plus: Recent/Current Osteoporosis Therapy at Baseline-12.65
Fosamax Plus: Other Osteoporosis Therapy at Baseline-49.82
Fosamax Plus: Treatment Naive at Baseline-76.81
Fosamax Plus: All Treated Participants-57.74

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Number of Participants With Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D >=50 ng/mL at Week 26

Serum samples to measure serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] will be collected at specific visits during the treatment phase of the study. (NCT01437111)
Timeframe: Week 26

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Fosamax Plus: Recent/Current Osteoporosis Therapy at Baseline1
Fosamax Plus: Other Osteoporosis Therapy at Baseline3
Fosamax Plus: Treatment Naive at Baseline1
Fosamax Plus: All Treated Participants5

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Change in Parameters of the Vitamin D Assay Panel

Secondary outcomes are change in cholecalciferol, 24,25(OH)D3 and free 25(OH)D3. (NCT01465178)
Timeframe: Baseline, 1 and 4 months post supplementation

,
Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Cholecalciferol Month 1Cholecalciferol Month 424,25(OH)D3 Month 124,25(OH)D3 Month 4free 25(OH)D3 Month 1free 25(OH)D3 Month 4
2000 IU Vitamin D36.76.70.31.21.32.4
Placebo-0.6-0.20-0.2-0.1-0.2-0.1

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Change in Serum 25-hydroxy Vitamin D3

Our primary outcome variable is the effect of supplementation on change in serum 25(OH)D3; (NCT01465178)
Timeframe: Baseline, 1 and 4 months post supplementation

,
Interventionng/ml (Mean)
One MonthFour Month
2000 IU Vitamin D36.010.4
Placebo-0.80.3

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HOMA-IR to Adiponectin Ratio (HOMA-IR:Adiponectin) in Blood

The Homeostasis Model of Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was used to assess fasting insulin & glucose levels. HOMA-IR & adiponectin were assessed at baseline & after treatment in participants with body mass index ≤25 and >25. By protocol design, the outcome is for non-obese vs obese participants stratified between 400 & 10,000 IU/day. For all serum protein levels, the outcome is reported as the ratio of the baseline to post-treatment values (baseline:post-treatment) of the ratio of the mean serum levels of leptin & adiponectin, (ie, lepton:adiponectin). As a ratio of the ratio of means, the outcome is reported as a number without dispersion. The outcome expresses the treatment effect on HOMA-IR & adiponectin collectively, with <1.00 meaning effect on HOMA-IR levels is reduced relative to the effect on adiponectin levels, & >1.00 meaning the effect is increased relative, with a greater difference meaning greater effect (1.00 represents no measure change). (NCT01472445)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks

,
Interventionratio baseline:post-treatment (slope) (Number)
Vitamin D 400 IU/dayVitamin D 10,000 IU/day
Non-obese (Body Mass Index ≤ 25)0.961.35
Obese (Body Mass Index > 25)0.520.99

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Expression Level of MKI67 Gene

Ki 67 gene expression was assessed at baseline and after treatment in participants with body mass index (BMI) ≤ 25 and > 25. By design, the outcome was determined for non-obese vs obese participants stratified between 400 IU/day (control) and 10,000 IU/day (experimental), and is reported as the mean of the slope (a measure of magnitude of difference) between baseline and post-treatment, with standard deviation. A positive slope indicates increased expression, and a negative slope indicates decreasing values, with the larger values (positive or negative) indicating greater effect, and smaller values indicating lesser effect. (NCT01472445)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks

,
Interventionratio baseline:post-treatment (slope) (Mean)
Vitamin D 400 IU/dayVitamin D 10,000 IU/day
Non-obese (Body Mass Index ≤ 25)-0.00958-0.01318
Obese (Body Mass Index > 25)-0.038090.00166

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Expression Level of Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein 3 (IGFBP-3) Gene

"To determine whether dietary vitamin D can reverse the negative effects of obesity and insulin resistance as reflected by changes in breast cancer gene expression patterns in obese and non-obese subjects diagnosed with breast cancer. IGFBP-3 is an endocrine factors.~Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) gene expression was assessed at baseline and after treatment in participants with body mass index (BMI) ≤ 25 and > 25. By design, the outcome was determined for non-obese vs obese participants stratified between 400 IU/day (control) and 10,000 IU/day (experimental), and is reported as the mean of the slope (a measure of magnitude of difference) between baseline and post-treatment, with standard deviation. A positive slope indicates increased expression, and a negative slope indicates decreasing values, with the larger values (positive or negative) indicating greater effect, and smaller values indicating lesser effect." (NCT01472445)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks

,
Interventionratio baseline:post-treatment (slope) (Mean)
Vitamin D 400 IU/dayVitamin D 10,000 IU/day
Non-obese (Body Mass Index ≤ 25)0.029370.0158
Obese (Body Mass Index > 25)0.009410.01443

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Expression Level of ESR1 Gene

ESR1 gene expression was assessed at baseline and after treatment in participants with body mass index (BMI) ≤ 25 and > 25. By design, the outcome was determined for non-obese vs obese participants stratified between 400 IU/day (control) and 10,000 IU/day (experimental), and is reported as the mean of the slope (a measure of magnitude of difference) between baseline and post-treatment, with standard deviation. A positive slope indicates increased expression, and a negative slope indicates decreasing values, with the larger values (positive or negative) indicating greater effect, and smaller values indicating lesser effect. (NCT01472445)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks

,
Interventionratio baseline:post-treatment (slope) (Mean)
Vitamin D 400 IU/dayVitamin D 10,000 IU/day
Non-obese (Body Mass Index ≤ 25)0.00526-0.05757
Obese (Body Mass Index > 25)-0.027390.01225

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Expression Level of Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1 (CDKI1; p21) Gene

p21 [aka p21Cip1; p21Waf1, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKI1) or cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-interacting protein 1 (CDKIP1)] gene expression was assessed at baseline and after treatment in participants with body mass index (BMI) ≤ 25 and > 25. By design, the outcome was determined for non-obese vs obese participants stratified between 400 IU/day (control) and 10,000 IU/day (experimental), and is reported as the mean of the slope (a measure of magnitude of difference) between baseline and post-treatment, with standard deviation. A positive slope indicates increased expression, and a negative slope indicates decreasing values, with the larger values (positive or negative) indicating greater effect, and smaller values indicating lesser effect. (NCT01472445)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks

,
Interventionratio baseline:post-treatment (slope) (Mean)
Vitamin D 400 IU/dayVitamin D 10,000 IU/day
Non-obese (Body Mass Index ≤ 25)0.048680.02236
Obese (Body Mass Index > 25)0.034650.01854

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cRP (C-reactive Protein) to Adiponectin Ratio (cRP:Adiponectin) in Blood

Levels in blood of cRP (C-reactive protein) & adiponectin were assessed at baseline & after treatment in participants with body mass index (BMI) ≤25 and >25. By protocol design, the outcome was determined for non-obese vs obese participants stratified between 400 IU/day & 10,000 IU/day. For all serum protein levels, the outcome is the ratio of the baseline to post-treatment values (baseline:post-treatment) of the ratio of the mean serum levels of leptin & adiponectin, (ie, lepton:adiponectin). As a ratio of the ratio of means, the outcome is reported as a number without dispersion. The outcome value expresses the treatment effect on cRP and adiponectin collectively, with a value < 1.00 meaning effect on cRP levels was reduced relative to the effect on adiponectin levels, and a value > 1.00 meaning effect on cRP levels was increased relative to the effect on adiponectin levels, with a larger difference from 1.00 indicating a greater effect (1.00 represents no measure change). (NCT01472445)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks

,
Interventionratio baseline:post-treatment (slope) (Number)
Vitamin D 400 IU/dayVitamin D 10,000 IU/day
Non-obese (Body Mass Index ≤ 25)0.801.33
Obese (Body Mass Index > 25)0.831.00

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Expression Level of Matrix Metalloproteinase-11 (MMP-11) Gene

Matrix metalloproteinase-11 (MMP-11), aka Stromelysin-3 (SL-3), gene expression was assessed at baseline and after treatment in participants with body mass index (BMI) ≤ 25 and > 25. By design, the outcome was determined for non-obese vs obese participants stratified between 400 IU/day (control) and 10,000 IU/day (experimental), and is reported as the mean of the slope (a measure of magnitude of difference) between baseline and post-treatment, with standard deviation. A positive slope indicates increased expression, and a negative slope indicates decreasing values, with the larger values (positive or negative) indicating greater effect, and smaller values indicating lesser effect. (NCT01472445)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks

,
Interventionratio baseline:post-treatment (slope) (Mean)
Vitamin D 400 IU/dayVitamin D 10,000 IU/day
Non-obese (Body Mass Index ≤ 25)-0.03238-0.00986
Obese (Body Mass Index > 25)-0.00590-0.02139

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Pharmacokinetics of Vitamin D Metabolite Calcitriol

Blood levels (pharmacokinetics) of Vitamin D were evaluated as the blood levels of Vitamin D metabolite calcitriol (also known as 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or 1,25(OH)2D) in participants receiving 400 IU/day Vitamin D. The outcome is reported as the mean calcitriol level pre-treatment and post-treatment, with standard deviation. (NCT01472445)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks

,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Pre-treatment, 400 IU/dayPre-treatment, 10,000 IU/dayPost-treatment, 400 IU/dayPost-treatment, 10,000 IU/day
Non-obese (Body Mass Index ≤ 25)30.4430.7530.8953.75
Obese (Body Mass Index > 25)34.6737.1731.6759.33

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Leptin to Adiponectin Ratio (Leptin:Adiponectin) in Blood

Levels in blood of leptin & adiponectin were assessed at baseline & after treatment in participants with body mass index ≤25 and >25. By protocol design, the outcome was determined for non-obese vs obese participants stratified between 400 IU/day and 10,000 IU/day. For all serum protein levels, the outcome is reported as the ratio of the baseline to post-treatment values (baseline:post-treatment) of the ratio of the mean serum levels of leptin and adiponectin, (ie, lepton:adiponectin). As a ratio of the ratio of means, the outcome is reported as a number without dispersion. The outcome value expresses the treatment effect on both leptin and adiponectin collectively, with a value <1.00 meaning that the effect on leptin levels was reduced relative to the effect on adiponectin levels, and a value >1.00 that the effect on leptin levels was increased relative to the effect on adiponectin levels, with a larger difference from 1.00 indicating a greater effect (1.00 means no measure change). (NCT01472445)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks

,
Interventionratio baseline:post-treatment (slope) (Number)
Vitamin D 400 IU/dVitamin D 10,000 IU/d
Non-obese (Body Mass Index ≤ 25)0.870.95
Obese (Body Mass Index > 25)1.001.00

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Number of Genes That Showed Changes in Expression After Vitamin D Treatment

Normal cells have a complex series of molecular signals that allow communication between cells and to the cell nucleus. These signals work together to control one or more cell functions, such as cell division or cell death. Abnormal signaling activity caused by changes in gene expression can lead to cancer. An understanding of abnormal signaling, both in the tumor and in normal tissues, may lead to new therapies in cancer patients. We wish to identify changes in molecular signaling that occur in the development of melanoma that might be suppressed in benign nevi (moles) in response to vitamin D supplementation. (NCT01477463)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionnumber of genes (Number)
All Patients Treated With Vitamin D3270

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Incidence of Hypercalcemia for Vitamin D Toxicity

Calcium levels (NCT01477463)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Arm A: Vitamin D0
Arm B: Placebo0

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Number of Genes Differentialy Regulated in Melanoma That Showed Changes in Expression After Vitamin D Treatment

We utilized a prior gene expression study that compared malignant melanoma cells to benign nevi (moles) and identified over 2300 genes that were differentially regulated in melanoma compared to benign nevi. There were approximately 270 genes in our data set that showed changes in expression after vitamin D treatment. We wish to identify overlap between these two groups. (NCT01477463)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionnumber of genes (Number)
All Patients Treated With Vitamin D347

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Vitamin D Toxicity

serum 25(OH)D for (NCT01477463)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Arm A: Vitamin D47.11
Arm B: Placebo29.83

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Proportion of Participants With Sustained Disability Progression

The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) is an ordinal clinical rating scale based on a standard neurological examination and is used to measure global neurologic impairment in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). It ranges from a minimum of 0.0 (normal examination) to 10.0 (death due to MS) in half-point increments. A participant will be considered to have had sustained progression of disability if there is an increase in the EDSS score at month 12 by at least 1.0 point that is confirmed on the final examination one year later (month 24). (NCT01490502)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionproportion of participants (Number)
Low-dose Vitamin D30.05
High-dose Vitamin D30.08

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Number of Relapses Requiring Treatment

(NCT01490502)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionrelapses (Mean)
Low-dose Vitamin D30.15
High-dose Vitamin D30.28

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Number of New or Enlarging T2 Lesions

(NCT01490502)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionlesions (Mean)
Low-dose Vitamin D31.95
High-dose Vitamin D32.88

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Development of Nephrolithiasis

(NCT01490502)
Timeframe: 2 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Low-dose Vitamin D31
High-dose Vitamin D32

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Proportion of Subjects That Experience a Relapse

Confirmed relapse defined as new or worsening symptoms referable to the central nervous system, lasting at least 24 hours, occurring at least 30 days since the prior attack, accompanied by worsening of the EDSS (>= 0.5 points) or in the Functional Systems (FS) scales (2 points on at least one FS scale or 1 point on >= two FS scales). (NCT01490502)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionproportion of participants (Number)
Low-dose Vitamin D30.32
High-dose Vitamin D30.34

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Change in Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC) Score

"The Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC) is a three-part measure of disability for people with multiple sclerosis, including measures of leg function/ambulation, arm/hand function and cognitive function. The three independent measures have different units. We take the reciprocal of the arm/hand function test, and then convert all measures to Z-scores. The average of the Z-scores from each measure yields the MSFC composite Z-score. A Z-score of 0 represents the population mean and positive scores indicate less disability.~The MSFC was measured at baseline and up to 4 more times over 2 years." (NCT01490502)
Timeframe: 2 years

InterventionZ-score (Mean)
Low-dose Vitamin D30.051
High-dose Vitamin D30.025

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Change in Normalized Gray Matter Volume

(NCT01490502)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionmicroliters (Mean)
Low-dose Vitamin D3-0.15
High-dose Vitamin D3-0.87

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Development of Hypercalcemia

(NCT01490502)
Timeframe: 2 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Low-dose Vitamin D30
High-dose Vitamin D30

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Annualized Relapse Rate

Average relapses per year (NCT01490502)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionrelapses per participant per year (Mean)
Low-dose Vitamin D30.20
High-dose Vitamin D30.34

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Change in Brain Parenchymal Volume

(NCT01490502)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionmicroliters (Mean)
Low-dose Vitamin D3-0.29
High-dose Vitamin D3-0.81

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Change in Low-contrast Acuity

Low-contrast acuity was measured as binocular vision on a 2.5% Sloan chart at a distance of 2 meters. The chart is used to test the ability to discriminate gradually smaller gray letters with a 2.5% contrast level against a white background. The low-contrast acuity measure is scored as total letters read and ranges from 0 (no letters read) to 60 (all letters read). Low-contrast acuity was measured at baseline and up to 4 more times over 2 years and higher scores indicate better low-contrast acuity. (NCT01490502)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionletters (Mean)
Low-dose Vitamin D30.82
High-dose Vitamin D31.09

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Number of Participants With Peripheral Neurotoxic Reactions

NCI CTCAE Version 4.0 (NCT01499940)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vitamin D3 2000 IU/Day5

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Change in Steady State Concentrations of Serum Anastrazole and Letrozole

Difference in steady state concentrations in plasma from baseline to 6 months (NCT01509079)
Timeframe: baseline to 6 months

,
Interventionmg/L (Mean)
anastrozoleletrozole
Vitamin D3 4000 IU-1.312.16
Vitamin D3 600 IU2.4-0.83

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Serum Estradiol Concentrations

(NCT01509079)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months

,
Interventionpg/ml (Geometric Mean)
Baseline6 months
Vitamin D3 4000 IU2.832.94
Vitamin D3 600 IU2.773.0

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Average Percent Adherence to Vitamin D Interventio

adherence measured with pill counts for the vitamin D at predesignated study timepoints: baseline (after run-in), 3 months and 6 months (NCT01509079)
Timeframe: average for all study ppts for: screening to baseline; baseline to 3 months; 3 month to 6 months

Intervention% of adherence for each treatment arm (Number)
Vitamin D3 4000 IU95
Vitamin D3 600 IU95

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Change in Hand Grip Strength

(NCT01509079)
Timeframe: baseline to 6 months

Interventionpounds (Mean)
Vitamin D3 4000 IU1.8
Vitamin D3 600 IU1.0

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Change in Musculoskeletal Symptom Sub-scale on the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial Symptom Scale

The MS subscale is a self-reported measure on a scale of 0 to 4, with lower score indicating less arthralgia/myalgia (NCT01509079)
Timeframe: baseline to 6 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Vitamin D3 4000 IU-0.2
Vitamin D3 600 IU-0.5

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Change in PROMIS Physical Functioning Questionnaire

PROMIS measures physical functioning on the short form and higher scores reflect better physical functioning with 10 questions on daily activities of life on a Likert scale ranging from 5 (no problem performing activity) to 1 (cannot do activity). Range on this measure is from 50 (best)-10 (worst). (NCT01509079)
Timeframe: baseline to 6 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Vitamin D3 4000 IU0.6
Vitamin D3 600 IU1.7

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Whole Body Bone Mineral Density

GLM Mean and standard deviation of Whole Body Bone Mineral Density (grams/cm2) of Trial Participants by Treatment Arm after controlling for bisphosphonate use (NCT01509079)
Timeframe: From Baseline and 6 months of D3 supplementation

Interventiongm/cm2 (Geometric Least Squares Mean)
Vitamin D3 4000 IU1.1
Vitamin D3 600 IU1.12

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Changes in Serum 25(OH)D3 Levels

Evaluate the dose-related efficacy of correction of Vitamin D deficiency for 25(OH)D3 levels in a group of HIV-infected children and young adults and a matched healthy control group in a randomized controlled study of different dosing regimens of oral Vitamin D supplementation: control dose (18,000 IU per month) or supplemented dose (medium 60,000IU per month or high dose 120,000IU/month ) (NCT01523496)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionng/mL (Median)
HIV Positive on Vit D Control Dose11
HIV Positive on Vit D Supplementation Dose22
HIV Negative on Vitamin D Control Dose7.5
HIV Negative on Vitamin D Supplementation Dose25

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Changes in Vitamin D Binding Protein (VDBP)

Evaluate the dose-related efficacy of vitamin D binding Protein in levels in the blood in a group of HIV-infected children and young adults and a matched healthy control group in a randomized controlled study of different dosing regimens of oral vitamin D supplementation. (NCT01523496)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionng/mL (Median)
HIV + on Vitamin D Control Dose3.9
HIV + on Vit D Supplementation Dose-8.9
HIV Negative on Vit D Control Dose-11.3
HIV Negative on Vit D Supplementation Dose-11.7

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Change in Serum Hepcidin With Vitamin D Intervention for Children With Chronic Kidney Disease

The null hypothesis to be tested is that Vitamin D supplementation will not be associated with a decrease in serum hepcidin over the study period. Statistical analysis will be performed as intention-to-treat. (NCT01532349)
Timeframe: change from baseline to up to three months

Interventionng/ml (Median)
400 IU Vitamin D48.2
4000 IU Vitamin D75.4

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Total 25-OH Vitamin D3 Level

circulating total 25-OH vitamin D concentration (NCT01554241)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Vitamin D3 800 IU/Day33
2000 IU/Day D334
Vitamin D3 4000 IU/Day43
50,000 IU/Week D361

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Free 25-OH Vitamin D3

circulating free 25-OH vitamin D3 concentration (NCT01554241)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Vitamin D3 800 IU/Day8.7
2000 IU/Day D39.5
Vitamin D3 4000 IU/Day12.2
50,000 IU/Week D316.8

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25-hydroxyvitamin D Levels at 12 Weeks

(NCT01596842)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Omega-3 Fatty Acid44.4
Olive Oil48.9

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Hemoglobin Levels at 12 Weeks

(NCT01596842)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventiong/dL (Mean)
Omega-3 Fatty Acid10.3
Olive Oil11

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Bone Density

Measured by bone speed of sound (ultrasound) (NCT01601847)
Timeframe: Measured at the 12 month adjusted age visit

Interventionm/s (Median)
Sustained3155
Diet-Limited3149

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Number With Infants With Allergic Sensitization as Measured by the PhadiaTop Infant Assay

Measured using the Phadiatop Infant IgE panel (NCT01601847)
Timeframe: Measured at the 12 month adjusted age visit

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Sustained7
Diet-Limited3

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Number of Infants With Recurrent Wheezing

Recurrent wheezing was defined as more than 1 episode of wheezing reported during the study period. Separate episodes were defined as occurring at least 2 weeks apart. (NCT01601847)
Timeframe: up to 12 months adjusted age

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Sustained42
Diet-Limited56

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The Blood Levels of Intact Parathyroid Hormone at the 24th Month of Following up.

The blood levels of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) at the 24th month of following up will be detected. (NCT01633853)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
Vitamin D296.5
1,25(OH)2 Vitamin D3108.1

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The Blood 25(OH)Vitamin D Level.

The levels of blood 25(OH)Vitamin D at the 24th month of following up. (NCT01633853)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Vitamin D237.31
1,25(OH)2 Vitamin D318.07

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The Blood Levels of Phosphorus at the 24th Month of Following up.

The blood levels of phosphorus at the 24th month of following up will be detected. (NCT01633853)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Vitamin D21.27
1,25(OH)2 Vitamin D31.25

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The Blood Levels of Calcium at the 24th Month of Following up.

The blood levels of calcium at the 24th month of following up will be detected. (NCT01633853)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Vitamin D22.31
1,25(OH)2 Vitamin D32.33

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The Incidence Rate of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism.

Patients with the blood iPTH level higher than 300 pg/ml will be regard as sHPT. The incidence of sHPT during following up were recorded and compared between two groups. (NCT01633853)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Vitamin D2 Treatment14
1,25(OH)2 Vitamin D315

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Area Under the Curve From 0 to 6 Hours Post Dose of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH AUC0-6h) in Serum

The area under the curve from 0 to 6 hours post dose of parathyroid hormone (PTH AUC0-6h) in serum, calculated using the linear trapezoidal formula. (NCT01639222)
Timeframe: Day 3 in Period 1 (Reference) and Day 3 in Period 2. Samples were taken at predose, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 hour post dose.

Interventionh*pg/mL (Mean)
Calcium 500 mg and Vitamin D3 800 IU202.02
Reference Treatment278.86

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Amount of Calcium Excreted in Urine From 0 Hours up to 6 Hours Post Dose (Ca2+ Ae0-6h)

Ca2+ Ae0-6h was calculated as the urine volume of the urine collected from 0 to 6 hours multiplied by the calcium concentration measured in urine. (NCT01639222)
Timeframe: Day 3 of Period 1 (Reference) and Day 3 in Period 2. Samples were taken 0-6 Hours post dose

Interventionmmol (Mean)
Calcium 500 mg and Vitamin D3 800 IU1.07
Reference Treatment0.63

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Amount of Calcium Excreted in Urine From 0 to 6 Hours Post Dose Corected for Creatinine (Ae0-6h/Creatinine)

To account for potential inaccuracies in urine collection, creatinine correction of calcium excretion was also assessed. Ca2+ Ae0-6h/Creatinine was obtained by dividing the urinary concentration of calcium by the urinary creatinine concentration. (NCT01639222)
Timeframe: Day 3 of Period 1 (Baseline) and Day 3 in Period 2. Samples will be taken 0-6 Hours postdose

Interventionliters (Mean)
Calcium 500 mg and Vitamin D3 800 IU1.05
Reference Treatment0.69

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Change in Percentages of T Cell Subsets (IFNγ+ and IL-17+)

Analyzed the mean percentage change in IFNγ+ and IL-17+ cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) + cells (post- versus pre- supplementation). This represents a change between two time points (90 days versus baseline). (NCT01667796)
Timeframe: Baseline, 90 days

,
Interventionpercentage of cells (Mean)
mean percentage change in IFNγ+ CD4+ cellsmean percentage change in IL-17+ CD4+ cells
Healthy Controls-13.2-0.17
MS Subjects-5.20.21

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Change in Mean Serum Level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D

Generalized estimating equations (GEE) with an autoregressive with lag one correlation matrix were used to compare the serially-measured serum 25(OH)D levels between MS patients and Healthy Controls (HCs) to take into account repeated measures and within-subject correlations. (NCT01667796)
Timeframe: Baseline to 90 days

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
MS Subjects65.9
Healthy Controls82.4

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Change in Executive Function Score for Cognitive Decline

"The outcome measure is change over time (last assessment score minus the baseline assessment score) in the EXECUTIVE FUNCTION SCORE combining z-scores of 4 tests: category fluency (animal naming), digit span backwards, and Oral Trails Making Test (OTMT)-Part A and OTMT-Part B; for both baseline and last assessment Z-scores, a mean Z-score of 0 represents the mean and the higher the Z-score, the better the overall cognitive performance across the tests. The primary endpoint was a difference of two Z-scores, so a value of 0 means no change over time, a positive value means an increase over time and a negative value means a decrease (or decline) over time, for clinical significance, 1 year of aging is associated with a primary endpoint value of +0.006." (NCT01669915)
Timeframe: Change over two assessments (baseline, 2.8 years)

InterventionZ-score (Mean)
TELEPHONE INTERVIEW ANCILLARY STUDY: Active Vitamin D-0.48
TELEPHONE INTERVIEW ANCILLARY STUDY: Vitamin D Placebo-0.48
TELEPHONE INTERVIEW ANCILLARY STUDY: Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids-0.47
TELEPHONE INTERVIEW ANCILLARY STUDY: Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo-0.49

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Change in Episodic Memory Score for Cognitive Decline

"The outcome measure was change over time (last assessment score minus the baseline assessment score) in the EPISODIC MEMORY SCORE combining z-scores of 4 tests: the immediate and delayed recalls of both the East Boston Memory Test (EBMT) and the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status (TICS) 10-word list; for both baseline and last assessment Z-scores, a mean Z-score of 0 represents the mean and the higher the Z-score, the better the overall cognitive performance across the tests. The primary endpoint was a difference of two Z-scores, so a value of 0 means no change over time, a positive value means an increase over time and a negative value means a decrease (or decline) over time, for clinical significance, 1 year of aging is associated with a primary endpoint value of -0.01." (NCT01669915)
Timeframe: Change over two assessments (baseline, 2.8 years)

InterventionZ-score (Mean)
TELEPHONE INTERVIEW ANCILLARY STUDY: Active Vitamin D0.00
TELEPHONE INTERVIEW ANCILLARY STUDY: Vitamin D Placebo-0.02
TELEPHONE INTERVIEW ANCILLARY STUDY: Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids-0.03
TELEPHONE INTERVIEW ANCILLARY STUDY: Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo0.02

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Change in Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status (TICS) for Cognitive Decline.

Change over time (last assessment score minus the baseline assessment score) on the TICS (0-41 points), a measure of general cognition. A higher value on the TICS represents better cognitive performance; for clinical significance, 1 year of aging is associated with a primary endpoint value of -0.05 (NCT01669915)
Timeframe: Change over two assessments (baseline, 2.8 years)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
TELEPHONE INTERVIEW ANCILLARY STUDY: Active Vitamin D0.12
TELEPHONE INTERVIEW ANCILLARY STUDY: Vitamin D Placebo0.07
TELEPHONE INTERVIEW ANCILLARY STUDY: Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids0.005
TELEPHONE INTERVIEW ANCILLARY STUDY: Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo0.18

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Change in Global Composite Score for Cognitive Decline

"We administered by telephone, eight cognitive tests (1.Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status (TICS); 2.Delayed recall of the TICS 10-word list; 3.East Boston Memory Test (EBMT); 4.Delayed recall of the EBMT; 5.Category fluency test (animal naming test); 6.Oral Trail Making Test (OTMT-Part A); 7. OTMT-Part B; 8.Digit span backwards). The primary endpoint was the change over time (last assessment score minus the baseline assessment score) in GLOBAL COMPOSITE SCORE (average of Z-scores of component tests); for both baseline and last assessment Z-scores, a mean Z-score of 0 represents the mean and the higher the Z-score, the better the overall cognitive performance across the tests. The primary endpoint was a difference of two Z-scores, so a value of 0 means no change over time, a positive value means an increase over time and a negative value means a decrease (or decline) over time, for clinical significance, 1 year of aging is associated with a primary endpoint value of -0.004." (NCT01669915)
Timeframe: Change over two assessments (baseline, 2.8 years).

InterventionZ-score (Mean)
TELEPHONE INTERVIEW ANCILLARY STUDY: Active Vitamin D-0.24
TELEPHONE INTERVIEW ANCILLARY STUDY: Vitamin D Placebo-0.25
TELEPHONE INTERVIEW ANCILLARY STUDY: Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids-0.25
TELEPHONE INTERVIEW ANCILLARY STUDY: Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo-0.24

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The Change of Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Value

Higher Bone Mineral Density(BMD) value mean a better outcome. (NCT01675297)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 months

,
Interventiong/cm^2 (Mean)
baseline12 monthschange(12months-baseline)
Risedronate0.770.800.03
Risendronate/Cholecalciferol Combination0.770.810.04

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The Change of 25OHD(25-hydroxyvitamin D)

"range of 25OHD: 4.80~52.80 Higher 25OHD scores mean a better outcome.~If there is missing data, LOCF(Last Observation Carried Forward) was applied and analyzed." (NCT01675297)
Timeframe: baseline, 6months, 12months

,
Interventionng/ml (Mean)
25OHD(baseline)25OHD(6months)25OHD(12months)25OHD change(6months-baseline)25OHD change(12months-baseline)
Risedronate17.8319.4718.351.680.53
Risendronate/Cholecalciferol Combination18.2328.9330.5710.7412.33

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PTH(Parathyroid Hormone Value)

"range of PTH: 13~54 Higher PTH scores mean a worse outcome.~If there is missing data, LOCF(Last Observation Carried Forward) was applied and analyzed." (NCT01675297)
Timeframe: baseline, 6months, 12months

,
Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
PTH(baseline)PTH(6months)PTH(12months)PTH change(6months-baseline)PTH change(12months-baseline)
Risedronate39.1742.4045.273.396.16
Risendronate/Cholecalciferol Combination40.4837.3439.17-2.78-1.34

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Change in NT-proBNP

Changes in serum concentrations in NT-proBNP (NCT01684722)
Timeframe: baseline to 5 years

Interventionng/l (Geometric Mean)
Vitamin D1.72
Vitamin D Placebo1.38
Fish Oil1.56
Fish Oil Placebo1.54

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Change in Interleukin-6

Changes in serum concentrations in IL-6 (NCT01684722)
Timeframe: baseline to 5 years

Interventionpg/ml (Geometric Mean)
Vitamin D1.04
Vitamin D Placebo1.09
Fish Oil1.10
Fish Oil Placebo1.02

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Change in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate

GFR estimated from serum creatinine and cystatin C (NCT01684722)
Timeframe: baseline to 5 years

InterventionmL/min/1.73m2 (Mean)
Vitamin D-12.3
Vitamin D Placebo-13.1
Fish Oil-12.2
Fish Oil Placebo-13.1

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Change in C-reactive Protein

Changes in serum concentrations in CRP (NCT01684722)
Timeframe: baseline to 5 years

Interventionmg/L (Geometric Mean)
Vitamin D0.93
Vitamin D Placebo1.03
Fish Oil0.90
Fish Oil Placebo1.05

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Change in Urine Albumin Excretion

Change in urine albumin-creatinine ratio. (NCT01684722)
Timeframe: baseline to 5 years

Interventiongeometric mean ratio (Geometric Mean)
Vitamin D2.97
Vitamin D Placebo3.02
Fish Oil2.94
Fish Oil Placebo3.05

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Change in LDL Cholesterol Level

(NCT01688102)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months or last observation carried forward (minimum 2 months)

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Oral Vitamin D33.2
Ultraviolet Light1.4

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Change in Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

(NCT01688102)
Timeframe: baseline vs.6 months

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Oral Vitamin D3-5
Ultraviolet Light-9

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Change in Total Cholesterol

Change in Total Cholesterol (NCT01688102)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months or last observation carried forward (minimum 2 months)

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Oral Vitamin D34.1
Ultraviolet Light2.0

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Change in Serum Calcium

(NCT01688102)
Timeframe: baseline vs. 6 months

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Oral Vitamin D3.09
Ultraviolet Light.07

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Change in Triglycerides

(NCT01688102)
Timeframe: baseline 6 months or last observation carried forward (minimum 2 months)

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Oral Vitamin D32.6
Ultraviolet Light1.7

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Correlation Between Change in LDL Cholesterol and Change in Calcium

The Correlation between change in LDL cholesterol and change in serum calcium (NCT01688102)
Timeframe: 2 months

InterventionPearson correlation coefficient (Number)
Oral Vitamin D30.24
Ultraviolet Light.16

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Correlation Between Change in LDL Cholesterol and Change in PTH

(NCT01688102)
Timeframe: 2 months

InterventionPearson correlation coefficient (Number)
Oral Vitamin D3-.01
Ultraviolet Light.18

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Gene Expression Changes in Peripheral Blood

Interferon response genesets (curated by GSEA). Values are presented as the normalized enrichment score, a metric of gene upregulation (when positive) or down-regulation (when negative), normalized for gene set size. This is a useful basis for comparison for direction and degree of change between treatment groups and GSEA genesets. (NCT01688102)
Timeframe: baseline vs. 2 months

,
InterventionGSEA Normalized Enrichment Score (Number)
Interferon-alpha responseInterferon-gamma response
Oral Vitamin D34.143.41
Ultraviolet Light-4.05-4.86

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Gene Expression Changes in Skin

Interferon response genesets (curated by GSEA). Values are presented as the normalized enrichment score, a metric of gene upregulation (when positive) or down-regulation (when negative), normalized for gene set size. This is a useful basis for comparison for direction and degree of change between treatment groups and GSEA genesets. (NCT01688102)
Timeframe: baseline vs. 2 months

,
InterventionGSEA Normalized Enrichment Score (Number)
Interferon-alpha responseInterferon-gamma response
Oral Vitamin D32.082.12
Ultraviolet Light-2.43-2.00

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Change in 25(OH)D

(NCT01688102)
Timeframe: baseline vs. 6 months

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Oral Vitamin D318.7
Ultraviolet Light15.6

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Change in C Reactive Protein

(NCT01688102)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months

Interventionmg/L (Mean)
Oral Vitamin D31.88
Ultraviolet Light-.11

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Change in HDL Cholesterol

(NCT01688102)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months or last observation carried forward (minimum 2 months)

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Oral Vitamin D30.2
Ultraviolet Light0.3

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Percent (%) Change in Pre-surgical 25(OH)D 2 Weeks After Surgery

The goal is to determine whether pre-operative supplementation with 100,000 IU cholecalciferol (vs. placebo) alters the natural course of changes in vitamin D status within 10-18 days after surgery. To assess vitamin D status, we will measure: 1) 25(OH)D and 2) LL-37. (NCT01689779)
Timeframe: Patients will be followed between the day of surgery and an average duration of 14 days after surgery

InterventionPercent change in 25(OH)D (Mean)
Cholecalciferol3
Sugar Pill1

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Percent (%) Change in 25(OH)D 5 Days Following Supplementation With 100,000 IU Cholecalciferol

3-7 days before surgery, patients will receive 100,000 IU of cholecalciferol (vs. placebo) during their pre-op assessment. They will also have their baseline vitamin D status measured during this initial visit. The main study outcome is to determine if 100,000 IU cholecalciferol can be given preoperatively to safely boost vitamin D status. To assess vitamin D status, we will measure: 1) 25(OH)D and 2) LL37 (NCT01689779)
Timeframe: Patients will be followed between the initial preoperative evaluation day and an average duration of 5 days

Interventionpercent change in 25(OH)D (Mean)
Cholecalciferol8
Sugar Pill-2

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Percent (%) Change in Pre-surgical 25(OH)D Within 24 Hours of Surgery

The goal is to determine whether pre-operative supplementation with 100,000 IU cholecalciferol (vs. placebo) alters the natural course of short-term changes in vitamin D status following surgery. To assess vitamin D status, we will measure: 1) 25(OH)D and 2) LL37. (NCT01689779)
Timeframe: Patients will be followed between the day of surgery and 1 day after surgery

InterventionPercent change in 25(OH)D (Mean)
Cholecalciferol-5
Sugar Pill-4

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Percent (%) Change in Pre-surgical LL-37 2 Weeks After Surgery

The goal is to determine whether pre-operative supplementation with 100,000 IU cholecalciferol (vs. placebo) alters the natural course of changes in vitamin D status within 10-18 days after surgery. To assess vitamin D status, we will measure: 1) 25(OH)D and 2) LL-37. (NCT01689779)
Timeframe: Patients will be followed between the day of surgery and an average duration of 14 days after surgery

InterventionPercent change in LL-37 (Mean)
Cholecalciferol16
Sugar Pill2

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Percent (%) Change in LL-37 5 Days Following Supplementation With 100,000 IU Cholecalciferol

3-7 days before surgery, patients will receive 100,000 IU of cholecalciferol (vs. placebo) during their pre-op assessment. They will also have their baseline vitamin D status measured during this initial visit. The main study outcome is to determine if 100,000 IU cholecalciferol can be given preoperatively to safely boost vitamin D status. To assess vitamin D status, we will measure: 1) 25(OH)D and 2) LL37 (NCT01689779)
Timeframe: Patients will be followed between the initial preoperative evaluation day and an average duration of 5 days

Interventionpercent change in LL-37 (Mean)
Cholecalciferol-10
Sugar Pill-5

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Percent (%) Change in Pre-surgical LL-37 Within 24 Hours of Surgery

The goal is to determine whether pre-operative supplementation with 100,000 IU cholecalciferol (vs. placebo) alters the natural course of short-term changes in vitamin D status following surgery. To assess vitamin D status, we will measure: 1) 25(OH)D and 2) LL37. (NCT01689779)
Timeframe: Patients will be followed between the day of surgery and 1 day after surgery

InterventionPercent change in LL-37 (Mean)
Cholecalciferol-3
Sugar Pill-5

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Number of Participants With an Incident Depression Event

Post-hoc Outcome. Incident Depression is defined as depression cases that occurred among those with no past history of depression as of baseline. Incident depression event was determined by presence of clinical diagnosis, treatment and/or above-threshold symptoms on mood questionnaire (i.e., PHQ-8 >=10 points). (NCT01696435)
Timeframe: From date of randomization until the date of the occurrence of the endpoint, death, or the end of the trial, whichever came first, assessed up to a median of 5.3 years of follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D459
Vitamin D Placebo461
Active Fish Oil493
Fish Oil Placebo427

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Number of Participants With a Depression Event

Depression syndrome will be determined by presence of clinical diagnosis, treatment and/or above-threshold symptoms on mood questionnaire (e.g., PHQ) items. This is an event outcome, where the depression event was defined as a new self-report of physician/clinician-diagnosed depression, treatment (medication and/or counseling) for depression, or presence of clinically relevant depressive symptoms (PHQ-8 total score >=10 points) on the annual study questionnaires that were administered over a median 5.3 years of randomized treatment and follow-up. Participants were followed for the depression event until the occurrence of the endpoint, death, or the end of the trial, whichever came first. The Outcome Measure table shows the counts of depression events in each randomized group by treatment. (NCT01696435)
Timeframe: From date of randomization until the date of the occurrence of the endpoint, death, or the end of the trial, whichever came first, assessed up to a median of 5.3 years of follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D609
Vitamin D Placebo625
Active Fish Oil651
Fish Oil Placebo583

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Number of Participants With a Recurrent Depression Event

Post-hoc Outcome. Recurrent depression is defined as depression cases that occurred among those with past history of depression, but not under treatment or active in the past 2 years as of baseline. Recurrent depression event will be determined by presence of clinical diagnosis, treatment and/or above-threshold symptoms on mood questionnaire (i.e., PHQ-8 >=10 points). (NCT01696435)
Timeframe: From date of randomization until the date of the occurrence of the endpoint, death, or the end of the trial, whichever came first, assessed up to a median of 5.3 years of follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D150
Vitamin D Placebo164
Active Fish Oil158
Fish Oil Placebo156

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Mood Scores

Mood scores are evaluated by the 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8). The measured outcome was the total PHQ-8 score. The PHQ-8 includes items corresponding to the criteria for major depression. Each of the 8 items can be scored as 0, 1, 2, or 3 points (higher score means worse symptoms). The 8 items are summed to a total PHQ-8 score. The range for the PHQ-8 score is 0-24 points; higher scores denote worse mood or depressive symptoms. The PHQ-8 was measured annually at baseline and at up to 5 follow-up times (for a maximum of 6 time points). Data from all time points was used to determine the mean differences in change in mood scores over all follow-up by randomized treatment. Per protocol, the Statistical Analysis section shows the results for the primary outcome of mean difference in overall change in PHQ-8 scores comparing active and placebo groups (for each agent). (NCT01696435)
Timeframe: Baseline, follow-up year 1, follow-up year 2, follow-up year 3, follow-up year 4, and follow-up year 5

,,,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Baseline adjusted meanMean change at Year 1Mean change at Year 2Mean change at Year 3Mean change at Year 4Mean change at Year 5
Active Fish Oil1.090.050.070.100.080.18
Active Vitamin D1.080.030.070.090.060.20
Fish Oil Placebo1.110.010.040.060.050.19
Vitamin D Placebo1.130.030.040.070.070.16

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Percentage of Subjects by Treatment Arm Experiencing Any Adverse Event (AE) ≥ Grade 3

Adverse event grading based on National Cancer Institute- Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE), Version 4.0 (NCT01709474)
Timeframe: Baseline to 18 Weeks

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Vitamin D3 6000 IU0
Vitamin D3 400 IU25

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Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Blood 25-hydroxyvitaminD Concentration

(NCT01736865)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Placebo27.5
Cholecalciferol25.8

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Hemoglobin A1c

(NCT01736865)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionpercentage (Mean)
Placebo0.2
Cholecalciferol0.2

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Number of Participants With Change in Glycemia

Change in glycemia (categorical variable, composite outcome) defined as [1] a decrease in diabetes medications or [2] a reduction of equal to or more than 0.4 HbA1c units from baseline without increasing medications. (NCT01736865)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo53
Cholecalciferol52

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Disposition Index

Disposition index by the insulin secretion sensitivity index-2 (ISSI-2). This is an calculated value which represents the ability of a person's pancreatic beta cells to lower blood glucose. A higher number means the pancreas is better able to secrete insulin and improve glucose levels. (NCT01736865)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionindex (Mean)
Placebo0.023
Cholecalciferol0.149

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Review of the Differences in the Types and Incidence of Toxicities Associated With Vitamin D3 Replacement.

Differences in the types and incidence of toxicities associated with Vitamin D3 replacement, specifically hypercalcemia, with increasing levels of Vitamin D3 along with the effectiveness of Vitamin D3 supplementation on increasing serum levels of Vitamin D (NCT01744821)
Timeframe: Up to 24 months

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Fatige grade 1Headache grade 1HypercalcemiaLoss of Appetite grade 1Dry Mouth grade 1Constipation grade 1Weakness grade 1
Placebo 2,000 IU Daily0000000
Placebo 50,000 IU Weekly0101100
Vitamin D 2,000 IU Daily0100000
Vitamin D 50,000 IU Weekly1000111

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High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein (Hs-CRP)

A high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) test may be used to help evaluate an individual for risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein that increases in the blood with inflammation. Studies have suggested that a persistent low level of inflammation plays a major role in atherosclerosis, the narrowing of blood vessels due to build-up of cholesterol and other lipids, which is often associated with CVD. The hs-CRP test accurately measures low levels of C-reactive protein to identify low but persistent levels of inflammation and thus helps predict a person's risk of developing CVD. hs-CRP was measured using particle-enhanced immunonephelometry. (NCT01746264)
Timeframe: baseline, 3 months

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
baseline3 months
Vitamin D347.6240

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Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance Index (HOMA-IR)

This calculation measures insulin resistance, and requires U.S. standard units. The healthy range is 0.5 to 1.4. Less than 1.0 means the subject is insulin-sensitive, which is optimal. Above 1.9 indicates early insulin resistance. Above 2.9 indicates significant insulin resistance. The HOMA-IR was calculated as: HOMA-IR = fasting serum glucose (mmol/L) x fasting insulin (mU/mL)/22.5. (NCT01746264)
Timeframe: baseline, 3 months

Interventionindex of beta cell function (Mean)
baseline3 months
Vitamin D37.117.9

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International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) Short Form Score

The IPAQ short form used asked 7 questions about activities in the last 7 days, covering vigorous physical activities, moderate activities, walking, and sitting, asking for days per week, hours per day or minutes per day. The score is reported in metabolic equivalent (MET)-minutes per week. Possible scores could range from 0 (inactive) to greater than 3000 MET-minutes/week (highly active). The definition of high activity was vigorous intensity activity on at least 3 days achieving a minimum total activity of at least 1500 MET-minutes/week OR 7 days of any combination of walking, moderate-intensity or vigorous-intensity activities achieving a minimum total physical activity of at least 3000 MET-minutes/week. Therefore a score of > 3000 MET-minutes/week was possible. (NCT01746264)
Timeframe: baseline, 3 months

InterventionMET-minutes per week (Mean)
baseline3 months
Vitamin D31786.62799.1

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Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL) Cholesterol Levels

The test for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is used as part of a lipid profile to predict an individual's risk of developing heart disease. A desirable level is <3.36 mmol/L; borderline high is 3.36 - 4.11 mmol/L; high is >/= 4.14 mmol/L. LDL cholesterol was calculated as: LDL = Total cholesterol - HDL cholesterol - Triglycerides/5. (NCT01746264)
Timeframe: baseline, 3 months

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
baseline3 months
Vitamin D31.952.15

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Reactive Hyperemia Index (RHI)

The cuff of a sphygmomanometer was placed on the forearm and inflated to 50 mm Hg above the participant's systolic blood pressure for a period of 5 min. The increase in resting brachial blood flow was calculated as the maximum flow recorded in the first 15 seconds after cuff deflation and expressed as a percentage increase from baseline reactive. Higher values are considered normal or improved endothelial function. (NCT01746264)
Timeframe: baseline, 3 months

Interventionpercentage increase in blood flow (Mean)
baseline3 months
Vitamin D3449.3513.9

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Serum Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A parathyroid hormone (PTH) blood test measures the level of parathyroid hormone in the blood. This test is used to help identify hyperparathyroidism, to find the cause of abnormal calcium levels, or to check the status of chronic kidney disease. PTH controls calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood. PTH was measured by a two-site chemiluminescent immunometric assay. (NCT01746264)
Timeframe: baseline, 3 months

Interventionpmol/L (Mean)
baseline3 months
Vitamin D34.13.3

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Total Cholesterol

Total cholesterol levels were measured by an enzymatic colorimetric assay. (NCT01746264)
Timeframe: baseline, 3 months

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
baseline3 months
Vitamin D33.694.03

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Triglycerides

Total triglyceride levels were measured by an enzymatic colorimetric assay. (NCT01746264)
Timeframe: baseline, 3 months

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Baseline3 months
Vitamin D31.191.58

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Urine Calcium to Creatinine Ratio

Urine calcium/creatinine ratio (unit mg/g) on random urine sample was calculated by dividing calcium in mg by creatinine in g. (NCT01746264)
Timeframe: baseline, 3 months

Interventionmg/g (Mean)
baseline3 months
Vitamin D367.887.7

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High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol Levels

Total HDL cholesterol levels were measured by an enzymatic colorimetric assay. The test for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is used along with other lipid tests to screen for unhealthy levels of lipids and to determine the risk of developing heart disease. If a subject has a negative risk factor, a desirable HDL level would be >/= 1.55 mmol/L. (NCT01746264)
Timeframe: baseline, 3 months

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
baseline3 months
Vitamin D31.21.16

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25-hydroxy Vitamin D (25[OH]D) Levels

25(OH)D was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Total 25(OH)D concentrations of each sample was calculated using internal standard, 25(OH)D_2 and 25(OH)D_3. (NCT01746264)
Timeframe: baseline, 3 months

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
baseline 25(OH)D3 months 25(OH)D
Vitamin D355.986.9

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Body Mass Index

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a health index for comparing weight to height. BMI is a person's weight in kilograms (kg) divided by his or her height in meters squared. The body mass index is an indication if a person is at a suitable weight for his height on an approximation of body fat. A body mass index of under 20 is considered to be underweight, while a body mass index between 20 to 25 is considered healthy. A body mass index in the range of 25 to 30 is regarded as overweight. A body mass index over 30 is regarded as obese. (NCT01746264)
Timeframe: baseline, 3 months

Interventionkg/m^2 (Mean)
baseline3 months
Vitamin D336.136.4

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Calcium Intake Per Day

Calcium intake was measured using the validated Short Calcium Questionnaire (SCQ). This questionnaire is in the form of an spreadsheet, and asks the participant to enter the number of servings per week of various food items and vitamin or mineral supplements. The spreadsheet calculates the daily calcium intake (mg/day) from the data entered. (NCT01746264)
Timeframe: baseline, 3 months

Interventionmg/day (Mean)
baseline3 months
Vitamin D31102.7975.5

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Fasting Glucose

Plasma glucose was measured by hexokinase enzymatic assay. (NCT01746264)
Timeframe: baseline, 3 months

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
baseline3 months
Vitamin D34.94.97

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Fasting Insulin

Serum insulin was measured using commercial electrochemiluminescence immunoassay kits. (NCT01746264)
Timeframe: baseline, 3 months

Interventionpmol/L (Mean)
baseline3 months
Vitamin D3225.71245.16

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Flow Mediated Dilatation (FMD)

Endothelial function was assessed by FMD, via a high-resolution Doppler ultrasonography examination of the right brachial artery. FMD was calculated as the maximal percentage increase in brachial artery diameter (BAD) from baseline after the release of cuff occlusion. (NCT01746264)
Timeframe: baseline, 3 months

Interventionpercentage increase in BAD (Mean)
Baseline FMD3 months FMD
Vitamin D39.510.4

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Change in Bone Structure

To determine whether vitamin D supplementation results in changes in bone structure. (NCT01747447)
Timeframe: 2 years

,,,
Interventionmg/cm^3 (Mean)
Baseline Total Volumetric Bone Mineral Density at the RadiusYear 2 Total Volumetric Bone Mineral Density at the RadiusBaseline Trabecular Volumetric Bone Mineral Density at the RadiusYear 2 Trabecular Volumetric Bone Mineral Density at the RadiusBaseline Cortical Volumetric Bone Mineral Density at the RadiusYear 2 Cortical Volumetric Bone Mineral Density at the RadiusBaseline Total Volumetric Bone Mineral Density at the TibiaYear 2 Total Volumetric Bone Mineral Density at the TibiaBaseline Trabecular Volumetric Bone Mineral Density at the TibiaYear 2 Trabecular Volumetric Bone Mineral Density at the TibiaBaseline Cortical Volumetric Bone Mineral Density at the TibiaYear 2 Cortical Volumetric Bone Mineral Density at the Tibia
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids371.28377.60197.50200.121197.871199.88297.55300.91248.45252.111163.591166.61
Active Vitamin D369.68376.24196.45199.561197.751199.41295.29296.76246.63249.301167.391169.98
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo372.29380.98201.78204.691196.851201.16296.96298.90248.31251.151165.811169.90
Vitamin D Placebo373.90382.25202.80205.111196.981201.55299.23303.21250.14254.071162.021166.38

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Body Composition

To determine whether vitamin D supplementation results in changes in body composition as assessed by DXA: total body fat and lean mass, and fat mass index and lean mass index, regional fat and lean mass and derived ratios. (NCT01747447)
Timeframe: 2 years

,,,
Interventionkg/m^2 (Mean)
Body Mass IndexFat Mass IndexLean Mass Index
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids28.6510.4916.59
Active Vitamin D28.2910.2616.46
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo27.9610.0516.33
Vitamin D Placebo28.3210.2816.46

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Bone Turnover P1NP

To determine whether vitamin D supplementation reduces bone turnover, assessed biomarkers of bone formation (propeptide of type 1 collagen [P1NP]). (NCT01747447)
Timeframe: 2 years

,,,
Interventionug/L (Mean)
Baseline P1NPYear 2 P1NP
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids50.2548.00
Active Vitamin D49.9948.28
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo48.9949.36
Vitamin D Placebo49.2949.04

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Change in Bone Density

To determine whether vitamin D supplementation produces small increases or reduces bone loss in spine, hip, and total body areal bone density, as assessed by DXA. Reported values are rounded up. (NCT01747447)
Timeframe: 2 years

,,,
Interventiong/cm^2 (Mean)
Baseline Spine Areal Bone Mineral DensityYear 2 Spine Areal Bone Mineral DensityBaseline Femoral Neck Hip Areal Bone Mineral DensityYear 2 Femoral Neck Hip Areal Bone Mineral DensityBaseline Total Hip Areal Bone Mineral DensityYear 2 Total Hip Areal Bone Mineral DensityBaseline Whole Body Areal Bone Mineral DensityYear 2 Whole Body Areal Bone Mineral Density
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids1.021.030.770.770.940.941.151.15
Active Vitamin D1.021.030.770.770.940.931.151.15
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo1.021.030.760.760.930.931.151.15
Vitamin D Placebo1.021.030.770.770.930.941.151.15

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Bone Turnover Beta Crosslaps

To determine whether vitamin D supplementation reduces bone turnover, assessed biomarkers of bone resorption (beta crosslaps). (NCT01747447)
Timeframe: 2 years

,,,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Baseline beta crosslapsYear 2 beta crosslaps
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids0.410.40
Active Vitamin D0.400.40
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo0.400.41
Vitamin D Placebo0.410.42

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Change in Estimated GFR From Baseline to Week 48.

To assess renal glomerular safety by measuring change in estimated GFR from baseline to week 48 by randomized study group; (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 48

Interventionml/min/1.73m^2 (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-1.91
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.00

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Change in Estimated GFR From Baseline to Week 24.

To assess renal glomerular safety by measuring change in estimated GFR from baseline to week 24 by randomized study group; (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 24

Interventionml/min/1.73m^2 (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.00
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.00

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Effect of Concurrent Treatment With Ritonavir on 25-OHD Serum Concentration: Change in Concentration From Baseline to Week 48 by Ritonavir Use

Mean Vitamin D serum concentration (25-(OH)D) Total) in those with ritonavir use vs. those without ritonavir use (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 48

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Ritonavir Use10.55
No Ritonavir Use10.02

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Effect of Concurrent Treatment With Efavirenz on 25-OHD Serum Concentration: Concentration at Week 48 by Efavirenz Use

Mean Vitamin D serum concentration (25-(OH)D) Total) in those with efavirenz use vs. those without efavirenz use (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Week 48

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Efavirenz Use28.24
No Efavirenz Use29.68

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Effect of Concurrent Treatment With Efavirenz on 25-OHD Serum Concentration: Concentration at Baseline by Efavirenz Use

Mean Vitamin D serum concentration (25-(OH)D) Total) in those with efavirenz use vs. those without efavirenz use (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Efavirenz Use17.02
No Efavirenz Use19.61

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Effect of Concurrent Treatment With Efavirenz on 25-OHD Serum Concentration: Change in Concentration From Baseline to Week 48 by Efavirenz Use

Mean Vitamin D serum concentration (25-(OH)D) Total) in those with efavirenz use vs. those without efavirenz use (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 48

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Efavirenz Use10.97
No Efavirenz Use9.79

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Change in URBP/UCr Ratio From Baseline to Week 48

To assess renal tubular function by measuring change in urine retinol binding protein to urine creatinine (URBP/UCr) ratio by randomized study group; (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 48

Interventionmcg/g (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-1.06
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-4.72

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Change in UProt/ UCr Ratio From Baseline to Week 48

To assess renal tubular function by measuring change in urinary protein to creatinine ratio by randomized study group; (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 48

Interventionratio (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.00
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.00

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Change in UGluc From Baseline to Week 48

To assess renal tubular function by measuring change in urine glucose (UGluc) by randomized study group; (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 48

Interventionmg/dL (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-0.42
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-0.43

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Change in UB2MG From Baseline to Week 48

To assess renal tubular function by measuring change in urine beta-2 microglobulin (UB2MG) by randomized study group; (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 48

Interventionmcg/L (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU5.19
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo10.75

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Change in Estimated GFR From Baseline to Week 12.

"To assess renal glomerular safety by measuring change in estimated GFR from baseline to week 12 by randomized study group.~eGFR calculated by the CKD-Epi equation for subjects >=18 years of age, and by bedside Schwartz formula for subjects <18 years of age" (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 12

Interventionml/min/1.73m^2 (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.00
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.00

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Change From Baseline to Week 48 of Total Hip BMD Z-score for the Randomized Study Groups

The Z-score is the standard deviation around mean bone mineral density in the total hip, adjusted for sex, age, and race/ethnicity. An average Z-score of zero would be expected to be seen in healthy populations. A negative Z-score indicates lower than average bone mineral density. Low bone mineral density is a frequent finding in HIV-infected individuals, including adolescents and young adults. (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 48

Interventionz-score (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.00
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.00

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Change From Baseline to Week 48 of Lumbar Spine (L1-L4) BMD Z-score for the Randomized Study Groups

The Z-score is the standard deviation around mean bone mineral density in the lumbar spine, adjusted for sex, age, and race/ethnicity. An average Z-score of zero would be expected to be seen in healthy populations. A negative Z-score indicates lower than average bone mineral density. Low bone mineral density is a frequent finding in HIV-infected individuals, including adolescents and young adults. (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 48

Interventionz-score (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.00
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-0.10

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Change From Baseline to Week 48 of Femoral Neck BMD Z-score for the Randomized Study Groups

The Z-score is the standard deviation around mean bone mineral density in the femoral neck, adjusted for sex, age, and race/ethnicity. An average Z-score of zero would be expected to be seen in healthy populations. A negative Z-score indicates lower than average bone mineral density. Low bone mineral density is a frequent finding in HIV-infected individuals, including adolescents and young adults. (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 48

Interventionz-score (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.00
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.00

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Change From Baseline to Week 48 in UCa/Ucr

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 48

Interventionratio (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.00
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.01

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Change From Baseline to Week 48 in SPO4

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 48

Interventionmg/dL (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-0.03
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-0.12

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Change From Baseline to Week 48 in Serum Calcium (SCa)

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 48

Interventionmg/dL (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.00
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.04

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Change From Baseline to Week 48 in PTH

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 48

Interventionpg/ML (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-2.21
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-0.96

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Change From Baseline to Week 48 in OC

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 48

Interventionmcg/L (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-0.93
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-0.48

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Change From Baseline to Week 48 in Glucose Homeostasis (Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR))

"HOMA-IR is calculated as fasting glucose (mg/dL) X fasting glucose (uIU/mL) / 405. An increase in HOMA-IR means that an individual has become more resistant (less sensitive) to the effects of insulin and thus would be a negative outcome. A reduction in HOMA-IR means that an individual has become more sensitive to the effects of insulin and would be considered a positive outcome.There are no set minimum or maximum scores for HOMA-IR, since it is based on measurements of insulin and glucose, the assays for which may vary. Several studies suggest a cut-off of >2 for any insulin resistance, but normal values appear to vary greatly by population (https://www.mdcalc.com/homa-ir-homeostatic-model-assessment-insulin-resistance)." (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 48

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.07
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-0.15

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Change From Baseline to Week 48 in Glucose Homeostasis (Fasting Insulin)

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and 48 weeks

InterventionuIU/mL (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.45
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-0.83

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Change From Baseline to Week 48 in Glucose Homeostasis (Fasting Glucose)

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 48

Interventionmg/dL (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.05
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-0.20

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Percent Change From Baseline to Week 24 of Lumbar Spine (L1-L4) BMD for the Randomized Study Groups

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercent change (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.94
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.42

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Change From Baseline to Week 48 in FGF23

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 48

Interventionpg/ML (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU4.77
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo3.15

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Change From Baseline to Week 48 in CTX

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 48

Interventionmcg/L (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-0.08
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-0.09

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Change From Baseline to Week 48 in BAP

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 48

InterventionU/L (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-2.71
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-2.19

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Change From Baseline to Week 48 in Actual Free 1,25-OHD

Vitamin D serum concentration (1,25 (OH)DTotal) (pmol/L) multiplied by F times 1,000, where F is defined as F = 1/(1 + Kd * [VDBP] + Ka *[albumin]) where the binding constant for VDBP = Kd = 4.2 x 107 M-1, and for albumin is Ka = 5.4 x 104 M-1 and the concentrations of VDBP and albumin are in moles/L (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 48

Interventionfmol/L (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU63.73
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo25.66

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Change From Baseline to Week 48 in 25-OHD

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 48

Interventionng/ML (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU17.80
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo2.64

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Change From Baseline to Week 48 in TRP %

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 48

Interventionpercent (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-1.55
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.62

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Change From Baseline to Week 48 in 1,25-OHD

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 48

Interventionpg/ML (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU10.52
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo2.74

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 of Total Hip BMD Z-score for the Randomized Study Groups

The Z-score is the standard deviation around mean bone mineral density in the total hip, adjusted for sex, age, and race/ethnicity. An average Z-score of zero would be expected to be seen in healthy populations. A negative Z-score indicates lower than average bone mineral density. Low bone mineral density is a frequent finding in HIV-infected individuals, including adolescents and young adults. (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionz-score (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.00
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.00

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 of Lumbar Spine (L1-L4) BMD Z-score for the Randomized Study Groups

The Z-score is the standard deviation around mean bone mineral density in the lumbar spine, adjusted for sex, age, and race/ethnicity. An average Z-score of zero would be expected to be seen in healthy populations. A negative Z-score indicates lower than average bone mineral density. Low bone mineral density is a frequent finding in HIV-infected individuals, including adolescents and young adults. (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionz-score (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.00
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.00

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 of Femoral Neck BMD Z-score for the Randomized Study Groups

The Z-score is the standard deviation around mean bone mineral density in the femoral neck, adjusted for sex, age, and race/ethnicity. An average Z-score of zero would be expected to be seen in healthy populations. A negative Z-score indicates lower than average bone mineral density. Low bone mineral density is a frequent finding in HIV-infected individuals, including adolescents and young adults. (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionz-score (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.00
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.00

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 in UCa/Ucr

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 24

Interventionratio (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.01
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.01

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 in FGF23

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 24

Interventionpg/ML (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU2.93
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo3.65

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 in CTX

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionmcg/L (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-0.03
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-0.02

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Percent Change From Baseline to Week 24 of Total Hip BMD for the Randomized Study Groups

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercent change (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-0.27
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.00

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Change in SCr From Baseline to Week 12.

To assess renal glomerular safety by measuring change in SCr from baseline to week 12 by randomized study group; (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionmg/dL (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.03
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.02

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Change in SCr From Baseline to Week 24.

To assess renal glomerular safety by measuring change in SCr from baseline to week 24 by randomized study group; (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionmg/dL (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.02
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.02

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 in TRP %

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 24

Interventionpercent (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-0.59
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-0.88

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 in SPO4

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 24

Interventionmg/dL (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-0.06
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.03

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Serum Calcium (SCa)

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-0.04
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.08

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Percent Change From Baseline to Week 48 of Total Hip BMD for the Randomized Study Groups

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 48

Interventionpercent change (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-0.17
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-0.42

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Percent Change From Baseline to Week 48 of Femoral Neck BMD for the Randomized Study Groups

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 48

Interventionpercent change (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-0.30
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-0.11

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Change in SCr From Baseline to Week 48.

To assess renal glomerular safety by measuring change in SCr from baseline to week 48 by randomized study group; (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 48

Interventionmg/dL (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.03
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.01

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Percent Change From Baseline to Week 48 of BMC of Whole Body for the Randomized Study Groups

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 48

Interventionpercent change (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.08
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.07

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Percent Change From Baseline to Week 48 in Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)-Measured BMD at the Spine for the Randomized Study Groups

"Percent change from baseline to week (wk) 48 in DXA-measured BMD at the spine for the randomized study groups.~Lumbar spine BMD (L1 - L4) (g/cm2) change from Baseline to wk 48 visit." (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 48

Interventionpercent change (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.19
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.09

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25-OHD Serum Concentration by Randomized Study Group at Week 12

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionng/mL (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU35.14
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo23.97

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Percent Change From Baseline to Week 24 of Femoral Neck BMD for the Randomized Study Groups

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercent change (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-0.10
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-0.04

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25-OHD Serum Concentration by Randomized Study Group at Week 48

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Week 48

Interventionng/mL (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU36.89
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo20.55

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Percent Change From Baseline to Week 24 of BMC of Whole Body for the Randomized Study Groups

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercent change (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.25
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.07

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 in 1,25-OHD

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 12

Interventionpg/ML (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU15.61
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo6.06

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 in 25-OHD

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 12

Interventionng/ML (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU16.33
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo6.91

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Actual Free 1,25-OHD

Vitamin D serum concentration (1,25 (OH)DTotal) (pmol/L) multiplied by F times 1,000, where F is defined as F = 1/(1 + Kd * [VDBP] + Ka *[albumin]) where the binding constant for VDBP = Kd = 4.2 x 107 M-1, and for albumin is Ka = 5.4 x 104 M-1 and the concentrations of VDBP and albumin are in moles/L (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 12

Interventionfmol/L (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU106.50
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo53.23

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 in BAP

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 12

InterventionU/L (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-1.05
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-1.74

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 in CTX

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionmcg/L (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-0.03
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-0.02

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 in FGF23

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 12

Interventionpg/ML (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU3.31
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo3.90

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 in OC

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionmcg/L (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.15
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-0.10

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 in PTH

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 12

Interventionpg/ML (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-2.17
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-0.82

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Serum Calcium (SCa)

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 12

Interventionmg/dL (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-0.02
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.08

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 in SPO4

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 12

Interventionmg/dL (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.00
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.02

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 in TRP %

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 12

Interventionpercent (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-0.71
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.04

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 in UCa/Ucr

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 12

Interventionratio (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.00
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo0.00

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 in 1,25-OHD

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 24

Interventionpg/ML (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU12.90
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo8.58

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 in 25-OHD

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 24

Interventionng/ML (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU18.60
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo6.78

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Actual Free 1,25-OHD

Vitamin D serum concentration (1,25 (OH)DTotal) (pmol/L) multiplied by F times 1,000, where F is defined as F = 1/(1 + Kd * [VDBP] + Ka *[albumin]) where the binding constant for VDBP = Kd = 4.2 x 107 M-1, and for albumin is Ka = 5.4 x 104 M-1 and the concentrations of VDBP and albumin are in moles/L (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 24

Interventionfmol/L (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU98.61
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo59.36

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 in BAP

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 24

InterventionU/L (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-2.54
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-2.03

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Effect of Concurrent Treatment With Ritonavir on 25-OHD Serum Concentration: Concentration at Week 48 by Ritonavir Use

Mean Vitamin D serum concentration (25-(OH)D) Total) in those with ritonavir use vs. those without ritonavir use (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Week 48

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Ritonavir Use29.46
No Ritonavir Use28.92

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Effect of Concurrent Treatment With Ritonavir on 25-OHD Serum Concentration: Concentration at Baseline by Ritonavir Use

Mean Vitamin D serum concentration (25-(OH)D) Total) in those with ritonavir use vs. those without ritonavir use (NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Ritonavir Use18.62
No Ritonavir Use18.69

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25-OHD Serum Concentration by Randomized Study Group at Week 24

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Week 24

Interventionng/mL (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU37.04
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo23.30

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 in PTH

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and wk 24

Interventionpg/ML (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU-0.25
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-1.71

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 in OC

(NCT01751646)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionmcg/L (Median)
Group A: Vitamin D3 50,000 IU0.09
Group B: Vitamin D3 Placebo-0.22

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Number of Participants With Incident Visually-Significant AMD

AMD responsible for a reduction in best-corrected visual acuity to 20/30 or worse (NCT01782352)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D73
Vitamin D Placebo61
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids61
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo73

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Number of Participants With Incident AMD

Incident AMD with or without vision loss to 20/30 or worse; a component of the composite end point of AMD Events (NCT01782352)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D148
Vitamin D Placebo137
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids137
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo148

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Number of Participants With an AMD Event, Excluding the First Two Years of Follow-up

AMD Event = a composite endpoint of incident AMD plus cases of progression to advanced AMD among participants with AMD at baseline (NCT01782352)
Timeframe: 5 years (excluding the first two years of follow-up)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D84
Vitamin D Placebo91
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids83
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo92

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Number of Participants With an AMD Event

AMD Event = a composite endpoint of incident AMD plus cases of progression to advanced AMD among participants with AMD at baseline (NCT01782352)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D163
Vitamin D Placebo161
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids157
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo167

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Number of Participants With Incident Advanced AMD

(NCT01782352)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D51
Vitamin D Placebo42
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids39
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo54

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Number of Participants With AMD Progression

Progression to advanced AMD among participants with AMD at baseline; a component of the composite end point of AMD Events (NCT01782352)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D15
Vitamin D Placebo24
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids20
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo19

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Change in 25(OH)D Serum Level After Treatment for Vitamin D Deficiency (Deficiency Defined as 25(OH)D <20 ng/dL)

(NCT01784029)
Timeframe: Baseline to 3 months

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Low Dose6.2
Weekly High Dose24.9
Daily High Dose21

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Pulse-wave Velocity (PWV)

PWV is a measure of arterial stiffness. Higher values of PWV indicate greater degree of arterial stiffness. (NCT01797302)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionmeters/second (Mean)
Vitamin D3 2000 IU4.85
Vitamin D3 1000 IU4.85
Vitamin D3 600 IU4.88

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Systemic Diastolic Blood Pressure

a measure of cardiometabolic health (NCT01797302)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Vitamin D3 2000 IU67.57
Vitamin D3 1000 IU64.73
Vitamin D3 600 IU67.30

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Systemic Systolic Blood Pressure

a measure of cardiometabolic health (NCT01797302)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Vitamin D3 2000 IU114.71
Vitamin D3 1000 IU114.88
Vitamin D3 600 IU115.70

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Body Mass Index (BMI)

a surrogate measure of adiposity (NCT01797302)
Timeframe: 6 months

Intervention"kg/m^2" (Mean)
Vitamin D3 2000 IU30.82
Vitamin D3 1000 IU30.99
Vitamin D3 600 IU30.62

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1/Fasting Insulin Ratio

1/fasting insulin ratio is a measure of insulin sensitivity. Increases in 1/fasting insulin ratio indicate improvements in insulin sensitivity. (NCT01797302)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionratio (Mean)
Vitamin D3 2000 IU0.08
Vitamin D3 1000 IU0.06
Vitamin D3 600 IU0.06

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Central Diastolic Blood Pressure

a measure of cardiometabolic health (NCT01797302)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Vitamin D3 2000 IU68.69
Vitamin D3 1000 IU65.33
Vitamin D3 600 IU68.57

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Central Systolic Blood Pressure

a measure of cardiometabolic health (NCT01797302)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Vitamin D3 2000 IU98.45
Vitamin D3 1000 IU96.05
Vitamin D3 600 IU98.50

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Augmentation Index at Heart Rate of 75 Beats/Min (AIx-75)

"AIx-75 is a measure of arterial stiffness. AIx was measured through radial arterial tonometry using SphygmoCor.~Radial pulse waveform are analyzed through an automatic software function to determine aortic pulse waveform and aortic or central systolic (cSBP) and diastolic blood pressure (cDBP), and these measurements are further analyzed automatically to calculate AIx.~AIx is a composite measure of the magnitude of wave reflection and arterial stiffness in all conduit arteries which affect the timing of the wave reflection. AIx = P2-P1/cSBP-cDBP, where P1 is the height of the incident pressure wave form during systole, P2 is the height of the reflected wave added to the incident wave, cSBP is the aortic systolic BP, and cDBP is the aortic diastolic BP. AIx adjusted to heart rate of 75 beats/min (AIx-75) is a validated index of arterial stiffness, with higher values indicating higher degree of arterial stiffness." (NCT01797302)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionratio (Mean)
Vitamin D3 2000 IU3.75
Vitamin D3 1000 IU2.22
Vitamin D3 600 IU1.74

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Fasting Blood Glucose

a measure of cardiometabolic health (NCT01797302)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Vitamin D3 2000 IU88.41
Vitamin D3 1000 IU88.48
Vitamin D3 600 IU90.44

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Flow-mediated Dilation (FMD) Percentage

Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation percentage is a measure of endothelial function. FMD percentage calculation is based on baseline brachial artery diameter(brachialADbase) and change in brachial artery diameter (brachialADchange) during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia. FMD% was determined using the formula (brachialADchange/brachialADbase) x 100. (NCT01797302)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpercentage of baseline dilation (Mean)
Vitamin D3 2000 IU7.61
Vitamin D3 1000 IU8.27
Vitamin D3 600 IU7.31

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Blood 25 Hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) Concentrations

Blood 25OHD will be measured to determine vitamin D deficiency, with a concentration below 50 nmol/L used to define deficiency. A PICU admission blood sample could not be obtained for one patient in the Usual Care Group and one patient in the High Dose Group, thus the total number analyzed differs from the full sample size. (NCT01838447)
Timeframe: 1 day (On admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) following CHD surgery)

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
Usual Care Group34.8
High Dose Group52.0

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Post-operative PICU Catecholamine Requirements

Primarily, post-operative catecholamine requirements during the PICU admission will be evaluated as a dichotomous variable (yes/no). If a difference is noted in the primary analysis, inotrope requirements will be determined using the inotrope score, evaluated as the maximum score and in a time to event approach (off all inotropes, score of zero) (NCT01838447)
Timeframe: At any point between PICU admission and discharge, an average length of 5-7 days and not longer than 60 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Usual Care Group15
High Dose Group11

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Number of Participants With Hypercalciuria

Hypercalciuria will be identified using calcium:creatinine ratios defined using age-specific norms and thresholds. (NCT01838447)
Timeframe: Immediately before surgery, on admission to the PICU following CHD surgery, and on the first post-operative day

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
EnrolmentIntra-operativePost-Operative Day 1
High Dose Group041
Usual Care Group132

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Change in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale

"Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale Higher MADRS score indicates more severe depression, and each item yields a score of 0 to 6. The overall score ranges from 0 to 60.~The questionnaire includes questions on the following symptoms 1. Apparent sadness 2. Reported sadness 3. Inner tension 4. Reduced sleep 5. Reduced appetite 6. Concentration difficulties 7. Lassitude 8. Inability to feel 9. Pessimistic thoughts 10. Suicidal thoughts~Usual cutoff points are:~0 to 6 - normal/symptom absent 7 to 19 - mild depression 20 to 34 - moderate depression >34 - severe depression." (NCT01884844)
Timeframe: baseline and at 12 week completion

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Vitamin D39.4
Placebo6.4

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Change in Insulin Resistance

Insulin resistance will be measured using the gold standard euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp method (note - it is anticipated that a total of 60 volunteers will complete the primary endpoint assessment). (NCT01889810)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and after 6 months

Interventionμmol/kg/min (Step 2 GIR corrected) (Mean)
Vitamin D3 Supplementation37.4
Placebo36.3

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Change in Immunological Profile 5 Days Following Supplementation With Cholecalciferol

Subjects will receive 200,000 IU or 400,000 IU cholecalciferol suspension (vs. placebo) within 24 hours from the onset of a suspected case of sepsis during their hospitalization. Immunological profile at the onset of a suspected case of sepsis will be compared to the immunological profile between 5-9 days after supplementation with cholecalciferol or placebo. To assess the immunological profile, we will measure serum hsCRP. (NCT01896544)
Timeframe: Patients will be followed between the onset of suspected sepsis and for an average duration of 90 days

,,
Interventionmg/L (Median)
Day 1 hsCRP (mg/L)D 5 hsCRP (mg/L)
Cholecalciferol Dose 120898
Cholecalciferol Dose 211931
Placebo10653

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Change in Immunological Profile 5 Days Following Supplementation With Cholecalciferol

Subjects will receive 200,000 IU or 400,000 IU cholecalciferol suspension (vs. placebo) within 24 hours from the onset of a suspected case of sepsis during their hospitalization. Immunological profile at the onset of a suspected case of sepsis will be compared to the immunological profile between 5-9 days after supplementation with cholecalciferol or placebo. To assess the immunological profile, we will measure serum LL-37. (NCT01896544)
Timeframe: Patients will be followed between the onset of suspected sepsis and for an average duration of 7 days

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Day 1 LL-37 (ng/mL)Day 5 LL 37 (ng/mL)
Cholecalciferol Dose I5254
Cholecalciferol Dose II5167
Placebo5350

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Change in Vitamin D Status 5 Days Following Supplementation With Cholecalciferol

Subjects will receive 200,000 IU or 400,000 IU cholecalciferol suspension (vs. placebo) within 24 hours from the onset of a suspected case of sepsis during their hospitalization. Vitamin D status at the onset of a suspected case of sepsis will be compared to vitamin D status between 5-9 days after supplementation with cholecalciferol or placebo. To assess vitamin D status, we will measure serum and urine: 1) 25-hydroxyvitamin D; 2) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; 3) 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; 4) Fibroblast growth factor 23; 5) Vitamin D binding protein; 6) LL-37; 7) Parathyroid hormone; 8) Albumin; 9) Calcium; and 10) Phosphorus levels. (NCT01896544)
Timeframe: Patients will be followed between the onset of suspected sepsis and for an average duration of 7 days

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Day 1Day 5
Cholecalciferol Dose I1522
Cholecalciferol Dose II1729
Placebo1919

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Change in Systolic Blood Pressure From Baseline (Month 0) to Month 6 for the High Dose Cohort Versus Low Dose Cohort

Systolic blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). For each participant, her baseline systolic blood pressure is subtracted from her month 6 systolic blood pressure to create a systolic blood pressure change score. (NCT01904032)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Low Dose-2.1579
High Dose-1.6613

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Change in Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Score From Baseline (Month 0) to Month 6 for the High Dose Cohort Versus Low Dose Cohort

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) is a self-report questionnaire assessing frequency and severity of depression symptoms. Raw scores range from 0 to 60, where higher scores indicate worse mood. For each participant, her baseline CES-D score is subtracted from her month 6 CES-D score to create a CES-D change score. (NCT01904032)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Low Dose-13.2982
High Dose-12.5000

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Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure From Baseline (Month 0) to Month 6 for the High Dose Cohort Versus Low Dose Cohort

Diastolic blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). For each participant, her baseline diastolic blood pressure is subtracted from her month 6 diastolic blood pressure to create a diastolic blood pressure change score. (NCT01904032)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Low Dose-0.7544
High Dose0.7581

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Change in Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAIDS) Score From Baseline (Month 0) to Month 6 for the High Dose Cohort Versus Low Dose Cohort

The Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAIDS) score is a self-report questionnaire that assesses diabetes burden and treatment. Scores range from 0 to 100, where higher scores indicate greater distress. For each participant, her baseline PAID score is subtracted from her month 6 PAID score to create a PAID change score. (NCT01904032)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Low Dose-13.2237
High Dose-13.2661

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Short Form-12 (SF-12) Physical Composite Scale (PCS)

The SF-12 is a 12-item questionnaire that measures self-reported quality of life through an 8-domain profile of functional health and well-being, physical and mental health summary measures and a preference-based health utility index. Scores range from 0 to 100, where a zero score indicates the lowest level of health measured by the scales and 100 indicates the highest level of health. (NCT01908751)
Timeframe: Pre-fracture, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months post-surgery

,,,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Pre-fracture6 Weeks3 Months6 Months9 Months12 Months
Cancellous Screws53.729.336.743.445.045.0
Sliding Hip Screw50.529.936.236.938.342.2
Vitamin D Placebo50.829.435.738.842.442.6
Vitamin D Supplementation53.529.737.241.441.844.5

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Short Form-12 (SF-12) Mental Health Composite Scale (MCS)

The SF-12 is a 12-item questionnaire that measures self-reported quali... If reporting a score on a scale, please include the unabbreviated scale title, the minimum and maximum values, and whether higher scores mean a better or worse outcome. Scores range from 0 to 100, where a zero score indicates the lowest level of health measured by the scales and 100 indicates the highest level of health. (NCT01908751)
Timeframe: Pre-fracture, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months post-surgery

,,,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Pre-fracture6 Weeks3 Months6 Months9 Months12 Months
Cancellous Screws53.153.954.354.254.053.3
Sliding Hip Screw55.652.050.555.054.052.9
Vitamin D Placebo54.252.950.157.054.353.9
Vitamin D Supplementation54.353.054.452.953.852.4

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Number of Participants With Patient Important Outcomes

"A participant met the primary clinical endpoint if they experienced one or more of the four outcomes:~Re-operation: any unplanned surgery related to the treatment of the femoral neck fracture;~Femoral head osteonecrosis: any evidence of osteonecrosis on any follow-up medical imaging study (i.e., radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or other advanced imaging study);~Severe femoral neck malunion: fracture healing with femoral neck shortening of >10 mm in any plane on follow-up x-rays; or~Nonunion: failure of the fracture to progress towards healing defined as a Radiographic Union Score for Hip (RUSH) score below a pre-determined threshold specific for nonunion at 6 months or greater post-injury." (NCT01908751)
Timeframe: 12 months post-surgery

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Primary Clinical EndpointRe-operationFemoral head osteonecrosisSevere femoral neck malunionNonunion
Cancellous Screws136763
Sliding Hip Screw119224
Vitamin D Placebo138433
Vitamin D Supplementation117554

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Hip Outcome Score (HOS) Sports Scale

The HOS measures self-reported functional status through 28 items and two sub-scales that pertain to activities of daily living (ADLs) or higher level activities such as those necessary to participate in sports. Scores for each subscale range from 0 (least function) to 100 (most function). (NCT01908751)
Timeframe: Pre-fracture, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months post-surgery

,,,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Pre-fracture6 Weeks3 Months6 Months9 Months12 Months
Cancellous Screws86.98.021.445.154.857.3
Sliding Hip Screw78.59.320.833.042.847.5
Vitamin D Placebo76.49.422.241.045.653.1
Vitamin D Supplementation88.68.020.138.152.452.4

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Hip Outcome Score (HOS) Activities of Daily Living Scale

The HOS measures self-reported functional status through 28 items and two sub-scales that pertain to activities of daily living (ADLs) or higher level activities such as those necessary to participate in sports. Scores for each subscale range from 0 (least function) to 100 (most function). (NCT01908751)
Timeframe: Pre-fracture, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months post-surgery

,,,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Pre-fracture6 Weeks3 Months6 Months9 Months12 Months
Cancellous Screws95.436.159.374.479.679.4
Sliding Hip Screw89.239.156.864.569.073.0
Vitamin D Placebo91.537.159.869.674.776.2
Vitamin D Supplementation93.138.156.769.775.176.6

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Radiographic Fracture Healing

The date of healing will be determined by the Central Adjudication Committee (CAC). They will consider a fracture as healed when there is obliteration of the fracture line by newly formed bone along the cortices and within the trabecular bone on anterior-posterior and lateral radiographs. (NCT01908751)
Timeframe: up to 12 months post-surgery

Interventiondays (Mean)
Sliding Hip Screw224.0
Cancellous Screws236.7
Vitamin D Supplementation210.4
Vitamin D Placebo252.3

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Number of Participants With Non-Operatively-Treated Fracture Healing Complications

Fracture healing complications treated non-operatively are presented in this table and included wound healing problems, infection (superficial and deep), hardware failure, hardware breakage, painful hardware, and peri-prosthetic fracture. (NCT01908751)
Timeframe: 12 months post-surgery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Sliding Hip Screw0
Cancellous Screws1
Vitamin D Supplementation0
Vitamin D Placebo0

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Change at Week 16 in % Flow Mediated Dilation in Those Who Did and Did Not Replete Vitamin D

Measures were be performed with a Phillips iU22 Ultrasound system and a L9-3 9 mHz probe in 2D mode by a single operator using EKG gating. Baseline measures of brachial artery diameter will be made after the 10 minutes of rest. The blood pressure cuff, placed on the ipsilateral forearm, was inflated to 50 mmHg above the patient's systolic blood pressure for five minutes and then released. Endothelium-dependent FMD was measured continuously during and for three minutes after cuff release. Subjects rested for 10 minutes. Then, endothelium-independent dilation was measured 3 minutes after administration of 0.4 mg of sublingual nitroglycerine. The outcome (%FMD) was the difference between the average endothelium dependent diameter after cuff deflation and the average baseline diameter. The absolute difference between the % FMD at baseline and 16 week follow up was reported. (NCT01911169)
Timeframe: from zero to sixteen weeks

InterventionAbsolute change in % FMD (Mean)
Repleted Vitamin D1.4
Not Repleted Vitamin D-4.2

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Number of Participants With FEV1 < 80% of Predicted

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) as percent predicted (with reference values used according to the child's age, gender and ethnicity). (NCT01921894)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cholecalciferol 4000 IU0
Cholecalciferol 2000 IU0
Cholecalciferol 200 IU0

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Number of Participants With Elevated Urinary Calcium/Creatinine Ratio

Elevated urinary calcium/creatinine ratio defined as UCa/UCr > 0.37 after either 4 weeks or 8 weeks of supplementation (NCT01921894)
Timeframe: 4 and/or 8 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cholecalciferol 4000 IU0
Cholecalciferol 2000 IU0
Cholecalciferol 200 IU0

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Number of Participants With Vitamin D Toxicity

Participants with vitamin D toxicity, hypercalcemia (>10.8mg/dl) and/or an elevated urine Ca/Cr ratio (>0.37) (NCT01921894)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cholecalciferol 4000 IU0
Cholecalciferol 2000 IU0
Cholecalciferol 200 IU0

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Number of Participants With Vitamin D Sufficiency (Vitamin D ≥30 ng/ml) After 4 Weeks of Supplementation

The outcome is defined as the number of participants with a sufficient (≥30 ng/ml) vitamin D level after 8 weeks of supplementation (NCT01921894)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cholecalciferol 4000 IU6
Cholecalciferol 2000 IU7
Cholecalciferol 200 IU4

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Number of Participants With Sufficient Vitamin D Levels (≥30 ng/ml) After 8 Weeks of Supplementation

The primary outcome of the proposed trial will be a sufficient (≥30 ng/ml) vitamin D level after 8 weeks of supplementation (NCT01921894)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cholecalciferol 4000 IU8
Cholecalciferol 2000 IU6
Cholecalciferol 200 IU4

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Number of Participants With Greater Than 100 Nmol/L 25(OH)D (Converted Vitamin D)

Because the primary endpoint of the study is change in 25(OH)D from baseline to delivery, the primary analysis will be restricted to participants who had greater than 100 nmol/L of 25(OH)D. Recording will be counts of participants in each arm that achieved greater than the 100 nmol/L threshold. (NCT01932788)
Timeframe: 20 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vitamin D 4000 IU110
Placebo Gummy Vitamin22

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Variability of Response to Vitamin D Supplementation by Baseline Characteristic: Pre-diabetes Criteria (Two vs. Three Criteria)

Participants met at least two of three glycemic criteria for prediabetes: fasting plasma glucose level, 100 to 125 mg per deciliter (5.6 to 6.9 mmol per liter); plasma glucose level 2 hours after a 75-g oral glucose load, 140 to 199 mg per deciliter (7.8 to 11.0 mmol per liter) (impaired glucose tolerance); and glycated hemoglobin level, 5.7 to 6.4% (39 to 47 mmol per mole). (NCT01942694)
Timeframe: Approximately 48 months

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Met all three criteriaMet two criteria
Placebo429783
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)427784

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Variability of Response to Vitamin D Supplementation by Baseline Characteristic: Waist Circumference

(NCT01942694)
Timeframe: Approximately 48 months

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
≥Median of 104.2 cm
Placebo585627
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)620591

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Variability of Response to Vitamin D Supplementation by Baseline Characteristic: Age

(NCT01942694)
Timeframe: Approximately 48 months

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
25-4445-59≥ 60
Placebo103439670
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)106468637

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Time to Development of Diabetes

New-onset diabetes was based on annual glycemic testing of fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and 2-hour post-load plasma glucose and semiannual testing of fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin. If two or three of the glycemic measures met the 2010 ADA thresholds for diabetes, the participant was considered to have met the diabetes outcome. When only the measure for fasting plasma glucose or glycated hemoglobin met the threshold, confirmatory testing was performed for the positive measure within 8 weeks. If only the measure for 2-hour post-load plasma glucose met the threshold, then a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test to reassess all three glycemic measures was repeated. If the repeat measure was positive or both fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin were positive (in the case of a repeat oral glucose tolerance test), than the participant was considered to have met the diabetes outcome. (NCT01942694)
Timeframe: Approximately 48 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo323
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)293

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Variability of Response to Vitamin D Supplementation by Baseline Characteristic: BMI

(NCT01942694)
Timeframe: Approximately 48 months

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
<30≥30
Placebo429783
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)435776

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Variability of Response to Vitamin D Supplementation by Baseline Characteristic: Calcium Intake From Supplements

(NCT01942694)
Timeframe: Approximately 48 months

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No intakeAny intake
Placebo793419
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)826385

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Variability of Response to Vitamin D Supplementation by Baseline Characteristic: Geographic Location (as a Proxy for Sun Exposure)

(NCT01942694)
Timeframe: Approximately 48 months

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
At or above 37° north latitudeBelow 37° north latitude
Placebo898314
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)892319

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Variability of Response to Vitamin D Supplementation by Baseline Characteristic: Race (as a Proxy for Skin Pigmentation)

"Race and ethnic group were reporting by the participant. The category other includes American Indian or Alaska Native; Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander; and other race. Ethnic group includes any race." (NCT01942694)
Timeframe: Approximately 48 months

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Race: WhiteRace: BlackRace: OtherEthnic Group: HispanicEthnic Group: Non-Hispanic
Placebo806315911051107
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)8103011001201091

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Total Hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Baseline, 6 and 12 Months After Hip Fracture.

Total hip bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The DXA image is two dimensional and BMD was expressed as areal density, grams per square centimeter (g/cm^2). The change in BMD between baseline, 6 and 12 months was registered. (NCT01950169)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months and 12 months

,,
Interventiong/cm^2 (Mean)
follow up at 6 monthsfollow up at 12 months
B, Bisphosphonate-0.008-0.012
BN/N, Bisphosphonate Along With Nutritional Supplementation0.005-0.004
C, Control-0.017-0.018

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Body Composition, Including Fat Mass at Baseline, 6 and 12 Months After Hip Fracture.

Total body composition, including lean mass composed of muscle, visceral organs and water (LM), fat mass (FM) and bone mineral content (BMC) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline and at 6 and 12 months follow up.To normalize for body size, FM was divided by height squared to calculate fat mass index (FMI, kg/m^2). (NCT01950169)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 and 12 months

,,
Interventionkg/m^2 (Mean)
follow up at 6 monthsfollow up at 12 months
B, Bisphosphonate-0.6-0.3
BN/N, Bisphosphonate Along With Nutritional Supplementation0.10.1
C, Control-0.1-0.1

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Body Composition, Including Lean Mass at Baseline, 6 and 12 Months After Hip Fracture.

Total body composition, including lean mass composed of muscle, visceral organs and water (LM), fat mass (FM) and bone mineral content (BMC) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline and at 6 and 12 months follow up. The sum of lean mass (LM) and BMC represents fat-free mass (FFM). To normalize for body size, FFM was divided by height squared to calculate fat-free mass index (FFMI, kg/m^2). (NCT01950169)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 and 12 months

,,
Interventionkg/m^2 (Mean)
follow up at 6 monthsfollow up at 12 months
B, Bisphosphonate-0.4-0.5
BN/N, Bisphosphonate Along With Nutritional Supplementation-0.9-0.8
C, Control-0.4-0.5

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Total Body Mineral Density (BMD) at Baseline, 6 and 12 Months After Hip Fracture.

Total body mineral density (BMD) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The DXA image is two dimensional and BMD was expressed as areal density, grams per square centimeter (g/cm^2). The change in BMD between baseline, 6 and 12 months was registered. (NCT01950169)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months and 12 months

,,
Interventiong/cm^2 (Mean)
follow-up at 6 monthsfollow-up at 12 months
B, Bisphosphonate-0.005-0.003
BN/N, Bisphosphonate Along With Nutritional Supplementation-0.0060.0006
C, Control-0.012-0.017

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Antimicrobial Activity by Airway Surface Liquid (ASL) as Measured by Relative Light Units (RLU)

We investigated the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on airway surface liquid antimicrobial activity using a bioluminescent bacterial challenge. We challenged airway surface liquid samples with bioluminescent bacteria and measured live bacteria by relative light units (RLU) after 2 minutes as a surrogate of antimicrobial activity. We interpreted a reduction in live bacteria after challenge in relative light units as increased antimicrobial activity (NCT01967628)
Timeframe: 3 months

InterventionRelative Light Units (RLU) (Mean)
Vitamin D3-581
Sugar Capsule-485

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Change From Baseline in Interleukin-6 at 12 Weeks.

(NCT01974245)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Interleukin-6 baselineInterleukin-6 after intervention
Cholecalciferol8.14.6
Placebo9.09.6

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Compliance With Anti-Cancer Treatment

We checked compliance of aromatase inhibitor therapy during the study by reviewing the patient's use of AI drug. This will be done by counting remaining pills in patient's bottles of AI at 52 weeks. A percentage of the number of pills were actually taken of the number of pills should be taken was calculated. (NCT01988090)
Timeframe: 52 Weeks

Interventionpercentage of pills taken (Mean)
High Dose Vitamin D ARM0.981
800 IU Vitamin D Supplement0.965

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Association Between Vitamin D Levels Changes and Treatment.

Patients' serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level were tested at baseline and week 12. The changes between baseline and week 12 were calculated. (NCT01988090)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
High Dose Vitamin D ARM28.8
800 IU Vitamin D Supplement5.2

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Peak Oxygen Consumption

Peak oxygen consumption( VO2peak) is defined as the highest rate at which oxygen can be taken up and utilized by the body during severe exercise. The participants were encouraged to exercise to exhaustion with progressive 2-minutes increments in the power output during the test. VO2peak was obtained when participants reached volitional exhaustion and met at least one of the following criteria: plateau in oxygen consumption despite increase in workload, rating of perceived exertion >18, Respiratory exchange ratio > 1.10 and peak heart rate within 10 beats of age predicted maximum. . As VO2peak (expressed as liters of oxygen consumed per minute) is also dependent on age, sex, and body size, it was expressed as percentage of the predicted value(VO2peak%). (NCT02030041)
Timeframe: Twelve weeks

Interventionpercentage of predicted value (Mean)
Simvastatin and Placebo43.8
Simvastatin and Vitamin D51.6
Vitamin D and Placebo53.5

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Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Content

Skeletal muscle citrate synthase activity is a validated marker of mitochondrial content. Skeletal muscle biopsy was obtained from vastus lateralis muscle of five patients in either groups before and after the intervention. Under aseptic conditions, samples were taken in protease inhibitor cocktail and stored at -80ºC. Mitochondrial citrate synthase activity (the working range of the kit was 1.56-100 µg/mL, with intra and inter assay CV of 4.35-6.55 % and 8.3 % respectively) was measured using ELISA Kit (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) as per manufacturer's instructions.Skeletal muscle citrate synthase activity is a validated marker of mitochondrial content. (NCT02030041)
Timeframe: Twelve weeks

Interventionchange in mOD/min at 412nm (Mean)
Simvastatin and Placebo0.005
Simvastatin and Vitamin D0.005
Vitamin D and Placebo0.0052

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Change in Gait Speed

Gait speed in meters per second (m/s) was obtained from the timed 4-meter, usual-paced walk component of the Short Physical Performance Battery. The change in gait speed was obtained as follow-up measure minus baseline measure. (NCT02166333)
Timeframe: Baseline, 3 months, 12 months and 24 months

,
Interventionm/s (Mean)
Change at 3 monthsChange at 12 monthsChange at 24 months
200 IU/Day-0.01-0.04-0.09
Pooled Higher Doses-0.01-0.04-0.03

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Incidence of First Fall or Death (Whichever Comes First)

Falls were ascertained by a monthly fall calendar completed by each participant, scheduled interviews at 1 month and 3 months after randomization and every 3 months thereafter up to 24 months or trial end. Death was ascertained primarily by reports from family or friends. (NCT02166333)
Timeframe: Randomization to 24 months or end of trial, whichever came first

InterventionFirst fall or death per 100 person-years (Number)
Experience on Best Dose76.9
200 IU/d76.0
Pooled Higher Doses78.0

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Change in HOMA-IR

Change in HOMA-IR from initial visit to end-of-study visit; i.e., the value at the later time point minus the value at the earlier time point. HOMA-IR= Fasting insulin (mIU/ml) x Fasting glucose (mg/dl) / 405. (NCT02168660)
Timeframe: 4-12 mo after randomization (4 months after target 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is reached).

InterventionHOMA-IR score (Median)
Control Group0
Low-Normal Group-1.5
High-Normal Group-1.7

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Change in BMI Z-score

"The change in BMI z-score from baseline to end-of-study visit; i.e., the value at the later time point minus the value at the earlier time point.~The BMI Z-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A Z-score of 0 is equal to the mean of a reference population (i.e., healthy, age and sex-matched children). Negative numbers indicate values lower than the reference population and positive numbers indicate values higher than the reference population." (NCT02168660)
Timeframe: 4-12 mo after randomization (4 months after target 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is reached).

Interventionz-score (Median)
Control Group0.03
Low-Normal Group-0.07
High-Normal Group-0.03

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Change in Fatigue

Assessment of fatigue using the Piper Fatigue Scale at weeks 0 and 8. The Piper Fatigue Scale is the average of 22 numeric items, with higher scores indicating greater fatigue [range of scores: 0-10]. Change is calculated as the fatigue score at 8 weeks minus fatigue score at 0 weeks. Change was not assessed for participants in the 'no cholecalciferol' arm since they did not receive weekly supplementation and were not followed over time. (NCT02186015)
Timeframe: 0, 8 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Cholecalciferol-0.5

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Change in Muscle Function

Assessment of muscle function using a hand dynamometer at weeks 0 and 8. Change in dominant handgrip strength in kilograms was calculated as 8 weeks minus 0 weeks. Change was not assessed for participants in the 'no cholecalciferol' arm since they did not receive weekly supplementation and were not followed over time. (NCT02186015)
Timeframe: 0, 8 weeks

Interventionkilograms (Median)
Cholecalciferol-0.2

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Change in Mood

Assessment of mood using the Patient Health Questionnaire 8 (PHQ-8) at weeks 0 and 8. The PHQ-8 ranges from 0-24 with higher scores indicating more distress. Change was assessed as PHQ-8 score at 8 weeks minus 0 weeks. Change was not assessed for participants in the 'no cholecalciferol' arm since they did not receive weekly supplementation and were not followed over time. (NCT02186015)
Timeframe: 0, 8 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Cholecalciferol-1

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Change in Worst Pain Rating From the Beck Pain Scale

Assessment of pain using the Beck Pain Scale at weeks 0 and 8. This is a Likert scale item where a score of 0 corresponds to no pain and a score of 10 corresponds to worst pain. Change is calculated as the worst pain rating at 8 weeks minus the worst pain rating at 0 weeks.Change was not assessed for participants in the 'no cholecalciferol' arm since they did not receive weekly supplementation and were not followed over time. (NCT02186015)
Timeframe: 0, 8 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Cholecalciferol0

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Change in Sleep Quality Assessment

Assessment of sleep using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) at weeks 0 and 8. Scores range from 0-21 with higher scores indicating poorer sleep quality. Change was calculated as week 8 minus week 0 PSQI. Change was not assessed for participants in the 'no cholecalciferol' arm since they did not receive weekly supplementation and were not followed over time. (NCT02186015)
Timeframe: 0, 8 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Cholecalciferol-1

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Change in Serum 25(OH)D

Change in laboratory serum value of 25(OH)D at 8 weeks post-supplementation for participants who received weekly supplementation of 50,000 IUs of vitamin D3. Change is expressed as laboratory serum value of 25(OH)D at 8 weeks minus baseline. Change was not assessed for participants in the 'no cholecalciferol' arm since they did not receive weekly supplementation and were not followed over time. (NCT02186015)
Timeframe: 0, 8 weeks

Interventionng/ml (Median)
Cholecalciferol32

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Change in Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-endocrine

Assessment of quality of life using the functional assessment of cancer therapy- endocrine symptoms at weeks 0 and 8. Scores range from 0-76 with higher scores indicating better quality of life. Change was not assessed for participants in the 'no cholecalciferol' arm since they did not receive weekly supplementation and were not followed over time. (NCT02186015)
Timeframe: 0, 8 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Cholecalciferol9

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Change in Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-breast

"Assessment of quality of life using the functional assessment of cancer therapy-breast symptoms at weeks 0 and 8. Scores range from 0-40 with higher scores indicating better quality of life.~Change was calculated as week 8 score minus week 0 score. Change was not assessed for participants in the 'no cholecalciferol' arm since they did not receive weekly supplementation and were not followed over time." (NCT02186015)
Timeframe: 0, 8 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Cholecalciferol0

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Change in Bone Strength Index of the Distal Tibia Based on Randomization to Control, Risedronate, or Exercise Group.

"Change in Bone Strength Index (BSI) of the distal tibia based on randomization to Control, Risedronate, or Exercise group.~BSI (mg2/mm4) at the 4% tibial site will be measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT)." (NCT02186600)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6, and 12 months

,,
Interventionmg^2/mm^4 (Mean)
Baseline6 Months12 Months
Control2098.72105.892107.2
Exercise20011987.422009.2
Risedronate1993.31997.322014.2

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Change in Serum Measures of Bone Resorption (Serum NTx) Based on Randomization to Control, Risedronate, or Exercise Group.

Bone turnover is the process of removing old bone (resorption by osteoclasts) and replacing it with new bone (formation by osteoblasts). Menopause results in a brief period (~5 years) of accelerated turnover with resorption far exceeding formation. In this study, resorption will be measured by Serum NTx. (NCT02186600)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6, 12 months

,,
InterventionnanoMolar Bone Collagen Equivalents/L (Mean)
Baseline6 Months12 Months
Control13.9912.1612.36
Exercise15.0313.3613.92
Risedronate14.3110.3011.42

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Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at the Spine (L1-L4) Based on Randomization to Control, Risedronate, or Exercise Group.

Bone mineral density is the gold standard for diagnosis of low bone mass and osteoporosis and will be measured at the spine using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). (NCT02186600)
Timeframe: Baseline,6, and 12 months

,,
Interventiong/cm^2 (Mean)
Baseline6 Months12 Months
Control0.889.8870.885
Exercise0.886.8780.885
Risedronate0.892.9070.911

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BMD by DXA at the Lumbar Spine

The mean percent change in bone mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar spine after 12 months of treatment. BMD was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). DXA scans measure bone density in different areas of the body using low-dose X-ray beams. (NCT02195895)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionPercent change (Mean)
Alendronate, Calcium, Vitamin D2.54

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BMD of Total Hip by DXA

The mean percent change in bone mineral density (BMD) of the hip after 12 months of treatment. BMD was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). DXA scans measure bone density in different areas of the body using low-dose X-ray beams. (NCT02195895)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionPercent change (Mean)
Alendronate, Calcium, Vitamin D1.32

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C-terminal Telopeptide (CTX)

The mean percent change in C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) from baseline after 12 months of treatment. CTX is a bone marker found in blood serum and measures the rate of bone breakdown. (NCT02195895)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionPercent change (Mean)
Alendronate, Calcium, Vitamin D-61.8

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Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP)

The mean percent change in bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) after 12 months of treatment. BSAP is a bone marker found in blood serum and measures the rate of bone breakdown. (NCT02195895)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionPercent change (Mean)
Alendronate, Calcium, Vitamin D-15.5

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Amino-terminal Propeptide of Type 1 Collagen (P1NP)

The mean percent change in amino-terminal of type 1 collagen (P1NP) from baseline after 12 months of treatment. P1NP is a bone marker found in blood serum and provides information about how fast the body is making new bone. (NCT02195895)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionPercent change (Mean)
Alendronate, Calcium, Vitamin D-51.5

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Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia is presented as number of participants with Calcium >10.8 mg/dl Originally planned to collect at Day 180 and Day 360. Only 1 subject remained in the study to Day 180 so that data is presented here. (NCT02208310)
Timeframe: Day 180

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
High Dose Vitamin D0

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Steroid Prescription Given (Dichotomous 0/1)

Originally planned to collect at Day 180 and Day 360. Only 1 subject remained in the study to Day 180 so that data is presented here. No steroid prescriptions occurred (NCT02208310)
Timeframe: Day 180

InterventionSteroid prescription occurred (Number)
High Dose Vitamin D0

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Incidence of Nephrolithiasis

Incidence of nephrolithiasis associated with hypercalcemia (>10.8mg/dl) documented by imaging Originally planned to collect at Day 180 and Day 360. Only 1 subject remained in the study to Day 180 so that data is presented here. (NCT02208310)
Timeframe: Day 180

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
High Dose Vitamin D0

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Change in Fatigue Measurements

"Change in FACIT-F scale over the year. Scale is 0-160 with 0 being no fatigue and 160 being extreme fatigue. A positive change indicates worsening in symptoms and a negative change indicates an improvement.~Originally planned to collect at Day 180 and Day 360. Only 1 subject remained in the study to Day 180 so that data is presented here." (NCT02208310)
Timeframe: Day 180

Interventionunits on a scale (Number)
High Dose Vitamin D-3

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Change in C-reactive Protein

Originally planned to collect at Day 180 and Day 360. Only 1 subject remained in the study to Day 180 so that data is presented here. The delta between first (baseline) and last CRP (Day 180) is reported here. (NCT02208310)
Timeframe: Day 180

Interventionmg/dL (Number)
High Dose Vitamin D0

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Change in Modified Harvey-Bradshaw Index (HBI Without Examination)

"modified Harvey-Bradshaw is a disease assessment scale. 0 is the lowest score and would be considered remission. Scale ranges to over 16 (upper limit is defined by the number of bowel movements in the prior day) with numbers over 16 being severe disease. A positive change (such as that indicated below) therefore references slightly worsening disease while a negative change references improving disease.~Originally planned to collect at Day 180 and Day 360. Only 1 subject remained in the study to Day 180 so that data is presented here. 1 subject had an increase of 1 unit on the modified HBI." (NCT02208310)
Timeframe: Day 180

Interventionunits on a scale (0-16) (Number)
High Dose Vitamin D1

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Percent With Escalation of Therapy

Patients who had to have a change in therapy Originally planned to collect at Day 180 and Day 360. Only 1 subject remained in the study to Day 180 so that data is presented here. (NCT02208310)
Timeframe: Day 180

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
High Dose Vitamin D0

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Quality of Life Measure Changes

"change in quality of life measures based on Inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire (IBD-Q).~Scale from 0 to 224 with 0 being the poorest quality of life and 224 being the highest quality of life. A positive change indicates improvement while a negative change indicates worsening.~Originally planned to collect at Day 180 and Day 360. Only 1 subject remained in the study to Day 180 so that data is presented here." (NCT02208310)
Timeframe: Day 180

Interventionunits on a scale (Number)
High Dose Vitamin D-7

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Number of Participants With New Heart Failure Hospitalization

We will consider any hospitalization for heart failure among participants enrolled in the parent VITAL trial for this ancillary study. Incident heart failure are initially captured through annual questionnaires with subsequent validation by a team of physicians with expertise in cardiovascular medicine and epidemiology. We excluded 36 participants with prevalent heart failure at the time of randomization for the primary analysis. (NCT02271230)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D240
Vitamin D Placebo259
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids244
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo255

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Number of Recurrent Heart Failure Hospitalization

Recurrent heart failure hospitalizations ascertained either by review of medical records and/or use of CMS (Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services) data. (NCT02271230)
Timeframe: 5 years

Interventionhospitalizations for heart failure (Number)
Active Vitamin D341
Vitamin D Placebo364
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids326
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo379

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Serum Glucose Concentration in Oral Glucose Tolerance Test 1st hr After Treatment

"Evaluation of the Efficacy of the dose (50,000IU) and the dose regimen as per the approved SmPC on reduction of insulin resistance and improving insulin sensitivity measuring Oral Glucose Tolerance Test 1st hr after the treatment and to compare with same at baseline point within the time frame.~In this measure , Serum Glucose Concentration in Oral Glucose Tolerance test in each arm were reported after completing the course of the treatment / intervention as per the study protocol (Treatment with either Biodal or Placebo for 3 months). After which, the means were compared for statistical significance between the two groups / arms.~One of the clinical signs of improving PCOS prognosis is the improvement in insulin resistance by evaluating the results of Oral Glucose Tolerance Test 1st hr . the results will be statistically analyzed using paired student t-test at 95% confidence interval (CI)." (NCT02328404)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Vitamin D3 (Biodal 50,000IU)6.9
Placebo6.4

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Serum Parathyroid Hormone Concentration

"Evaluation of the Safety of the Dose and the Dose Regimen as Per the SmPC by measuring the change in the level of serum Serum Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Concentration before and after the treatment and/or reporting any adverse events through the trial period.~In this measure , Serum Parathyroid Hormone Concentration in each arm were reported after completing the course of the treatment / intervention as per the study protocol (Treatment with either Biodal or Placebo for 3 months). After which, the means were compared for statistical significance between the two groups / arms." (NCT02328404)
Timeframe: 3 months

InterventionPg/ml (Mean)
Vitamin D3 (Biodal 50,000IU)39.1
Placebo52.6

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Serum Calcium Concentration

"Evaluation of the safety of the dose and the dose regimen as per the SmPC by measuring the change in the level of serum Calcium before and after the treatment and/or reporting it as adverse. event through the trial period. as the increase of Serum calcium concentration above the normal level is considered as adverse event for the intervention dose regimen of this study for the purpose of evaluating the safety.~In this measure , Serum Calcium Concentration in each arm were reported after completing the course of the treatment / intervention as per the study protocol (Treatment with either Biodal or Placebo for 3 months). After which, the means were compared for statistical significance between the two groups / arms." (NCT02328404)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Vitamin D3 (Biodal 50,000IU)2.3
Placebo2.3

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Menstrual Regularity

"Evaluation of the efficacy of the dosing regimen as per the approved SmPC (50,000 IU vitamin D3 once weekly for 3 months) on improvement in PCOS prognosis by assessment of menstrual regularity An improvement in PCOS prognosis by assessment of menstrual regularity is measured through improving progesterone level > 4 ng/mL.~One of the clinical signs of improving PCOS prognosis is menstrual cycle regularity.~In this measure ,the reported results consist of the number of volunteers/patients in each arm either with regular menstrual cycle or irregular menstrual cycle after completing the course of the treatment/ intervention as per the study protocol.~The results will be statistically analyzed using paired student t-test and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference of the means within and between the two groups will be calculated." (NCT02328404)
Timeframe: 3 months

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
RegularIrregular
Placebo425
Vitamin D3 (Biodal 50,000IU)272

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Total Testosterone Level

"Evaluation of the Efficacy of the dose (50,000IU) and the dose regimen as per the approved SmPC on PCOS Prognosis by measuring Change in Total Testosterone level before and after the treatment.~In this measure , the Total Testosterone levels in each arm were reported after completing the course of the treatment / intervention as per the study protocol.~One of the clinical signs of improving PCOS prognosis is the change in testosterone level. After which, the means were compared for statistical significance between the two groups / arms.~the results will be statistically analyzed using paired student t-test at 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference of the means within and between the two groups will be calculated." (NCT02328404)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
Vitamin D3 (Biodal 50,000IU)1.6
Placebo1.9

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Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Concentration

"Evaluation of Biodal 50,000 IU on improvement of PCOS Prognosis by comparing the Sex Hormone Binding Globulin concentrations in both groups/arms.~One of the clinical signs of improving PCOS prognosis is the change in the Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Concentration.~In this measure , the Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Concentration in each arm were reported after completing the course of the treatment / intervention as per the study protocol. After which, the means were compared for statistical significance between the two groups / arms.~The results will be statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon (Mann-Whiteny) method at 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference of the means within and between the two groups will be calculated." (NCT02328404)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
Vitamin D3 (Biodal 50,000IU)85.9
Placebo100.6

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Serum Progesterone Level

"The results below show the Serum Progesterone level after treatment in each arm after completing the course of the treatment / intervention as per the study protocol.after which, the means were compared for statistical significance between the two groups / arms. After which, the means were compared for statistical significance between the two groups / arms.~The evaluation of the Efficacy of the dose (50,000IU) and the dose regimen as per the approved SmPC on PCOS Prognosis by measuring Change in Serum Progesterone level.~One of the clinical signs of improving PCOS prognosis is the change in progesterone level. the results will be statistically analyzed using paired student t-test at 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference of the means within and between the two groups will be calculated." (NCT02328404)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
Vitamin D3 (Biodal 50,000IU)5.8
Placebo7.3

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Serum Phosphorous Concentration

"Evaluation of the safety of the dose and the dose regimen as per the SmPC by measuring the change in the level of serum PO4 Concentration before and after the treatment and/or reporting as adverse event through the trial period.as the increase of Serum phosphoruse concentration above the normal level is considered as adverse event for the intervention dose regimen of this study for the purpose of evaluating the safety.~In this measure , Serum Phosphorous Concentration in each arm were reported after completing the course of the treatment / intervention as per the study protocol (Treatment with either Biodal or Placebo for 3 months). After which, the means were compared for statistical significance between the two groups / arms." (NCT02328404)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Vitamin D3 (Biodal 50,000IU)1.2
Placebo1.2

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Serum Chromium Concentration

"Evaluation of the Efficacy of the dose (50,000IU) and the dose regimen as per the approved SmPC on improving serum chromium level to be > 0.05 and < 0.5 ppm. which will be assessed by measuring serum chromium level before and after supplementation of Vitamin D3.~In this measure , Serum chromium Concentration in each arm were reported after completing the course of the treatment / intervention as per the study protocol. After which, the means were compared for statistical significance between the two groups / arms.~One of the clinical signs of improving PCOS prognosis is the improvement in serum chromium level . the results will be statistically analyzed using paired student t-test at 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference of the means within and between the two groups will be calculated." (NCT02328404)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionppm (Mean)
Vitamin D3 (Biodal 50,000IU)0.27
Placebo0.27

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Body Mass Index

"Evaluation of the Efficacy of the dose (50,000IU) and the dose regimen as per the approved SmPC on reduction of body mass index to be <25-30 kg/m^2.~Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the dose (50,000IU) and the dose regimen as per the approved SmPC on reduction in Body Mass Index before and after the treatment. After which, the means were compared for statistical significance between the two groups / arms.~In this measure , Body Mass Index in each arm were reported after completing the course of the treatment / intervention as per the study protocol (Treatment with either Biodal or Placebo for 3 months)." (NCT02328404)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionkg/m^2 (Mean)
Vitamin D3 (Biodal 50,000IU)25.6
Placebo26.5

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Free Androgen Index

"Free Androgen Index is calculated as the ratio of total testosterone to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG).~In this measure , the Free Androgen Index in each arm were reported after completing the course of the treatment / intervention as per the study protocol. After which, the means were compared for statistical significance between the two groups / arms.~Improvement assessment of PCOS Prognosis by evaluating the change in Free Androgen Index.~One of the clinical signs of improving PCOS prognosis is the change in FAI. the results will be statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon (Mann- Whitney) method at 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference of the means within and between the two groups will be calculated." (NCT02328404)
Timeframe: 3 months

InterventionRatio (Mean)
Vitamin D3 (Biodal 50,000IU)4.5
Placebo4.4

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Hirsutism Score

"The scale ranges between 0 and 36, where A score of 8 or higher was considered as androgen excess (Ferriman and Gallwey, 1961).Evaluation of the Efficacy of the dose (50,000IU) and the dose regimen as per the approved SmPC on PCOS prognosis by evaluating Hirsutism Score.Hirsutism score was assessed using self-administrated Ferriman-Gallwey scoring system (Ferriman and Gallwey, 1961). Each participant answered the hirsutism test with the help of a trained nurse who was working in the same clinic. The score of each body site may range between 0 (no excessive terminal hair growth) to 4 (extensive terminal hair growth).~In this measure , the hirsutism score were reported in each are after completing the course of treatment/ intervention as per the study protocol. after which, the means were compared for statistical significance between the two groups / arms." (NCT02328404)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Vitamin D3 (Biodal 50,000IU)11.5
Placebo16.7

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Serum 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D3 Level

"Evaluation of the Efficacy of the dose (50,000IU) and the dose regimen as per the approved SmPC on increase the level of serum 25(OH)D > 20 ng/ml by measuring of the serum 25(OH)D levels on 104 of the study period after 3 months treatment .~In this measure , Serum 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D3 leveln in each arm were reported after completing the course of the treatment / intervention as per the study protocol. After which, the means were compared for statistical significance between the two groups / arms." (NCT02328404)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Vitamin D3 (Biodal 50,000IU)48.2
Placebo11.8

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Serum C-Reactive Protien Concentration

"Evaluation of the Efficacy of the Dose (50,000IU) and the Dose Regimen on inflammation by measuring reduction of the serum concentration of C-Reactive Protein before and after the treatment.~In this measure , Serum C-Reactive Protien Concentration in each arm were reported after completing the course of the treatment / intervention as per the study protocol (Treatment with either Biodal or Placebo for 3 months). After which, the means were compared for statistical significance between the two groups / arms." (NCT02328404)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionmg/L (Mean)
Vitamin D3 (Biodal 50,000IU)5.4
Placebo3.9

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Ultrasound Examination of Number of Follicles and Ovarian Volume

"Evaluation of the efficacy of the dosing regimen as per the approved Summery of Product Characteristics (SmPC) (50,000 IU vitamin D3 once weekly for 3 months) on improvement in PCOS prognosis clinically using ultrasound examination.~In this measure the reported results were the finding of the ultrasound examination after the course of the treatment /intervention as per the study protocol and reporting the numbers of patients with normal ovaries, One normal ovary and the other is polycystic or both ovaries are poly-cystic.~An improvement in PCOS prognosis clinically by ultrasound examination is defined by:~decreasing the number of follicles to < 12 follicles measuring 2-9 mm in diameter~decreasing ovarian volume to < 10 cm3" (NCT02328404)
Timeframe: 3 months

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Both NormalLeft or Right NormalBoth Polycystic
Placebo01118
Vitamin D3 (Biodal 50,000IU)7517

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Change From Baseline in GADA Month 12

Change from baseline to month 12 in GADA titers (NCT02387164)
Timeframe: Month 12

InterventionU/mL (Mean)
Alum-GAD, Vitamin D37916.9
Placebo, Vitamin D3-120.0

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Change From Baseline in GADA Month 1

Change from baseline to month 1 in GADA (Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibodies) titers (NCT02387164)
Timeframe: Month 1

InterventionU/mL (Mean)
Alum-GAD, Vitamin D31619.1
Placebo, Vitamin D3-51.9

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Change From Baseline in GADA Month 24

Change from baseline to month 24 in GADA titers (NCT02387164)
Timeframe: Month 24

InterventionU/mL (Mean)
Alum-GAD, Vitamin D33216.6
Placebo, Vitamin D31062.7

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Injection Site Reactions Month 1

Number of patients experiencing injection site reactions at month 1 (NCT02387164)
Timeframe: Month 1

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
ErythemaHaematomaItchingOedemaPainTenderness
Alum-GAD, Vitamin D3110200
Placebo, Vitamin D3000000

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Injection Site Reactions Day 1

Number of patients experiencing injection site reactions at day 1 (NCT02387164)
Timeframe: Day 1

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
ErythemaHaematomaItchingOedemaPainTenderness
Alum-GAD, Vitamin D3000000
Placebo, Vitamin D3000000

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Number of Patients With Proteinuria as Measured by Urine Dipstick

Proteinuria at last antenatal visit (usually 36-40 weeks' gestation), measured by 1+ Standard Diagnostics UroColor 10 10 (Kyonggi-do, South Korea) reagent strips (NCT02395081)
Timeframe: 36-40 weeks gestation/delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
600 IU2
2000 IU2
4000 IU0

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Assisted Vaginal Delivery as Measured by Medical Record Abstraction

Assisted vaginal delivery with forceps delivery was abstracted from the labor and delivery chart. (NCT02395081)
Timeframe: Delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
600 IU0
2000 IU0
4000 IU0

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Casarean Section as Measured by Medical Record Abstraction

Cesarean section was abstracted from the labor and delivery chart. (NCT02395081)
Timeframe: Delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
600 IU22
2000 IU27
4000 IU26

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Average Monthly Blood Pressure

Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) were measured in mm Hg at each antenatal care visit by the Study Coordinator, using the Omron- Elite 7300 (Omron Healthcare, Bannockburn, Illinois, USA) automated blood pressure monitor. Three blood pressure readings were taken after at least five minutes seated rest. For the analysis of mean blood pressures at each antenatal visit, the three readings were averaged for each participant. (NCT02395081)
Timeframe: During pregnancy

,,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
SBP wk 16-20SBP wk 20-24SBP wk 24-28SBP wk 28-32SBP wk 36-40DBP wk 16-20DBP wk 20-24DBP wk 24-28DBP wk 28-32DBP wk 32-36DBP wk 36-40
2000 IU104.5103.6103.3103.9110.663.763.162.663.666.571.0
4000 IU105.5105.4104.0105.4111.165.263.863.565.167.171.7
600 IU104.5105.1104.9104.5110.863.863.264.264.467.270.4

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Number of Large for Gestational Age (LGA) Neonates as Measured by Medical Record Abstraction

LGA defined by the highest 10th percentiles of sex-specific birthweight for gestational age charts of the INTERGROWTH-21st study (NCT02395081)
Timeframe: Delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
600 IU25
2000 IU26
4000 IU33

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Total Serum 25(OH)D Concentration

Circulating vitamin D at the end of the study as measured by VIDAS® enzyme linked fluorescent assay (ELFA) (NCT02395081)
Timeframe: 36 weeks gestation or delivery, if delivery occurred before 36 weeks

Interventionnmol/l (Mean)
600 IU46
2000 IU70
4000 IU81

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Number of Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Neonates as Measured by Medical Record Abstraction

SGA defined by the lowest 10th percentiles of sex-specific birthweight for gestational age charts of the INTERGROWTH-21st study (NCT02395081)
Timeframe: Delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
600 IU1
2000 IU2
4000 IU2

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Mean Calcemia as Measured by Serum Calcium Test (2mo)

Measured on a semi-automated photometer (Humalyzer 3500, Human Diagnostics, Magdeburg, Germany) (NCT02395081)
Timeframe: 2 months after randomization

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
600 IU2.2
2000 IU2.2
4000 IU2.2

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Mean Calcemia as Measured by Serum Calcium Test (36-40 Weeks)

Measured on a semi-automated photometer (Humalyzer 3500, Human Diagnostics, Magdeburg, Germany) (NCT02395081)
Timeframe: 36-40 weeks of pregnancy/delivery

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
600 IU2.3
2000 IU2.3
4000 IU2.3

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Number of Patients With Preterm Delivery as Measured by Clinical Diagnosis

Gestational age was determined clinically by last menstrual period and by routine first trimester ultrasound which was universal; where these differed by more than 10 days, the ultrasound date was used. Gestational age at delivery was recorded by clinicians and rounded to the nearest week. Preterm delivery was defined as delivery before the 37th week of gestation. (NCT02395081)
Timeframe: During pregnancy

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
600 IU9
2000 IU8
4000 IU5

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Number of Patients With Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy as Measured by Clinical Diagnosis

In Mongolia, clinician-diagnosed preeclampsia may include a blood pressure increases >30 mm Hg above early pregnancy, with or without documented hypertension, proteinuria, or symptoms such as headache and edema (NCT02395081)
Timeframe: During pregnancy

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
600 IU4
2000 IU3
4000 IU3

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Number of Patients With Bacterial Vaginosis as Measured by Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Wet Mount

Bacterial vaginosis was routinely screened by potassium hydroxide wet mount at the first antenatal visit, at 28 weeks' and 32 weeks' gestation. It was also diagnosed by whiff test. We included both wet mount and whiff test positive in the bacterial vaginosis endpoint (NCT02395081)
Timeframe: During pregnancy

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
600 IU17
2000 IU19
4000 IU18

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The Number of Participants With Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia as measured by new onset hypertension after 20 weeks gestation and proteinuria. (NCT02395081)
Timeframe: After 20 weeks gestation

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
600 IU1
2000 IU0
4000 IU0

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Trail Making Test Part B

The Trail Making Test Part B is a measure of executive functioning. Scores are standardized as z-scores (μ = 0, SD = 1) using age adjusted normative data provided by WPS Publishers (https://www.wpspublish.com/). A z-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A z-score of 0 is equal to the mean. Negative z-scores indicate performance is lower than average, and positive z-scores indicate performance is higher than average. Positive z-scores indicate better performance. (NCT02416193)
Timeframe: 13 Weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Low Dose0.01
High Dose-0.10

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Controlled Oral Word Association Test

The Controlled Oral Word Association Test is a measure of verbal fluency. Scores are standardized as z-scores (μ = 0, SD = 1) using age adjusted normative data provided by Tombaugh and Kozak (1996). A z-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A z-score of 0 is equal to the mean. Negative z-scores indicate performance is lower than average, and positive z-scores indicate performance is higher than average. Positive z-scores indicate better performance. (NCT02416193)
Timeframe: 13 Weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Low Dose-0.35
High Dose-0.37

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Hopkins Verbal Learning Total Recall Test

The Hopkins Verbal Learning Total Recall Test is an assessment of memory. Scores are standardized as T-scores (μ = 50, SD = 10) using age adjusted normative data provided by PAR Incorporated (https://www.parinc.com/). A T-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A T-score of 50 is equal to the mean. T-scores below 50 indicate performance is lower than average, and T-scores above 50 indicate performance is higher than average. Higher T-scores indicate better performance. (NCT02416193)
Timeframe: 13 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Low Dose38.07
High Dose39.57

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Stroop Interference Test

The Stroop Interference Test is a measure of executive functioning. Scores are standardized as z-scores (μ = 0, SD = 1) using age adjusted normative data provided by PAR Incorporated (https://www.parinc.com/). A z-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A z-score of 0 is equal to the mean. Negative z-scores indicate performance is lower than average, and positive z-scores indicate performance is higher than average. Positive z-scores indicate better performance. (NCT02416193)
Timeframe: 13 Weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Low Dose-0.15
High Dose-0.30

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Letter-Number Sequencing

The the Letter-Number Sequencing Test (from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III assessment) is an assessment of working memory. Scores on the assessment are standardized as scaled scores with a mean of 10 and standard deviation of 3 (μ = 10, SD = 3) using age adjusted normative data provided by Pearson assessments (https://www.pearsonassessments.com/). A scaled score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A scaled score of 10 is equal to the mean. Scaled scores below 10 indicate performance is lower than average, and scaled scores higher than 10 indicate performance is higher than average. Higher scaled scores indicate better performance. (NCT02416193)
Timeframe: 13 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Low Dose9.13
High Dose9.00

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Semantic Fluency Test

The Semantic Fluency Test is a measure of verbal fluency. Scores are standardized as z-scores (μ = 0, SD = 1) using age adjusted normative data provided by Tombaugh and Kozak (1996). A z-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A z-score of 0 is equal to the mean. Negative z-scores indicate performance is lower than average, and positive z-scores indicate performance is higher than average. Positive z-scores indicate better performance. (NCT02416193)
Timeframe: 13 Weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Low Dose0.41
High Dose-0.36

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Symbol-Digit Modality Test

The Symbol-Digit Modality Test is a measure of executive functioning. Scores are standardized as z-scores (μ = 0, SD = 1) using age adjusted normative data provided by WPS Publishers (https://www.wpspublish.com/). A z-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A z-score of 0 is equal to the mean. Negative z-scores indicate performance is lower than average, and positive z-scores indicate performance is higher than average. Positive z-scores indicate better performance. (NCT02416193)
Timeframe: 13 Weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Low Dose0.12
High Dose0.05

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Vitamin D Axis Function - Calcium

Improved signalling through the vitamin D axis will be evaluated through an evaluation of blood calcium levels (i.e. calcium metabolism). Calcium levels will be reported as median plus interquartile range and will be compared between the 2 study groups. (NCT02452762)
Timeframe: On day 0, 3, 7, hospital discharge (expected average of 2 weeks)

,
Interventionmmol/mmol (Median)
Day 0 - LowestDay 0 - HighestDay 3 - Lowest ionized calcium concentrationDay 3 - Highest ionized calcium concentrationDay 7 - Lowest ionized calcium concentrationDay 7 - Highest ionized calcium concentrationHospital discharge - Lowest ionized calcium concentrationHospital discharge - Highest ionized calcium concentration
Enteral Loading Arm1.171.221.161.211.171.221.241.26
Placebo Arm1.181.211.121.271.171.181.201.24

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Vitamin D Status

The percentage of critically ill children who achieve a blood 25OHD concentration above 75 nmol/L by day 7 (NCT02452762)
Timeframe: 7 days

InterventionPercentage of participants in study arm (Number)
Enteral Loading Arm81.6
Placebo Arm5.6

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Patient Accrual Rate

The investigators will determine the feasibility of a subsequent multicentre phase III interventional study through an evaluation of patient accrual rate. The expected patient accrual rate is 88 patients over a 2-year period (2-5 patients per month per centre; low estimate 60 patients (0-2 per month per centre). The study will be considered feasible if the patient accrual rate is achieved (NCT02452762)
Timeframe: 2 years

InterventionNumber of patients enrolled per month (Number)
Overall Cohort3.35

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The Effects of Vitamin D3 on Clinical Disease Parameters in Women With PCOS

Ferriman-Gallwey score is a method used to assess and quantify hirsutism in women. A total score < 8 is considered normal whereas a score of 8 to 15 indicates mild hirsutism. A score >15 indicates moderate or severe hirsutism. (NCT02460380)
Timeframe: Baseline (pre-treatment) and 4 months later (two months after the completion of treatment)

,
InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Ferriman-Gallwey score before treatmentFerriman-Gallwey score after treatment
Placebo8.17.6
Vitamin D39.88.1

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The Effects of Vitamin D3 on Clinical Disease Parameters in Women With PCOS

Blood pressure (NCT02460380)
Timeframe: Baseline (pre-treatment) and 4 months later (two months after the completion of treatment)

,
InterventionmmHG (Mean)
Systolic blood pressure before treatmentSystolic blood pressure after treatmentDiastolic blood pressure before treatmentDiastolic blood pressure after treatmentMean arterial pressure before treatmentMean arterial pressure after treatment
Placebo11310969678481
Vitamin D311210868.467.98381

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Effect of Vitamin D on Angiogenic Factors

Serum VEGF level (NCT02460380)
Timeframe: Baseline (pre-treatment) and 8 weeks later (post-treatment)

,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Serum VEGF level before treatmentSerum VEGF level after treatment
Placebo893.1866
Vitamin D31106.4965.3

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Effect of Vitamin D on Angiogenic Factors

Serum TGF-β1/sENG ratio as a measure of TGF-β1 bioavailability (NCT02460380)
Timeframe: Baseline (pre-treatment) and 8 weeks later (post-treatment)

,
Interventionratio (Mean)
Serum TGF-β1/sENG before treatmentSerum TGF-β1/sENG after treatment
Placebo5.65.5
Vitamin D36.75.9

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The Effects of Vitamin D3 on Clinical Disease Parameters in Women With PCOS

The homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) is a method used to quantify insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is a condition in which cells fail to respond to the normal actions of the hormone insulin. The HOMA index was calculated as the product of fasting plasma blood glucose and insulin divided by 22.5. (NCT02460380)
Timeframe: Baseline (pre-treatment) and 8 weeks later (post-treatment)

,
InterventionHOMA IR score (Mean)
Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)before treatmentInsulin resistance (HOMA-IR) after treatment
Placebo1.581.52
Vitamin D3 Group Before Treatment2.072.03

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The Effects of Vitamin D3 on Clinical Disease Parameters in Women With PCOS

Lipid profile (NCT02460380)
Timeframe: Baseline (pre-treatment) and 8 weeks later (post-treatment)

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
HDL before treatmentHDL after treatmentLDH before treatmentLDL after treatmentTotal cholesterol before treatmentTotal cholesterol after treatmentTriglycerides before treatmentTriglycerides after treatment
Placebo475010310117917711398
Vitamin D34648106100183166138117

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The Effects of Vitamin D3 on Clinical Disease Parameters in Women With PCOS

Interval between periods as a measure ovulatory dysfunction (NCT02460380)
Timeframe: Baseline (pre-treatment) and 4 months later (two months after the completion of treatment)

,
InterventionDays (Mean)
Interval between periods before treatmentInterval between periods after treatment
Placebo7975
Vitamin D380.260

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The Effects of Vitamin D3 on Clinical Disease Parameters in Women With PCOS

Free testosterone (NCT02460380)
Timeframe: Baseline (pre-treatment) and 8 weeks later (post-treatment)

,
Interventionng/dL (Mean)
Free testosterone before treatmentFree testosterone after treatment
Placebo0.610.68
Vitamin D30.590.68

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Spontaneous IL-17a Secretion

Spontaneous IL-17a secretion at baseline, 6 months, 9 months, 15 months and 30 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months, 9 months, 15 months and 30 months

Interventionpg/ml (Median)
IL-17a, BaselineIL-17a, 6 monthsIL-17a, 9 monthsIL-17a,15 monthsIL-17a, 30 months
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept3.166.077.066.544.75

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Number of Patients With Reactions of the Injection Site as an Assessment of the Tolerability

Number of patients with reactions of the injection site (Erythema, Oedema, Haematoma, Tenderness, Pain, Itching, Other). Inspection of injection site 60 minutes after GAD-Alum injection by investigator or nurse (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: 2 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept5

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Number of Patients With Reactions of the Injection Site as an Assessment of the Tolerability

Number of patients with reactions of the injection site (Erythema, Oedema, Haematoma, Tenderness, Pain, Itching, Other). Inspection of injection site 60 minutes after GAD-Alum injection by investigator or nurse (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: 1 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept3

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Number of Patients With Clinically Significant Laboratory Findings

Number of patients with clinically significant laboratory findings, laboratory measurements as an assessment of the tolerability (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Month 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 15 and 30

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept0

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Number of Patients With Any Abnormal Findings From Physical Examinations After Baseline

Number of patients with any abnormal findings from physical examinations after baseline, including neurological assessments as an assessment of tolerability. (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Month 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 15 and 30

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept6

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Number of Patients With a Stimulated Maximum C-peptide Level Above 0.2 Nmol/L

Number of patients with a stimulated maximum C-peptide level above 0.2 nmol/L at 6 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept17

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Number of Patients With a Stimulated Maximum C-peptide Level Above 0.2 Nmol/L

Number of patients with a stimulated maximum C-peptide level above 0.2 nmol/L at 30 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: 30 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept8

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Number of Patients With a Stimulated Maximum C-peptide Level Above 0.2 Nmol/L

Number of patients with a stimulated maximum C-peptide level above 0.2 nmol/L at 15 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: 15 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept14

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Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), Change From Baseline

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), change from baseline to 6 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

Interventionmmol/mol (Mean)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept0.80

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Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), Change From Baseline

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), change from baseline to 30 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline and 30 months

Interventionmmol/mol (Mean)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept7.55

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GAD65AB Titer Measured to Evaluate the Tolerability (Main Study Period)

GAD65AB titer (GADA) change from baseline. GAD65AB = Antibodies to GAD with molecular mass 65000 (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionU/mL (Mean)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept2509.41

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Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), Change From Baseline

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), change from baseline to 15 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline and 15 months

Interventionmmol/mol (Mean)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept6.15

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GAD65AB Titer Measured to Evaluate the Tolerability (Main Study Period)

GAD65AB titer (GADA) change from baseline. GAD65AB = Antibodies to GAD with molecular mass 65000 (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: 30 months

InterventionU/mL (Mean)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept347.01

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GAD65AB Titer Measured to Evaluate the Tolerability (Main Study Period)

GAD65AB titer (GADA) change from baseline. GAD65AB = Antibodies to GAD with molecular mass 65000 (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: 15 months

InterventionU/mL (Mean)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept1036.19

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Exogenous Insulin Dose Per kg Body Weight and 24 Hours, Change From Baseline

Exogenous 24-hour insulin dose per kg body weight and 24 hours average, change from baseline (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

InterventionIU (Mean)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept0.01

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Exogenous Insulin Dose Per kg Body Weight and 24 Hours, Change From Baseline

Exogenous 24-hour insulin dose per kg body weight and 24 hours average, change from baseline (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline and 30 months

InterventionIU (Mean)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept0.42

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Exogenous Insulin Dose Per kg Body Weight and 24 Hours, Change From Baseline

Exogenous 24-hour insulin dose per kg body weight and 24 hours average, change from baseline (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline and 15 months

InterventionIU (Mean)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept0.25

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C-peptide: Stimulated, 90 Minute Value, Change From Baseline

C-peptide: Stimulated, 90 minute value, change from baseline to 6 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept-0.09

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C-peptide: Stimulated, 90 Minute Value, Change From Baseline

C-peptide: Stimulated, 90 minute value, change from baseline to 30 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline and 30 months

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept-0.49

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C-peptide: Stimulated, 90 Minute Value, Change From Baseline

C-peptide: Stimulated, 90 minute value, change from baseline to 15 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline and 15 months

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept-0.35

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C-peptide: Area Under the Curve (AUC 0-120 Min) During an MMTT, Change From Baseline

Weighted mean C-peptide: (AUC mean 0-120 min) during an MMTT, change from baseline to 6 months. MMTT=Mixed Meal Tolerance Test (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes post-dose

Interventionnmol/L*min (Mean)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept-0.09

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C-peptide: Area Under the Curve (AUC 0-120 Min) During an MMTT, Change From Baseline

Weighted mean C-peptide: (AUC mean 0-120 min) during an MMTT, change from baseline to 30 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline and 30 months at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes post-dose

Interventionnmol/L*min (Mean)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept-0.40

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C-peptide: Area Under the Curve (AUC 0-120 Min) During an MMTT, Change From Baseline

Weighted mean C-peptide: (AUC mean 0-120 min) during an MMTT, change from baseline to 15 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline and 15 months at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes post-dose

Interventionnmol/L*min (Mean)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept-0.30

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C-peptide Fasting Concentration, Change From Baseline

C-peptide: Fasting, concentration, change from baseline to 30 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline and 30 months

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept-0.15

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C-peptide Fasting Concentration, Change From Baseline

C-peptide: Fasting, concentration, change from baseline to 15 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline and 15 months

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept-0.10

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C-peptide Fasting Concentration, Change From Baseline

C-peptide: Fasting concentration, change from baseline to 6 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept-0.02

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GAD65-induced TNF-alpha Secretion

GAD65-induced TNF-alpha secretion at baseline, 6 months, 9 months, 15 months, 30 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months, 9 months, 15 months, 30 months

Interventionpg/ml (Median)
TNF-alpha, baselineTNF-alpha, 6 monthsTNF-alpha, 9 monthsTNF-alpha, 15 monthsTNF-alpha, 30 months
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept0.010.010.010.010.01

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GAD65-induced GM-CSF Secretion

GAD65-induced GM-CSF secretion baseline, 6 months, 9 months, 15 months, 30 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months, 9 months, 15 months, 30 months

Interventionpg/ml (Median)
GM-CSF, baselineGM-CSF, 6 monthsGM-CSF, 9 monthsGM-CSF, 15 monthsGM-CSF, 30 months
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept0.010.011.520.010.01

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GAD65-induced IFN-gamma Secretion

GAD65-induced IFN-gamma secretion at baseline, 6 months, 9 months, 15 months, 30 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months, 9 months, 15 months, 30 months

Interventionpg/ml (Median)
IFN-gamma, baselineIFN-gamma, 6 monthsIFN-gamma, 9 monthsIFN-gamma, 15 monthsIFN-gamma, 30 months
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept4.3911.4422.770.010.01

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GAD65-induced IL-13 Secretion

GAD65-induced IL-13 secretion at baseline, 6 months, 9 months, 15 months, 30 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months, 9 months, 15 months, 30 months

Interventionpg/ml (Median)
IL-13, BaselineIL-13, 6 monthsIL-13, 9 monthsIL-13, 15 monthsIL-13, 30 months
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept0.011.675.120.010.01

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GAD65-induced IL-4 Secretion

GAD65-induced IL-4 secretion at baseline, 6 months, 9 months, 15 months, 30 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months, 9 months, 15 months, 30 months

Interventionpg/ml (Median)
IL-4, baselineIL-4, 6 monthsIL-4, 9 monthsIL-4, 15 monthsIL-4, 30 months
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept0.010.010.010.010.01

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GAD65-induced MCP-1 Secretion

GAD65-induced MCP-1 secretion at baseline, 6 months, 9 months, 15 months, 30 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months, 9 months, 15 months, 30 months

Interventionpg/ml (Median)
MCP-1, baselineMCP-1, 6 monthsMCP-1, 9 monthsMCP-1, 15 monthsMCP-1, 30 months
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept0.0138.540.0124.4237.50

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GAD65-induced MIP-1b Secretion

GAD65-induced MIP-1b secretion at baseline, 6 months, 9 months, 15 months, 30 months (NCT02464033)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months, 9 months, 15 months, 30 months

Interventionpg/ml (Median)
MIP-1b, baselineMIP-1b, 6 monthsMIP-1b, 9 monthsMIP-1b, 15 monthsMIP-1b, 30 months
GAD-Alum+Vitamin D+Etanercept0.010.010.0130.6414.61

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Change From Baseline in Lung Cathelicidin Level at 8 Weeks

Change from baseline to 8 weeks in bronchoscopic lavage lung cathelicidin levels after vitamin D supplementation (comparison between pre- and post-supplementation cathelicidin levels using paired t-tests for repeated measures) (NCT02464059)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Vitamin D3-65.5

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Change From Baseline in Blood Cathelicidin at 8 Weeks

Change from baseline to 8 weeks in blood cathelicidin levels after vitamin D supplementation (comparison between pre- and post-supplementation cathelicidin levels using paired t-tests for repeated measures) (NCT02464059)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Vitamin D3-0.55

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Effectiveness of Vitamin d Supplementation on Improving Endothelial Function

Changes of endothelial function at baseline and following 10 weeks of vitamin D supplementation as measured by pulse amplitude tonometry (PAT) fingertip plethysmography. Endothelial dysfunction was classified as a Reactive Hyperemic Index (RHI) of < 1.67 . RHI scale typical ranges from 1.0 to 3.0. (NCT02513823)
Timeframe: Baseline and 10 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Reactive Hyperemia Index BaselineReactive Hyperemia Index 10 Weeks
Intervention2.12.0

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Effectiveness of Vitamin D Supplementation on Reducing Blood Pressure

Changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure will be measured at baseline and following vitamin D supplementation for 10 weeks in African American healthy pre-menopausal women (NCT02513823)
Timeframe: Baseline and 10 weeks

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
SPB at BaselineSBP at 10 WeeksDBP at baselineDBP at 10 weeks
Intervention1241257981

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Proportion of Participants in Whom Fluticasone Dose Was Halved at Visit 6

"In the absence of moderate or severe asthma exacerbations, participants may have their dose of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) reduced by 50% if the following criteria are met at visit 6 (halfway through the Trial Phase):~Asthma Control Test (ACT) score greater than 19~Both pre-bronchodilator FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ≥80% of predicted~Use of ≤4 puffs of a rescue inhaler per week~≤1 day per month with asthma symptoms preventing full participation in usual daily activities~Clinician's judgment regarding adequate asthma control" (NCT02687815)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vitamin D328
Placebo29

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Days to a Severe Asthma Exacerbation

A severe asthma exacerbation is defined as an exacerbation that meets either of these criteria: 1) Use of systemic corticosteroids (tablets, suspension, or injection), or an increase from a stable maintenance dose, for at least 3 days OR 2) A hospitalization or ER visit because of asthma, requiring systemic corticosteroids. (NCT02687815)
Timeframe: 48 weeks

InterventionDays (Mean)
Vitamin D3240
Placebo253

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Average Cumulative Prescribed Dose of ICS at the End of the Trial

The average cumulative dose of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) during the study period (NCT02687815)
Timeframe: 48 weeks

Interventionmg (Mean)
Vitamin D359.6
Placebo55.2

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Days to Viral-induced Severe Exacerbation

A severe viral asthma exacerbation is defined as a severe asthma exacerbation [defined as an exacerbation that meets either of these criteria: 1) Use of systemic corticosteroids (tablets, suspension, or injection), or an increase from a stable maintenance dose, for at least 3 days OR 2) A hospitalization or ER visit because of asthma, requiring systemic corticosteroids] along with a positive respiratory viral panel from a nasal blow collected within 72 hours of the exacerbation. (NCT02687815)
Timeframe: 48 weeks

InterventionDays (Mean)
Vitamin D3272
Placebo281

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Number of Gene Transcripts Identified Regulated by Vitamin D Supplementation in Both AA and European American Participants

"The intent of this outcome measure was to identify the number of gene transcripts found to be differentially expressed (where a difference or change has occurred) in both AA and EA subjects upon vitamin D supplementation. The transcripts differentially expressed were compared to the transcripts in the Placebo Arm/Group." (NCT02726113)
Timeframe: up to 8 months post prostatectomy

Interventiondifferentially expressed transcripts (Number)
All Study Participants346

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Changes in Serum Levels of Vitamin D [25(OH)D3] in Subjects in the Supplementation Group and Those in the Control Group (Placebo).

Baseline vitamin D3 levels will be obtained at enrollment and approximately two months later during the surgical procedure (prostatectomy). These D3 levels will be evaluated for the 27 participants who had genomic analysis and compared by race (Caucasian and AA). (NCT02726113)
Timeframe: approximately two months from baseline to date of prostatectomy (exit)

,
Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Baseline CaucasianExit CaucasianBaseline AAExit AA
Control34.829.626.0624.88
Intervention29.846.9421.6648.84

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"Changes in Serum Levels of Tartrate-resistant Acid Phosphatase 5b Isoenzyme (TRAcP5b) Over Time, i.e. Baseline, 3 Months, 6 Months."

"Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b isoenzyme (TRAcP5b) is a specific product of osteoclasts; it is considered as a marker of bone resorption. The concentration of TRAcP5B (U/L) will be measured at T0, T3, and T6 on serum samples (fasting morning samples) using commercially available reagents and following the manufacturer's protocol. At the end of the study, the results will be aggregated as mean ± standard of the mean, median and min-max range. Data will be statistically analyzed in order to compare the activity of Potassium Citrate versus Placebo (unpaired analysis) and to evaluate the effect of Potassium Citrate and Placebo over time (paired analysis).~Differences will be considered to be statistically significant for p-value <0.05." (NCT02731820)
Timeframe: Baseline (T0), 3 months (T3) 6 months (T6)

,
InterventionU/L (Mean)
Baseline (T0)3 months (T3)6 months (T6)
Control Group, Placebo2.642.852.25
Treatment Group, Potassium Citrate2.352.792.69

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"Changes in Serum Levels of N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Procollagen (P1NP) Over Time, i.e. Baseline, 3 Months, 6 Months."

"N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (P1NP) is a product of the conversion of procollagen to collagen; it is considered as a marker of bone formation. The concentration of P1NP (pg/L) will be measured at T0, T3, and T6 on serum samples (fasting morning samples) using commercially available reagents and following the manufacturer's protocol. At the end of the study, the results will be aggregated as mean ± standard of the mean, median and min-max range. Data will be statistically analyzed in order to compare the activity of Potassium citrate versus Placebo (unpaired analysis) and to evaluate the effect of Potassium Citrate and Placebo over time (paired analysis).~Differences will be considered to be statistically significant for p-value <0.05." (NCT02731820)
Timeframe: Baseline (T0), 3 months (T3) 6 months (T6)

,
Interventionpg/L (Mean)
Baseline (T0)3 months (T3)6 months (T6)
Control Group, Placebo18.8218.3916.77
Treatment Group, Potassium Citrate17.4516.2414.97

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Changes in Serum Level of Carboxyterminal Cross-linked Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (CTX); Over Time, i.e. Baseline, 3 Months, 6 Months.

"Carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) is a degradation product of the type I collagen; it is considered as a marker of bone resorption. The concentration of CTX (µg/L) will be measured at T0, T3, and T6 on serum samples (fasting morning samples) using commercially available reagents and following the manufacturer's protocol.~At the end of the study, the results will be aggregated as mean ± standard of the mean, median and min-max range. Data will be statistically analyzed in order to compare the activity of Potassium citrate versus Placebo (unpaired analysis) and to evaluate the effect of Potassium Citrate and Placebo over time (paired analysis).~Differences will be considered to be statistically significant for p-value <0.05." (NCT02731820)
Timeframe: Baseline (T0), 3 months (T3) 6 months (T6)

,
Interventionµg/L (Mean)
Baseline (T0)3 months (T3)6 months (T6)
Control Group, Placebo0.640.560.54
Treatment Group, Potassium Citrate0.640.630.53

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"Changes in Serum Levels of Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BAP) Over Time, i.e. Baseline, 3 Months, 6 Months."

"Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) is a specific product of osteoblasts; it is considered as a marker of bone formation. The concentration of BAP (µg/L) will be measured at T0, T3, and T6 on serum samples (fasting morning samples) using commercially available reagents and following the manufacturer's protocol. At the end of the study, the results will be aggregated as mean ± standard of the mean, median and min-max range. Data will be statistically analyzed in order to compare the activity of Potassium citrate versus Placebo (unpaired analysis) and to evaluate the effect of Potassium Citrate and Placebo over time (paired analysis).~Differences will be considered to be statistically significant for p-value <0.05." (NCT02731820)
Timeframe: Baseline (T0), 3 months (T3) 6 months (T6)

,
Interventionµg/L (Mean)
Baseline (T0)3 months (T3)6 months (T6)
Control Group, Placebo20.3618.2715.79
Treatment Group, Potassium Citrate21.8919.8116.83

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Level of Serum 25 OHD Level Pre-treatment and Post Treatment

Patients had analysis of serum 25 OHD level pre and post treatment, to check if treatment with Topical Vitamin D made any difference. (NCT02735200)
Timeframe: baseline and 5 months

,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
pre treatmentpost treatment
Application of Aloe Vera Gel10.3610.51
Topical Application of Vitamin D312.0337.17

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AE)

A count of the participants who experienced adverse events will measure participant safety (NCT02786498)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months post-injury

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
High Loading Dose9
High Daily Dose10
Low Daily Dose11
Control Group14

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Serum Levels of Calcium

Will measure participant safety (NCT02786498)
Timeframe: Up to 3 months post-injury

,,,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
baselineWeek 6Month 3
Control Group9.09.69.6
High Daily Dose8.89.69.6
High Loading Dose9.19.69.5
Low Daily Dose8.39.69.7

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Serum Levels of Parathyroid Hormone

Helps the body to maintain stable levels of calcium in the blood (NCT02786498)
Timeframe: Up to 3 months post-injury

,,,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
BaselineWeek 6Month 3
Control Group60.343.674.6
High Daily Dose64.728.871.0
High Loading Dose69.641.942.4
Low Daily Dose67.868.063.1

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Count of Participants Who Completed Radiographic Imaging Measures

Count of participants who completed radiographic imaging measures to determine participant protocol adherence and assists with identifying healing status (NCT02786498)
Timeframe: up to 12 months

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
BaselineWeek 6Month 3Month 6Month 9Month 12
Control Group2719161355
High Daily Dose2422171143
High Loading Dose2724211646
Low Daily Dose2417201364

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Count of Participants Who Completed Blood Measures

Will measure participants adherence to the blood measures of the protocol. (NCT02786498)
Timeframe: Up to 3 months post-injury

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
baselineWeek 6Month 3
Control Group262215
High Daily Dose242011
High Loading Dose262119
Low Daily Dose241517

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Serum Level of 25(OH)D

Correlations will be assessed between participants' 25(OH)D levels at enrolment, changes in 25(OH)D levels from enrolment to 3 months, and 25(OH)D levels at 3 months and fracture healing (NCT02786498)
Timeframe: Up to 3 months post-injury

,,,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
BaselineWeek 6Month 3
Control Group17.326.123.1
High Daily Dose20.738.428.2
High Loading Dose18.839.339.9
Low Daily Dose19.735.538.1

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Fracture Healing Will be Assessed Radiographically Using Radiographic Union Score for Tibial Fractures (RUST)

Radiographic fracture healing was measured using the Radiographic Union Score for Tibial fractures (RUST), which assesses the presence of bridging callus or a persistent fracture line on each of four cortices. This method evaluates two orthogonal radiographic views; each cortex is attributed points ranging from 1 to 3. A fracture in the immediate postoperative period will receive the minimum score, 4, (1 point for each of the four cortices) and a fully consolidated or healed fracture will be assigned the maximum score, 12 (3 points on each of the four cortices). (NCT02786498)
Timeframe: 3 months post-injury

InterventionScore on a scale 4-12 (Mean)
High Loading Dose11.0
High Daily Dose11.3
Low Daily Dose11.0
Control Group10.4

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Fracture Healing Will be Assessed Clinically Using Function IndeX for Trauma (FIX-IT)

FIX-IT is a standardized measure of weight-bearing and pain in patients with lower extremity fractures, specifically tibia and femur fractures. The FIX-IT score ranges from 0 to 12 points in 2 domains: the ability to bear weight (maximum 6 points) and pain at the fracture site (maximum 6 points) The ability to bear weight is assessed through the single-leg stand and ambulation procedures. Pain is assessed through palpation and stress procedures. The scores in both domains, which are weighted equally, are summed to obtain the final total score; the maximum score of 12 indicates the highest level of function. (NCT02786498)
Timeframe: 3 months post-injury

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
High Loading Dose10.1
High Daily Dose9.7
Low Daily Dose9.3
Control Group9.0

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Fracture Healing Will be Assessed Biochemically Using Serum Levels of the Bone Turnover Marker N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Procollagen (P1NP)

P1NP is a bone-formation marker and prior research has found that it is highest at 12 weeks after fractures of the tibial shaft and proximal femur. (NCT02786498)
Timeframe: 3 months post-injury

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
High Loading Dose160.9
High Daily Dose187.8
Low Daily Dose166.7
Control Group140.7

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Fracture Healing Will be Assessed Biochemically Using Serum Levels of the Bone Turnover Marker (BTM) C-terminal Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (CTX)

The BTM C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX). CTX is a marker of bone resorption. Clinically important changes in the CTX markers are unknown; however, in a previous study of tibia fracture healing, Veitch et al observed concentrations of both bone turnover markers approximately 100% greater than baseline values.43 Given the large changes observed in these bone turnover markers, the same criteria will be applied for identifying a potentially clinically beneficial regimen and remain powered to detect a mean difference of 20% (SD 30%). (NCT02786498)
Timeframe: 3 months post-injury

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
High Loading Dose0.59
High Daily Dose0.79
Low Daily Dose0.67
Control Group0.78

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Number of Participants With Adherence With Vitamin D Supplementation

Will measure adherence with vitamin D supplementation based on participants self report at the 6 week and 3 month visits. (NCT02786498)
Timeframe: Up to 3 months post-injury

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
6 Weeks3 Months
Control Group2220
High Daily Dose2019
High Loading Dose1921
Low Daily Dose1819

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Vitamin D3 Level

(NCT02802449)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6

,
Interventionng/ml (Mean)
BaselineWeek 6
25 Hydroxy-Vitamin D3 or [25 (OH) D3]16.5532.73
Placebo17.0216.64

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Oxidative Stress Markers: Isoprostane

(NCT02802449)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6

,
Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
Isoprostane (Baseline)Isoprostane (Week 6)
25 Hydroxy-Vitamin D3 or [25 (OH) D3]11914.99979.7
Placebo8298.6687.1

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Plasma PTH Level

Building upon our hypothesis above, this aim exploits the fact that the nuclear Vit-D Receptor (VDR) regulates parathyroid hormone (PTH) gene transcription. Therefore the plasma PTH level serves as a sensitive biomarker of the Vit-D nutri-genomic response. This aim will define the multivariate determinants (covariates such as age, BMI, baseline Vit-D level and dietary calcium) of the Vit-D-PTH level relationship (the primary outcome variable) in African-Americans. It is anticipated that the Vit-D supplementation trial will document a wide variance of Vit-D-PTH level relationships that will identify patients at the upper and lower quartiles of the distribution that are either 'nutrient-responsive' or 'nutrient-resistant'. These studies should help identify the 'clinical' characteristics of the sub-set of African-Americans that exhibit the poorest response to Vit-D supplementation. (NCT02802449)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6

,
Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
BaselineWeek 6
25 Hydroxy-Vitamin D3 or [25 (OH) D3]60.7354.05
Placebo58.2957.88

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Oxidative Stress Markers: Homocysteine

(NCT02802449)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6

,
Interventionumol/L (Mean)
Homocysteine (Baseline)Homocysteine (Week 6)
25 Hydroxy-Vitamin D3 or [25 (OH) D3]11.911.8
Placebo11.511.0

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Oxidative Stress Markers: Cysteine

(NCT02802449)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6

,
Interventionumol/L (Mean)
Cysteine (Baseline)Cysteine (Week 6)
25 Hydroxy-Vitamin D3 or [25 (OH) D3]252.4241.2
Placebo253.5249.0

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Oxidative Stress Markers: GSH

(NCT02802449)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6

,
Interventionumol/L (Mean)
GSH (Baseline)GSH (Week 6)
25 Hydroxy-Vitamin D3 or [25 (OH) D3]4.13.5
Placebo4.13.6

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As-treated Hospital Length of Stay

Two-sided t-test evaluated comparing length of stay in vitamin D3 vs. placebo treated patients utilizing patients after randomization, factoring excluded patients (e.g., as-treated) using a p<0.05 as significant. (NCT02881957)
Timeframe: Until discharge

Interventiondays (Mean)
Vitamin D310.4
Placebo9.1

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As-treated ICU Length of Stay

Two-sided t-test evaluated comparing length of stay within the ICU specifically in vitamin D3 vs. placebo treated patients utilizing patients after randomization but excluding patients who did not receive treatment (e.g., as-treated) using a p<0.05 as significant. (NCT02881957)
Timeframe: Until discharge

Interventiondays (Mean)
Vitamin D35.8
Placebo5.4

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Number of Participants With Pneumonia

Pneumonia diagnosis (NCT02881957)
Timeframe: Until discharge

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vitamin D316
Placebo14

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Intent-to-treat Hospital Length-of-stay

Intent-to-treat hospital length-of-stay (NCT02881957)
Timeframe: Until discharge

Interventiondays (Mean)
Vitamin D310.9
Placebo9.1

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Intent-to-treat ICU Length of Stay

Two-sided t-test evaluated comparing length of stay within the ICU specifically in vitamin D3 vs. placebo treated patients utilizing patients after randomization (e.g., intent-to-treat) using a p<0.05 as significant. (NCT02881957)
Timeframe: Until discharge

Interventiondays (Mean)
Vitamin D36.4
Placebo5.4

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Number of Participants With Urinary Tract Infection

Urinary tract infection diagnosis (NCT02881957)
Timeframe: Until discharge

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vitamin D39
Placebo6

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Number of Participants With Sepsis

Diagnosis of sepsis (NCT02881957)
Timeframe: Until discharge

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vitamin D32
Placebo3

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In-hospital Mortality

In-hospital mortality (NCT02881957)
Timeframe: Until discharge

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vitamin D311
Placebo13

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Number of Participants With Deep Vein Thrombosis

Deep vein thrombosis diagnosis (NCT02881957)
Timeframe: Until discharge

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vitamin D38
Placebo3

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Change in Serum PTH Concentration

(NCT02925195)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Active Treatment-3
Placebo2

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Change in Serum Calcium Concentrations

(NCT02925195)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Active Treatment0
Placebo0

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Change in Serum 1,25(OH)2D Concentration

(NCT02925195)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Active Treatment2
Placebo-1

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Change in Urine Calcium Excretion

Urine calcium excretion estimated as spot urine calcium-creatinine ratio (NCT02925195)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

Interventionmg per g of creatinine (Mean)
Active Treatment8
Placebo1

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Change in Systolic Blood Pressure

(NCT02925195)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Active Treatment-3
Placebo-4

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Change in Intact Parathyroid Hormone Levels From Baseline to 12 Weeks

Intact parathyroid hormone levels will be measured with the use of the Elecsys Parathyroid Hormone Immunoassay (NCT03070483)
Timeframe: Change in PTH levels from baseline and at 12 weeks after initiation of intervention

Interventionpg/ml (Median)
Vitamin D27.5

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Change in Mean Blood Pressure From Baseline to 12 Weeks

Seated blood pressure is measured at baseline and at 6 and 12 week follow-up visits in the clinic using an appropriate sized cuff after a rest period using an automated device (Omron). Blood pressure will be measured three times in one minute intervals at each time point and the average of these three recordings will be recorded as the mean blood pressure at each time point. Arm circumference will be measured to ensure the correct cuff size is used for all blood pressure measurements including home monitoring of blood pressure. Due to small number of participants, the change in mean blood pressure was analyzed as difference in mean blood pressure (2 x average diastolic blood pressure + average systolic blood pressure)/3 between baseline and at 12 weeks. (NCT03070483)
Timeframe: Difference in BP from baseline and 12 weeks after initiation of intervention

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Vitamin D Arm4.3

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Change in Total 25-hydroxyvitamin D From Baseline to 12 Weeks

Total 25-hydroxyvitamin D will be measured with the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (NCT03070483)
Timeframe: Change in total 25-hydroxyvitamin D level from baseline to 12 weeks after initiation of intervention

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Vitamin D Arm21.7

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Change in 24-hour Urine Calcium Excretion From Baseline to 12 Weeks

A 24-hour urine will be collected and calcium will be measured by Quest diagnostics (NCT03070483)
Timeframe: Change in 24 hour urine calcium excretion from baseline and at 12 weeks after initiation of intervention

Interventionmg/day (Median)
Vitamin D336.2

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Highest Ionized Calcium to Day 14

Clinically available serum or ionized calcium levels through day 14 were collected for all randomized participants. This time frame was selected to align with the 25OHD half life of two weeks. (NCT03096314)
Timeframe: up to 14 days after randomization

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
High Dose Vitamin D Formulation4.7
Placebo4.6

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Number of Participants Who Developed (New) ARDS to Day 7

Presence of ARDS determined using the PaO2/FiO2 ratio or SpO2/FiO2 ratio (i.e., imputed P/F ratio) and chest x-ray confirmation. PaO2 = partial pressure of arterial oxygen; FiO2 = percentage of inspired oxygen; SpO2 = peripheral capillary oxygen saturation, an estimate of the amount of oxygen in the blood. For participants with P/F <300 or imputed P/F <300, FiO2 ≥40%, and PEEP ≥5 cm H2O, we determined if hypoxemia was valid, acute, and not fully explained by congestive heart failure (CHF) or fluid overload. PEEP = positive end expiatory pressure. (NCT03096314)
Timeframe: Up to 7 days after randomization

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
High Dose Vitamin D Formulation20
Placebo17

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Highest Total Calcium to Day 14

Clinically available serum or ionized Ca levels were obtained through day 14 for all randomized patients. This time frame was selected to align with the 25OHD half life of two weeks. (NCT03096314)
Timeframe: 14 days after randomization

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
High Dose Vitamin D Formulation8.9
Placebo8.8

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Hospital Length of Stay to Day 90

Number of days from enrollment to the day of study hospital discharge up to day 90. Only calculated for patients that survived through day 90. (NCT03096314)
Timeframe: 90 days after randomization

Interventiondays (Mean)
High Dose Vitamin D Formulation9.1
Placebo10.4

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Hospital Mortality to Day 90

Analysis of the number of participants who died prior to hospital discharge up to study day 90. (NCT03096314)
Timeframe: Up to 90 days after randomization

Interventionparticipants (Number)
High Dose Vitamin D Formulation92
Placebo72

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Hypercalcemia to Day 14

As the half-life of 25OHD is approximately 2 weeks, clinically available serum or ionized calcium levels through study day 14 were collected. The number of participants with hypercalcemia was reported. (NCT03096314)
Timeframe: up to 14 days after randomization

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
High Dose Vitamin D Formulation14
Placebo11

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Kidney Stones to Day 90

Incident of kidney stones determined by chart review at the end of hospitalization and by self-report at day 90 phone call in those discharged from the hospital prior to day 90. (NCT03096314)
Timeframe: 90 days after randomization

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
High Dose Vitamin D Formulation0
Placebo3

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New Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT)

Participants who were on chronic dialysis at baseline were excluded from the analysis. Participants who started renal replacement therapy on a study day after day 0 and inclusive of day 7 were considered as having new renal replacement therapy. Those who have never started renal replacement therapy over days 0-7 were considered as not having new renal replacement therapy. (NCT03096314)
Timeframe: Up to 7 days after randomization

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
High Dose Vitamin D Formulation20
Placebo18

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New Vasopressor Use to Day 7

The number of subjects in each arm that are started on a vasopressor after randomization up to study day 7. (NCT03096314)
Timeframe: Up to 7 days after randomization

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
High Dose Vitamin D Formulation43
Placebo42

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Ventilator-free Days (VFDs) to Day 28

In participants who survive 28 days, ventilator free days (VFDs) is defined as 28 minus duration of ventilation. Duration of ventilation is counted from the first study day of assisted breathing through the last day of assisted breathing provided the last day is prior to day 28. Or it is counted from the first study day of assisted breathing through day 28. For participants discharged with assisted ventilation prior to day 28, a phone call will be required to assess ventilator status at day 28. Participants discharged prior to day 28 (but not to home) on unassisted breathing will be assumed to remain on unassisted breathing through day 28. Isolated periods of ventilation briefer than 24 hours for surgical procedures and ventilation solely for sleep disordered breathing do not count towards duration of ventilation. In participants who never require assisted breathing, duration of ventilation is zero. Participants who do not survive 28 days will be assigned zero VFD. (NCT03096314)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

Interventiondays (Mean)
High Dose Vitamin D Formulation21.3
Placebo22.1

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Severity of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Severity of ARDS is determined using the PaO2/FiO2 ratio or SpO2/FiO2 ratio and confirmation of ARDS through chest x-ray reviews. The breakout of mild to severe was categorized as P/F or imputed P/F ratio of 201-300 (mild), 100-200 (moderate), or less than 100 (severe). This physiologic outcome is one of three key organ systems (respiratory, renal, and cardiovascular) used to assess change in organ failure severity from randomization up to study day 7. (NCT03096314)
Timeframe: 7 days after randomization

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
MildModerateSevere
High Dose Vitamin D Formulation695
Placebo4121

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Highest Creatinine Levels

The highest recorded creatinine values is taken from available levels reported across the 7 study days for each patient. (NCT03096314)
Timeframe: Up to 7 days after randomization

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
High Dose Vitamin D Formulation2.2
Placebo2.1

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25OHD Levels at Day 3

Baseline levels will be measured using LC/MS/MS methods (all randomized participants) and at day 3 (the first 300 randomized participants only). (NCT03096314)
Timeframe: 3 days after randomization

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
High Dose Vitamin D Formulation46.9
Placebo11.4

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Alive and Home (Prior Level of Care) at Day 90

This endpoint is the count of participants who have survived and are present at home, defined as pre-hospitalization level of care, at day 90. (NCT03096314)
Timeframe: 90 days post randomization

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
High Dose Vitamin D Formulation348
Placebo345

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All-cause, All Location Mortality to Day 28

This variable was calculated in participants who were reported alive at day 28. Vital status of the patient at day 28 was determined using any of the following methods: medical record review, phone calls to patient, proxy or healthcare facility, or review of obituaries. (NCT03096314)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days after randomization

Interventionparticipants (Number)
High Dose Vitamin D Formulation92
Placebo69

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All-cause, All-location Mortality to Day 90

Vital status of the patient at day 90 was determined using any of the following methods: medical record review, phone calls to patient, proxy or healthcare facility, review of obituaries, or information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Death Index (NDI). (NCT03096314)
Timeframe: 90 days after randomization

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
High Dose Vitamin D Formulation125
Placebo109

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Falls to Day 90

We assessed for incidence of falls by chart review at the end of hospitalization and by self-report at the 90 day phone call. Most data suggest that high dose vitamin D in healthy outpatients may improve muscle function, balance, and bone mineral density, and thus decrease fall-related fractures, but other data suggest that high dose vitamin D supplementation may actually increase the incidence of falls/fractures. (NCT03096314)
Timeframe: 90 days post randomization

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
High Dose Vitamin D Formulation36
Placebo27

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Healthcare Facility Length of Stay to Day 90

Healthcare facility length of stay is the time spent in another hospital or healthcare facility (e.g. long-term acute care [LTAC] hospitals or acute rehabilitation/skilled nursing facility), for the subgroup of participants that were discharged to another healthcare facility after the initial hospitalization. This measure is defined as the number of days from initial hospital discharge to the first facility discharge to home (pre-hospitalization level of care) up to day 90. Healthcare facility LOS is zero for patients discharged to home (pre-hospitalization level of care) from the study hospital. This endpoint will be analyzed only in survivors using SACE methods because healthcare facility length of stay in those who die during the follow-up period is non-informative for this endpoint. (NCT03096314)
Timeframe: 90 days after randomization

Interventiondays (Mean)
High Dose Vitamin D Formulation6.0
Placebo8.1

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Number of Participants With Pre-eclampsia in Both Arms

Occurrence of pre-eclampsia or not in all patients irrespective of Vitamin D dose. (NCT03101150)
Timeframe: From 20 weeks of pregnancy till event of pre-eclampsia seen, whichever came first, assessed up to 32 weeks.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
400 IU6
4000 IU1

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Number of Patients With Intrauterine Growth Retardation

Patients having fetus with retardation of growth in both arms. (NCT03101150)
Timeframe: At delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
400 IU18
4000 IU8

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Change in Vitamin D Level

Level of Improvement in Vitamin D status in both arms (NCT03101150)
Timeframe: At 36th week of pregnancy

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
400 IU35.3
4000 IU72.3

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Rate of Patient Recruitment to a Randomised Chemoprevention Study in Men Enrolled on an Active Surveillance Programme for Prostate Cancer. Number Accrued Per Month.

The proportion of eligible patients that join the trial over the 12-month trial recruitment period. (NCT03103152)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
High Dose Aspirin & Vitamin D17
High Dose Aspirin, Vitamin D Placebo16
Low Dose Aspirin , Vitamin D19
Low Dose Aspirin, Vitamin D Placebo18
Aspirin Placebo, Vitamin D16
Aspirin Placebo, Vitamin D Placebo18

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Number of Participants With Histological Disease Progression

"Histological disease progression will be defined as an increase in Gleason scores from: Gleason 3+3 to Gleason score 7 or higher Gleason 3+4 (score 7) to 4+3 (score 7) or Gleason 4+3 to a higher score~Or a 50% increase in maximum cancer core length (MCCL)" (NCT03103152)
Timeframe: 3 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
High Dose Aspirin & Vitamin D2
High Dose Aspirin, Vitamin D Placebo7
Low Dose Aspirin , Vitamin D5
Low Dose Aspirin, Vitamin D Placebo2
Aspirin Placebo, Vitamin D3
Aspirin Placebo, Vitamin D Placebo6

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Sex Differences in Treatment Response Based on Pain Scores

Examines existence of gender-based treatment response differences in pain severity measured by a 0-10 numeric rating scale where 0 is no pain and 10 is the most severe pain. Higher scores reflect greater pain (poor outcome). (NCT03313076)
Timeframe: 6 weeks following burn injury

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
MaleFemale
No Omega 3 Treatment1.801.00
No Vitamin D Treatment2.831.33
Omega-31.432.00
Vitamin D0.332

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General Mental Health as Measured by the Short Form (SF)-12 General Mental Health Component Scores

Assessment of mental health will be determined by the short form (SF)-12 mental component score. The short form SF-12 Health Survey is a 12-item participant completed questionnaire to measure general health. It includes a mental component score (MCS): ranging from 0 to 100 points. Low values represent a poor health state and high values represent a good mental health. (NCT03313076)
Timeframe: 6 weeks following burn injury

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Omega-349.98
No Omega 3 Treatment48.29
Vitamin D52.80
No Vitamin D Treatment46.16

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General Physical Health by Treatment Group Measured by the SF-12 General Physical Health Component Scores

Assessment of physical health will be determined by the SF-12 physical component score. The SF-12 Health Survey is a 12 item participant completed questionnaire to measure general health. It includes a physical component score (PCS): ranging from 0 to 100 points. Low values represent a poor physical health and high values represent a good physical health. (NCT03313076)
Timeframe: 6 weeks following burn injury

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Omega-340.84
No Omega 3 Treatment40.12
Vitamin D40.83
No Vitamin D Treatment40.29

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Pain Interference by Treatment Group Measured by the Brief Pain Inventory

The degree to which pain interferes with important life function will be determined by the Brief Pain Inventory. This is a validated, self-reported scale that measures the severity of pain based on the average pain experienced and assesses impact of pain across 7 domains of life function (e.g., enjoyment of life, relationships, normal work). The total severity scores range from 0 (no interference) to 70 (maximum interference). Higher scores reflect greater pain interference. (NCT03313076)
Timeframe: 6 weeks following burn injury

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Omega-311.60
No Omega 3 Treatment13.71
Vitamin D5.5
No Vitamin D Treatment18.67

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Percent of Participants Who Are Compliant With Follow-up (Feasibility)

The primary objective of this pilot study is to ensure that the investigators are able to make follow-up assessments on a majority of participants. The percent of participants who are compliant with follow-up will be determined 6 weeks following major thermal burn injury. Feasibility is defined as >80% of enrolled participants at 6 weeks following Major Thermal Burn Injury (MThBI). (NCT03313076)
Timeframe: 6 weeks following burn injury

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
n-3 PUFA (O3FA) + Vitamin D3100
n-3 PUFA (O3FA) Placebo + Vitamin D350
n-3 PUFAs (O3FA) + Vitamin D3 Placebo83.3
n-3 PUFA (O3FA) Placebo + Vitamin D3 Placebo80

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By Group Efficacy Estimates Over Year Following Thermal Burn Injury

Estimates of efficacy will be obtained via repeated measures analysis of pain severity over the 1 year following injury using mixed effects models. Pain will be assessed using a 0-10 numeric rating scale with 0 indicating no pain and 10 indicating pain as severe as you can imagine. Higher scores represent worse outcome. These values (collected in identical fashion over 1 year following burn injury) will be entered into a linear mixed model, and overall effect estimates (beta coefficients) among groups will be determined. Final model was a piece-wise linear mixed model, with a cut-point at 6 weeks. Mixed models were adjusted for age, sex, race, initial pain severity. Every 1 unit change in beta coefficient represents a 1 unit change in pain severity on the 0-10 numeric rating scale. (NCT03313076)
Timeframe: Over 1 year following MThBI

,,,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (Day 1)Week 1Week 2Week 3Week 4Week 5Week 6Month 3Month 6Month 12
No Omega 3 Treatment7.575.503.82.82.331.431.570.330.330.5
No Vitamin D Treatment7.656.094.912.902.41.562.331.00.861.25
Omega-37.195.74.52.01.731.221.60.671.141.2
Vitamin D7.0153.221.91.610.750.250.670.6

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Change in Insulin Consumption

Change in daily exogenous insulin consumption (IU) (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: Baseline and 15 months

InterventionIU/kg/24h (Mean)
Active Arm0.183
Placebo Arm0.094
Active (HLA DR3-DQ2)0.143
Placebo (HLA DR3-DQ2)0.153

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Change in Maximum C-peptide

Change in maximum C-peptide during MMTT (nmol/L) (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: Baseline and 15 months

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
Active Arm-0.350
Placebo Arm-0.300
Active (HLA DR3-DQ2)-0.257
Placebo (HLA DR3-DQ2)-0.277

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Number of Clinically Significant Abnormal Results in Vital Signs

Vital signs (blood pressure) (mmHg) (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: 15 months

,
InterventionClinically significant abnormal results (Number)
Systolic blood pressureDiastolic blood pressure
Active Arm00
Placebo Arm00

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Change in Stimulated C-peptide During a MMTT

Change in C-peptide between Baseline and 15 Months. C-peptide was measured by Area Under the Curve [AUC] at 0-120 min during a Mixed Meal Tolerance Test (MMTT) and divided by 120 min. The results are given as the ratio (back-transformed from log-scale) between 15 Months and Baseline as predicted by the MMRM (Mixed Model Repeated Measures) model. (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: Baseline and 15 months

InterventionUnitless back-transformed from log-scale (Mean)
Active Arm0.551
Placebo Arm0.506
Active (HLA DR3-DQ2)0.663
Placebo (HLA DR3-DQ2)0.425

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Change in HbA1c

Change in HbA1c (mmol/mol) (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: Baseline and 15 months

Interventionmmol/mol (Mean)
Active Arm0.53
Placebo Arm1.04
Active (HLA DR3-DQ2)0.87
Placebo (HLA DR3-DQ2)-0.98

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Number of Hypoglycemias

Number of self-reported episodes of severe hypoglycemia (Severe hypoglycemia defined as needing help from others and/or seizures and/or unconscious) (counts) (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: Baseline and 15 months

InterventionEpisodes (Number)
Active Arm0
Placebo Arm6
Active (HLA DR3-DQ2)0
Placebo (HLA DR3-DQ2)0

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Number of Patients Having at Least 1 Severe Hypoglycemic Event

Number of patients having at least 1 severe hypoglycemic event (counts) (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: Baseline and 15 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Arm0
Placebo Arm1
Active (HLA DR3-DQ2)0
Placebo (HLA DR3-DQ2)0

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Stimulated C-peptide Above 0.2 Nmol/L at 90 Min

Percentage of patients with a stimulated 90min C-peptide level above 0.2 nmol/L (0.6 ng/ml) (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: 15 months

InterventionPercent of patients (Number)
Active Arm87.3
Placebo Arm71.4
Active (HLA DR3-DQ2)96.6
Placebo (HLA DR3-DQ2)64.7

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Stimulated Maximum C-peptide Above 0.2 Nmol/L

Percentage of patients with a stimulated maximum C-peptide level above 0.2 nmol/L (0.6 ng/ml) (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: 15 months

InterventionPercent of patients (Number)
Active Arm92.7
Placebo Arm75.7
Active (HLA DR3-DQ2)96.6
Placebo (HLA DR3-DQ2)70.6

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C-peptide Levels During a MMTT

C-peptide measured at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes during MMTT (nmol/L) at 15 months (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: 15 months

,,,
Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
30 min60 min90 min120 min
Active (HLA DR3-DQ2)0.6590.9111.0161.065
Active Arm0.3760.5360.6450.691
Placebo (HLA DR3-DQ2)0.5800.7150.7170.728
Placebo Arm0.3740.4950.5620.590

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Change in Glycemic Variability/Fluctuations

Change in glycemic variability/fluctuations (evaluated from data from continuous glucose monitoring FreeStyle LibrePro, FGM) over 14 day period. (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: Screening and 15 months

,,,
Interventionglycemic variability/fluctuation per day (Mean)
70-180 mg/dL (hours)50-70 mg/dL (hours)<50 mg/dL (minutes)
Active (HLA DR3-DQ2)-1.7240.03416.7
Active Arm-2.479-0.03515.7
Placebo (HLA DR3-DQ2)-3.9200.58148.1
Placebo Arm-2.4510.1979.0

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Number of Clinically Significant Abnormal Results From Physical and Neurological Examinations

"Physical examination (general appearance including skin, mouth, throat, cardiovascular, abdomen, lymphatic glands, and neurological/musculoskeletal [including reflexes]).~Standardised clinical neurological examination including extremity reflexes, Romberg, Walk on a line, 2 meters, Standing on 1 leg, left and right, 15 seconds per leg, Finger-nose, Mimic, Babinski reflex.~The outcome of the assessments was recored as normal or abnormal" (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: 15 months

,
InterventionClinically significant abnormal results (Number)
Physical examinationNeurological examination
Active Arm154
Placebo Arm90

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Change in Body Mass Index (BMI)

Change in BMI (kg/m2) (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: Baseline and 15 months

Interventionkg/m2 (Mean)
Active Arm0.8
Placebo Arm1.3

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Change in Body Weight

Change in body weight (kg) (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: Baseline and 15 months

InterventionKg (Mean)
Active Arm4.3
Placebo Arm5.6

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Change in Fasting C-peptide

Change in Fasting C-peptide (nmol/L) (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: Baseline and 15 months

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
Active Arm-0.115
Placebo Arm-0.106
Active (HLA DR3-DQ2)-0.081
Placebo (HLA DR3-DQ2)-0.095

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Change in IDAA1c

Change in insulin-dose-adjusted HbA1c (IDAA1c) (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: Baseline and 15 months

InterventionPercent of glycated hemoglobin (Mean)
Active Arm0.757
Placebo Arm0.377
Active (HLA DR3-DQ2)0.663
Placebo (HLA DR3-DQ2)0.667

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Number of Clinically Significant Abnormal Results From Laboratory Measurements (Haematology and Clinical Chemistry) and Urinalysis.

Number of clinically significant abnormal results from laboratory measurements (haematology and clinical chemistry) and urinalysis. (counts) (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: 15 months

Interventionnumber of significant abnormal results (Number)
Active Arm11
Placebo Arm3

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Percentage of Patients With IDAA1c ≤ 9

Percentage of patients with IDAA1c ≤ 9 (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: 15 months

InterventionPercent of patients (Number)
Active Arm62.7
Placebo Arm61.4
Active (HLA DR3-DQ2)78.6
Placebo (HLA DR3-DQ2)40.0

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Change in Quality of Life (QoL)

Change in QoL as measured by the standardised measure of health questionnaire EQ-5D-5L between baseline and Month 15. The EQ-5D-5L is based on 5 questions rated at 5 levels indicating from no problem (level 1) to extreme problems (level 5) regarding current state of mobility, self-care, activity, pain and anxiety. The outcome is presented as a weighted index value, where 1 is the best possible health and 0 represents being dead. (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: Baseline and 15 months

,
InterventionIndex value (Median)
BaselineMonth 15
Active Arm1.0001.000
Placebo Arm1.0001.000

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GAD65A Titer

GAD65A titer (IU/ml) (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: Baseline and 15 months

,
InterventionIU/mL (Mean)
BaselineMonth 15
Active Arm731.319941.2
Placebo Arm627.3476.7

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Injection Site Reactions

Injection site reactions (NCT03345004)
Timeframe: 15 months

Interventionnumber of episodes (Number)
Active Arm10
Placebo Arm3

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Changes From Baseline Week in Vitamin D 25-hydroxy Levels at Week 12.

"Vitamin D, 25-hydroxy blood serum assays will be tested at Quest Diagnostics. Changes in values from baseline week to week 12 will be calculated.~Reference ranges:~optimal 30-100 ng/mL Insufficient 20-29 ng/mL deficient <20ng/mL" (NCT03380091)
Timeframe: Baseline week & week 12

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)11
Metformin-5

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Changes From Baseline Week in Insulin Resistance Score at Week 12.

Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) will be used to calculate Insulin Resistance based on fasting glucose (mg/dL) and fasting insulin (μIU/mL) blood serum assays tested at Quest Diagnostics. HOMA-IR = Fasting Insulin (uIU/mL) x Fasting Glucose (mg/dL). Healthy range is between 0.5-1.4. Values below 1.0 indicate insulin sensitivity and are optimal. Values greater than 1.9 indicate clinically significant insulin resistance. (NCT03380091)
Timeframe: Baseline week & week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)0.81
Metformin-1.2

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Change From Baseline in State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Score (STAI-S) at 12 Weeks

STAI-S is a validated self-reported instrument of 20 questions. Range of scores for the State Anxiety (STAI-S) subtest is 20-80, the higher score indicating greater anxiety. A threshold point score of 39-40 has been suggested by recent literature to detect clinically significant symptoms. Change = Week 12 total score - Baseline week score (NCT03380091)
Timeframe: Baseline week & Week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Metformin0
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)10

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Change From Baseline in Depression Score on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) at 12 Weeks

BDI-II is a validated self-reported instrument of 21 questions which are each scored 0-3. Total scores range from 0-63, with higher score totals indicating more severe depression symptoms. {0-9: indicates minimal depression; 0-18: indicates mild depression; 19-29: indicates moderate depression; 30-63: indicates severe depression}. Change = Week 12 total score - Baseline week score (NCT03380091)
Timeframe: Baseline & 12 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)-8
Metformin7

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Change From Baseline of Femoral Neck Bone Density Measured by DXA

Early changes in areal bone mineral density will be measured at the hip and spine by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). (NCT03424239)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

Interventiong/cm^2 (Mean)
Drug: Zoledronic Acid, Calcium+Vitamin D-0.038

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Change From Baseline of Spine Bone Density Measured by DXA

Early changes in areal bone mineral density will be measured at the hip and spine by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). (NCT03424239)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

Interventiong/cm^2 (Mean)
Drug: Zoledronic Acid, Calcium+Vitamin D0.003

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Change in Serum CTX

The primary aim of this study is to determine the postoperative changes in serum markers of bone turnover after a preoperative infusion of zoledronic acid. Serum C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX) is marker of bone resorption. (NCT03424239)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Drug: Zoledronic Acid, Calcium+Vitamin D0.228

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Change in Total Hip Bone Mineral Density by DXA

Early changes in areal bone mineral density will be measured at the hip and spine by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). (NCT03424239)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

Interventiong/cm^2 (Mean)
Drug: Zoledronic Acid, Calcium+Vitamin D-0.039

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Change in Trabecular Spine Bone Mineral Density by QCT

Early changes in volumetric bone mineral density will be measured at the spine by Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT). (NCT03424239)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

Interventionmg/cm^3 (Mean)
Drug: Zoledronic Acid, Calcium+Vitamin D4.9

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Incidence and Severity of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE) as Assessed by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 5.0.

This study is descriptive and no primary or secondary efficacy endpoints are defined. (NCT03588884)
Timeframe: 5 months

,,,
Interventionnumber of TEAE count (Number)
Grade 1 MildGrade 2 ModerateGrade 3 SevereGrade Potentially Life ThreateningGrade 5 Fatal
Cholecalciferol138000
CTAP101391200
Immediate-release (IR) Calcifediol123300
Paricalcitol105100

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AMH Levels in Women With PCOS

AMH measured by serum analysis (NCT03644212)
Timeframe: 8 weeks after completing vitamin D treatment

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Vitamin D Treatment1.4
Non Treated0

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Part 1: Optimal Dosing Level to Use in Part 2

Determine the best vitamin D supplementation level based on PK analysis of participants enrolled in Part 1. The PK of 25(OH)D after vitamin D supplementation in children will be characterized using a 2-compartment population PK model (popPK) with linear absorption and elimination kinetics. (NCT03686150)
Timeframe: 20 weeks

InterventionIU (Number)
Daily Dose (IU)Single Loading Dose (IU)
Vitamin D3 Oral Regimen800050000

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Part 2: Proportion of Participants With Vitamin D Levels >= 40 ng/ml

Proportion of participants in part 2 who achieve vitamin levels >= 40 ng/ml (NCT03686150)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

Interventionproportion of participants (Number)
Part 2, Cohort A Vitamin D3 Oral Regimen0.786
Part 2, Cohort B Vitamin D Oral Regimen0

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Number of Participants With a Physical Disability After Stroke as Measured by the Modified Katz Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Scale

The modified Katz ADL scale ask participants to self-report if they need needing help with any of the following items: bathing; dressing; eating; getting in and out of a chair; and walking 50 yards. Individuals who report needing help with any of those items will be considered to have a physical disability after stroke. (NCT04070833)
Timeframe: 1 year

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D6
Vitamin D Placebo6
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids3
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo9

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Number of Participants With a Physical Disability After Stroke as Measured by the Rosow-Breslau Functional Health Scale

The Rosow-Breslau Functional Health Scale asks participants to self-report if they need help with any of the following tasks: walking 0.5 mile; walking up and down stairs to the second floor; and doing heavy work around the house. Individuals who report needing help with any of those tasks will be considered to have a physical disability after stroke. (NCT04070833)
Timeframe: 1 year

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D45
Vitamin D Placebo53
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids42
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo56

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Number of Participants With at Least One Functional Limitation After Stroke According to the Scale Adapted From Nagi

Functional limitations will be assessed through self-report using the physical performance scale adapted from Nagi. The adapted Nagi scale asks respondents if they experience any limitations in each of the following items: pulling or pushing large objects; stooping, crouching, or kneeling; reaching or extending arms above shoulder level; reaching or extending arms below shoulder level; writing or handling or fingering small objects; standing in one place for long periods; and sitting for an hour. Participants reporting a limitation in any of these items will be considered to have at least one functional limitation after stroke. (NCT04070833)
Timeframe: 1 year

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Vitamin D24
Vitamin D Placebo27
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids20
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo31

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Number of Participants With Social Disability After Stroke as Measured by FHS Social Disability Scale

"Social disability was assessed through a self-administered questionnaire which asked questions about social functioning developed in the Framingham Heart Study. The scale covers five social areas (housekeeping, transportation, social interaction, food preparation, and grocery shopping). Respondents are grouped into four categories (need met, no apparent problem (best outcome); need met, potential problem; uncertain need met, potential problem; need unmet, current problem (worst outcome)) for each social area using a previously published algorithm.~We created summary indices for the total number of unmet needs across all areas and for the total number of unmet needs or uncertain needs met, potential problem. These indices range from 0 to 5, but to avoid problems with model convergence due to sparse data, we will a priori categorize them as 0 (best outcome), 1, or ≥2 (worst outcome)." (NCT04070833)
Timeframe: 1 year

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Unmet need72055558Unmet need72055559Unmet need72055560Unmet need72055561Uncertain need met or unmet need72055559Uncertain need met or unmet need72055561Uncertain need met or unmet need72055560Uncertain need met or unmet need72055558
012
Active Vitamin D81
Vitamin D Placebo98
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids92
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo87
Active Vitamin D10
Vitamin D Placebo5
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids5
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo10
Active Vitamin D3
Vitamin D Placebo2
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids2
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo3
Active Vitamin D59
Vitamin D Placebo79
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids74
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo64
Active Vitamin D19
Vitamin D Placebo16
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids13
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo22
Active Vitamin D16
Vitamin D Placebo10
Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids12
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Placebo14

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Clinical PDT Response as Measured by Percent Change in AK Lesions From Baseline to 3 Months

"Clinical PDT response as measured by the percent change of AK lesions 3 months after treatment~Baseline vitamin D (calcidiol) level will be taken for each patient." (NCT04140292)
Timeframe: 3 months after treatment

InterventionPercent change of AK lesions (Mean)
Vitamin D3 + Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)59.1
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)72.5

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Number of Participants Reporting 1 or Higher on the Pain Scale

"Pain scale recorded on a 0-to-10 visual/analog scale, with higher scores mean more pain; 0 is no pain, 10 is the worst pain imaginable. Number of participants receiving treatment that reported a pain level greater than 1." (NCT04140292)
Timeframe: During treatment (at the 5 min mark), and again immediately afterwards.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vitamin D3 + Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)0
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)0

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Tolerability as Measured by Participants' Symptom Score Sheets

"Participants are asked to recall the symptoms they experienced during the week following PDT. The study physician asks them whether they had experienced each of the following 13 symptoms (YES/NO), and positive (YES) answers were summed to create a Side Effects Score (SES). The maximum and minimum possible values are 13 and 0 respectively, with a higher score correlating to poorer participant outcomes.~The 13 possible side effects were: pain, erythema, scabbing, blistering, erosions, edema, warmth, exfoliation, discharge, hemorrhage, tightness, hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation." (NCT04140292)
Timeframe: 1 week after treatment

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Vitamin D3 + Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)3.7
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)3.7

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Change in Composite Asthma Severity Index (CASI)

"CASI was measured by questionnaire and is a severity score of symptom burden, exacerbations, healthcare utilization, lung function and dose of inhaled corticosteroids. The change in CASI score was calculated between V1 (Baseline), V2 (Guideline Care - before intervention), and V3 (12 Months).~[The CASI score has a minimum value = 0, maximum value = 20, a higher score indicates greater asthma severity]" (NCT04179461)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
V1V2V3
Personalized Treatment555

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Asthma Control Test (ACT)

"ACT was measured by questionnaire, assessing frequency of reported asthma symptoms, rescue medication use, the effect of asthma on daily functioning, and overall asthma control. The change in ACT score was calculated between V1 (Baseline), V2 (Guideline Care - before intervention), and V3 (12 Months).~[The ACT score has a minimum value = 5, maximum value = 25, a score 19 indicates well-controlled asthma]" (NCT04179461)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
V1V2V3
Personalized Treatment23.021.722.5

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Adherence of Asthma Controller Medication

Adherence was measured using the Propeller Health Inhaler monitor and web-based software management platform that tracks adherence of asthma medications. The change in adherence was calculated between V1 (baseline) to V3 (12 Months). (NCT04179461)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 months

Interventionpercentage of medication taken (Median)
V1V3
Personalized Treatment4236

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Pulmonary Function Measured by Spirometry: Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) / Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

"FEV1 is air volume exhaled in 1 second during spirometry. Forced vital capacity is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible. The change in FEV1/FVC was calculated between V1 (Baseline), V2 (Guideline Care - before intervention), and V3 (12 Months). This will be used as a measurement in asthma severity.~[A lower FEV1/FVC ratio indicates more severe asthma]" (NCT04179461)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 months

InterventionRatio (Median)
V1V2V3
Personalized Treatment0.810.80.8

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Death

Number of study participants who died with 21 day of randomization (NCT04400890)
Timeframe: Within 21 days from randomization

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Resveratrol With Vitamin D30
Placebo With Vitamin D30

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Pneumonia

Number of study participants are diagnosed with pneumonia with 21 day of randomization (NCT04400890)
Timeframe: 21 days from randomization

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Resveratrol With Vitamin D34
Placebo With Vitamin D38

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Hospitalization Rates for COVID-19

Number of study participants admitted to the hospital within 21 days of randomization (NCT04400890)
Timeframe: 21 days from study randomization

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Resveratrol With Vitamin D31
Placebo With Vitamin D33

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ICU Admission Rates

Number of study participants admitted within 21 who subsequently get admitted to the ICU (NCT04400890)
Timeframe: 21 days from randomization

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Resveratrol With Vitamin D30
Placebo With Vitamin D30

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Invasive Ventilation Rates

Number of study participants who get admitted with 21 day of randomization who receiving invasive ventilation. (NCT04400890)
Timeframe: 21 days from randomization

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Resveratrol With Vitamin D30
Placebo With Vitamin D30

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Pulmonary Embolism

Number of study participants are diagnosed with pulmonary embolism with 21 day of randomization (NCT04400890)
Timeframe: 21 days from start of randomization.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Resveratrol With Vitamin D31
Placebo With Vitamin D31

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Number of Mothers With Elevated Calcium Concentrations at 1 Month

Number of mothers with serum calcium > 10.5 mg/dL (NCT04629534)
Timeframe: 1 month post enrollment

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Group A0
Group B0

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Number of Mothers With Elevated Calcium Concentrations at Month 2

Number of mothers with serum calcium > 10.5 mg/dL (NCT04629534)
Timeframe: 2 months post enrollment

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Group A0
Group B0

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Number of Infants With Elevated Calcium Concentration at Month 1

Number of infants with serum calcium > 11.0 mg/dL (NCT04629534)
Timeframe: 1 month post enrollment

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Group A0
Group B0

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Number of Mothers With Sufficient 25(OH)D Stores at 3 Months

Number of mothers with 25(OH)D levels >20 ng/mL (NCT04629534)
Timeframe: 3 months post enrollment

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Group A1
Group B1

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Number of Mothers With Elevated Calcium Concentrations at Month 3

Number of mothers with serum calcium > 10.5 mg/dL (NCT04629534)
Timeframe: 3 months post enrollment

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Group A0
Group B0

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Number of Mothers With Elevated Urine Calcium Creatinine Ratio at Month 1

Number of mothers with serum calcium > 1.0 mmol/mmol (NCT04629534)
Timeframe: 1 month post enrollment

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Group A0
Group B0

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Number of Infants With Elevated Calcium Concentration at Month 2

Number of infants with serum calcium > 11.0 mg/dL (NCT04629534)
Timeframe: 2 months post enrollment

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Group A0
Group B0

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Number of Infants With Elevated Calcium Concentration at Month 3

Number of infants with serum calcium > 11.0 mg/dL (NCT04629534)
Timeframe: 3 months post enrollment

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Group A0
Group B0

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Number of Infants With Sufficient 25(OH)D Stores at 3 Months

Number of infants with 25(OH)D levels > 20 ng/mL (NCT04629534)
Timeframe: 3 months post enrollment

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Group A1
Group B1

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Number of Mothers With Elevated Urine Calcium Creatinine Ratio at Month 2

Number of mothers with urine calcium/creatinine ratio > 1.0 mmol/mmol (NCT04629534)
Timeframe: 2 months post enrollment

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Group A0
Group B0

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Number of Mothers With Elevated Urine Calcium Creatinine Ratio at Month 3

Number of mothers with urine calcium/creatinine ratio > 1.0 mmol/mmol (NCT04629534)
Timeframe: 3 months post enrollment

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Group A0
Group B0

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.		2.420C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
sensitiser
ethylene dichloride
ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.0410chloroethaneshepatotoxic agent;
mutagen;
non-polar solvent
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene with chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 4.		2.0410trichlorobenzene
alpha-hydroxyglutarate
2-hydroxyglutarate : A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid.. 2-hydroxyglutaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one hydrogen alpha- to a carboxylic acid group is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.05102-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		3.0940amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		3.110monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		3.17104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		8.2660ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.0510monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		2.0510acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		3.0450ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		9.781056-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		2.0510imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		4.6111azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.0510acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzene
[no description available]		2.6730aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		3.110benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		3.520benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		2.0510amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		2.3420halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		4.0421alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		570fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		2.940carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
carnitine
[no description available]		8.2650amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		4.9621alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		4.661cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		6.9142tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		3.3670halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		1.9410chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		210coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		5.4760monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
octane
Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.		2.0410alkanexenobiotic
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		3.110trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenylphosphate
nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid. 4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.		1.9610aryl phosphatemouse metabolite
octanoic acid
octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.		3.5520medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		7.9840gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol
4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.		3.110aminophenolallergen;
metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		2.4320(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		2.2510guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
2-aminoadipic acid
2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.		2.1710amino dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
methylmalonic acid
Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.		3.0110C4-dicarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine
N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine		5.1431alpha-amino acid
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.4220catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		6.4951glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		9.071402-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		4.29190sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
ethanolamine
[no description available]		2.3110ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.4820aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		2.8840alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.		1.9910aldotriosefundamental metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		11.362alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
glyoxylic acid
glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.		1.97102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
aldehydic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		3.9840carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		7.1761aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
homogentisic acid
Homogentisic Acid: Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid with hydroxyls at the 2 and 5 positions of the phenyl ring.. homogentisic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents at the 2- and 5-positions.		210dihydroxyphenylacetic acid;
hydroquinones		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		10.441elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		3.5320benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		3.3770diatomic iodinenutrient
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		4.3641dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
racemethionine
Racemethionine: A preparation of METHIONINE that includes a mixture of D-methionine and L-methionine isomers.		2.610alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
sulfur-containing amino acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		4.6280alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		3.9940inositol phosphate
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		4.9991cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		9.09182acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
croton oil
[no description available]		1.9910N-acyl-hexosamine
naphthalene
[no description available]		2.520naphthalenes;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene		apoptosis inhibitor;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		3.9840metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		4.551pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		2.7530pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		4.6111monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		4.6111monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		2.2110gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
n,n-dimethylaniline
N,N-dimethylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dimethylaniline : A methylaniline carrying at least two methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylaniline : A tertiary amine that is aniline in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		3.110dimethylaniline;
tertiary amine
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		2.0610oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		4.5780pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.6830alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		2.8940aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		3.1104-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		2.6630long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
pentachlorophenol
PENTA: structure given in first source		2.0810aromatic fungicide;
chlorophenol;
organochlorine pesticide;
pentachlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene
phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'		2.0410ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon;
phenanthrenes		environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		3.5320phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid
phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenylacetic acids		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
auxin;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
toxin
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		2.1710phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		4.6111glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.9910propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		3.1210saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		3.8921monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.4720methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		3.3470hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol
benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.		3.110benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		plant metabolite
dimethyl sulfide
dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.		2.0410aliphatic sulfidealgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
marine metabolite
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		3.0410divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
selenious acid
Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.		1.9710selenium oxoacid
spermidine
[no description available]		3.2510polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		4.6111sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
taurine
[no description available]		3.2160amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		6.0280primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		2.7930methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
trimethylamine
[no description available]		2.1510methylamines;
tertiary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
tryptophan
[no description available]		3.110alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
aminoalkylindole;
aromatic amino acid;
polar amino acid		Daphnia magna metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		2.4120pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		7.85131uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		6.77191isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		3.110benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
isopentenyl pyrophosphate
isopentenyl pyrophosphate: substrate for isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; a nonpeptide mycobacterial antigen that stimulates gamma delta T cells. isopentenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.		2.0210prenol phosphateantigen;
antioxidant;
epitope;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
phosphoantigen
catechin
[no description available]		3.5320hydroxyflavan
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		3.5320p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
1,2-dimethylhydrazine
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.		7.3920hydrazinesalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets		1.9910
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.3820aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-o-hexadecyl-2-o-methylglycerol
[no description available]		1.9810
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		1.9910dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-aminofluorene
[no description available]		3.110
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		2.3520alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		2.8740ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-2-azabenzimidazole
4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole: a CK2 kinase inhibitor		3.4110
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		3.110guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-nonylphenol
4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.		2.2110phenolsenvironmental contaminant
phenytoin
[no description available]		7.15280imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
6-hydroxymelatonin
6-hydroxymelatonin : A member of the class of tryptamines that is melatonin with a hydroxy group substituent at position 6.		3.110acetamides;
tryptamines		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
6-methoxytryptoline
6-methoxytryptoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9910
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		3.110monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		2.0510aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		3.5320acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		3.7730monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		2.0510acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0510acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
ag 127
tyrphostin AG 126: inhibits development of postoperative ileus induced by surgical manipulation of murine colon		2.2110nitrophenol
ag-1296
6,7-dimethoxy-3-phenylquinoxaline: ATP-competitive inhibitor of receptor kinase		2.0310quinoxaline derivative
albendazole
[no description available]		2.0510aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		2.5120phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		15.6454221,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		2.0510adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		2.0510aromatic amine
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		3.0910diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.0510dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		2.5120guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		2.0710N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		3.68100dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		2.05101-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		3.5320carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		2.4920dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		2.0510barbiturates
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.0510acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		4.7921nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione
Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.		2.0510methoxybenzenes
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		5.870anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		1.9510pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		10.01120benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.1110benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.0510ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
aurintricarboxylic acid
Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.		2.2110monohydroxybenzoic acid;
quinomethanes;
tricarboxylic acid		fluorochrome;
histological dye;
insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		440aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
baclofen
[no description available]		4.8421amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		2.0510barbituratesdrug allergen
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		1.9810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		2.0510indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		1.9610benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		2.51201-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		3.2560ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		4.6111benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benzyl isothiocyanate
benzyl isothiocyanate: inhibits carcinogen-induced neoplasia; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #715; also promotes urinary bladder carcinoma		2.2110benzenes;
isothiocyanate		antibacterial drug
berberine
[no description available]		4.732alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
beta-naphthoflavone
beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.		3.110extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.0510biphenyls;
imidazoles
bisindolylmaleimide i
bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide		2.0110
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		2.0510secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bithionol
Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.. bithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.		2.2110aryl sulfide;
bridged diphenyl antifungal drug;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
organochlorine pesticide;
polyphenol		antifungal agrochemical;
antiplatyhelmintic drug
bromisovalum
Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.		2.0510N-acylurea;
organobromine compound
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.0510organic molecular entity
bumetanide
[no description available]		3.5320amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		2.5120aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		2.0510azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		2.0510methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
butalbital
butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.		2.0510barbituratesanalgesic;
sedative
caffeine
[no description available]		4.1440purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		3.580aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid
beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.		4.02130glycerol monophosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
candesartan cilexetil
candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects		2.0510biphenyls
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.5620benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		6.22100dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		2.0510carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.0510N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.0510carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		2.0510carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.		1.9510hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
ionophore
celecoxib
[no description available]		4.1231organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		4.7821ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
chetomin
chetomin: C31H30N6O6S4, similar to epipolythiodioxopiperazines. chetomin : An organic heteropentacyclic compound of the class of epipolythiodioxopiperazine. Isolated from Chaetomium globosum and Farrowia seminuda, it exhibits immunosuppressive activity.		2.0510indoles;
organic disulfide;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		Chaetomium metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		2.0510aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		2.0510aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		2.0510benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		2.05101,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.330aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		3.3311benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		3.8130monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		4.1850organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		2.3110chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.05101,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		7.6830aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.0510cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		3.5320cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		2.0510aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		2.0510benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		2.05102-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.0510monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		3.5320aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid
Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.		3.110aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
herbicide;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		2.0510tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		2.15101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0510clonidine;
imidazoline
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide
[no description available]		3.110sulfonamide
clotiazepam
clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines		2.0510organic molecular entity
clotrimazole
[no description available]		2.0510conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-cresol
4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.		3.110cresolEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
uremic toxin
cyclandelate
Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.		2.0510carboxylic ester;
secondary alcohol		vasodilator agent
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		4.0440piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		3.5320dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dantrolene
Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.		1.9710hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione		muscle relaxant;
neuroprotective agent;
ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.0710indolesfluorochrome
dapsone
[no description available]		3.5320substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
decanoic acid
decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		3.110medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		2.6830acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
dephostatin
dephostatin: from Streptomyces sp. MJ742-NF5; structure given in first source		2.2110
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		3.110dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		2.0510primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.6930alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		2.0510benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		3.8430amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		2.6630benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorophen
Dichlorophen: Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)		2.2110bridged diphenyl fungicide;
diarylmethane
dichlorvos
Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		1.9510alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organophosphate insecticide		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.		1.9710N-carbamoylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		3.5320monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		3.5320ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		2.0510piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		7.730organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		5.4570branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.		2.21101,4-naphthoquinones
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		3.5320dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.110pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		3.110trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		2.0510ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.05101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		2.0510triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		4.0240aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ethoxzolamide
Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		9.32631,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		2.05102-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		2.31101,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		2.0510carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		2.0510aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		3.110monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		3.110resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.0510anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		2.0510aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.8230conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		2.0510aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.0510aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		3.110N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		2.0510ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.45201,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		3.110benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		4.5970nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		4.971(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		2.0510fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene
Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.		2.1110diarylmethane
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		2.4320(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		2.0510pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		5.9171chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.4920
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		2.0510aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.0510N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		2.610dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.3820piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		3.420monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
gö6983
[no description available]		2.0210indoles;
maleimides
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		2.5120
guaiazulene
guaiazulene: structure		2.0510sesquiterpene
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		4.4111methoxybenzenes
n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide
[no description available]		1.9710isoquinolines;
sulfonamide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		2.4920isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.5220isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		2.0510haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
harmalol
harmalol: inhibitor of rat liver microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harmalol : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is hydroxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.		2.2110harmala alkaloidalgal metabolite;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		2.5120bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		2.5120phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
hexestrol
[no description available]		2.3920stilbenoid
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		2.0510organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.3920barbiturates
hexamethylene bisacetamide
N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208		3.7830acetamides
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		2.0510phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.420azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.7330benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		6.6630aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		2.4220one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		2.0510hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		3.5320monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		2.0510primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
alverine
alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.		2.0510tertiary amineantispasmodic drug
idebenone
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifosfamide
[no description available]		2.0510ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		3.5320dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		2.0510bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		2.0510indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		4.790aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodoacetamide
[no description available]		2.3520
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.0510benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iodipamide
Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.		2.0510benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound;
secondary carboxamide		radioopaque medium
ipriflavone
ipriflavone : A member of the class of isoflavones that is isoflavone in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by an isopropoxy group. A synthetic isoflavone, it was formerly used for the treatment of osteoporosis, although a randomised controlled study failed to show any benefit. It is still used to prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.		4.0220aromatic ether;
isoflavones		bone density conservation agent
iproniazid
[no description available]		2.0510carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		2.0510azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		1.99103-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		4.9721organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		4.6561carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.4720secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		2.7130catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		2.0510alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		2.6930benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		2.0510piperazines
juglone
juglone: structure. juglone : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone with confirmed antibacterial and antitumor activities.		2.2110hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinonegeroprotector;
herbicide;
reactive oxygen species generator
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		5.9741cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		3.4170dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		3.5320benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		3.110cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		2.0510furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
mimosine
Mimosine: 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridinealanine. An antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca.		1.9910alpha-amino acid
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		3.5320benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		3.84301,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		7.5320benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
lapachol
lapachol : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone substituted by hydroxy and 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively. It is a natural compound that exhibits antibacterial and anticancer properties, first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae.		2.2110
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.5120benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lauric acid
dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.		3.7830medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		6.8664nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
nordefrin
Nordefrin: A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.		2.1710catecholamine
lg 100268
LG 100268: a retinoid X receptor (RXR) selective compound; structure given in first source		210
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomustine
[no description available]		2.4120N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		3.6411benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		3.110benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		3.5320biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		3.110dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.110chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		2.0510diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source		2.0510isopropyl ester
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		3.2510anthracenes
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		2.0510organic molecular entity
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.5720nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		2.0510diarylmethane
meclofenoxate
Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0510aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride
[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.		2.1110organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinolines;
secondary alcohol
memantine
[no description available]		6.4622adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		4.77901,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		3.5320ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		2.0510imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		2.0510piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		2.0510organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		4.0740amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		12.54202guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		6.9742benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		2.0510aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		2.0510ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.3311benzothiadiazine
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		5.331benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		2.0510beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
methyprylon
methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94		2.0510organic molecular entity
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		2.0510benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		2.0510aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		4.7821C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		2.6630aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		3.110aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		2.4420dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		2.5120imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		2.0510dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		2.0510benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		2.0510diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		3.8230dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		2.0510monoterpenoid
entinostat
[no description available]		3.4110benzamides;
carbamate ester;
primary amino compound;
pyridines;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.0510benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		2.6530maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
apnea
Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		2.0610purine nucleoside
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		2.0510methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		2.05101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
activins
Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.		3.8830
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		2.0510aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0510cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		2.0510organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
niceritrol
Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.		2.0510organic molecular entity
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		3.3770C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0510aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nilutamide
[no description available]		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		2.0510aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2.05102-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		3.0950C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		2.0510nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		2.0510catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		2.0510fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
norfluoxetine
norfluoxetine: metabolite of fluoxetine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		3.5320organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
ns 1619
NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).		2.4110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzimidazoles;
phenols		potassium channel opener
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		2.7330aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		2.4920carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		2.0510ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxamniquine
Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.		2.0510aromatic primary alcohol;
C-nitro compound;
quinolines;
secondary amino compound
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.05101,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		3.53201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid amide
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		3.3920benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		2.0510aromatic ether
oxybenzone
oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.		3.6120hydroxybenzophenone;
monomethoxybenzene		dermatologic drug;
environmental contaminant;
protective agent;
ultraviolet filter;
xenobiotic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.3510acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		3.5320phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		3.5320aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		3.2660phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		1.9710benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
4-dichlorobenzene
dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.0410dichlorobenzeneinsecticide
patulin
Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.		2.2110furopyran;
gamma-lactone;
lactol		antimicrobial agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.110aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		2.05101,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.3820barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		3.5120oxopurine
perazine
Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		2.0510N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.0510acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
pheniramine
Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.		3.110pyridines;
tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		12.86410barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		3.5320phenols
phenolsulfonphthalein
Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.		3.1102,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
diagnostic agent;
two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		2.0510aromatic amine
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		7.7662monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		3.7830pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		2.0510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		2.0510pyridines
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		4.8121aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
pipemidic acid
Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.		2.0510amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridopyrimidine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine
[no description available]		2.0510azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.940inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
ag 1879
3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor		2.0310aromatic amine;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazolopyrimidine		beta-adrenergic antagonist;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		2.0510isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		2.0510aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		2.830aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		2.6630pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		3.5320benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.0510dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.0510benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		2.0410benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.0510benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		3.5320phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		3.5320phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		3.8330naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
propyl gallate
Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.		3.110trihydroxybenzoic acid
protoporphyrin ix
protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.		2.2110
pyridinolcarbamate
Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)		2.0510pyridines
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		3.110aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		2.0510aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone
1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone: structure in first source. quinalizarin : A tetrahydroxyanthraquinone having the four hydroxy groups at the 1-, 2-, 5- and 8-positions.		3.110tetrahydroxyanthraquinoneEC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
3-[(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]-5-iodo-1H-indol-2-one
[no description available]		2.2110indoles
ranitidine
[no description available]		2.0510aralkylamine
opc 12759
rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase		2.0510secondary carboxamide
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		2.0510benzothiazoles
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		5.1311,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
ro 31-8220
Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor		2.0110imidothiocarbamic ester;
indoles;
maleimides		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.0510butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
salicylamide
salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source		3.5320phenols;
salicylamides		antirheumatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic
sb 202190
4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase		2.1110imidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
phenols;
pyridines		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		2.0510ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		2.0510organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		2.0510pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		8.03124fluoride saltmutagen
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		1.9710haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		7.45104pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.0510ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt
sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.		2.0510organic sodium saltEC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
orphan drug;
prodrug
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		1.9310long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
imatinib
[no description available]		3.6520aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		4.1340dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		3.5320aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfameter
Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
leprostatic drug;
renal agent
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		2.0510sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.0510isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		2.7530substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		2.0510primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		2.4820
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.1101,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		3.5320pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		4.0810isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		2.0510alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		2.0510benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		3.5320aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.0510naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.0510N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		4.0320acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
tegafur
[no description available]		2.0510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		3.5320benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		2.5220imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		3.8430diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		2.0510benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		4.5740phthalimides;
piperidones
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
2,4-thiazolidinedione
thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.		1.9910thiazolidenedione
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		2.3920phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		1.9810aziridines
thiram
Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.		3.4211organic disulfideantibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
thonzylamine
thonzylamine: major descriptor (72-84); file-maintained to PYRIMIDINES		3.110methoxybenzenes
tiaprofenic acid
tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.		3.5320aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		drug allergen;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		2.0510benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.0510N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		2.420N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolperisone
Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)		2.0510aromatic ketone
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		2.0510aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		4.520amino acid
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triclosan
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		3.110N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		3.5320organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		2.0510oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		2.0510aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tripelennamine
Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.		3.110aromatic amine
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		2.7230chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
urethane
[no description available]		2.5220carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		2.0510cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesnarinone
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
vigabatrin
[no description available]		2.0510gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
xylazine
Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.		2.03101,3-thiazine;
methylbenzene;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
emetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0510carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		2.0510imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zomepirac
zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.110aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		cardiovascular drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
guanidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic chloride salt		protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		2.0510corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		2.5220mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		4.618011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		8.8620311beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		6.34116alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		2.0710ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		4.0831alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.0510beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.0510imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		2.6830glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		2.3820pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
thymidine
[no description available]		3.68100pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		2.0510nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.0510benzodioxolespesticide synergist
2-aminophenol
[no description available]		3.110aminophenolbacterial metabolite
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		2.0510nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid
tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.		2.0510
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		4.562604-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride
Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.		2.0510
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		12.982222-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		2.05101-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.940ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate
norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.		5.28433-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		4.43413-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclobarbital
cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative		2.0510barbiturates
aldosterone
[no description available]		12.7817211beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allobarbital
allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects		2.0510barbiturates
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		4.2730non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
trichlorfon
Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
anthelminthic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
tetrahydrocortisol
[no description available]		3.11011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		8.3114311-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
tetrahydrocortisone
[no description available]		3.11021-hydroxy steroid
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		6.55117-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
androsterone
[no description available]		3.982017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid		androgen;
anticonvulsant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
pheromone
etiocholanolone
Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.		3.11017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		9.4923217-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene
1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410ortho-fused polycyclic arenemutagen
nad
[no description available]		2.0510NADgeroprotector
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole
Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.		210
hydroxyacetylaminofluorene
Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene: A N-hydroxylated derivative of 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE that has demonstrated carcinogenic action.		3.1102-acetamidofluorenes
2-acetylaminofluorene
2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.		1.97102-acetamidofluorenesantimitotic;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope;
mutagen
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		2.3920pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.6320organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		6.912402-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		210nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		3.4980chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.6830alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.3720L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.		1.9310corticosteroid hormone
benz(a)anthracene
benz(a)anthracene: 4 fused rings of which one is angular in contrast to the linear NAPHTHACENES. tetraphene : An angular ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.		3.5220ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		440C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.610aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		2.7530amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		2.3820aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cetrimonium bromide
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.		2.5120organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		detergent;
surfactant
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		2.8740pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
vincristine
[no description available]		2.0510acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		2.0510carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		4.9940glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		3.83017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		2.0510steroid ester
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		210ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		2.0510aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		2.420pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		2.372017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		2.0510benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
puromycin aminonucleoside
3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.		2.17103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.0510azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
uridine
[no description available]		2.8740uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		2.4120kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		3.150pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		3.5730D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.9440phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		2.5120amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		3.0650ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		2.420benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		5.8671amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		2.610amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		2.3820adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		1.9510organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
4-toluenesulfonic acid
4-toluenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; other RNs in 9th CI Form Index. toluene-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group.		2.610arenesulfonic acid;
toluenes
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		8.84135amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		2.110quaternary ammonium salt
aniline
[no description available]		3.110anilines;
primary arylamine
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		2.171017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.0510carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.9140lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.0950aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		2.3920
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.9140amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
Mebutamate
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		3.753020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		4.2150alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		4.57260antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		3.2260diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		3.260chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		2.1110formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		12.087417beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel
Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.		3.5320oxo steroid
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		2.0510aromatic ketone
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		3.11017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.5320beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		2.3820mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		8.07132beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
dinitrofluorobenzene
Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		1.9910C-nitro compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
allergen;
chromatographic reagent;
EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor;
protein-sequencing agent;
spectrophotometric reagent
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		4.8721amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane
Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.		2.0410chloroethanespolar solvent
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		5.864220-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		1.9610L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.4620amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol
[no description available]		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
methaqualone
Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.		2.0510quinazolinesGABA agonist;
sedative
alizarin
[no description available]		3.110dihydroxyanthraquinonechromophore;
dye;
plant metabolite
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482)		1.9410chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		xenobiotic metabolite
trypan blue
VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.		2.0510
cordycepin
[no description available]		2.05103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		antimetabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		2.6930erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		12.76121arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ethane
Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.		3.0410alkane;
gas molecular entity		plant metabolite;
refrigerant
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		4.6111alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
ethyl chloride
Ethyl Chloride: A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.. chloroethane : The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.		2.0410chloroethanesantipruritic drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
local anaesthetic
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.7430aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
trichlorofluoromethane
trichlorofluoromethane: refrigerant, aerosol propellant; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trichlorofluoromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which the hydrogens have been replaced by three chlorine and one fluorine atom.		2.0410chlorofluorocarbon;
halomethane		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
NMR solvent;
refrigerant
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		1.9610alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
pentachloroethane
[no description available]		2.0410chloroethanesnon-polar solvent
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.3720monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.542011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
allylpropymal
allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.		2.0510barbiturates
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		2.420benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
butobarbital
butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)		2.0510barbiturates
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		2.6530primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
triparanol
Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.		2.6330stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
azobis(isobutyronitrile)
azobis(isobutyronitrile): blowing agent for elastomers & plastics; initiator for free radical reactions; structure		2.0310
linalool
linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.		3.110monoterpenoid;
tertiary alcohol		antimicrobial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
isopentane
[no description available]		2.0410alkanerefrigerant
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		2.4520chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane: see also record for tetrachloroethane. 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1, 2 and 2.		2.0410chloroethanes
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		2.6830pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.2110bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		2.051012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		4.1360amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
purpurin
purpurin: from Rubiaceae plants; structure in first source. purpurin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone derived from anthracene by substitution with oxo groups at C-9 and C-10 and with hydroxy groups at C-1, C-2 and C-4.		2.2110trihydroxyanthraquinonebiological pigment;
histological dye;
plant metabolite
1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone
1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone: structure given in first source. quinizarin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone having the two hydroxy substituents at the 1- and 4-positions; formally derived from anthraquinone by replacement of two hydrogen atoms by hydroxy groups		3.110dihydroxyanthraquinonedye
cyclizine
Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.		3.110N-alkylpiperazineantiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic
acenaphthene
[no description available]		2.0410acenaphthenes
skatole
[no description available]		210methylindolehuman metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		2.96406-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
lawsone
lawsone: a molluscacide from leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. topical sunscreening agent; structure; powdered leaves of Lawsonia inermis(Lythraceae) used as brown hair dye. lawsone : 1,4-Naphthoquinone carrying a hydroxy function at C-2. It is obtained from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis.		2.2110
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.610organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
7,8-dimethyl-10-[(2R,3R,4S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl]benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
[no description available]		2.0410flavin
2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone
2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone: structure given in first source. anthraflavic acid : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene substituted by hydroxy groups at C-3 and C-7 and oxo groups at C-9 and C-10.		3.110dihydroxyanthraquinoneantimutagen;
plant metabolite
9,10-anthraquinone
9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.		3.110anthraquinone
diquat
Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.		2.3110organic cationdefoliant;
herbicide
fluorene
[no description available]		2.0410ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		2.0510glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
1,2,3-trichlorobenzene
trichlorobenzene: commercial grade of trichlorobenzene containing 70% 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene & 30% 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene; see also record for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. trichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying three chloro substituents at unspecified positions.. 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 3.		2.0410trichlorobenzene
hexamethylbenzene
hexamethylbenzene : A methylbenzene that is benzene in which all six hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.		2.0410methylbenzene
xylitol
xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.		1.9910
thymol
Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.		3.110monoterpenoid;
phenols		volatile oil component
1-methylnaphthalene
1-methylnaphthalene : A methylnaphthalene carrying a methyl substituent at position 1.		2.0410methylnaphthalenecarcinogenic agent;
plant metabolite
1-chloronaphthalene
1-chloronaphthalene: word preservative; in xylamon the active ingredient is 60% 1-chloronaphthalene; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #2126		2.0410
1-naphthol
1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.		3.110naphtholgenotoxin;
human xenobiotic metabolite
2-aminodiphenyl
aminobiphenyl : Any member of the class of biphenyls in which the biphenyl skeleton is substituted by at least one amino group.		3.110
2-phenylphenol
2-phenylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-2-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is generally used as a post-harvest fungicide for citrus fruits.		3.110hydroxybiphenylsantifungal agrochemical;
environmental food contaminant
decalin
decalin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; don't confuse with decaline which has a nitrogen at the juncture of the two rings;. trans-decalin : The trans-stereoisomer of decalin.. decalin : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is the decahydro- derivative of naphthalene.		3.4110ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbonsolvent
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		4.6111mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline
[no description available]		3.110azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinolines
2-methylnaphthalene
2-methylnaphthalene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-methylnaphthalene : A methylnaphthalene carrying a methyl substituent at position 2.		2.0410methylnaphthalene
2-chloronaphthalene
2-chloronaphthalene: structure in first source		2.0410
2-naphthylamine
2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.		3.110naphthylaminecarcinogenic agent
naphthacene
tetracene : An acene that consists of four ortho-fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.		2.0410acene;
tetracenes
diphenyl
diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure		2.0410aromatic fungicide;
benzenes;
biphenyls		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative
4-biphenylamine
4-biphenylamine: used in detection of sulfates, & as a carcinogen in cancer research; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-4-amine : An aminobiphenyl that is biphenyl substituted by an amino group at position 4.		3.110aminobiphenylcarcinogenic agent
4-phenylphenol
4-phenylphenol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. biphenyl-4-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl carrying a hydroxy group at position 4.		3.110hydroxybiphenyls
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.0110xanthene
benzidine
benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.		3.110biphenyls;
substituted aniline		carcinogenic agent
4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl
biphenyl-4,4'-diol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl with hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4'.		3.110hydroxybiphenyls
synephrine
[no description available]		2.0510ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		3.110benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		2.0510carbonyl compound
indene
indene: structure in first source. 1H-indene : An ortho-fused bicyclic arene comprising of benzene and cyclopentene rings.		2.2510indene;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene
2-xylene
2-xylene: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-xylene : A xylene substituted by methyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.0410xylene
2-chlorotoluene
2-chlorotoluene: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
2-dichlorobenzene
2-dichlorobenzene: structure. 1,2-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 2.		2.0410dichlorobenzenehepatotoxic agent;
metabolite
pseudocumene
1,2,4-trimethylbenzene : A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2 and 4.		2.0410trimethylbenzeneneurotoxin
durene
durene: structure. durene : A tetramethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2, 4 and 5.		2.0410tetramethylbenzene
1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene : A tetrachlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1, 2, 4 and 5.		2.0410tetrachlorobenzene
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.4120butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
tert-butylbenzene
[no description available]		2.0410
butylphen
butylphen: irritant; structure. 4-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted with a tert-butyl group at position 4.		3.110phenolsallergen
cumene
cumene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene carrying an isopropyl group.		2.0410alkylbenzene
3-hydroxybenzoic acid
3-hydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from Taxus baccata. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of plasticisers, resins, pharmaceuticals, etc.		2.0810monohydroxybenzoic acidbacterial metabolite;
plant metabolite
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		4.2220trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylparaben
methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.		3.110parabenantifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
alpha phellandrene
alpha phellandrene: can be irritating to, & absorbed by the skin; ingestion can cause vomiting, diarrhea; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. alpha-phellandrene : One of a pair of phellandrene cyclic monoterpene double-bond isomers in which both double bonds are endocyclic (cf. alpha-phellandrene, where one of them is exocyclic).		2.110cyclohexadiene;
phellandrene		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
gamma-terpinene
gamma-terpinene: RN given refers to gamma-terpinene; structure. gamma-terpinene : One of three isomeric monoterpenes differing in the positions of their two double bonds (alpha- and beta-terpinene being the others). In gamma-terpinene the double bonds are at the 1- and 4-positions of the p-menthane skeleton.		2.110cyclohexadiene;
monoterpene		antioxidant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
4-cymene
4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.		2.0410monoterpene;
toluenes		human urinary metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
4-isopropylphenol
[no description available]		3.110phenolsflavouring agent
4-hydroxyacetophenone
4-hydroxyacetophenone: promotes secretion of bile & bile salts, which promotes griseofulvin absorption in the duodenum. 4'-hydroxyacetophenone : A monohydroxyacetophenone carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4'.		3.110monohydroxyacetophenonefungal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
terephthalic acid
terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.		1.9710benzenedicarboxylic acid
ethylbenzene
[no description available]		2.0410alkylbenzene
anisole
anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.		2.0710monomethoxybenzeneplant metabolite
4-benzylphenol
4-benzylphenol: metabolite of diphenylmethane; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.110
1,2-dihydrostilbene
1,2-dihydrostilbene: intermdiate in biosynthesis of dihydrophenanthrenes from phenylalanine. 1,2-dihydrostilbene : A diphenylethane that is the 1,2-dihydro derivative of stilbene.		2.0410diphenylethane
n-propylbenzene
n-propylbenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. propylbenzene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene having one of its aromatic hydrogens substituted by a propyl group.		2.0410alkylbenzene
n-butylbenzene
butylbenzene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted by a butyl group at position 1.		2.0410alkylbenzene
2-ethylhexanol
[no description available]		3.110primary alcoholplant metabolite;
volatile oil component
caprolactam
Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		4.6111caprolactamshuman blood serum metabolite
citronellal
citronellal: aldehyde of citronellol; found in citronella oil. citronellal : A monoterpenoid, the main component of citronella oil which gives it its distinctive lemon aroma.		2.2110aldehyde;
monoterpenoid		antifungal agent;
metabolite
1,4-dibromobenzene
[no description available]		2.0410dibromobenzene
4-xylene
p-xylene : A xylene with methyl groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.0410xylene
4-chlorotoluene
4-chlorotoluene: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.0410monochlorobenzenes
ethylene dibromide
Ethylene Dibromide: An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.. 1,2-dibromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying bromo substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is produced by marine algae.		2.0410bromoalkane;
bromohydrocarbon		algal metabolite;
carcinogenic agent;
fumigant;
marine metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
butane
butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.		2.0410alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant;
refrigerant
1-butene
but-1-ene : A butene with unsaturation at position 1.		2.0410butene
allyl chloride
[no description available]		2.0710organochlorine compound
allyl alcohol
allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.		2.1110primary allylic alcohol;
propenol		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
herbicide;
insecticide;
plant metabolite
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		2.4120alkane
3-xylene
m-xylene : A xylene carrying methyl groups at positions 1 and 3.		2.0410xylene
mesitylene
mesitylene: structure. 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene : A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5.		2.0410trimethylbenzene
1,3,5-trichlorobenzene
1,3,5-trichlorobenzene: structure in first source. 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5.		2.0410trichlorobenzene
bromobenzene
[no description available]		2.0410bromoarene;
bromobenzenes;
volatile organic compound		hepatotoxic agent;
mouse metabolite;
non-polar solvent
chlorobenzene
[no description available]		2.0410monochlorobenzenessolvent
dibutyl sebacate
dibutyl sebacate: used in retail packaging of foods		2.0410fatty acid ester
pentane
Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.		2.0410alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
1-pentene
1-pentene: structure in first source		2.0410
butyl chloride
butyl chloride: structure		2.0410
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		5.8561pyrrole;
secondary amine
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.0510furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		8.1113mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isopropyl myristate
isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure		4.6111fatty acid ester
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		2.4120alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
cyclohexane
Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.		2.0410cycloalkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
cyclohexene
cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.		2.0410cycloalkene
nonane
iotrochotin: toxin from the Caribbean sponge Iotrochota birotulata, which selectively permeabilizes synaptosomes. nonane : A straight chain alkane composed of 9 carbon atoms.		2.0410alkaneplant metabolite;
volatile oil component
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		2.0510peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.0510bromide salt
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.0510biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
2,2,2-trichloroethanol
[no description available]		3.110chloroethanolmouse metabolite
mephobarbital
Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.0510barbituratesanticonvulsant
anthrarufin
1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone: used in ferric ion sensing as an inclusion complex with beta-cyclodextrin; structure in first source. anthrarufin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 5.		3.110dihydroxyanthraquinone
hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.		2.4520aromatic fungicide;
chlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical;
carcinogenic agent;
persistent organic pollutant
chloranil
Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.		2.21101,4-benzoquinones;
organochlorine compound		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
2-toluic acid
2-toluic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. o-toluic acid : A methylbenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		3.110methylbenzoic acidxenobiotic metabolite
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		2.0510trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.0510aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
anthracene
acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.		2.0410acene;
anthracenes;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure		3.110ethyl ester;
paraben		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole
3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole : An aromatic ether that is 4-methoxyphenol in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a tert-butyl group.		3.110aromatic ether;
phenols		antioxidant;
human xenobiotic metabolite
benzethonium chloride
benzethonium chloride : A (synthetic) quaternary ammonium salt that is benzyldimethylamine in which the nitrogen is quaternised by a 2-{2-[p-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenoxy]ethoxy}ethyl group, with chloride as the counter-ion. An antiseptic and disinfectant, it is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria, fungi, moulds and viruses.		2.2110aromatic ether;
chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
antiviral agent;
disinfectant
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.0510anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
1,4-naphthoquinone
naphthoquinone : A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.. 1,4-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties.		2.21101,4-naphthoquinones
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		2.0510hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		2.0510quinolines
1-naphthylamine
1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.		3.110naphthylaminehuman xenobiotic metabolite
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		3.110naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
shikimic acid
Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.		3.110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitrosodimethylaniline
4-nitrosodimethylaniline: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline : A member of the class of dimethylanilines that is N,N-dimethylaniline having a nitroso group at the 4-position.		210dimethylaniline;
nitroso compound;
tertiary amino compound
citronellol
citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.		3.110monoterpenoidplant metabolite
hexanoic acid
hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		3.110medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
n-heptane
Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).		2.0410alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite
pregnenolone
[no description available]		4.866020-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
C21-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		2.0510methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		3.110dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
mequinol
mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.5320methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
quinestrol
Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)		2.051017-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		3.82120-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		5.9650catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate
Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.		1.9310organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
phenetidine
Phenetidine: Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin.. 4-ethoxyaniline : An aromatic ether that is aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by an ethoxy group. It is a hydrolysis metabolite of phenacetin.		3.110aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		drug metabolite
homoarginine
L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine.		2.1310homoarginine;
L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		biomarker;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
rat metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
1,12-benzoperylene
1,12-benzoperylene: structure; see also record for benzoperylene		2.0410ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
benzo(e)pyrene
benzo(e)pyrene: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzo[e]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings. It is listed as a Group 3 carcinogen by the IARC.		2.0410ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		2.0410ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
benzo(j)fluoranthene
benzo(j)fluoranthene: dihydrodiol metabolites identified as mutagens; structure given in first source		2.0410naphthalenes
benzo(b)fluoranthene
benzo[b]fluoranthene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene that consists of a benzene ring fused with a acephenanthrylene ring.		2.0410ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenemutagen
fluoranthene
fluoranthene: structure. fluoranthene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a naphthalene and benzene unit connected by a five-membered ring.		2.0410ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
benzo(k)fluoranthene
[no description available]		2.0410naphthalenes
triphenylene
triphenylene: structure. triphenylene : An ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.		2.0410ortho-fused polycyclic arene
chrysene
chrysene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #2252. chrysene : An ortho-fused polycyclic arene found commonly in the coal tar.		2.0410ortho-fused polycyclic areneplant metabolite
dibenzo(aj)anthracene
dibenzo(aj)anthracene: structure in first source		2.0410phenanthrenes
benzo(a)fluorene
benzo(a)fluorene: structure in first source		2.0410carbotetracyclic compound
benzo(b)fluorene
benzo(b)fluorene: structure in first source		2.0410carbotetracyclic compound
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.0810azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		4.61111,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		4.441adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		3.6330cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		3.1310isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		3.18101,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		6.391211,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		2.0810diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
cyclooctane
[no description available]		2.0410
nitroblue tetrazolium
Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.		3.5890organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate
Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.		1.9610azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
phenazines
calcium gluconate
[no description available]		5.37131calcium saltnutraceutical
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		2.0510phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
chlormadinone acetate
Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.0510corticosteroid hormone
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.8530organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		2.0510heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		2.3920mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		5.0270N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol
phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity		2.0510aminopyridine
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		2.0510benzenes;
sulfonamide
diethyl sulfide
ethyl sulfide : An aliphatic sulfide in which the sulfur atom is bonded to at least one ethyl group.. diethyl sulfide : An ethyl sulfide compound having two ethyl groups attached to a sulfur atom.		2.0410ethyl sulfide
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		2.4620steroid ester
bucladesine
[no description available]		2.05103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
butanamides;
butyrate ester		agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
vasodilator agent
trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride
trans-1,4-Bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane Dihydrochloride: An anti-cholesteremic agent that inhibits delta 7-reductase, delta 14 reductase, and sterol biosynthesis.		2.6430
cuprizone
[no description available]		2.4920organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		2.6620amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		4.686111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
4-hydroxyphenobarbital
[no description available]		3.110barbiturates
perflubron
perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.		2.0510haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
perfluorinated compound		blood substitute;
radioopaque medium
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		6.036520-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		4.5470bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		2.663017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		2.3520imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		2.7330monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		2.05101-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		16.758845calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
glycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510cyclic terpene ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		4.0340bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid
Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.3520bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
cholanthrene
cholanthrene: structure given in first source		2.0410
epitestosterone
Epitestosterone: The 17-alpha isomer of TESTOSTERONE, derived from PREGNENOLONE via the delta5-steroid pathway, and via 5-androstene-3-beta,17-alpha-diol. Epitestosterone acts as an antiandrogen in various target tissues. The ratio between testosterone/epitestosterone is used to monitor anabolic drug abuse.. epitestosterone : An androstanoid that is the C-17 epimer of testosterone.		3.11017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen antagonist;
human metabolite
plumbagin
plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.		2.4920hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone;
phenols		anticoagulant;
antineoplastic agent;
immunological adjuvant;
metabolite
cepharanthine
cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.		3.2510bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
chrysophanic acid
chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.		3.110dihydroxyanthraquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antiviral agent;
plant metabolite
menadiol
[no description available]		2.0410methylnaphthalenes;
naphthalenediols;
naphthohydroquinone
dihydralazine
Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)		2.0510phthalazines
reticulin
Reticulin: A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs.		1.9410benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline;
isoquinolinol		plant metabolite
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.1510dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.7130amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
carvacrol
carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).		3.110botanical anti-fungal agent;
p-menthane monoterpenoid;
phenols		agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
flavouring agent;
TRPA1 channel agonist;
volatile oil component
4-hydroxyphenylethanol
4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		210phenolsanti-arrhythmia drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
protective agent
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.0110hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		2.0510ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.0510furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.05103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		1.991017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
androstenediol
Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).. androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17beta.		3.11017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		4.8110017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
apiole
apiole: crystalline essential oil isolated directly from commercial oil of parsley		2.2110benzodioxolesmetabolite
hemimellitene
hemimellitene: structure. 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene : A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2 and 3. It has been found in Centaurium erythraea.		2.0410trimethylbenzeneneurotoxin;
plant metabolite
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		3.4211gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		6.7573organic molecular entity
thiophene-2-carboxylate
thiophene-2-carboxylic acid : A thiophenecarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2.		1.9610thiophenecarboxylic acid
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenol
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenol: structure in first source		3.110
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		2.0510thiazoles
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		2.5420amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.		1.9510carbodiimideATP synthase inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
peptide coupling reagent
4-iodophenol
[no description available]		3.110iodophenol
1-chloropropane
1-chloropropane: structure in first source		2.0410
2,2,4-trimethylpentane
2,2,4-trimethylpentane: nephrotoxic. isooctane : An alkane that consists of pentane bearing two methyl substituents at position 2 and a single methyl substituent at position 4.		2.0410alkane;
volatile organic compound		fuel additive;
nephrotoxin;
non-polar solvent
1,3-dichlorobenzene
1,3-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 3.		2.0410dichlorobenzene
muscone
muscone: structure in first source		4.6111
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		7.15185dialdehydebiomarker
1-chlorohexane
[no description available]		2.0410
myristic acid
Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.5120long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.420arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.8430organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		2.5120
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-terpineol : A terpineol that is 1-menthene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.		3.110terpineol;
tertiary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
1,4-dimethylnaphthalene
1,4-dimethylnaphthalene : A dimethylnaphthalene carrying methyl groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.0410dimethylnaphthalene
lactulose
[no description available]		2.0510glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
docusate
Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.		1.9610diester;
organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		3.5520flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
6-hydroxyquinoline
quinolin-6-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 6.		3.110monohydroxyquinoline
3-hydroxybiphenyl
3-hydroxybiphenyl: structure given in first source. biphenyl-3-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is phenol in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group.		3.110hydroxybiphenyls
2,6-dimethylnaphthalene
2,6-dimethylnaphthalene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene : A dimethylnaphthalene carrying methyl groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.0410dimethylnaphthaleneenvironmental contaminant
1,2-dibromobenzene
dibromobenzene : Any member of the class of bromobenzenes that consists of a benzene or a substituted benzene ring carrying two bromo groups at unspecified positions.		2.0410dibromobenzene
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		3.110aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
iodobenzene
iodobenzene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		2.0410
1-hexene
1-hexene: structure in first source. 1-hexene : An alkene that is hexane carrying a double bond at position 1.		2.0410alkene
1,3-cyclohexadiene
1,3-cyclohexadiene: structure given in first source		2.110cyclohexadiene
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
alpha-naphthoflavone
alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).		3.110extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pentachlorobenzene
pentachlorobenzene: structure. pentachlorobenzene : A member of the class of pentachlorobenzenes that is benzene in which five of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. Now classed as a persistent organic pollutant under the Stockholm Convention.		2.0410pentachlorobenzenespersistent organic pollutant
2-methylanthracene
2-methylanthracene: structure given in first source		2.0410
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		4.1331acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene
1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene : A tetrachlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1, 2 , 3 and 4.. tetrachlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying four chloro groups at unspecified positions.		2.0410tetrachlorobenzene
1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene
1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene : A tetrachlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1, 2, 3 and 5.		2.0410tetrachlorobenzene
erythromycin stearate
[no description available]		2.0510aminoglycoside
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		2.7230cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
4-propylphenol
4-propylphenol: structure given in first source		3.110alkylbenzene
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.		6.345317-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
chromonar
Chromonar: A coronary vasodilator agent.		1.9610coumarins
agaric acid
agaric acid: adenine nucleotide translocase antagonist		2.2110
hexafluoroacetone
hexafluoroacetone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. hexafluoroacetone : A ketone that is acetone in which all the methyl hydrogens are replaced by fluoro groups.		210ketone;
perfluorinated compound		NMR chemical shift reference compound
methylnitrosourea
Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.		2.4620N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenol
2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.2510
9-methylanthracene
[no description available]		2.0410
9,10-dimethylanthracene
9,10-dimethylanthracene: RN given refers to parent ion		2.0410
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		4.141017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
calcium citrate
Calcium Citrate: A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed). calcium citrate : An organic calcium salt composed of calcium cations and citrate anions in a 3:2 ratio.		8.97157organic calcium saltflavouring agent;
food additive;
food preservative;
nutraceutical
calcium lactate
[no description available]		5.3122
vinblastine
[no description available]		2.0510
hexafluoroisopropanol
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.		3.110organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol		drug metabolite
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		4.9721pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.0510steroid ester
rhodamine 6g
rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl		2.1310
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		3.5911ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
undecane
undecane : A straight-chain alkane with 11 carbon atoms.		2.0410alkane
ethidium bromide
[no description available]		2.2110organic bromide saltgeroprotector;
intercalator;
trypanocidal drug
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		4.5770
potassium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH		1.9710alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		3.3110zinc molecular entity
monolaurin
monolaurin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified monolaurin locant. 1-monolauroylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride with dodecanoyl (lauroyl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monolauroylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-lauroyl-sn-glycerol and 3-lauroyl-sn-glycerol		1.99101-monoglyceride;
dodecanoate ester;
rac-1-monoacylglycerol
arsenic trioxide
Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.		2.4620
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		4.6551glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		12.971094alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		5.9791
1,2-epoxyhexane
[no description available]		4.6111
fenchol
fenchol: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		3.110
4-n-Butylphenol
[no description available]		3.110phenols
4-hydroxyazobenzene
4-hydroxyazobenzene: structure in first source		3.110
6-methylchrysene
6-methylchrysene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0410carbopolycyclic compound
decane
decane : A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.		2.0410alkane
4-nitrothiophenolate
4-nitrothiophenolate: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.110
5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol
5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol : The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol.		3.110androstane-3alpha,17beta-diolDaphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		2.4820benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		3.4920aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		2.4820benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
flumethasone
Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.		6.981011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
menthol
(+-)-menthol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-menthol. Both (+-)- and (-)-menthol are used to relieve symptoms of conditions such as bronchitis and sinusitis. When applied to the skin, menthol dilates the blood vessels, giving a sensation of coldness followed by an analgesic effect that relieves itching. It is therefore used in creams and ointments for the relief of pruritis and urticaria.. (-)-menthol : A p-menthan-3-ol which has (1R,2S,5R)-stereochemistry. It is the most common naturally occurring enantiomer.		3.110p-menthan-3-olantipruritic drug;
antispasmodic drug;
antitussive
2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone: isolated from Swertia calycina; structure in first source. 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone : A naphthoquinone that is naphthalene-1,4-dione substituted by a methoxy group at position 2. It has been isolated from the roots of Rubia yunnanensis.		2.21101,4-naphthoquinones;
enol ether		antimicrobial agent;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
thioflavin t
thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.		2.110organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
geroprotector;
histological dye
12-methylbenzanthracene
[no description available]		2.0410
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
2-methylphenanthrene
[no description available]		2.0410
7-methylbenzanthracene
[no description available]		2.0410
acadesine
[no description available]		2.05101-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
hydroxyphenytoin
hydroxyphenytoin: main metabolite of diphenylhydantoin; reduces Na(+) inhibition at high Na:K ratios; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 4-hydroxyphenytoin : A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that consists of hydantoin bearing phenyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at position 5.		3.110imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
phenols		metabolite
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		2.4920dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.0510organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
sudan red
[no description available]		2.0110
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.5320fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		865thujeneplant metabolite
iproclozide
iproclozide: structure		2.0510aromatic ether
chlorophacinone
chlorophacinone: structure		2.610beta-triketone;
diarylmethane
5-methylchrysene
5-methylchrysene: methylchrysenes in tobacco smoke are suspected to contribute to tumorigenicity of this inhalant; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure		2.0410carbopolycyclic compound
5,6-dimethylchrysene
5,6-dimethylchrysene: structure given in first source		2.0410
7-ethylbenz(a)anthracene
[no description available]		2.0410
streptomycin
[no description available]		2.3820antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		2.6930carbon oxoanion
cladribine
[no description available]		2.4620organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd. mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : The mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		3.110phthalic acid monoester
fructosamine
Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.		3.4311
1-naphthalenemethanol
1-naphthalenemethanol: structure given in first source. (1-naphthyl)methanol : A naphthylmethanol that is methanol in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a naphthalen-1-yl group.		3.110naphthylmethanolmouse metabolite
carbenicillin disodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
dehydroemetine
dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.		2.0510aromatic ether;
isoquinolines;
pyridoisoquinoline		antileishmanial agent;
antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug
benorilate
benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin		2.0510carbonyl compound
trimetazidine
Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.		2.0510aromatic amine
dexpropranolol
[no description available]		3.110propranolol
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		2.0310diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.4620beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
cetylpyridinium chloride
[no description available]		2.2110hydrate
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		2.4720amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
tiadenol
tiadenol: structure		2.0510aliphatic sulfide
lanthanum
[no description available]		2.4720f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		5.8891elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		3.4110elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		6.9710chromium group element atommicronutrient
osmium
Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.		1.9510iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		2.4820metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		210elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		2.0810iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		5.121copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		2.6530manganese group element atom
thorium
Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.		1.9510actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
thulium
Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.		4.6111f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		11.5981titanium group element atom
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		6.59161cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		2.6530chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		2.6920copper group element atom;
elemental gold
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		4.9621actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		3.0610elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		1.9610aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.0510pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		1.9910magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		1.9810mercury coordination entitysensitiser
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		7.7130D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		2.6930sodium phosphate
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0510delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		2.0310iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
nickel chloride
nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.		210nickel coordination entitycalcium channel blocker;
hapten
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		2.1310iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		3.0610diatomic bromine
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		2.9540metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite		4.9731calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05		4.9731calcium phosphatefertilizer
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		10.1245calcium phosphate
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		1.9610inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
calcium sulfate
Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.		2.5720calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		4.6361dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		4.8660diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
butylated hydroxyanisole
[no description available]		3.110
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		4.6111
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		11.2461elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
aluminum sulfate
aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.		2.3110aluminium sulfate
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan
4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.		1.9810benzoxadiazole;
C-nitro compound;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor;
fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		3.4620
stanozolol
Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent;
androgen
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		4.67321,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		2.3820ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
ethionine
L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.		1.9310S-ethylhomocysteineantimetabolite;
carcinogenic agent
n-ethyl-n-hydroxyethylnitrosamine
N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that is N-nitrosodiethylamine in which one of the ethyl froups has been replaced by a 2-hydroxyethyl group. It is used to induce renal and liver tumours in rodents.		210nitrosamine;
primary alcohol		carcinogenic agent
3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene
3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		3.110ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		3.7620titanium oxidesfood colouring
diacerein
diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;		2.2110anthraquinone
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		2.0510benzamides
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		2.0510selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		3.49206-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
4-n-Pentylphenol
[no description available]		3.110phenols
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pizotyline
Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.		2.0510benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		2.4320organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		2.0510glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
gestrinone
Gestrinone: A non-estrogenic contraceptive which is a weak progestin with strong anti-progesterone properties. It is effective if used once a week orally or can also be used in intravaginal devices.		4.1410oxo steroid
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		9.91601acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
sodium bisulfide
sodium bisulfide: RN given refers to sodium sulfide (Na(SH)); see also record for sodium sulfide (Na2S)		2.0310
fluorides
[no description available]		10.51236halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		5.243017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene
9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		3.110ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
iodine
[no description available]		1.9810halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		3.5320aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
razoxane
Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.		3.1510N-alkylpiperazine
phosphotyrosine
Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.		2.6830L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O(4)-phosphotyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
immunogen
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.05101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		2.4820indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		8.42251benzenes;
phenyl acetates
n-phenylethanolamine
[no description available]		3.110aralkylamine
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		9.8396chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
4-ethylphenol
4-ethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-ethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying an ethyl substituent at position 4.		3.110phenolsfungal xenobiotic metabolite
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		2.0510indoles
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		2.4520chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		4.0240bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		3.1103-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
butylated hydroxytoluene
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.		3.110phenolsantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
food additive;
geroprotector
pyrene
pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.		2.0410ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenefluorescent probe;
persistent organic pollutant
butachlor
butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.		2.0510aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		1.97103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		4.0931
rose bengal b disodium salt
[no description available]		2.0510
alkenes
[no description available]		1.9410
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		4.7871organic calcium salt
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		3.4470glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
azoxymethane
Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.		2.4620
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0510beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
adenosine diphosphate ribose
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.		1.9710ADP-sugarEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		2.0510timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
nicergoline
Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		2.0510organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		2.4620cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
s-adenosylmethionine
acylcarnitine: structure in first source. S-adenosyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.610sulfonium betainehuman metabolite
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		2.0510amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		3.7930azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
7-ethoxycoumarin
7-ethoxycoumarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by an ethoxy group.		210aromatic ether;
coumarins
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		2.0510pyrroline
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.5120amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		5.6651taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl
tetrachlorobiphenyl : Any polychlorobiphenyl with molecular formula C12H6Cl4.		2.0410tetrachlorobenzene;
tetrachlorobiphenyl
etoposide
[no description available]		2.4420beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		2.3110peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
6-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene
6-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		3.110ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		2.0510catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
2,5-dichlorobiphenyl
2,5-dichlorobiphenyl : A dichlorobiphenyl that is p-dichlorobenzene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.0410dichlorobenzene;
dichlorobiphenyl
2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl
2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl : A dichlorobiphenyl that is chlorobenzene in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.		2.0410dichlorobiphenyl;
monochlorobenzenes
2,4,6-trichlorobiphenyl
2,4,6-trichlorobiphenyl: structure given in first source		2.0410
wr 171,699
[no description available]		2.1510
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		6.55631-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		2.0510alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.		1.9810butyrate ester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		2.0510aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.0510L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.4620aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		2.0510
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		3.23605-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-4-dioxin
2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-4-dioxin: structure given in first source. 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzodioxine : An organobromine compound that is dibenzodioxine carrying four bromo substituents at positions 2, 3, 7 and 8.		2.0810dibenzodioxine;
organobromine compound
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.4820alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
dexibuprofen
dexibuprofen: structure in first source		3.110ibuprofennon-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		3.53201,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.4620cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
pirfenidone
pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.		2.0510pyridoneantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.1110chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
1-carboxyglutamic acid
1-Carboxyglutamic Acid: Found in various tissues, particularly in four blood-clotting proteins including prothrombin, in kidney protein, in bone protein, and in the protein present in various ectopic calcifications.		1.9710
desogestrel
Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).		3.862117beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide
7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.		2.420epoxideintercalator
muzolimine
Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.		2.0510dichlorobenzene
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		2.4920aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
2-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene
2-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		3.110ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		2.0510organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
closantel
closantel: structure. N-{5-chloro-4-[(4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl]-2-methylphenyl}-2-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzamide : An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid with the amino group of aniline substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl, and methyl groups respectively.. closantel : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-clostanel. An anthelmintic, it is used (as the dihydrate of the sodium salt) in veterinary medicine for the treatment of fluke and nematode infections.		2.2110aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
organoiodine compound;
phenols
metalaxyl
metalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL-Ala)-isomer. metalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is methyl alaninate in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methoxyacetyl group, while the other is substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group.		2.0310alanine derivative;
aromatic amide;
carboxamide;
ether;
methyl ester
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).		2.0610ketone;
nitrosamine		carcinogenic agent
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		4.1431alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		2.0510cephalosporinantibacterial drug
bromethalin
[no description available]		10.1440C-nitro compound
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.0510cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.0510nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		3.4980acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0510cephalosporinantibacterial drug
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		2.0510benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0510cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		2.0510piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		2.0510
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		4.4460delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.0510aromatic ketone
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		5.9281delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		4.24503-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		4.1410N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		2.0510hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		11.62196hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
gepirone
gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		5.15503-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		3.6420imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.5520adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.0510fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		2.05101-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		2.0510methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		2.0510phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tenidap
tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer		1.9710
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		2.0510aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		4.6111organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
atorvastatin
[no description available]		4.651aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		2.0510monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine
[no description available]		2.0510duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		2.8530carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		3.8921biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		9.16115
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.05106-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		2.0510monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		210organochlorine compound
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		2.0510carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		3.0140adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
octyl gallate
[no description available]		3.110gallate esterfood antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
gallium nitrate
gallium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		1.9910trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
dimethylhydrazines
Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.		1.9810
benzylaminopurine
benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.		2.17106-aminopurinescytokinin;
plant metabolite
potassium phosphate
potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.		210inorganic phosphate salt;
inorganic potassium salt
caloreen
caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.		1.9510
halofuginone
[no description available]		2.0510quinazolines
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.6730hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
ortho-cept
ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne		2.0510
cefprozil
[no description available]		2.0510cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol
[no description available]		3.8330stilbenoid
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.3841acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		2.0510aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
doxapram hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510hydrochloridecentral nervous system stimulant
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		3.59202-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
simvastatin acid
simvastatin acid: structure given in first source		2.1110carbonyl compound
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.1102-benzofuransfluorochrome
ursolic acid
[no description available]		2.2110hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		geroprotector;
plant metabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol
1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.		2.0510anhydro sugarhuman metabolite
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		3.4270organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
baicalin
[no description available]		4.6111dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
amprenavir
[no description available]		2.0510carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		4.5320flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
cholesteryl succinate
cholesteryl succinate: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. cholesteryl hemisuccinate : A dicarboxylic acid monoester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of cholesterol with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. A detergent that is often used to replace cholesterol in protein crystallography, biochemical studies of proteins, and pharmacology.		1.9810cholestane ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate		detergent
gallocatechol
gallocatechol: structure give in first source; RN given for (trans-(+-))-omer; inhibits DNA-dependent DNA & RNA polymerases. (+)-gallocatechin : A gallocatechin that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.. gallocatechin : A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from Acacia mearnsii.		2.0110gallocatechinantioxidant;
metabolite;
radical scavenger
25-hydroxycholesterol
[no description available]		2.392025-hydroxy steroid;
oxysterol		human metabolite
6-sulfatoxymelatonin
6-sulfatoxymelatonin: metabolite of melatonin; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.4711acetamides
1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810
salvin
salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)		2.4420abietane diterpenoid;
carbotricyclic compound;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
food preservative;
HIV protease inhibitor;
plant metabolite
metaperiodate
Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.		3.260iodine oxoacid
lissamine rhodamine b
lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt		2.0310
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		3.8921glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
16-hydroxytestosterone
16-hydroxytestosterone: RN given refers to (16alpha,17beta)-isomer. 16alpha-hydroxytestosterone : A C19-steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at the 16alpha position has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.11016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid;
diol;
secondary alcohol		androgen
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.6220benzimidazoles
erdosteine
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
lathosterol
lathosterol: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer. 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol : A cholestanoid that is (5alpha)-cholest-7-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.42203beta-sterol;
C27-steroid;
cholestanoid;
Delta(7)-sterol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
reserpic acid
reserpic acid: inhibitor of norepinephrine transport into chromaffin vesicle ghosts; RN given refers to (3beta,16beta,17alpha,18beta,20alpha)-isomer parent cpd; structure given in first source		3.5911yohimban alkaloid
fropenem
[no description available]		2.0310faropenem
mizolastine
[no description available]		3.8921benzimidazoles
pidotimod
pidotimod: RN given refers to compound with unspecified stereochemistry		2.610peptide
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.0510pyridoindole
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		2.4820benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.0510fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
trenbolone acetate
Trenbolone Acetate: An anabolic steroid used mainly as an anabolic agent in veterinary practice.		2.0110steroid ester
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		3.532017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bromosuccinimide
Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).		1.9810dicarboximide;
organobromine compound;
pyrrolidinone		reagent
benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole
[no description available]		2.0610
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		7.31141,2,3-triazole
heptafluorobutyric anhydride
heptafluorobutyric anhydride: structure. heptafluorobutyric anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride that is perfluorinated butyric anhydride. It is used as a derivatising reagent for gas chromatographic analyses.		1.9510acyclic carboxylic anhydride;
organofluorine compound		chromatographic reagent
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		1.9310anthocyanidin chloride
5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthol
5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthol : 1-naphthol hydrogenated at C-5, -6, -7 and -8.		3.110tetralins
1,2-dithiol-3-thione
1,2-dithiol-3-thione: has antioxidant activity; structure given in first source		2.13101,2-dithiole
alfatradiol
alfatradiol: used for treating androgenetic alopecia. 17alpha-estradiol : An estradiol that is estra-1,3,5(10)-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17 (the 17alpha stereoisomer).		3.11017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
estradiol		estrogen;
geroprotector
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		2.0510imidazoles
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		2.0510aryl sulfate;
pyridines
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		5.6631,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
dienogest
[no description available]		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
aliphatic nitrile;
steroid hormone		progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		2.15103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
4-hydroxyquinoline
4-quinolone : A quinolone that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 4.		3.110monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone
beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid
3-hydroxyisovaleric acid : A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is isovaleric acid substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. Used as indicator of biotin deficiency.		5.72323-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
morphazinamide
morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index		2.0510morpholines;
pyrazines;
secondary carboxamide
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate: used for therapy of Paget's disease of bone & malignant hypercalcaemia		4.11311,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
dapoxetine
[no description available]		4.6111naphthalenes
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		2.0510razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
tocophersolan
tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410tocol
antebate
betamethasone butyrate propionate: a topical corticosteroid		3.5311corticosteroid hormone
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		4.9721conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
bufuralol
bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		210benzofurans
cyclobutyrol
cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acidbile therapy drug
terlipressin
terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.		2.0510polypeptide
isoflavone
[no description available]		2.0510isoflavones
clevudine
[no description available]		2.0510
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.0510bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
sennoside A
sennoside A : A member of the class of sennosides that is rel-(9R,9'R)-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-9,9'-bianthracene-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4', by beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy groups at positions 5 and 5', and by oxo groups at positions 10 and 10'. The exact stereochemisty at positions 9 and 9' is not known - it may be R,R (as shown) or S,S.		2.2110oxo dicarboxylic acid;
sennosides
lobaric acid
lobaric acid: inhibits formation of leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4; also reduces muscle contraction; structure in first source		2.2110carbonyl compound
dauricine
dauricine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dauricine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid resulting from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 4-{[(1R)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl]methyl}phenol by attachment of the phenolic oxygen of one molecule to the benzene ring of the second (ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group of the latter).		3.2510aromatic ether;
bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		plant metabolite
eburicoic acid
eburicoic acid: structure		2.2510
4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione
4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione: structure given in first source		2.730
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		6.0352aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure		210catechols;
primary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		4.3541macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
nicotone
nicotone: conversion product of nicotine N-oxide		2.110
we 201
We 201: synthetic lysolecithin analog; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure		1.9910
mebeverine
gamma-oryzanol: present in rice bran is associated with various physiological functions; RN given refers to gamma-oryzanol		2.2110
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		10.044823-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		5.6732iditolfungal metabolite
17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone
17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone: A 21-carbon steroid that is converted from PREGNENOLONE by STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE. It is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.. 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone carrying an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17.		3.11017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
hydroxypregnenolone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cholest-4-en-3-one
cholest-4-en-3-one : A cholestanoid that is cholest-4-ene substituted by an oxo group at position 3.		2.05103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cholestanoid		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		8.6795amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin
5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin: metabolite of phenytoin; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.110
delta-tocopherol
[no description available]		7.0310tocopherol;
vitamin E		food antioxidant;
plant metabolite
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.1107-aminocoumarinsfluorochrome
lopinavir
[no description available]		4.9721amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
gamma-tocopherol
gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.		5.6132tocopherol;
vitamin E		algal metabolite;
food antioxidant;
plant metabolite
11-hydroxyprogesterone, (11alpha)-isomer
11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 11alpha-hydroxy steroid that is pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 11.		3.11011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
zymosterol
[no description available]		2.25103beta-sterol;
cholestanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
brexanolone
brexanolone: a mixture of allopregnanolone and sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin for treatment of postpartum depression. brexanolone : A 3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has alpha-configuration. It is a metabolite of the sex hormone progesterone and used for the treatment of postpartum depression in women.		3.1103-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-oneantidepressant;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
3,5-diiodothyronine, (l)-isomer
[no description available]		3.110phenylalanine derivative
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		2.0810
pyrimidine dimers
Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.		3.6320
bnps-skatole
BNPS-skatole : A bromoindole that is 3H-indole in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by an (o-nitrophenyl)sulfanyl group and in which the hydrogens at position 3 have been replaced by a bromine and a methyl group. It is used particularly for the selective cleavage of tryptophanyl peptide bonds (cleavage occurs at peptide bonds after amino acids with available C(gamma)=C(delta) double bonds such as tryptophan, tyrosine, and histidine).		210aryl sulfide;
bromoindole;
C-nitro compound		reagent
alpha-tocopherol phosphate
alpha-tocopherol phosphate: RN given refers to (2R*(4R*,8R*))-(+-)-isomer		2.1510
harmol hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.110
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.0710D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
3-methoxybenzamide
[no description available]		1.9710
diosgenin
[no description available]		3.1103beta-sterol;
hexacyclic triterpenoid;
sapogenin;
spiroketal		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
metabolite
sarsasapogenin, (3beta,5alpha,25r)-isomer
tigogenin : A widely used steroidal sapogenin isolated from several plant species and used for synthesizing steroid drugs.		3.110sapogeningout suppressant;
plant metabolite
zpck
ZPCK: alkylates histidine residue at active center of bovine chymotrypsin		2.2110
foxes
Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.		1.9510
zymostenol
zymostenol: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 9/88. 5alpha-cholest-8-en-3beta-ol : A cholestanoid that is 5alpha-cholestane substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.25103beta-sterol;
cholestanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3 alpha,17 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one
3alpha,17alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17alpha.		3.11017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
C21-steroid;
corticosteroid hormone		human urinary metabolite
2-methoxyestriol
[no description available]		3.110
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		2.3520cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		1.991017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source		210polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chlorates
Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.		1.9510chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		1.9810aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)		2.1710calcium salt;
hydrate
vitamin b 6
Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.		7.7561
sr141716
[no description available]		2.0510amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		2.0510primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine
2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: directly acting genotoxic metabolite of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine. N-hydroxy-PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, hydoxyamino, and phenyl groups, respectively. The active metabolite of the dietary carcinogen PhIP.		3.110hydroxylamine;
imidazopyridine		carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
neurotoxin;
rat metabolite
fluo-3
Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds		2.0110xanthene dyefluorochrome
1,n(6)-ethenoadenine
1,N(6)-ethenoadenine: biologically active fluorescent derivatives of this cpd potentially valuable in studies concerning interactions between adenine cpds & various enzymes for which they serve as substrates or co-factors; structure		4.6111imidazo[2,1-i]purinemutagen
paxilline
paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.		2.4120diterpene alkaloid;
enone;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
terpenoid indole alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		anticonvulsant;
Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
geroprotector;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
selenomethionine		plant metabolite
pyridinoline
pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure		7.66116organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
deoxypyridinoline
deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source		7.89146
pregnenolone sulfate
pregnenolone sulfate: RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer		3.110steroid sulfateEC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
thiamethoxam
Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.		4.61111,3-thiazoles;
2-nitroguanidine derivative;
organochlorine compound;
oxadiazane		antifeedant;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
6-hydroxydopa
6-hydroxydopa: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.2110non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
n-(2'-(dimethylamino)ethyl)acridine-4-carboxamide
[no description available]		3.4110
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		2.9340alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
epicatechin gallate
epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.		2.2110catechin;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
ecopipam
ecopipam: structure given in first source		3.110benzazepine
fingolimod hydrochloride
Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).		2.0810hydrochlorideimmunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
fingolimod
fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.		2.0510aminodiol;
primary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
CB1 receptor antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.0510acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.0710
valerates
Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.		4.9931short-chain fatty acid anion;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		plant metabolite
ibuprofen, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		3.110ibuprofen
11-hydroxytestosterone
11-hydroxytestosterone: RN given refers to (11 beta,17 beta)-isomer. 11beta-hydroxytestosterone : An androstanoid that is testosterone carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at the 11beta-position.		3.11011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine metabolite
norbuprenorphine
norbuprenorphine: metabolite of buprenorphine found in urine & feces; RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source		3.110phenanthrenes
2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine
2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine: cyclic methadone metabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310
nitisinone
[no description available]		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
clofarabine
[no description available]		2.0510adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
benzo(a)pyrene-3,6-quinol
[no description available]		3.110
4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-anthracenyl)benzoic acid
[no description available]		1.9910
sr 33557
fantofarone: structure given in first source		1.9810
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		2.2110fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sb 204070a
SB 204070A: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist		2.2110
mitiglinide
mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
celastrol
[no description available]		2.2110monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
metabolite
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		4.6111nitrogen oxoacid
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		6.782methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib
[no description available]		4.9721aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
trisequens
Trisequens: triphasic preparation for estrogen replacement therapy; each 28-day calendar pack contains 12 tablets of estradiol 2 mg & estriol 1 mg, 10 of estradiol 2 mg & estriol 1 mg & norethisterone acetate 1 mg, 6 of estradiol 1 mg & estriol 0.5 mg		3.3611
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine
N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.		2.0510adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound		adenosine A3 receptor agonist
7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one
7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one: structure. 7alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one : A cholestanoid consisting of a cholesterol core having an oxo group at the 3-position, a C=C bond at the 4,5-position and an alpha-hydroxy group at the 7-position.		2.01103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
cholestanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)-
Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.		2.0810amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin		vasodilator agent
n,n-dimethylarginine
N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.		5.1431dimethylarginine;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.		210dichlorobenzene;
differentiation-inducing factor;
monomethoxybenzene;
resorcinols		eukaryotic metabolite;
signalling molecule
27-hydroxycholesterol
(25R)-cholest-5-ene-3beta,26-diol : A 26-hydroxycholesterol in which the 25-position has R-configuration.		2.131026-hydroxycholesterolapoptosis inducer;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		3.6411benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
methotrexate
[no description available]		7.9102dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
4-methyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione
4-methyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione: structure given in ifrst source		1.9810
tamsulosin
[no description available]		3.59115-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
antiprimod
azaspirane: structure given in first source		2.0510
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.0510penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		2.0510biphenyls
ulipristal acetate
RTI 3021-012: progesterone receptor antagonist. ulipristal acetate : A 20-oxo steroid obtained by acetylation of the 17-hydroxy group of (11beta,17alpha)-17-acetyl-11-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3-oxoestra-4,9-dien-17-ol (ulipristal). A selective progesterone receptor modulator, which is employed as an emergency contraceptive.		4.933020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester;
tertiary amino compound		contraceptive drug;
progesterone receptor modulator;
progestin
ym 529
YM 529: inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption; structure given in first source		3.4611
s 11568
S 11568: S 12968 refers to the (-)-isomer; S 12967 refers to the (+)-isomer		1.9810
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
rupatadine
rupatadine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to trihydrochloride		2.3110benzocycloheptapyridine
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		2.31101,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
cholesteryl phosphate
cholesteryl phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9310
calcium borate
calcium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF CaB4O7		4.6111
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		2.0310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		3.0650amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
docetaxel
[no description available]		2.0510hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		6.572secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		2.0510carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
nsc-141549
[no description available]		2.1510
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		3.97309-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		2.0510azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		2.1110benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
cariporide
cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.0510
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		2.0510aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
jtt 501
JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source		2.0510
bazedoxifene
[no description available]		4.2121phenylindole
phorbols
Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).		1.9610diterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		3.7930methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		9.7661(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
birb 796
[no description available]		2.1110aromatic ether;
morpholines;
naphthalenes;
pyrazoles;
ureas		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator
methyl 5-aminolevulinate
methyl 5-aminolevulinate: esterified form of aminolevulinic acid used as PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY. methyl 5-aminolevulinate : The methyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid. A prodrug, it is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photosensitizer, and is used in the photodynamic treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer (including basal cell carcinoma). Topical application (often as the hydrochloride salt) results in an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the skin lesions to which the cream has been applied. Subsequent illumination with red light results in the generation of toxic singlet oxygen that destroys cell membranes and thereby kills the tumour cells.		3.1710delta-amino acid esterantineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug
angelmicin b
angelmicin B: from Microbispora sp.AA9966; MF C85-H112-O37; protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor		1.9910
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		1.9610chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
oxidopamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.2110
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		2.05102,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
cortolone
[no description available]		3.11021-hydroxy steroid
3,7,12-trihydroxycoprostane
3,7,12-trihydroxycoprostane: intermediate in bile acid synthesis in liver; enhances rate of porphyrin synthesis in cultured liver cells by induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase; RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,7alpha,12alpha)-isomer; structure		2.663012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
liensinine
liensinine: RN given for (R-(R*,R*))-isomer		3.2510isoquinolines
ampelopsin
ampelopsin: hepatoprotective agent; isolated from Hovenia dulcis; RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-dihydromyricetin : An optically active form of dihydromyricetin having (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.1510dihydromyricetin;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
tanshinone ii a
tashinone IIA: a cardiovascular agent with antineoplastic activity; isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza; structure in first source		2.2110abietane diterpenoid
calcium pyrophosphate
[no description available]		4.9731
n(1)-methyl-2-lysergic acid diethylamide
N(1)-methyl-2-lysergic acid diethylamide: RN given refers to (8beta)-isomer		2.0710
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		2.0510amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
avasimibe
[no description available]		2.0510monoterpenoid
lanthanum carbonate
lanthanum carbonate: a phosphate binder used for hyperphosphatemia treatment in end-stage renal disease		2.110
symmetric dimethylarginine
N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups at the N(omega)- and N'(omega)-positions		4.4811amino acid zwitterion;
dimethylarginine;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
aminochrome 1
dopaminechrome: structure given in first source. dopaminechrome (enol form) : A member of the class of indolones that is 3,5-dihydro-2H-indole substituted by an oxo group at position 5 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. dopaminechrome (keto form) : A member of the class of indoledione that is 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-indole carrying oxo groups at positions 5 and 6; major microspecies at pH 7.3. It is an endogenous compound formed during dopamine oxidation and can induce neurotoxicity under certain aberrant conditions and induce Parkinson-like syndrome.		1.9910indoledione;
orthoquinones		neurotoxin
lactogluconic acid
[no description available]		3.4111
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		4.3760biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-fluoro-1-methylpyridinium
2-fluoro-1-methylpyridinium: used for determination of urea in blood; RN given refers to tosylate salt; RN for parent cpd not avail 11/90		2.610
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		5.72102amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
campesterol
campesterol: RN refers to (3beta,24R)-isomer; structure		2.03103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C28-steroid;
phytosterols		mouse metabolite
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		2.0510
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.7130imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
erlotinib
[no description available]		3.4110aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
erlotinib hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.5120hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		9.59144divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
solidagenone
solidagenone: RN given for (4R-(4alpha,4abeta,8aalpha))-isomer; structure in first source		2.2110
carbocysteine
Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		3.110L-cysteine thioether;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		mucolytic
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.0510acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
lapatinib
[no description available]		3.4110furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		2.5320benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0510benzodioxoles
sorafenib
[no description available]		3.4110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		3.5720aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		4.044012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer
Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.44203beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C29-steroid;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		anticholesteremic drug;
antioxidant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
cortisone
[no description available]		4.479011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
equilin
Equilin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of four double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of euilin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.		2.871017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid
gossypol acetic acid
[no description available]		2.2110
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.11102-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
allylestrenol
Allylestrenol: A synthetic steroid with progestational activity.		2.3820steroid
5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol
5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol : An androstane-3,17-diol that is 5alpha-androstane substituted by beta-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a metabolite of dihydrotestosterone.		3.11017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
androstane-3,17-diol		Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
cortol
[no description available]		3.11021-hydroxy steroid
lanosterol
[no description available]		2.693014alpha-methyl steroid;
3beta-sterol;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		bacterial metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
21-hydroxypregnenolone
21-hydroxypregnenolone: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer;. 21-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone that is pregnenolone which has been substituted by a hydroxy group at position 21.		3.11021-hydroxy steroid;
hydroxypregnenolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		mouse metabolite
2-hydroxyestradiol
2-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen; RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer. 2-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 2-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 2.		3.11017beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-hydroxy steroid		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug
epietiocholanolone
epietiocholanolone : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3beta and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone.		3.11017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
animal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
rat metabolite
2-chlorobiphenyl
2-chlorobiphenyl: RN from Toxlit. 2-chlorobiphenyl : A monochlorobiphenyl carrying a single chloro substituent at position 2.. monochlorobiphenyl : A chlorobiphenyl carrying a single chloro substituent at unspecified position.. chlorobiphenyl : A chloroarene that consists of a biphenyl skeleton substituted by one or more chloro groups.		2.0410monochlorobiphenyl
mibolerone
mibolerone: prevents estrus in animals & prevents experimental lymphoid leukosis; minor descriptor (80-83); on-line & Index Medicus search NANDROLONE/AA (80-83); RN given refers to (7alpha,17beta)-isomer; structure. mibolerone : An androgen that is nalandrone carrying two methyl substituents at positions 7alpha and 17.		21017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
anisomycin
Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.		2.0310monohydroxypyrrolidine;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
protein synthesis inhibitor
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		2.05101-benzofurans
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
metribolone
Metribolone: A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.. 17beta-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one : A synthetic non-aromatisable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.		1.991017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		androgen
noscapine
Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isobenzofuranone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
homoharringtonine
Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.		3.5220alkaloid ester;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
protein synthesis inhibitor
pnu 120596
1-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)urea: an alpha7nAChR agonist; structure in first source		2.1110ureas
wortmannin
[no description available]		2.0810acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		2.1110
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol
O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.		2.0510carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor;
retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
bortezomib
[no description available]		2.4720amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		5.28311,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
nexavar
[no description available]		2.0510organosulfonate salt
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		2.3820
permanganate
[no description available]		4.6111manganese oxoacid
carboplatin
[no description available]		5.2231
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		1.9910inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
s-adenosylhomocysteine
S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.		5.8222adenosines;
amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine derivative;
homocysteines;
organic sulfide		cofactor;
EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor;
epitope;
fundamental metabolite
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		3.2260
n-acetylneuraminic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		3.150N-acetylneuraminic acidsantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		2.3920peptide
bradykinin
[no description available]		1.9810oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
amylopectin
Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.		2.2510
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		2.9240D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
elastin
[no description available]		2.9240oligopeptide
carnosine
polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth		3.4470amino acid zwitterion;
dipeptide		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid
Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.		2.85403,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
formiminoglutamic acid
Formiminoglutamic Acid: Measurement of this acid in the urine after oral administration of histidine provides the basis for the diagnostic test of folic acid deficiency and of megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy.. N-formimidoyl-L-glutamic acid : The N-formimidoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid		1.9510dicarboxylic acid;
L-glutamic acid derivative
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		3.110(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		2.6630heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
7-dehydrocholesterol
[no description available]		16.596913beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
cholestanoid;
Delta(5),Delta(7)-sterol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		1.9810myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		2.362011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
puromycin
[no description available]		6.9410puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
desmosterol
Desmosterol: An intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol.. desmosterol : A cholestanoid that is cholesta-5,24-diene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It is an intermediate metabolite obtained during the synthesis of cholesterol.		8.841203beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C27-steroid;
cholestanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone
Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.		2.4520alpha-chloroketone;
sulfonamide		alkylating agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		1.9910tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
2-hydroxyestrone
2-hydroxyestrone: catechol estrogen which is a major metabolite of estradiol in man & animals; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-hydroxyestrone : A 2-hydroxy steroid that is estrone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		3.1102-hydroxy steroid;
catechols		human metabolite
dehydroascorbic acid
Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.		2.0510dehydroascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
mouse metabolite
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		3.5520monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		2.0510cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.0510alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		2.05101-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		2.3720cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		2.0510L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
epiandrosterone
epiandrosterone : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid that is (5alpha)-androstane substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17.		3.11017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		2.0510
trimethaphan camsylate
trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.		2.0510
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		2.0510aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
euphol
euphol: from Euphorbia acaulis Roxb.; structure given in first source		2.2110triterpenoid
naringin
[no description available]		4.9421(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cyclopamine
[no description available]		2.7630piperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
s-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione
S-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione: photoaffinity label deriv of glutathione; inhibits glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5)		2.2110peptide
1-alpha-terpineol
(S)-(-)-alpha-terpineol : The (S)-enantiomer of alpha-terpineol.		3.110alpha-terpineolplant metabolite
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		2.6730tripeptide
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
diprenorphine
Diprenorphine: A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.		3.110morphinane alkaloid
tolterodine
[no description available]		2.0510tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
doxorubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510anthracycline
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.0510cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
tibolone
tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.		5.274317beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		bone density conservation agent;
hormone agonist
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.9440cyclodextrin
acarbose
[no description available]		2.0510amino cyclitol;
glycoside
ergosterol
[no description available]		6.562703beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ergostanoid;
phytosterols		fungal metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a
trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES		4.2350antibiotic antifungal agent;
hydroxamic acid;
trichostatin		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		13.251722retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		9.89110icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fumaric acid
fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		210butenedioic acidfood acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		7.39100resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		13.431554retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.0510D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate
efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.		2.0510docosahexaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		7.07102octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		8.8330macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		3.110ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		1.9610D-galactopyranuronic acid
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		2.0510dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.0510benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		9.48137icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
sr 12813
SR 12813: structure given in first source. SR12813 : An organic phosphonate that is the tetraethyl ester of [2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethene-1,1-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid).		2.110organic phosphonate;
phenols		pregnane X receptor agonist
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		1.9910butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.82302-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		2.0510
keratan sulfate
Keratan Sulfate: A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and D-glucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains D-galactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit.. keratan sulfate : A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions.. keratan 6'-sulfate : A keratan sulfate with random sulfation at the 6'-position.		1.9510
lycopene
[no description available]		6.1431acyclic caroteneantioxidant;
plant metabolite
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		2.0510epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		6.9860macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
drf 2725
ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma		2.0510
t0901317
T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist		2.4920
prostaglandin d2
Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).		2.4420prostaglandins Dhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		4.5780olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
alitretinoin
Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.		4.5170retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
metabolite;
retinoid X receptor agonist
roflumilast
[no description available]		2.1510aromatic ether;
benzamides;
chloropyridine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
afimoxifene
afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.		210phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
metabolite
aclarubicin
Aclarubicin: An anthracycline produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity.. aclacinomycin A : An anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces galilaeus and also has potent antineoplastic activity.		3.3611aminoglycoside;
anthracycline;
methyl ester;
phenols;
polyketide;
tetracenequinones;
trisaccharide derivative;
zwitterion		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
decitabine
[no description available]		4.38602'-deoxyribonucleoside
teniposide
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		8.03450actinomycinmutagen
gamma-sitosterol
clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.		2.95403beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols		marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		2.0510L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		8.8486nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		2.0510antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.3870flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
2,3-bis(bromomethyl)quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide
conoidin A: inhibits the peroxiredoxin TgPrx11; structure in first source		4.6111
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		2.3420
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		2.0510organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		2.0510organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.0510organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
ditiocarb sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		5.291002-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		2.4110triterpenoid
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.0510
elaidic acid
[no description available]		1.9910octadec-9-enoic acidfood component
geraniol
[no description available]		3.1103,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol;
monoterpenoid;
primary alcohol		allergen;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
dimethyl fumarate
[no description available]		2.4620diester;
enoate ester;
methyl ester		antipsoriatic;
immunomodulator
glycosides
[no description available]		2.3820
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		4.3560isomethyleugenol
retinaldehyde
Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		3.7630retinal;
vitamin A		gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
piperine
piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.		4.5220benzodioxoles;
N-acylpiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary carboxamide		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
retinol acetate
retinol acetate: structure given in first source		2.9140acetate ester
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		7.3820triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		7.2790stilbene
diethyl fumarate
diethyl fumarate : A dieter obtained by the formal condensation of fumaric acid with ethanol.		3.1110diestermetabolite
4'-methoxychalcone
4'-methoxychalcone: RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation		2.2110chalcones
discodermolide
[no description available]		2.0510diterpenoid
citraconic acid
citraconic acid: was MH 1975-92 (see under MALEATES 1975-90); METHYLMALEIC ACID was see CITRACONIC ACID 1975-92; use MALEATES to search CITRACONIC ACID 1975-92; RN refers to (Z)-isomer; SO refers to (E)-isomer. citraconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position.		2.1110dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		human metabolite
methyl palmitoleate
[no description available]		210fatty acid methyl ester
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.0510olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
malonyl coenzyme a
Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.		2.5120malonyl-CoAsEC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		4.9470diphosphate ion
s 1033
[no description available]		2.1710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
calmidazolium
calmidazolium chloride : The organic choride salt of calmidazolium.		2.2110organic chloride saltapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
fludarabine
[no description available]		2.0510purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		2.0510pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
arachin
[no description available]		2.610
prothionamide
Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.		2.0510pyridines
dienestrol
Dienestrol: A synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen structurally related to stilbestrol. It is used, usually as the cream, in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms.. dienestrol : An olefinic compound that is hexa-2,4-diene substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively.		3.110
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		2.0510ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		2.0510aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
captax
captax: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol : 1,3-Benzothiazole substituted at the 2-position with a sulfanyl group.		3.110aryl thiol;
benzothiazoles		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		2.110N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
rhododendrol
rhododendrol: structure in first source		9.0421
parthenolide, (1ar-(1ar*,4e,7as*,10as*,10br*))-isomer
[no description available]		2.2110germacranolide
thiothixene
[no description available]		3.110N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		8.31131aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		2.41201,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		2.8130monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		3.5420capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
terbinafine
[no description available]		2.4320acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
oxazolone
Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.		2.0510
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.110cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		3.8212-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
tacrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		1.9410one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
sodium propionate
sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.		2.0510organic sodium saltantifungal drug;
food preservative
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		3.2860cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
cholesterol acetate
cholesteryl acetate : A cholesterol ester obtained by formal acylation of the hydroxy group of cholesterol by acetic acid.		2.0310acetate ester;
cholesteryl ester		human metabolite
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.3110thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		2.2110dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		4.1931cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
streptozocin
[no description available]		2.0510
tamoxifen
[no description available]		10.7561stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
methyltrioxorhenium
methyltrioxorhenium VII: reagent used as an oxidation catalyst for a wide range of materials		2.0310
nadp
[no description available]		3.99140
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		2.0510pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
krn 7000
KRN 7000: has an alpha-galactosylceramide structure; structure given in first source. alpha-galactosylceramide : A galactosylceramide in which the galactosyl residue has alpha anomeric conofiguration.. 1-O-(alpha-D-galactosyl)-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine : A glycophytoceramide having an alpha-D-galactosyl residue at the O-1 position and a hexacosanoyl group attached to the nitrogen.		2.1510glycophytoceramide;
N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylphytosphingosine		allergen;
antigen;
antineoplastic agent;
epitope;
immunological adjuvant
zeranol
Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.		2.0110macrolide
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.051011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
estrone sulfate
estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.051017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		4.411C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
hmr 3647
[no description available]		2.0510
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		2.0510aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
telaprevir
[no description available]		2.0510cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		4.4940alkali metal atom
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		5.121nitrogen oxide
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		1.9510amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
hydroxylysine
Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens.. hydroxylysine : A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is lysine. A "closed" class.. erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine : A 5-hydroxylysine consisting of L-lysine having an (R)-hydroxy group at the 5-position.. 5-hydroxylysine : A hydroxylysine that is lysine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		2.35205-hydroxylysine;
hydroxy-L-lysine		human metabolite
droloxifene
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
or 1259
[no description available]		2.0510hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.0510steroidestrogen
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		4.520beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene
idoxifene: structure given in first source		2.0510stilbenoid
cystine
[no description available]		3.5611
sch 23390
SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.		3.110benzazepine
magnesium orotate
[no description available]		7.2510
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		3.41101,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
dihydroxycoprostane
dihydroxycoprostane: intermediate in bile acid synthesis in the liver; enhance rate of prophyrin synthesis in cultured liver cells by induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase; RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,7alpha)-isomer; structure		1.97103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
zd 6474
CH 331: structure in first source		3.6220aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
calixarenes
Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.		2.2510
amanitins
Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.		2.6530
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		3.2460
salinomycin
salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4110polyketide;
spiroketal		animal growth promotant;
potassium ionophore
ru 42173
RU 42173: structure given in first source		4.5651benzazepine
silybin
[no description available]		2.0510
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		3.5480
gw 7647
GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.		2.110aryl sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
ureas		PPARalpha agonist
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.3620organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
crocin
crocin: a free radical scavenger		2.1710
chloramine-t
chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.		2.0510organic sodium saltallergen;
antifouling biocide;
disinfectant
l 663536
MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.		2.2110aryl sulfide;
indoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist
alizarin red s
Alizarin Red S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. alizarin red S : An organic sodium salt having 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate as the counterion. It is commonly used to stain embryo skeletons in cleared whole mounts, usually of small mammals.		2.0310organic sodium salt;
organosulfonate salt		histological dye
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		2.0310
digitoxigenin
Digitoxigenin: 3 beta,14-Dihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digitoxin. Synonyms: Cerberigenin; Echujetin; Evonogenin; Thevetigenin.. digitoxigenin : A 5beta-cardenolide that is 5beta-cardanolide with hydroxy substituents at the 3beta- and 14beta-positions and double bond unsaturation at C(20)-C(22).		3.11014beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		9.41275long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g
Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.		1.9610
flosequinan
[no description available]		2.0510quinolines
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor		2.1710benzamides;
benzodioxoles;
imidazoles;
pyridines		EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		2.05102-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
myelin basic protein
Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.		3.1550
isoliensinine
isoliensinine: isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine lotus plumule; structure in first source		3.2510isoquinolines
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		2.7130sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		7.38717-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		5.4241biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		6.48242prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		4.0450monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		3.110trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		3.04403'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		5.1631octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		22.8875185D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
scopoletin
[no description available]		3.5520hydroxycoumarinplant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		10.51274
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		5.91130carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.		5.1931dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
retinol palmitate
retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.		3.2860all-trans-retinyl ester;
retinyl palmitate		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
hymecromone
Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.		3.110hydroxycoumarinantineoplastic agent;
hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
gossypetin
gossypetin: inhibits activity of penicillinase enzyme in E coli. gossypetin : A hexahydroxyflavone having the hydroxy groups placed at the 3-, 3'-, 4'-, 5- 7- and 8-positions.		2.21107-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone		plant metabolite
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.4120prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		22.6954466hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		2.6830disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
kaempferol
[no description available]		2.49207-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		1.9710prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.		4.4811carotenolantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
cofactor
lipoxin a4
lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.		2.2510hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
lipoxin;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid
gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.		3.5611linolenic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		3.8621linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
genistein
[no description available]		7.31237-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		2.6930antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		2.0510oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		2.420
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.7821aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
previtamin d(3)
previtamin D3 : A hydroxy seco-steroid which is an intermediate in the production of vitamin D3 in human skin.		8.86500D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol		human metabolite
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		2.0510carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		2.05102-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		12.3121hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		4.3741carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
cryptoxanthins
Cryptoxanthins: Mono-hydroxylated xanthophylls formed from the hydroxylation of BETA-CAROTENE. Isomers include: beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-cryptoxanthin, and zeinoxanthin. The alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin are provitamin A precursors.. beta-cryptoxanthin : A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges.		2.0410carotenolantioxidant;
biomarker;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
lutein
Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.		4.9621carotenolfood colouring;
plant metabolite
mezerein
mezerein: toxic component of plant Daphne mezereum with anti-leukemic activity against P-388 & P-1210 in mice; can act as a tumor promoter; RN given refers to (12beta(E,E))-isomer; structure		1.9710diterpenoid
esculetin
esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.		3.110hydroxycoumarinantioxidant;
plant metabolite;
ultraviolet filter
7-hydroxycoumarin
7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.		3.110hydroxycoumarinfluorescent probe;
food component;
plant metabolite
baicalein
[no description available]		5.7231trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		3.55207-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
diosmin
[no description available]		2.0510dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
fisetin
[no description available]		3.1103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
7-hydroxyflavonol;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
galangin
5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.		3.1107-hydroxyflavonol;
trihydroxyflavone		antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
mangostin
mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.		2.2110aromatic ether;
phenols;
xanthones		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
morin
morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.		2.21107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
daidzein
[no description available]		2.75307-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.0510alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		1.9910alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
puerarin
[no description available]		2.0210C-glycosyl compound;
hydroxyisoflavone		plant metabolite
rottlerin
rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.		2.4720aromatic ketone;
benzenetriol;
chromenol;
enone;
methyl ketone		anti-allergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
K-ATP channel agonist;
metabolite
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.0510homodetic cyclic peptide
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		4.4460ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
cerulenin
Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.		2.420epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
n-oleoyldopamine
N-oleoyldopamine: putative capsaicin receptor ligand; produces hyperalgesia; isolated from the brain. N-oleoyldopamine : A fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of oleic acid with the amino group of dopamine. Synthesised in catecholaminergic neurons, it crosses the blood-brain barrier and might be considered as a carrier of dopamine into the brain. It is a transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor agonist.		2.2110catechols;
fatty amide;
N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine;
secondary carboxamide		TRPV1 agonist
26,26,26,27,27,27-hexafluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3
26,26,26,27,27,27-hexafluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: long lasting analog of calcitriol; RN given refers to (1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer		4.0140
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.0510amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		2.9810F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
4-hydroxyestradiol
4-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen. 4-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 4.		3.1104-hydroxy steroidmetabolite
4-hydroxychalcone
4-hydroxychalcone: structure in first source. 4-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4.		2.2110chalcones;
phenols		antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite
4'-hydroxychalcone
4'-hydroxychalcone: inhibits TNFalpha-induced NF-κB activation; structure in first source. 4'-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4'.		2.2110chalcones;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent
menatetrenone
menaquinone-4 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.		5.0852menaquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
bone density conservation agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.7630enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		7.3101retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		2.0510
ozagrel
ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer		2.0510cinnamic acids
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		2.0510cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
terbinafine hydrochloride
terbinafine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of terbinafine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.		2.1510allylamine antifungal drug;
hydrochloride		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		2.2110long-chain fatty acid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		2.0510
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		1.9710thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.57204-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
menaquinone 6
menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		12.494811
cholesteryl oleate
cholesteryl oleate: RN given refers to ((Z)-isomer). cholesteryl oleate : The (Z)-stereoisomer of cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate.		1.9310CE(18:1);
cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate		mouse metabolite
5,22-cholestadien-3beta-ol
5,22-cholestadien-3beta-ol: RN given refers to ((3beta)-(22E))-isomer		1.9410cholestanoid
25-hydroxy-24-oxocholecalciferol
25-hydroxy-24-oxocholecalciferol: metabolite of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol		3.4620hydroxycalciol;
oxocalciol;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
1,25-dihydroxy-24-oxo-vitamin d3
1,25-dihydroxy-24-oxo-vitamin D3: vitamin D3 metabolite in chick intestinal mucosa homogenate		2.3820hydroxycalciol;
oxocalciol;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite
24-hydroxyvitamin d3
24-hydroxyvitamin D3: RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E,24R)-isomer		1.9610
calcifediol
[no description available]		3.2660D3 vitamins;
diol;
hydroxycalciol		bone density conservation agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
hyodeoxycholic acid
hyodeoxycholic acid: differs from deoxycholic acid in that the 6 alpha-OH is in the 12 position in the former; RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,6alpha)-isomer. hyodeoxycholic acid : A member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by alpha-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6.		3.1105beta-cholanic acids;
6alpha,20xi-murideoxycholic acid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
codeine
[no description available]		3.5320morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		2.0510homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.2110organic molecular entity
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		3.4811hydrochloride
natamycin
[no description available]		2.0510antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		2.0510acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		3.41117alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
dothiepin
[no description available]		2.0510dothiepin
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		3.110morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		2.520pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		3.110morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		3.5320morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		3.5320morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		3.110organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		3.5320morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		12.02319phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		7.5281antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		3.0840cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
6alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol
6alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol bearing an additional 6alpha-hydroxy substituent.		3.1106alpha-hydroxy steroid
menaquinone 7
menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.		7.4273menaquinonebone density conservation agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
brefeldin a
[no description available]		1.9810macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		2.0510dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol
seocalcitol: structure given in first source		5.46200
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		2.4420monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor
kh 1060
KH 1060: structure given in first source; a new 20-epi-vitamin D3 analog		3.3870
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		3.7930morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.0510
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).		2.7630benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
teratogenic agent
bimatoprost
Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		3.9911monocarboxylic acid amideantiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent
clobetasol
Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		3.161011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
SMO receptor agonist
herbimycin
herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.		2.39201,4-benzoquinones;
lactam;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
apoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
kallidin
Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.		1.9510peptide
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.0510carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
lysophosphatidic acid
lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.		2.06101-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		2.65301-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
n-(n-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)alanyl)phenylglycine tert-butyl ester
DAPT : A dipeptide consisting of alanylphenylglycine derivatised as a 3,5-difluorophenylacetamide at the amino terminal and a tert-butyl ester at the carboxy terminal. A gamma-secretase inhibitor.		2.0510carboxylic ester;
difluorobenzene;
dipeptide;
tert-butyl ester		EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		1.9510cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		3.5520organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
vinorelbine
[no description available]		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
kn 62
KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II		2.0310piperazines
7,7-dimethyl-5,8-eicosadienoic acid
7,7-dimethyl-5,8-eicosadienoic acid: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/89		2.2110long-chain fatty acid
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		2.3110phosphatidylcholine(1+)
bisdemethoxycurcumin
curcumin III: structure in first source. bisdemethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.		3.8521beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
metabolite
cinnamyl alcohol
cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).		3.110cinnamyl alcoholplant metabolite
glycitein
glycitein : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis.		2.02107-hydroxyisoflavone;
methoxyisoflavone		fungal metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.0510
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
22,23-dihydroergosterol
22,23-dihydroergosterol: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. ergosta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol : A phytosterol consiting of ergostane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 7,8-positions as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group.		2.03103beta-sterol;
ergostanoid;
phytosterols
casein kinase ii
Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.		3.4110
semaxinib
semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.		2.4720olefinic compound;
oxindoles;
pyrroles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib
orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.		2.0510
su 11248
[no description available]		2.1710monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		10.11233carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
tin
[no description available]		3.4620carbon group element atom;
elemental tin;
metal atom		micronutrient
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)		1.9910
bay 11-7082
(E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.		4.5220nitrile;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		2.0510dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.0510ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		2.6330metalloid atom;
pnictogen
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		3.0650alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		1.9610alkali metal atom
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		10130boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.110morphinane alkaloid
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		12.72203alkaline earth metal atom
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		2.3520boron group element atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		6.4881metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		3.5320cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		7.45206-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
lasalocid
Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.		1.9510beta-hydroxy ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
oxanes;
oxolanes;
polyether antibiotic;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		bacterial metabolite;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		1.9810boron group element atom
cefixime
[no description available]		2.0510cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.0510dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		2.0510azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		2.4320dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		1.9710chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
2',4'-dihydroxychalcone
2',4'-dihydroxychalcone: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/89; structure given in first source		2.2110
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		2.0510
cotylenin a
cotylenin A: induces differentiation in murine and human myeloid leukemia cells; structure in first source		3.1110
sinomenine
sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic		2.3110morphinane alkaloid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		2.39201,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
ecdysterone
Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.		1.991014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ecdysteroid;
phytoecdysteroid		animal metabolite;
plant metabolite
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		5.7361butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bleomycin
[no description available]		2.0510bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		4.4751cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		9.1650carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		18.1532428monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		6.9391boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
dextromethorphan hydrobromide
dextromethorphan hydrobromide : The hydrobromide and monohydrate of the antitussive drug dextromethorphan.		2.1510hydrate;
hydrobromide
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
normorphine
normorphine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer		3.110morphinane alkaloid
imidapril
imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
imidazolidines;
N-acylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
sulindac sulfone
sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		2.0510amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		2.05101,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
strontium radioisotopes
Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.		1.9410
naltrindole benzofuran
naltrindole benzofuran: structure given in first source		3.110morphinane alkaloid
n-acetylsphingosine
N-acetylsphingosine: inhibits phospholipase D. N-acetylsphingosine : A N-acylsphingosine that has an acetamido group at position 2.		2.420N-acylsphingosine
triolein
Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.		2.3820triglycerideCaenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
plant metabolite
docosapentaenoic acid
docosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C22 fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid : The all-cis-isomer of a C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five double bonds in the 7-, 10-, 13-, 16- and 19-positions.		2.2510docosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
human metabolite
naltrindole
naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist		3.110isoquinolines
guanabenz acetate
[no description available]		2.0510dichlorobenzenegeroprotector
famotidine
[no description available]		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
25-hydroxyvitamin d 2
25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2: 9,10-Secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraene-3,25-diol. Biologically active metabolite of vitamin D2 which is more active in curing rickets than its parent. The compound is believed to attach to the same receptor as vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.		16.638132hydroxycalciol;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
nutraceutical
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		2.0510beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
cinidon-ethyl
Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.		2.2510ethyl ester;
isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes		herbicide
obtusaquinone
obtusaquinone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source		2.2110
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		2.3520ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
proguanil
Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.		2.0510biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
22,23-dihydroavermectin b(1)a
22,23-dihydroavermectin B(1)a: C48H74O14; major component of IVERMECTIN; MW 875.093; structure given in first source. 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a : A macrocyclic lactone that is avermectin B1a in which the double bond present in the spirocyclic ring system has been reduced to a single bond. It is the major component of ivermectin.		2.2110macrocyclic lactone;
spiroketal
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		2.0510acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		12.48121chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		3.0850
epoprostenol sodium
[no description available]		2.0510prostanoid
maxacalcitol
maxacalcitol: structure given in first source		7.13152organic molecular entity
cholestanol
Cholestanol: A cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter.		2.3620cholestanoid
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3
24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3: A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhancing the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.		14.731027
avermectin b(1)a
avermectin B(1)a: RN given refers to avermectin B(1)a; see also avermectins & demethylavermectins		2.2110avermectin
vitamin a2
vitamin A2: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. all-trans-3,4-didehydroretinol : A retinoid derived from 3,4-desaturation of the beta-ionone ring of all-trans-retinol.		3.9121retinoid;
vitamin A		human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bafilomycin a1
bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.		2.1310cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide antibiotic;
oxanes		apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
fungicide;
potassium ionophore;
toxin
carboprostacyclin
carboprostacyclin: potent stable prostacyclin analog which inhibits platelet aggretation; do not confuse with carboprost (15-methyl-PGF2alpha); RN given refers to (3aS-(2Z,3aalpha,4alpha(1E,R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0510prostanoid
1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol
[no description available]		1.97101,2-diglyceride
involucrin
involucrin: soluble precursor protein of cross-linked envelope characteristic of epidermal s. corneum synthesized by keratinocytes in natural & cultured human epithelia; see also related records for prekeratin & stratum corneum basic protein precursor		4.2750
bm 15766
BM 15766: 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase antagonist		2.0310
agn 191701
AGN 191701: retinoid X receptors agonist; RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source		1.9910
plastochromanol 8
plastochromanol 8: has antiproliferative activity against 3T3-L1 cells and anti-adipogenic activity; structure; plastochromanol 3 is gamma-tocotrienol		2.1510
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3-26,23-lactone
[no description available]		3.9840vitamin D
1,25(oh)2-16-ene-23-yne-d3
Ro 23-7553: very potent in inhibiting proliferation & inducing differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells in vitro		2.6830
calcifediol lactone
calcifediol lactone: vitamin D3 metabolite; competes actively for vitamin D binding protein in ligand assay for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3; RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer		4.6790
24,24-difluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3
24,24-difluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: RN given refers to (1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer		1.9510
25-hydroxyvitamin d3 3-sulfate ester
25-hydroxyvitamin D3 3-sulfate ester: major circulating form of vitamin D in man		1.9710
19-nor-10-keto-25-hydroxyvitamin d3
19-nor-10-keto-25-hydroxyvitamin D3: metabolite of calcifediol; RN given refers to (5(E))-isomer; RN & structure from first source; RN not in Chemline 10/83		2.3720
1,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-vitamin d3
1,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-vitamin D3: structure given in first source		3.5930
st 232
26,26,26,27,27,27-hexafluoro-1,23,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3: RN given refers to (1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E,23S)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92		1.9910
26-hydroxycholecalciferol
26-hydroxycholecalciferol: RN given refers to (25R)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Cheline 8/9/83		1.9610
24-hydroxyvitamin d2
24-hydroxyvitamin D2: metabolite of vitamin D2; RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E,22E,24xi)-isomer		1.9710vitamin D
1-alpha, 25-difluorovitamin d3
[no description available]		1.9610
mkt 077
MKT 077: structure given in first source		2.4110
ixabepilone
[no description available]		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
axitinib
[no description available]		4.6111aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
indazoles;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
technetium tc 99m pyrophosphate
Technetium Tc 99m Pyrophosphate: A radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in scintigraphy or tomography of the heart to evaluate the extent of the necrotic myocardial process. It has also been used in noninvasive tests for the distribution of organ involvement in different types of amyloidosis and for the evaluation of muscle necrosis in the extremities.		2.3620
19-hydroxycholesterol
19-hydroxycholesterol: structure given in first source		3.110cholestanoid
brazilein
brazilein: structure given in first source; do not confuse with the dye brazilin. brazilein : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is a red pigment obtained from the wood of Caesalpinia echinata (Brazil-wood) or Caesalpinia sappan (sappan-wood).		2.2110
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
beta-escin
[no description available]		2.6430
borneol
[no description available]		3.110borneol
dantrolene sodium
dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.		2.0510
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		2.0510imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		2.0510nitrofuran antibiotic
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		2.3110isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		4.1410diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
Garcinolic acid
[no description available]		2.2110pyranoxanthones
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		2.940cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
eritoran
eritoran : A lipid A derivative used for the treatment of severe sepsis.		3.1510lipid As
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.0510roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
inecalcitol
[no description available]		7.87231
beraprost
beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.		2.0510enyne;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
lanreotide
[no description available]		2.0510
ciclesonide
ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis		7.5244organic molecular entity
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		2.1110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
hexarelin
hexarelin: a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide; structurally similar to GHRP-6, with the substitution of D-Trp with its 2-methyl derivative; more potent & stable and less toxic than GHRP-6		2.0510
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		2.0510diarylmethane
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.7220amino acid amide
acetylcarnitine
O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.		2.0510O-acetylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		3.0950ammonium ion derivative
bufalin
bufalin: cardiotonic; powerful anesthetic & one of the active constituents of the Chinese drug ch'an su(senso); in Japan prepared from skin of Bufo bufo garfarizans; RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer. bufalin : A 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo.		2.422014beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid		animal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
cardiotonic drug
isotachysterol
isotachysterol: RN given refers to (3beta,6E,22E)-isomer		7.6830
1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol
1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol: RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E,22E)-isomer. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 : A hydroxycalciol that is vitamin D2 bearing additional hydroxy substituents at positions 1alpha and 25.		6.7383hydroxycalciol;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
nutraceutical
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d2
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2: metabolite of vitamin D2; RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E,22E)-isomer		5.3622
calcitroic acid
calcitroic acid: structure. calcitroic acid : A hydroxycalciol that is calcidiol in which the pro-S hydrogen of calcidiol is replaced by a hydroxy group and the C-23/C-27 unit is replaced by a carboxy group.		1.9510hydroxycalciol
1,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin d3
1,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3: RN refers to (1alpha,3beta,7E)-isomer; structure given in first source		1.9810
tei 9647
TEI 9647: a 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 antagonist; TEI-9647 is the (23S)-isomer, and TEI-9648 is the (23R)-isomer; structure in first source		4.0340vitamin D
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		4.6532phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
s 1743
Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.		2.1510magnesium saltanti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
nifurtoinol
nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.		2.0510hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
triacsin c
triacsin C: from Streptomyces No. 1228; structure given in first source; an acyl-CoA synthetase antagonist. triacsin C : A nitroso compound that is N-undecylnitrous hydrazide carrying double bonds at positions 1,2,4, and 7. It is a long-chain fatty acyl CoA synthetase inhibitor and interferes with lipid metabolism by inhibiting the de novo synthesis of glycerolipids and cholesterol esters.		2.0210hydrazone;
nitroso compound;
olefinic compound		antimalarial;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.64 (retinoid isomerohydrolase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
asoprisnil
asoprisnil: structure in first source		4.1410
2-hexyl-1-cyclopentanone thiosemicarbazone
2-hexyl-1-cyclopentanone thiosemicarbazone: inhibits HDL receptor SR-B1; structure in first source		2.9810
6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde o-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime
6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime: a constitutive androstane receptor agonist; structure in first source		2.110
fosinopril
[no description available]		2.0510
gw 501516
GW 501516: a selective PPARdelta agonist; structure in first source. GW 501516 : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a (1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)sulfanediyl group, and in which the 1,3-thiazolyl group is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by p-trifluoromethylphenyl and methyl groups, respectively.		2.47201,3-thiazoles;
aromatic ether;
aryl sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
PPARbeta/delta agonist
eflucimibe
eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor		2.0510
omacor
Omacor: a drug containing the n-3 fatty acids that corrects plasma lipid; antiarrhthymic		6.8333
jasplakinolide
jasplakinolide: cyclodepsipeptide isolated from marine sponge Jaspis; active against Candida; RN refers to 2S-(2R*,4E,6S*,8R*)-isomer; structure in first source. jaspamide : A cyclodepsipeptide isolated from Jaspis splendens and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity. It is an actin polymerization and stabilization inducer.		2.0810cyclodepsipeptide;
phenols		actin polymerisation inducer;
animal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
marine metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
etomoxir
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether
proflavine hemisulfate
[no description available]		2.2110
gambogic acid
gambogic acid: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,1(Z),3abeta,5alpha,11beta,14aS*))-isomer		2.2110pyranoxanthonesmetabolite
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		2.6630organic molecular entity
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		3.7830aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
lipid a
Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).		2.4320dodecanoate ester;
lipid A;
tetradecanoate ester		Escherichia coli metabolite
gw 4064
[no description available]		2.110stilbenoid
sch 60663
SCH 60663: structure in first source		2.9810
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510
mepitiostane
mepitiostane: orally active anti-estrogenic steroid; RN refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer; structure		1.9710organic molecular entity
sorbitan monooleate
[no description available]		4.6111fatty acid ester
norcodeine
norcodeine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer. norcodeine : A morphinane-like compound that is the N-demethylated derivative of codeine.		3.110morphinane alkaloid
zk159222
ZK159222: a 25-carboxylic ester analog of 1alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; structure in first source		2.0310vitamin D
zeolites
[no description available]		2.6730
pitolisant
pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source		4.6111organochlorine compound
4-hydroxyestrone
4-hydroxyestrone : A 4-hydroxy steroid that is estrone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4.		3.11017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
4-hydroxy steroid;
catechols;
phenolic steroid		carcinogenic agent;
estrogen;
human urinary metabolite
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		2.2510
azacosterol
Azacosterol: Diaza derivative of cholesterol which acts as a hypocholesteremic agent by blocking delta-24-reductase, which causes the accumulation of desmosterol.		1.9710
2-carbomethoxy-8-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(4-iodophenyl)tropane
2-carbomethoxy-8-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(4-iodophenyl)tropane: used in PET and SPECT imaging of dopamine transporters; structure in first source		2.9710
candicidin
Candicidin: Mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides from Streptomyces griseus or Actinomyces levoris used topically in candidiasis. The antibiotic complex is composed of candicidins A, B, C, and D, of which D is the major component.. candicidin D : A 38-membered ring lactone containing seven (E)-double bonds between positions 22 and 35 and substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11, 13, 17 and 19, oxo groups at positions 3, 7 and 15, a carboxy group at position 18, a 3-amino-3,6-dideoxymannopyranosyloxy group at position 21, a methyl group at position 36 and a 7-(4-aminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-7-oxoheptan-2-yl group at position 37. It is the major component of candicidin, a mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus.. candicidin : A mixture of the antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus. It is composed of candicidins A, B, C and D, with candicidin D being the major component. Candicidin is active against some fungi of the genus Candida, and has been used in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.		2.2110macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal drug;
bacterial metabolite
linagliptin
Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.		2.4110aminopiperidine;
quinazolines		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.0510benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
odanacatib
odanacatib: a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis; structure in first source		4.3911
struvite
Struvite: The mineral magnesium ammonium phosphate with the formula NH4MgPO4. It is associated with urea-splitting organisms in a high magnesium, high phosphate, alkaline environment. Accumulation of crystallized struvite is found in the urinary tract as struvite CALCULI and as scale on sewage system equipment and wastewater pipes.		1.9710hydrate;
phosphate mineral		fertilizer
artenimol
artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)		2.1110
11 beta-hydroxyandrosterone
11 beta-hydroxyandrosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha,11beta)-isomer; structure		3.1103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
trans-sodium crocetinate
trans-sodium crocetinate: vitamin A-analog that increases diffusivity of oxygen in aqueous solutions, including plasma		2.3110
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		2.610
ko 143
[no description available]		2.1510beta-carbolines;
tert-butyl ester
2-hydroxyestriol
2-hydroxyestriol: structure		3.110
triptohypol C
triptohypol C : A pentacyclic triterpenoid with formula C29H40O4, originally isolated from the root bark of Tripterygium regelii.		2.2110benzenediols;
monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
5s,12r,18r-trihydroxy-6z,8e,10e,14z,16e-eicosapentaenoic acid
5S,12R,18R-trihydroxy-6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E-eicosapentaenoic acid: a bioactive oxygenated product of EPA, was identified in human plasma and prepared by total organic synthesis; structure in first source. resolvin E1 : A resolvin that is (6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E)-icosa-6,8,10,14,16-pentaenoic acid which is substituted at positions 5, 12 and 18 by hydroxy groups (the 5S,12R,18R stereoisomer).		2.2110hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
nonclassic icosanoid;
resolvin;
triol		anti-inflammatory agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite
vinflunine
vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
baci-im
[no description available]		2.0510homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
ucn 1028 c
calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides		2.4120
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		2.420alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
regorafenib
[no description available]		2.1110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
dysidiolide
dysidiolide: inhibits the protein tyrosine phosphatase CDC25; cladocoran B is the olefinic regioisomer; structure in first source		2.4120
3,5-dibromo-2-pyrone
3,5-dibromo-2-pyrone: structure in first source		2.0110
bxl628
BXL628: a calcitriol analog for Inhibition of prostate cell growth; in phase II clinical trial in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (4/2004)		4.1331
Dihydrotanshinone I
dihydrotanshinone I: extracted from Radix Salviae		2.2110abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
sitagliptin phosphate
Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.		3.3750
protoapigenone
protoapigenone: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Thelypteris torresiana; structure in first source		2.0210
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		5.66100
vitamin d3 sulfoconjugate
[no description available]		3.91130vitamin D
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		3.0750benzoxazole
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.4110
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		4.1850
podophyllin
Podophyllin: Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses.		1.9510
pf 03491390
[no description available]		2.0510
gedunin
[no description available]		2.2110acetate ester;
enone;
epoxide;
furans;
lactone;
limonoid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
chidamide
[no description available]		3.4110benzamides
phytosterols
Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.		7.9940
dihydrotachysterol
Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.		10.69593
clove
Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)		2.3110
24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
[no description available]		5.7632sesterterpene
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		8.44256
erythrosine
Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.. erythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.		2.2110
23,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3
23,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: metabolite of vitamin D3 in chickens & rats; RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer		2.8740
1,25-dihydroxy-previtamin d(3)
1,25-dihydroxy-previtamin D(3): RN given refers to (1alpha,3beta,6Z)-isomer		2.3820
25,26-dihydroxycholecalciferol
25,26-dihydroxycholecalciferol: RN given refers to (3beta,5A,7E)-isomer		4.76100
jaw
[no description available]		1.9810indolecarboxamide
dehydroeburicoic acid
dehydroeburicoic acid: structure in first source		2.2510bile acid
lg190178
[no description available]		2.6920
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		2.6730organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
amodiaquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.7230
calcitonin
[no description available]		3.690
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		1.9510
tannins
gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).		2.5120tannin
thymalfasin
Thymalfasin: A thymus hormone polypeptide found in thymosin fraction 5 (a crude thymus gland extract) but now produced by synthesis. It is used alone or with interferon as an immunomodulator for the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C. Thymalfasin is also used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression, and to enhance the efficacy of influenza and hepatitis B vaccines in immunocompromised patients.		3.511polypeptide
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		3.9840
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		7.2671peptide hormone
cortistatin 14
cortistatin: a cortical neuropeptide; shows strong structural similarity to somatostatin; a neuronal depressant; has sleep-modulating activity; amino acid sequence given in first source		2.1710
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		3.4110
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.9440
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		3.9730
incretins
Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.		3.2710
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		9.64128
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		5.971glycoside
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		5.2741
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		3.771101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atractyloside
Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.		1.9510
n-(7-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole))-6-aminocaproyl sphingosine
N-(7-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole))-6-aminocaproyl sphingosine: fluorescent ceramide analog; structure given in first source. N-{6-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]hexanoyl}sphingosine : An N-acylsphingosine that is sphingosine with the amino nitrogen converted into a 6-{[N-(7-nitrobenzo-2,1,3-oxadiazol-4-yl)amino]}hexananamido group.		1.9810N-acylsphingosinefluorescent probe
vendex
Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.		3.511organotin acaricide
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		1.9910organic molecular entity
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		4.5370
gdc 0941
pictrelisib : A sulfonamide composed of indazole, morpholine, and methylsulfonyl-substituted piperazine rings bound to a thienopyrimidine ring.		3.4110indazoles;
morpholines;
piperazines;
sulfonamide;
thienopyrimidine		EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
sr 1078
SR 1078: a RORalpha and RORgamma agonist; structure in first source		2.1510
1,2-o-isopropylidene-d-glucofuranose
1,2-O-isopropylidene-D-glucofuranose: RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer		2.0610
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		3.1250
cedrelone
cedrelone: from Toona ciliata; structure in first source		2.2110limonoid
menotropins
Menotropins: Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.		2.0610
chitosan
[no description available]		5.8761
technetium tc 99m sestamibi
Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.		3.1210
15-deoxyprostaglandin j2
15-deoxyprostaglandin J2: 15d-PGJ2 abbreviation is also used for 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)PGJ2		2.4420
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		2.0510organosulfonic acid
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		3.07503',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
cerivastatin sodium
cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
statin (synthetic)
monensin
[no description available]		2.0510
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.		2.0510inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
tanshinone ii a sodium sulfonate
tanshinone II A sodium sulfonate: has cardioprotective activity; water-soluble derivative of tanshinone II A; isolated from Salvia militiorrhiza; relieves anginal pain; structure		2.2110
sodium diatrizoate
histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		6.6630
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m
Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.		1.9610
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination
Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.		2.1510
cudc 101
7-(4-(3-ethynylphenylamino)-7-methoxyquinazolin-6-yloxy)-N-hydroxyheptanamide: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source		3.4110
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		6.1532organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uridine diphosphate n-acetylmuramic acid
Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylmuramic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which is formed from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and phosphoenolpyruvate. It serves as the building block upon which peptidoglycan is formed.. UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate(3-) : A UDP-N-acetyl-D-muramate(3-) in which the anomeric centre of the pyranose fragment has alpha-configuration.		2.0610UDP-N-acetylmuramate(3-)
gdc 0449
HhAntag691: inhibits the hedgehog pathway and ABC transporters; has antineoplastic activity		2.8130benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfone		antineoplastic agent;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
SMO receptor antagonist;
teratogenic agent
ethyl cellulose
[no description available]		2.0410glycoside
mk 2206
MK 2206: a protein kinase inhibitor and antineoplastic agent		2.1110organic heterotricyclic compoundEC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
egg white
Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		2.7430
quetiapine fumarate
Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		2.1310fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		3.5420
trelstar
Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.		4.6532
tolterodine tartrate
Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.		2.4120tartrate salt
mannans
[no description available]		1.9610
glycolipids
[no description available]		6.5982
baricitinib
[no description available]		2.1510azetidines;
nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antirheumatic drug;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		6.7231
resolvin d1
resolvin D1: an anti-inflammatory lipid mediator; structure in first source. resolvin D1 : A resolvin that is docosa-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 7, 8, and 17 positions (the 7S,8R,17S-stereoisomer).		2.1110hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
resolvin;
triol		anti-inflammatory agent
bryostatin 1
bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S*-(1R*,3R*,5Z,7S*,8E,11R*,12R*(2E,4E),13E,15R*,17S*(S*),21S*,23S*,25R*))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.		2.9140
thymosin
Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.		3.511
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		7.97231
bryostatin 5
bryostatin 5: similar in antineoplastic properties to bryostatin 1; isolated from the bryozoan, Bugula neritina; activates protein kinase C (PKC)		1.9810
(E,E)-1-bromo-2,5-bis-(4-hydroxystyryl)benzene
(E,E)-1-bromo-2,5-bis-(4-hydroxystyryl)benzene : An organobromine compound that is bromobenzene in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by 4-hydroxystyryl groups.		2.2110organobromine compound;
polyphenol		fluorescent dye
gx 15-070
obatoclax: a pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor potentially useful in treating mantle cell lymphoma		3.2510
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine
sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor		4.6111benzoxazole
abemaciclib
[no description available]		3.4110
calcipotriene
calcipotriene: a topical dermatologic for the treatment of moderate plaque psoriasis; structure in first source. calcipotriol hydrate : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of calcipotriol. It is used in combination with betamethasone dipropionate, a corticosteroid, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.		11.65324hydrateantipsoriatic
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		1.9910
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		7.1953polypeptide
acy-1215
ricolinostat: an HDAC6 inhibitor; structure in first source		3.4110pyrimidinecarboxylic acid
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		5.4321
chondroitin
Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		3.0550
heparitin sulfate
Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.		1.9510
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		11.33577ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		3.5320carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		4.1650
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.8840
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		2.9240
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		2.0510
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		3.4720monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		2.0510hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		3.7921benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.0510heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		3.2660benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
coumatetralyl
coumatetralyl: structure		7.1510hydroxycoumarin
bromadiolone
[no description available]		2.1510diarylheptanoid
6-o-palmitoylascorbic acid
[no description available]		2.2110fatty acid ester
bromfenacoum
[no description available]		2.1510benzenes;
naphthalenes;
ring assembly
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		2.0510hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
citrinin
Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.		2.2110
4-hydroxycoumarin
2-hydroxychromone: structure		3.110hydroxycoumarin
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.5120
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.0510heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		5.47120
calca protein, human
CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741		3.511
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		11.28584
phytoestrogens
Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.		5.6451
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		3.630ketal
ajmaline
[no description available]		2.0510
rome
Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.		3.48112-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-olEC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
osimertinib
osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.		3.4110acrylamides;
aminopyrimidine;
biaryl;
indoles;
monomethoxybenzene;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		1.9710
ro 24-5531
[no description available]		1.9910
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		8.2860
1,25(oh)2-16-ene-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-19-nor-d3
1,25(OH)2-16-ene-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-19-nor-D3: a vitamin D analog; Ro 26-2198 is the (23Z)-isomer		3.1250
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		591
teferrol
[no description available]		2.1310
oligomycins
Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).		2.6430
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.3620
bassianolide
bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.		3.8921cyclodepsipeptide;
cyclooctadepsipeptide		antineoplastic agent;
fungal metabolite;
insecticide
1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin d3
1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3: RN refers to (1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer; formulated in ointment at a concentration of 4 microg/g, for treatment of mild psoriasis		6.8111
24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin d3
[no description available]		2.8840
calpastatin
calpastatin: large mol wt, heat-stable calpain inhibitor; not based on sequestering Ca++ from medium, but binding to calpain does require Ca++. calpastatin peptide Ac 184-210 : A 27-membered polypeptide comprising the sequence Ac-Asp-Pro-Met-Ser-Ser-Thr-Tyr-Ile-Glu-Glu-Leu-Gly-Lys-Arg-Glu-Val-Thr-Ile-Pro-Pro-Lys-Tyr-Arg-Glu-Leu-Leu-Ala-NH2. An acetylated synthetic peptide from human calpastatin that strongly inhibits both calpains I and II but not papain (a cysteine protease) or trypsin (a serine protease).		2.4320polypeptideEC 3.4.22.52 (calpain-1) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.53 (calpain-2) inhibitor
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		2.0810angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
adrenomedullin
Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.		2.7230
nephrin
nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)		2.1510
gibberellins
[no description available]		1.9710
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		11.13274
transforming growth factor alpha
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.		6.3241
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		8.76241
flavin mononucleotide
Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.		3.4511
silybin
Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.		2.0510
cytochalasin d
Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.		2.7330
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		5.1152
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55)
[no description available]		3.0410
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		2.3620
catalpol
catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92		4.6111
technetium tc 99m medronate
Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.		3.0750
apyrase
Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.		2.1310
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		4.8860
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		4.6761
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		2.5320
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		3.3770
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		3.921
angiogenin
angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400		2.0410
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		2.05102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		2.05102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		2.9403',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		5.7922purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		1.9610guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
inosine
[no description available]		2.0510inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine diphosphate
Inosine Diphosphate: An inosine nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.		3.4511inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		11.24323folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
3-methyladenine
N3-methyladenine: structure in first source		2.1310
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		5.4841cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		3.8330benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.4720dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		2.0510purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		2.05102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		2.0510piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.0510benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		2.05102-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
oxypurinol
Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.		2.0510pyrazolopyrimidinedrug metabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		3.1950nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		2.0510formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hematein
hematein: structure. hematein : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is -6a,7-dihydrobenzo[b]indeno[1,2-d]pyran-9-one carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 3, 4, 6a and 10.		2.2110
alanosine
[no description available]		2.0510
norclozapine
norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.		3.110dibenzodiazepine;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		delta-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.0510aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.2110citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
rifabutin
[no description available]		2.0510
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		2.4120
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		2.3820nitroso compoundalkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		6.7243guanosinesbiomarker
heme arginate
heme arginate: used for treatment of porphyria; induces heme oxygenase		3.0910
lipoteichoic acid
lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.		2.0310
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		2.3620
eye
[no description available]		3.5220
fructooligosaccharide
[no description available]		3.4511oligosaccharide
maltodextrin
maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.		3.4211
ferric carboxymaltose
ferric carboxymaltose: effective for treatment of postpartum anemia		2.1310
acetylcellulose
acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.		4.9421
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.4220
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		2.420
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		4.4570
1,24-dihydroxyvitamin d2
1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D2: LR-103 has antineoplastic activity; RN & structure in first source		1.9710
1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin d3
1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3: RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer		4.1650
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		9.94137
20-hydroxyvitamin d3
[no description available]		3.360
filipin
Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.		2.3720
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Rachitis
[description not available]		017.7239517
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		05.0231
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		019.1412737
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		123.8925474
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		03.2660
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		03.2660
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		09.5114
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		09.5114
Ache
[description not available]		016.846244
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		016.846244
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.5820
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.5820
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		03.4160
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		03.4160
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		05.4851
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		05.4851
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		015.927353
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		018.4511672
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		018.713097
Prediabetes
[description not available]		013.853525
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		029.041,950709
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		120.4511672
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		018.713097
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		115.853525
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		131.041,950709
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		09.68222
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		013.343318
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		116.68222
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		115.343318
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		016.4710825
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		03.711
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		118.4710825
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating
A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.		15.711
Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica
A fibrous degeneration, cyst formation, and the presence of fibrous nodules in bone, usually due to HYPERPARATHYROIDISM.		05.54120
Adult Rickets
[description not available]		013.911245
Osteomalacia
Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.		013.911245
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		019.3628781
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		013.183515
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		115.183515
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		08.1112
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		04.260
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		08.1112
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		16.260
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		011.71713
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		113.71713
Diathesis
[description not available]		05.4480
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		017.538650
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		04.93120
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		119.538650
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		02.3110
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		09.93120
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		04.751
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		16.751
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		019.2212722
Hypotension, Postural
[description not available]		04.7211
Hypotension, Orthostatic
A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.		04.7211
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		09.91136
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		09.91136
Adolescent Obesity
[description not available]		09.5197
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		015.5310610
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		122.5310610
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		012.66357
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		012.66357
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		013.13202
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		017.0118614
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		06.0161
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		013.13202
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		017.0118614
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		06.0161
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		015.67021
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		015.67021
ACL Injuries
[description not available]		02.3110
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		03.75100
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		03.75100
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		05.4651
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		05.4651
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		04.1650
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		04.1650
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		04.9942
Astheno Teratozoospermia
[description not available]		04.7122
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		04.7221
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		017.169834
Vascular Calcification
Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.		09.77494
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		119.169834
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		010.13392
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		112.13392
Sunburn
An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.		07.361
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		08.2581
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		021.5434570
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		123.5434570
Apoplexy
[description not available]		06.7154
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		06.7154
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		123.9358118
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		07.9755
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		012.9755
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		019.0915760
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		019.0915760
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		012.462815
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		114.462815
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		017.7710087
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		09.05193
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		111.05193
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		06.3772
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		06.3772
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		05.9951
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		17.9951
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		112.9383
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		08.4303
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		06.9751
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		06.9751
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		120.459953
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		06.8491
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		18.8491
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		128.13177104
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		09.4176
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.		09.4176
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		04.1831
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		04.1831
Sarcopenia
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.		116.19116
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		015.197114
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		06.191
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		011.68269
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		010.13204
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		015.197114
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		18.191
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		113.68269
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		112.13204
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.3110
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		02.3110
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		010.3236
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		112.3236
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		015.565134
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		120.2310268
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		013.95414
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		013.95414
a-Synucleinopathies
[description not available]		02.610
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		08.83162
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		016.289124
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary
Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.		016.289124
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		03.0130
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		06.52101
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		113.94295
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		06.52101
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		015.676620
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		117.676620
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		011.993316
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		113.993316
Alopecia Circumscripta
[description not available]		08.7896
Alopecia Areata
Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.		08.7896
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		02.4110
Bagassosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.		02.4110
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		011.284
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		011.43519
Pneumoconiosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.		02.4110
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		02.4110
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		011.28167
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		014.573828
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		014.573828
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		113.28167
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		06.9253
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		18.9253
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		011.27189
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		015.314426
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		011.27189
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		1208852
CKD-MBD
[description not available]		018.927011
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder
Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.		013.927011
Acantholysis Bullosa
[description not available]		02.4110
Cockayne-Touraine Disease
[description not available]		02.4110
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.		02.4110
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica
Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by atrophy of blistered areas, severe scarring, and nail changes. It is most often present at birth or in early infancy and occurs in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms. All forms of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa result from mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE VII, a major component fibrils of BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPIDERMIS.		02.4110
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		07111
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		012111
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		02.5220
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion
A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.		02.5220
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		012.945811
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		114.945811
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis
[description not available]		04.7261
Neurofibromatosis 1
An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).		16.7261
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		09.4697
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		111.4697
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		05.92150
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		06.0291
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		07.7130
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		06.0291
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		010.92150
Verruca
[description not available]		012.252512
Warts
Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.		012.252512
Nephrocalcinosis
A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		08.94212
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		07.34381
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		013.56527
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		115.56527
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		09.86224
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		09.86224
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		015.441309
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		08.6143
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		08.6143
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		018.4313473
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		120.4313473
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		019.2911572
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		016.562515
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		016.562515
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		014.483823
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		116.483823
Hypomelanosis
[description not available]		02.4110
Hypopigmentation
A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.		02.4110
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		010.65199
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		08.75232
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		08.75232
Aura
[description not available]		010.82405
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		05.61100
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		112.82405
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		05.61100
Chickungunya Fever
[description not available]		02.4110
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		016.8113525
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		016.8113525
Nearsightedness
[description not available]		04.2821
Dry Eye
[description not available]		04.3531
Myopia
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.		04.2821
Dry Eye Syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.		04.3531
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		06.39220
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		06.3791
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		06.39220
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		06.3791
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		08.52134
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		08.59144
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		08.52134
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		08.59144
Pericementitis
[description not available]		06.8983
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		06.8983
Thalassemias
[description not available]		02.7630
Thalassemia
A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.		02.7630
Iron Overload
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)		02.920
Cytokine Release Syndrome
A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.		03.6820
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		04.0950
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		04.0950
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		013.792822
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		013.792822
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		04.8532
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		04.8532
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.		03.9911
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		07.1973
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		07.1973
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		010.92267
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		112.92267
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		05.7132
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		05.7132
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		05.39220
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		05.39220
Lichen Ruber Planus
[description not available]		02.4110
Lichen Planus
An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.		02.4110
Lichen Planus, Oral
Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)		02.4110
Intertrochanteric Fractures
[description not available]		015.415226
Hip Fractures
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).		122.415226
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		06.7773
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		06.7773
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		012.92577
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		011.34141
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		015.13628
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		122.13628
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		09.9116
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		09.9116
Cardio-Renal Syndrome
Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY).		02.4110
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		020.9917172
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		122.9917172
Kaposi Disease
[description not available]		02.5720
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.		02.5720
Anoxemia
[description not available]		05.6151
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		05.6151
Abdominal Obesity
[description not available]		05.2533
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		08.6375
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		08.6375
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		07.3372
Itching
[description not available]		03.420
Sneezing
The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		02.4110
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		03.420
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		07.3372
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		02.5520
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		02.5520
Fibroid
[description not available]		05.8570
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		05.8570
Epulides, Giant Cell
[description not available]		02.4110
Giant Cell Tumors
Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE.		03.3220
Granuloma, Giant Cell
A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.		02.4110
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		011.82286
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		02.6920
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		011.82286
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		02.6920
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		011.66307
Rubeola
[description not available]		04.6722
Mumps
An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)		04.6722
Measles
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.		04.6722
Debility
[description not available]		06.733
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		07.7171
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		012.7171
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		08.6697
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		110.6697
Actinic Keratosis
[description not available]		03.3310
Keratosis, Actinic
White or pink lesions on the arms, hands, face, or scalp that arise from sun-induced DNA DAMAGE to KERATINOCYTES in exposed areas. They are considered precursor lesions to superficial SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA.		15.3310
Amyloid Deposits
[description not available]		02.8130
Candida Infection
[description not available]		02.8630
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.8630
Bow Leg
[description not available]		02.4110
Bone Diseases, Developmental
Diseases resulting in abnormal GROWTH or abnormal MORPHOGENESIS of BONES.		02.6730
Koehler Disease
[description not available]		02.4110
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		015289
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		04.4270
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		010289
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		16.4270
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		07.58180
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		07.58180
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		04.9450
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		04.9450
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
[description not available]		07.9892
Hashimoto Disease
Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.		07.9892
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		04.7211
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		04.7211
Avitaminosis
A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.38101
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		02.8930
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		02.8930
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		06.07101
Deficiency, Magnesium
[description not available]		05.7390
Magnesium Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)		010.7390
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		011.07101
BH4 Deficiency
[description not available]		04.07100
Phenylketonurias
A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).		04.07100
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		013.993837
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		05.4280
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		012.192210
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		114.192210
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		05.4280
Autoimmune Thyroiditis
[description not available]		0771
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		022.1122052
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		03.4520
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		03.4520
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		08.48161
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		06.7373
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		06.7373
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		02.5920
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		02.5920
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		09.99254
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		014.99254
Exanthem
[description not available]		05.522
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		05.522
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		04.4480
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		03.6330
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		04.4480
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		03.6330
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		011.32315
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		118.32315
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		05.1642
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		012.3492
Human Trichinellosis
[description not available]		02.4120
Trichinellosis
An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.		02.4120
Hypercalciuria
Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.		010.02115
Autism
[description not available]		02.7220
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		14.7220
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		04.0831
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		16.0831
Postoperative Cognitive Complications
COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT or functional decline after a surgical procedure.		02.4110
Dysentery
Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.		03.5210
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		06.8493
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism
A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.		014.36898
Hypoparathyroidism
A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.		014.36898
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.610
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.610
Recrudescence
[description not available]		013.433018
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		02.610
Osteoporotic Fractures
Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.		011.62318
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		02.8130
Myoma
A benign neoplasm of muscular tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.610
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		02.8130
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		02.610
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		02.610
chronic COVID syndrome
[description not available]		03.5210
Amentia
[description not available]		07.0662
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		07.0662
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.		03.8921
Latent Tuberculosis
The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.		05.6322
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia
[description not available]		02.610
Dementia, Vascular
An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)		02.610
Sex Disorders
[description not available]		02.7220
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.		02.7220
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Idiopathic recurrent VERTIGO associated with POSITIONAL NYSTAGMUS. It is associated with a vestibular loss without other neurological or auditory signs. Unlike in LABYRINTHITIS and VESTIBULAR NEURONITIS, inflammation in the ear is not observed.		03.5520
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		09.27136
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		05.3941
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		05.3941
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		07.9654
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		07.9654
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		09.93109
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.610
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		02.610
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		02.610
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		02.610
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		09.93109
CBS Deficiency
[description not available]		02.610
Homocystinuria
Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)		02.610
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		011.64552
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		08.86183
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		08.86183
Vascular Injuries
[description not available]		02.610
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change
[description not available]		02.610
Nephrosis, Lipoid
A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.		02.610
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		012.311915
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		05.0721
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		05.0721
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		04.3141
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.		04.3141
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		012.0961
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		07.0961
Premenstrual Tension
A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.		03.8321
Premenstrual Syndrome
A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.		03.8321
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		04.9342
Spinal Stenosis
Narrowing of the spinal canal.		03.9911
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		04.9342
Psychoses
[description not available]		02.7130
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		14.7130
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		08.5565
Emesis
[description not available]		03.7921
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		110.5565
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		03.7921
Hyperphosphatemia
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.		03.2750
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		05.1750
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		05.1750
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		04.9421
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		04.9421
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		03.9750
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		03.9750
Bovine Digital Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.2510
Calciphylaxes
[description not available]		03.82120
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		02.2510
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant
[description not available]		05.1931
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.		05.1931
Autoimmune Urticaria
[description not available]		03.5911
Cancer of Parathyroid
[description not available]		05.8281
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		010.44255
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		05.98100
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.		120.59509
Parathyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.		05.8281
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		010.44255
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		05.98100
Hypophosphatemia
A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.		05.78110
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		06.4272
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		06.4272
Adenoma, Oxyphilic
A usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askanazy cells.		02.2110
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		02.2110
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		02.2110
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		121.117332
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)		08.5103
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		08.0694
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		04.0721
Osseous Paget's Disease
[description not available]		06.86111
Osteitis Deformans
A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.		18.86111
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		06.48150
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		05.08100
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		05.08100
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		05.9342
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		112.9342
Infusion Site Adverse Event
[description not available]		03.1710
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		05.2231
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		04.5111
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		04.5111
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		05.23120
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		05.23120
Malnourishment
[description not available]		08.3153
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		09.0140
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		04.0140
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		110.3153
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		07.9994
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		03.8940
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		03.8940
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		04.68110
Bone Marrow Failure
[description not available]		02.2510
Bone Marrow Failure Disorders
Inherited or acquired diseases characterized by insufficient and/or dysplastic blood cells.		02.2510
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		07.05111
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		03.6411
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		03.6411
Bites
[description not available]		02.2510
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		06.74220
Lassitude
[description not available]		010.711310
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		010.711310
Nail Diseases
Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.		05.5350
HbS Disease
[description not available]		07.6471
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		19.6471
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		04.8721
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		04.8721
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		02.2510
Hyperoxia
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.		02.2510
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1.5
[description not available]		03.6411
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults
Autoimmune diabetes in adults with slowly progressive PANCREATIC BETA CELL failure and the presence of circulating autoantibodies to PANCREATIC ISLETS cell antigens.		03.6411
Femur Neck Fractures
[description not available]		08.12121
Bone Stress Reaction
[description not available]		05.2560
Fractures, Ununited
A fracture in which union fails to occur, the ends of the bone becoming rounded and eburnated, and a false joint occurs. (Stedman, 25th ed)		05.0631
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.		08.12121
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		09.02125
Abortion, Recurrent
[description not available]		04.4941
Abortion, Habitual
Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.		04.4941
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		09.49211
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		09.49211
Allergic Conjunctivitis
[description not available]		04.9421
Conjunctivitis, Allergic
Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.		16.9421
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		08.7312
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		110.7312
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		04.7632
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		04.7632
Hibernation, Myocardial
[description not available]		04.4311
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		010.37149
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		04.4311
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		04.4311
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated
[description not available]		04.8221
Ductal Carcinoma
[description not available]		04.7621
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm
[description not available]		04.4311
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		06.7471
Primary Graft Dysfunction
A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.		04.4311
Airway Remodeling
The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.		04.8421
Atheroma
[description not available]		05.3741
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom
[description not available]		04.4311
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic
[description not available]		04.4311
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		05.7632
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer
[description not available]		05.942
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.		04.4311
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		09.98195
Amaurosis
[description not available]		04.4311
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		016.1212528
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		04.8821
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		05.7941
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		08.3995
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		07.47131
Anasarca
[description not available]		05.422
Cutis Elastica
[description not available]		04.4311
E coli Infections
[description not available]		05.9251
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		04.8221
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		05.1941
Bleeding
[description not available]		05.9551
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		05.7141
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		06.0233
Hypermobility, Joint
[description not available]		04.4311
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		08.2885
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		05.4931
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		06.8693
Metastase
[description not available]		010.57267
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		04.4311
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		04.4311
Cancer of Salivary Gland
[description not available]		04.4311
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		04.4311
Blood Clot
[description not available]		06.2551
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		07.8964
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		04.4311
Hangman Fracture
[description not available]		013.133210
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia
[description not available]		04.4311
Eye Infections, Fungal
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.		04.4311
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		07.21151
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		05.0431
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		05.7632
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		09.98195
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		04.4311
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		05.7941
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		08.3995
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		05.0731
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		05.422
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.		04.4311
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		05.9251
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		04.8221
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		05.1941
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		05.9551
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		05.7141
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		06.0233
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		08.2885
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		06.8693
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		06.2781
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		010.57267
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		05.4151
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		010.37149
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		04.4311
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		16.4311
Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.		04.4311
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		06.2551
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.4311
Spinal Fractures
Broken bones in the vertebral column.		013.133210
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		07.8964
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		010.37149
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		04.4311
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		04.4311
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell
A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).		04.8221
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		04.4311
Carcinoma, Ductal
Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.		04.7621
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).		04.4311
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic
An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.		04.4311
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		02.420
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus
[description not available]		02.2510
Co-infection
[description not available]		02.2510
Infections, Pneumococcal
[description not available]		02.2510
Pneumococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		02.2510
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.		02.2510
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		05.6331
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		03.0740
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		03.0740
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		03.4620
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		03.4620
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		06.0852
Pelvic Pain
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.		04.5511
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		06.0852
ADPKD
[description not available]		07.5420
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant
Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.		02.5420
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
[description not available]		05.0831
Nodular Goiter
[description not available]		04.4422
Goiter, Nodular
An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.		04.4422
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		03.9421
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular
An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		05.0831
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		08.1875
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		08.1875
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		02.6620
Pre-Hypertension
[description not available]		06.442
Hair Diseases
Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.		03.7930
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		011.921033
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		011.921033
Milk Fever, Animal
[description not available]		05.98101
Joint Pain
[description not available]		012.773027
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		012.773027
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		03.8840
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		08.1692
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		110.1692
Cavernous Angioma, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.5720
Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System
A vascular anomaly composed of a collection of large, thin walled tortuous VEINS that can occur in any part of the central nervous system but lack intervening nervous tissue. Familial occurrence is common and has been associated with a number of genes mapped to 7q, 7p and 3q. Clinical features include SEIZURES; HEADACHE; STROKE; and progressive neurological deficit.		02.5720
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		010.31106
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		112.31106
Deficiency, IgG
[description not available]		02.2510
Mononeuritis
[description not available]		02.6920
Mononeuropathies
Disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions.		02.6920
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		05.29210
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		02.2510
Generalized Resistance To 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
[description not available]		04.1150
Acquired Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets
[description not available]		03.5120
Angle Class I
[description not available]		02.2510
Angle Class II
[description not available]		02.2510
Angle Class III
[description not available]		02.2510
Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets
A hereditary disorder characterized by HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; renal defects in phosphate reabsorption and vitamin D metabolism; and growth retardation. Autosomal and X-linked dominant and recessive variants have been reported.		04.1150
Rickets, Hypophosphatemic
A disorder characterized by HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; resulting from lack of phosphate reabsorption by the kidneys and possible defects in vitamin D metabolism.		03.5120
Acute Symptom Flare
[description not available]		04.5511
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		07.4420
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured
[description not available]		02.2510
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.4420
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		02.2510
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		02.2510
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		110.82103
Hirsutism
A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.		04.6211
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		04.1830
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		04.1830
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.8930
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		05.871
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		06.11101
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.8930
Nasal Polyps
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.		06.11101
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		05.871
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		06.11101
Malassezia furfur Infection
[description not available]		02.2510
Tinea Versicolor
A common chronic, noninflammatory and usually symptomless disorder, characterized by the occurrence of multiple macular patches of all sizes and shapes, and varying in pigmentation from fawn-colored to brown. It is seen most frequently in hot, humid, tropical regions and is mostly caused by MALASSEZIA FURFUR (formerly Pityrosporum orbiculare).		02.2510
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		06.72112
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		06.72112
Antral Vascular Ectasia
[description not available]		02.3110
Limited Scleroderma
[description not available]		02.3110
Scleroderma, Limited
The least progressive form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with skin thickening restricted to the face, neck and areas distal to the elbows and/or knees, sparing the trunk. The CREST SYNDROME is a form of limited scleroderma.		02.3110
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		04.3441
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		04.3441
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		04.3531
Femoral Fractures
Fractures of the femur.		05.9130
Follicular Cyst
Cyst due to the occlusion of the duct of a follicle or small gland.		02.3110
Corpus Luteum Cyst
[description not available]		02.3110
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		03.69100
Ovarian Cysts
General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.		02.3110
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		03.9221
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		03.9221
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction
[description not available]		03.6411
Nasal Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.		15.6411
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin
[description not available]		02.4110
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)		02.4110
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		02.3110
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.3110
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		02.3110
Asthmatic Crisis
[description not available]		03.2310
Status Asthmaticus
A sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts.		03.2310
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		08.88127
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		08.88127
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		04.1931
Fibromyalgia
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)		04.1931
Anterior Cervical Pain
[description not available]		02.3110
Aggressive Systemic Mastocytosis
A form of systemic mastocytosis in which patients have impaired organ functions due to multifocal infiltrates of pathological MAST CELLS in bone marrow, liver, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, or skeletal system. The cytomorphology shows a low to high grade.		02.3110
Back Ache
[description not available]		06.1562
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		06.1562
Neck Pain
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.		02.3110
Mastocytosis, Systemic
A group of disorders caused by the abnormal proliferation of MAST CELLS in a variety of extracutaneous tissues including bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract. Systemic mastocytosis is commonly seen in adults. These diseases are categorized on the basis of clinical features, pathologic findings, and prognosis.		02.3110
Candidiasis, Genital
[description not available]		02.3110
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal
Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.		02.3110
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.3110
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.3110
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		02.4920
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		06.3953
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		06.3953
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		012.88725
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		117.4614410
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		02.5920
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		02.5920
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		05.3341
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		05.3341
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		013.34418
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		02.4320
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.3110
HPV Infection
[description not available]		02.3110
Genital Warts
[description not available]		02.3110
Male Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3110
Condylomata Acuminata
Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.		02.3110
Genital Neoplasms, Male
Tumor or cancer of the MALE GENITALIA.		02.3110
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		02.3110
Adverse Effects, Long Term
[description not available]		04.6211
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		06.9451
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		16.3241
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
[description not available]		03.2310
Myositis Ossificans
A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.		03.2310
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		03.4620
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		03.4620
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		011.18262
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.		02.3110
Cold Fingers, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.3110
Raynaud Disease
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.		02.3110
Angle's Classification
[description not available]		02.7130
Malocclusion
Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)		02.7130
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		03.9911
Foot Ulcer
Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.		03.9911
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		03.9911
Pterygium
An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3110
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		05.18111
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		05.18111
Besnoitiasis
[description not available]		04.0421
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		05.551
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		05.551
Compression Fractures
[description not available]		03.730
Brittle Bone Disease
[description not available]		05.9431
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.		05.9431
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		05.6432
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		03.5311
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		03.7921
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		03.5311
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		03.7921
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		07.5221
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		05.6432
Bewilderment
[description not available]		02.520
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		02.5420
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		02.5420
Musculoskeletal Pain
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.		04.9942
Deficiency, Pyridoxine
[description not available]		03.840
Deficiency, Folic Acid
[description not available]		02.3920
Deficiency, Riboflavin
[description not available]		02.6630
Deficiency, Thiamine
[description not available]		03.5830
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12
[description not available]		02.1510
Burning Mouth Syndrome
A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders.		02.1510
Folic Acid Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		02.3920
Thiamine Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)		03.5830
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)		02.1510
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		013.793711
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		013.793711
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		08.54341
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		08.54341
Drop Attack
[description not available]		02.1510
Torsade de Pointes
[description not available]		02.1510
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		02.1510
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		02.1510
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		02.8230
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		011.04513
Deficiency Diseases
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		05.04100
EBV Infections
[description not available]		05.942
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		05.942
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		03.9221
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		03.9221
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		08.28262
Nevus Flammeus
[description not available]		02.1510
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous
[description not available]		02.1510
Angio-Osteohypertrophy Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Anemia, Splenic
[description not available]		02.1510
Port-Wine Stain
A vascular malformation of developmental origin characterized pathologically by ectasia of superficial dermal capillaries, and clinically by persistent macular erythema. In the past, port wine stains have frequently been termed capillary hemangiomas, which they are not; unfortunately this confusing practice persists: HEMANGIOMA, CAPILLARY is neoplastic, a port-wine stain is non-neoplastic. Port-wine stains vary in color from fairly pale pink to deep red or purple and in size from a few millimeters to many centimeters in diameter. The face is the most frequently affected site and they are most often unilateral. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 5th ed, p483)		02.1510
Angiospasm, Intracranial
[description not available]		02.2110
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		03.1240
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		02.2110
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		02.2110
Vasospasm, Intracranial
Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).		02.2110
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		04.4511
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.		04.721
Carditis
[description not available]		02.3820
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		02.3820
Nephrolithiasis
Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.		04.4511
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		03.9320
Infection
[description not available]		06.5351
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		03.9320
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		18.5351
Barrett Epithelium
[description not available]		03.5311
Barrett Esophagus
A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.		15.5311
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		09.35127
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		09.35127
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		010.74228
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.5520
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		02.5520
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		02.5420
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		02.5420
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		03.5311
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		03.5311
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		07.6173
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		07.6173
Birnaviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the BIRNAVIRIDAE.		02.1710
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		03.1350
Boils
[description not available]		02.4120
Hyperprolactinaemia
[description not available]		04.4811
Hyperprolactinemia
Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)		04.4811
Hypospermatogenesis
[description not available]		09.7999
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9640
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		02.5120
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		02.9640
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		02.5120
Benign Monoclonal Gammopathies
[description not available]		02.4820
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		04.1660
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		04.1660
Acute Radiation Syndrome
A condition caused by a brief whole body exposure to more than one sievert dose equivalent of radiation. Acute radiation syndrome is initially characterized by ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; VOMITING; but can progress to hematological, gastrointestinal, neurological, pulmonary, and other major organ dysfunction.		02.1510
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		02.1710
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		02.1710
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		02.9340
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		02.9340
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		03.3120
Cervix Dysplasia
[description not available]		04.5122
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia
Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		04.5122
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		02.6930
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		03.6690
Addison's Disease
[description not available]		03.5611
Addison Disease
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.		03.5611
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		0340
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		1540
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		07.1710
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		02.4220
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.4220
Bronchospasm
[description not available]		02.1710
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1710
Breathlessness
[description not available]		02.1710
Laryngeal Spasm
[description not available]		02.1710
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		02.1710
Bronchial Spasm
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.		02.1710
DiGeorge Syndrome
Congenital syndrome characterized by a wide spectrum of characteristics including the absence of the THYMUS and PARATHYROID GLANDS resulting in T-cell immunodeficiency, HYPOCALCEMIA, defects in the outflow tract of the heart, and craniofacial anomalies.		02.1710
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		02.1710
Laryngismus
A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.		02.1710
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.1710
Child Behavior Disorders
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.		02.2110
Acquired Language Disorders
[description not available]		02.2110
Language Disorders
Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.		02.2110
Catarrh
Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.		02.830
Common Cold
A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.		14.830
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		02.1710
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		02.1710
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		09.39266
Child Malnutrition
Malnutrition occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.		04.4811
Infant Malnutrition
Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.		04.7821
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		04.1360
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.		02.5520
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		010.08139
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		010.08139
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		0340
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		0340
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		02.1710
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		02.1710
Alactasia
[description not available]		03.8921
Lactose Intolerance
The condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of LACTASE in the MUCOSA cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, and the inability to break down LACTOSE in milk for ABSORPTION. Bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (DYSPEPSIA) to severe DIARRHEA. Lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired.		03.8921
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary
[description not available]		03.4720
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		07.7161
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		19.7161
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome
[description not available]		03.4120
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).		08.4120
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		04.6532
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		04.6532
Menstruation, Painful
[description not available]		04.4141
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation.		04.4141
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		06.01120
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2110
Rett Syndrome
An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)		02.2110
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		03.5611
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		02.1710
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		04.4650
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		04.4650
Malacoplakia
The formation of soft patches on the mucous membrane of a hollow organ, such as the urogenital tract or digestive tract.		02.1710
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		03.1950
Delayed Puberty
[description not available]		02.2110
Anemia, Cooley's
[description not available]		02.4920
Hypogonadism
Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).		15.1950
beta-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.		07.4920
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		03.921
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive
A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		03.921
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		04.8942
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		09.8942
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.4520
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.1710
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.1710
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.4520
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
[description not available]		03.9421
MODS
[description not available]		02.2110
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		02.2110
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated
Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.		03.9421
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		05.0530
Hyperandrogenism
A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.		07.754
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		02.7630
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		02.7630
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		03.5611
Familial Precocious Puberty
[description not available]		02.1710
Dandy-Walker Complex
[description not available]		02.1710
Puberty, Precocious
Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.		02.1710
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		05.3640
Leiomyomatosis
The state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.2110
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		05.3640
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		03.5911
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		03.5911
Genome Instability
[description not available]		02.2110
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		02.2110
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		02.5720
Hypoascorbemia
[description not available]		02.2110
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		02.2110
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		02.5720
Scurvy
An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.		02.2110
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		04.5322
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		04.5322
Leanness
[description not available]		02.2110
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		03.8340
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		03.8340
Dermatoses
[description not available]		08.94231
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		08.94231
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary
Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)		02.2110
Prostatism
Lower urinary tract symptom, such as slow urinary stream, associated with PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA in older men.		02.2110
Impotence
[description not available]		02.2110
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		02.2110
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		06.9862
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.5820
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		02.5820
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		02.5820
Palsy
[description not available]		03.2160
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		08.2160
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		03.5911
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		03.5911
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		03.5911
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		03.5911
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		06.7472
Mental Retardation, X-Linked
A class of genetic disorders resulting in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY that is associated either with mutations of GENES located on the X CHROMOSOME or aberrations in the structure of the X chromosome (SEX CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS).		03.1210
Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Familial
[description not available]		03.1210
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		03.6130
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		03.6130
Drug Refractory Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.2110
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.2110
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		02.2110
Infections, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		02.2110
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		02.2110
Fractures, Compound
[description not available]		02.2110
Soft Tissue Infections
Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)		02.2110
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		05.9251
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		04.9550
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		04.9550
Motor Disorders
Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)		03.6411
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		04.5851
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		04.5851
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		09.57615
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		04.9221
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		04.1560
Xeroderma
[description not available]		04.3140
Hypertrichosis
Excessive hair growth at inappropriate locations, such as on the extremities, the head, and the back. It is caused by genetic or acquired factors, and is an androgen-independent process. This concept does not include HIRSUTISM which is an androgen-dependent excess hair growth in WOMEN and CHILDREN.		03.1710
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		09.1560
Ichthyosis
Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.		04.3140
ADDH
[description not available]		04.5111
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		04.5111
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		02.2110
Pancreatic Insufficiency
[description not available]		05.1133
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.		05.1133
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		04.1530
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		04.1530
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		06.4892
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		06.4892
Cramp
[description not available]		04.131
Muscle Cramp
A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)		04.131
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis
[description not available]		02.0710
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.7130
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.		02.0710
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		011.3142
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		06.3142
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		03.4811
Athletic Injuries
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.		03.4811
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		06.8281
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		06.8281
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.7530
Kaposi Sarcoma
[description not available]		03.4120
Sarcoma, Kaposi
A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.		03.4120
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		04.551
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		05.2641
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		04.551
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		17.2641
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		02.4920
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		02.4920
Hypopharyngeal Cancer
[description not available]		02.110
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		02.110
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.		02.110
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		02.110
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		04.550
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		09.550
Scalp Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the SCALP.		0310
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		04.1460
Middle Ear Effusion
[description not available]		02.110
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		02.730
Otitis Media with Effusion
Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.		02.110
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		02.730
Clerambault Syndrome
[description not available]		02.110
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.4220
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		02.730
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		02.730
Deficiency, Vitamin A
[description not available]		03.3570
Vitamin A Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)		03.3570
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		04.950
Avian Diseases
[description not available]		04.5251
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		06.93270
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		18.93270
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		06.5561
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		06.5561
Infantile Diarrhea
[description not available]		03.4711
Diarrhea, Infantile
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.		03.4711
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		02.0810
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		02.9440
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.0810
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		02.9440
Ambulation Difficulty
[description not available]		04.3841
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		04.4522
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		04.4522
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		03.3920
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		03.3920
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		02.110
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.		04.4950
Connective Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.420
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		02.110
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		04.0350
Fifth Phacomatosis
[description not available]		02.110
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		0450
Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome
Hereditary disorder consisting of multiple basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts, and multiple skeletal defects, e.g., frontal and temporoparietal bossing, bifurcated and splayed ribs, kyphoscoliosis, fusion of vertebrae, and cervicothoracic spina bifida. Genetic transmission is autosomal dominant.		02.110
Gait Disorders, Animal
[description not available]		04.0531
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		04.63270
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		04.63270
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		05.72110
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		02.4820
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		02.4820
Hives
[description not available]		05.1131
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		17.1131
Chalazia
[description not available]		02.110
Blepharitis
Inflammation of the eyelids.		02.110
Chalazion
A non-neoplastic cyst of the MEIBOMIAN GLANDS of the eyelid.		02.110
Fracture, Pathologic
[description not available]		010.58283
Deficiency, Vitamin K
[description not available]		05.721
Vitamin K Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182)		05.721
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		03.1150
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		03.1150
Bacterial Vaginitides
[description not available]		04.411
Vaginosis, Bacterial
Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.		04.411
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer
[description not available]		03.4811
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.		15.4811
Grippe
[description not available]		08.1575
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		110.1575
Restless Leg Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1110
Restless Legs Syndrome
A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.		02.1110
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		02.1110
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		02.1110
Berger Disease
[description not available]		03.4811
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.		03.4811
Classic Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy
[description not available]		02.1110
Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell
An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of GALACTOSYLCERAMIDASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of galactolipids such as GALACTOSYLCERAMIDES and PSYCHOSINE. It is characterized by demyelination associated with large multinucleated globoid cells, predominantly involving the white matter of the central nervous system. The loss of MYELIN disrupts normal conduction of nerve impulses.		02.1110
Cranial Nerve VII Injuries
[description not available]		03.0310
Seasonal Affective Disorders
[description not available]		03.0110
Seasonal Affective Disorder
A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (PHOTOTHERAPY), during the season of recurrence.		03.0110
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.3820
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		02.3820
Direct Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal
[description not available]		03.511
Hydramnios
[description not available]		03.511
Aberrant Crypt Foci
Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.		02.1110
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
[description not available]		03.8721
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic
A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)		03.8721
Central Nervous System Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.1110
Central Nervous System Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.		02.1110
Pervasive Child Development Disorders
[description not available]		03.0310
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive
Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.		03.0310
Cerebromeningitis
[description not available]		02.1110
Thromboembolism, Venous
[description not available]		03.5111
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.5111
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		03.5111
Venous Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		03.5111
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		04.651
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		04.651
Bacterial Skin Diseases
[description not available]		05.0850
Skin Diseases, Bacterial
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.		05.0850
Actinomycetales Infections
Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.		02.1110
Hot Flashes
A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		05.8542
Acrania
[description not available]		02.1110
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		02.1110
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid
[description not available]		02.1110
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		02.1110
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency
A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)		02.1110
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		06.4661
Angioedema, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.1110
Angioedemas, Hereditary
Inherited disorders that are characterized by subcutaneous and submucosal EDEMA in the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT and GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		02.1110
Tooth Resorption
Resorption of calcified dental tissue, involving demineralization due to reversal of the cation exchange and lacunar resorption by osteoclasts. There are two types: external (as a result of tooth pathology) and internal (apparently initiated by a peculiar inflammatory hyperplasia of the pulp). (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p676)		02.4820
Dentin, Secondary
Dentin formed by normal pulp after completion of root end formation.		02.4220
Fetal Macrosomia
A condition of fetal overgrowth leading to a large-for-gestational-age FETUS. It is defined as BIRTH WEIGHT greater than 4,000 grams or above the 90th percentile for population and sex-specific growth curves. It is commonly seen in GESTATIONAL DIABETES; PROLONGED PREGNANCY; and pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus.		03.5111
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.1110
Body Rocking
[description not available]		04.4311
Hyperactivity, Motor
[description not available]		04.4311
Hay Fever
[description not available]		02.4920
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.		02.4920
Psoriasis Arthropathica
[description not available]		02.5220
Arthritis, Psoriatic
A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.		02.5220
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		03.3620
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		03.3620
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		03.6630
Spasmophilia
[description not available]		04.81130
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		02.1110
Embryopathies
[description not available]		03.0310
Placenta Diseases
Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.		02.1110
Marasmus
[description not available]		04.9831
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.		04.9831
Clasp-Knife Spasticity
[description not available]		03.0310
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)		03.0310
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		04.4111
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		04.4111
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		05.2541
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		05.2541
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		08.4885
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		08.4885
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		02.1110
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		02.1110
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		02.4820
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		02.4820
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic
[description not available]		03.150
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.		03.150
Acquired Meningomyelocele
[description not available]		02.1310
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		02.5220
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		02.5220
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.7930
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		02.520
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		02.520
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.		14.1310
Amish Brittle Hair Brain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.520
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		05.6841
P carinii Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.3820
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.		02.3820
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		03.8121
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		03.8121
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		03.5111
Teeth, Impacted
[description not available]		03.5111
Lock Jaw
[description not available]		03.5111
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		03.5111
Orthopedic Disorders
[description not available]		04.4311
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.		04.4311
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		07.3980
Carcinoma, Thymic
[description not available]		02.1310
Hypogammaglobulinemia
[description not available]		02.1310
Agammaglobulinemia
An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.		02.1310
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		07.3980
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		05.3851
Thymoma
A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.1310
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		02.1310
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		04.821
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		02.1310
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING.		02.1310
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.1110
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		02.420
Paranasal Sinus Diseases
Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.		04.4311
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		04.7970
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		02.4120
Rotavirus Infections
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.		02.1310
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		02.1310
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		02.3920
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		02.3920
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		02.3920
Acantholysis
Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see PEMPHIGUS) and DARIER DISEASE.		02.1510
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		02.1510
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.1510
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		03.630
Rheumatism
[description not available]		04.3470
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		03.630
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		04.3470
Graft Occlusion, Vascular
Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.		02.1310
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		02.4420
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		02.4420
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.9940
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		02.7830
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		02.7830
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		02.9940
Johne Disease
[description not available]		03.5111
Hypertension, Essential
[description not available]		02.5220
Essential Hypertension
Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500		02.5220
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		03.8721
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		02.1510
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		02.1510
Plasmablastic Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.1510
Blastocyst Disintegration
[description not available]		02.5120
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		02.1510
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		03.5311
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		15.5311
Chondromalacia
Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.		03.5311
Cartilage Diseases
Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).		03.5311
Polychondritis, Chronic Atrophic
[description not available]		03.0610
Polychondritis, Relapsing
An acquired disease of unknown etiology, chronic course, and tendency to recur. It is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage and can result in deformities such as floppy ear and saddle nose. Loss of cartilage in the respiratory tract can lead to respiratory obstruction.		03.0610
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		05.0530
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		05.0530
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		02.0410
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		06.4592
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		06.4592
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial
[description not available]		03.6330
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.		08.6330
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		04.6160
Potassium Deficiency
A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		02.9610
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		04.6160
Acidosis, Diabetic
[description not available]		02.0510
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.		02.0510
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		02.9610
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic
[description not available]		02.9610
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.		02.9610
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		02.9610
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute
[description not available]		02.0410
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous
A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).		02.0410
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		04.3411
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		16.3411
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		03.4880
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		04.3511
Lupus Vulgaris
A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the NASAL MUCOSA; BUCCAL MUCOSA; and conjunctival mucosa.		01.9210
Otospongiosis
[description not available]		02.8840
Pulsatile Tinnitus
[description not available]		02.0410
Otosclerosis
Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.		02.8840
Tinnitus
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.		02.0410
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.9540
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.9540
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		03.4311
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		03.6630
Chilblains
Recurrent localized itching, swelling and painful erythema on the fingers, toes or ears, produced by exposure to cold.		03.8421
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		04.131
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		02.4220
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		02.6930
Adenomatosis, Familial Endocrine
[description not available]		02.0510
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		02.4220
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		02.6930
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		02.0510
Goiter
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).		03.3520
Cushing's Syndrome
[description not available]		04.9931
ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.		04.9931
Aging, Premature
Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.		03.3720
Cacosmia
[description not available]		02.0510
Anosmic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		02.4620
Kallmann Syndrome
A genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by hypothalamic GNRH deficiency and OLFACTORY NERVE defects. It is characterized by congenital HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM and ANOSMIA, possibly with additional midline defects. It can be transmitted as an X-linked (GENETIC DISEASES, X-LINKED), an autosomal dominant, or an autosomal recessive trait.		02.4620
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		07.4892
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.7970
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.9440
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4620
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
[description not available]		02.0510
Immune Reconstitution Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		02.0510
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		14.4620
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.		02.0510
Failure to Thrive
A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.		02.4420
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		04.4130
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		02.9610
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		04.4130
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		02.9610
Behavior Disorder, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
[description not available]		02.9710
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during REM sleep (SLEEP, REM). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)		02.9710
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type
[description not available]		02.0510
Dermatomyositis
A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)		02.0510
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		06.65330
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		06.65330
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		07.4844
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		07.4844
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		02.0510
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung
A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.		03.3970
Myositis, Multiple
[description not available]		02.9710
Polymyositis
Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)		02.9710
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		02.0610
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		02.0610
Compartment Syndromes
Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.		02.0610
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia
[description not available]		07.67174
Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy
[description not available]		09.49292
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
A hereditary syndrome clinically similar to HYPOPARATHYROIDISM. It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; and associated skeletal development impairment and caused by failure of response to PARATHYROID HORMONE rather than deficiencies. A severe form with resistance to multiple hormones is referred to as Type 1a and is associated with maternal mutant allele of the ALPHA CHAIN OF STIMULATORY G PROTEIN.		09.49292
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		02.0610
Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3820
Acne Rosacea
[description not available]		04.3640
Acariasis
[description not available]		02.0510
Rosacea
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).		04.3640
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergilloses
[description not available]		02.0510
Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary
Hypersensitivity reaction (ALLERGIC REACTION) to fungus ASPERGILLUS in an individual with long-standing BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. It is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, EOSINOPHILIA, elevated serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and skin reactivity to Aspergillus antigen.		02.0510
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		02.0510
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.0510
Disseminated Superficial Actinic Porokeratosis
[description not available]		02.9910
Porokeratosis
A heritable disorder of faulty keratinization characterized by the proliferation of abnormal clones of KERATINOCYTES and lesions showing varying atrophic patches surrounded by an elevated, keratotic border. These keratotic lesions can progress to overt cutaneous neoplasm. Several clinical variants are recognized, including porokeratosis of Mibelli, linear porokeratosis, disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis, palmoplantar porokeratosis, and punctate porokeratosis.		02.9910
Dysgeusia
A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality.		02.0610
Digestive System Fistula
An abnormal passage communicating between any components of the digestive system, or between any part of the digestive system and surrounding organ(s).		02.0510
B. burgdorferi Infection
[description not available]		02.0610
Lyme Disease
An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.		02.0610
Hyperkeratosis Palmaris et Plantaris
[description not available]		02.9710
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		03.6430
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		03.6430
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		02.0610
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		02.0610
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0610
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed
[description not available]		02.0610
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)		02.0610
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0610
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.0610
Cyanosis
A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.		02.0610
Apnea
A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		02.0610
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		04.4280
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		02.0610
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		02.0610
Hypomenorrhea
[description not available]		04.3711
Calculosis
[description not available]		02.4620
Genital Diseases, Male
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).		02.0610
Hypercoagulability
[description not available]		02.0610
Thrombophilia
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.		02.0610
Albright Syndrome
[description not available]		04.2940
Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE affecting several bones. When melanotic pigmentation (CAFE-AU-LAIT SPOTS) and multiple endocrine hyperfunction are additionally associated it is referred to as Albright syndrome.		04.2940
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		02.3820
Calcification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
[description not available]		02.0610
Bleb
[description not available]		02.0710
Malignant Catarrh
A herpesvirus infection of cattle characterized by catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory and alimentary epithelia, keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis and lymph node enlargement. Syn: bovine epitheliosis, snotsiekte.		02.0710
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		04.3711
Addison Disease, X-Linked
[description not available]		04.3711
Hypoadrenocorticism, Familial
Hereditary forms of Addison disease that may exhibit autosomal recessive or X-linked inheritance. They are characterized by severe neurological symptoms, APNEA; and death in infancy. OMIM: 240200		04.3711
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		02.0710
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		02.0710
Fibrosis, Radiation
[description not available]		02.0610
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		02.4520
Radiation Pneumonitis
Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.		02.0610
Adipocere
[description not available]		03.81110
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone
[description not available]		02.8840
Osteonecrosis
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.		02.8840
Break-Bone Fever
[description not available]		02.0510
Dengue
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.		02.0510
Neuroretinitis
[description not available]		02.0710
Retinitis
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).		02.0710
Pleurisy, Tuberculous
[description not available]		02.0710
Bone Demineralization, Pathologic
Decrease, loss, or removal of the mineral constituents of bones. Temporary loss of bone mineral content is especially associated with space flight, weightlessness, and extended immobilization. OSTEOPOROSIS is permanent, includes reduction of total bone mass, and is associated with increased rate of fractures. CALCIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGIC is the process of bone remineralizing. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; Nicogossian, Space Physiology and Medicine, 2d ed, pp327-33)		02.0710
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		02.9910
Venous Insufficiency
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.		02.9910
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		02.0710
Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		03.4611
Muscular Dystrophies
A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.		03.4611
Acroosteolysis, Giaccai Type
[description not available]		02.0710
Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies
A group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of dorsal root and autonomic ganglion cells, and clinically by loss of sensation and autonomic dysfunction. There are five subtypes. Type I features autosomal dominant inheritance and distal sensory involvement. Type II is characterized by autosomal inheritance and distal and proximal sensory loss. Type III is DYSAUTONOMIA, FAMILIAL. Type IV features insensitivity to pain, heat intolerance, and mental deficiency. Type V is characterized by a selective loss of pain with intact light touch and vibratory sensation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, pp142-4)		02.0710
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		02.6830
Segond Fracture
[description not available]		05.1960
Rib Fractures
Fractures of any of the RIBS.		02.0710
Tibial Fractures
Fractures of the TIBIA.		17.1960
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		03.4711
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		03.4711
Vaginal Diseases
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.		03.4711
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		04.721
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		04.721
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		02.4220
Hyperkyphosis
[description not available]		02.3820
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder
[description not available]		02.0810
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		06.7122
Mastitis
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.		02.0810
Anterior Optic Neuritis
[description not available]		03.4711
Optic Neuritis
Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).		15.4711
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		02.0110
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		02.0110
Granulomas
[description not available]		03.9750
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		03.9750
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		02.9310
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		02.0110
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.0850
Emaciation
Clinical manifestation of excessive LEANNESS usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition (MALNUTRITION).		02.0110
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System
[description not available]		02.0110
Placental Insufficiency
Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.		02.0110
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		06.3480
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		06.3480
Deficiency, Protein
[description not available]		02.3720
Abnormality, Torsion
[description not available]		02.4120
Cystine Diathesis
[description not available]		03.7321
Cystinosis
A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.		03.7321
Cyst
[description not available]		01.9410
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.6330
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		02.6330
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective
[description not available]		01.9410
Xanthoma
[description not available]		02.6530
Broad Beta Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Apolipoprotein C-II Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9410
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II
A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).		01.9410
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III
An autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL or broad-beta-lipoprotein). IDL has a CHOLESTEROL to TRIGLYCERIDES ratio greater than that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. This disorder is due to mutation of APOLIPOPROTEINS E, a receptor-binding component of VLDL and CHYLOMICRONS, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides.		01.9410
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I
An inherited condition due to a deficiency of either LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE or APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (a lipase-activating protein). The lack of lipase activities results in inability to remove CHYLOMICRONS and TRIGLYCERIDES from the blood which has a creamy top layer after standing.		01.9410
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		02.3420
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I
[description not available]		03.320
Acidosis, Renal Tubular
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.		03.320
Decreased Muscle Tone
[description not available]		02.3820
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		05.07101
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		05.1940
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		05.1940
Hand Deformities, Acquired
Deformities of the hand, or a part of the hand, acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease.		02.0210
Desmoid
[description not available]		02.0210
Fibromatosis, Aggressive
A childhood counterpart of abdominal or extra-abdominal desmoid tumors, characterized by firm subcutaneous nodules that grow rapidly in any part of the body but do not metastasize. The adult form of abdominal fibromatosis is FIBROMATOSIS, ABDOMINAL. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0210
Humeral Fractures
Fractures of the HUMERUS.		04.3211
Epithelial Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3420
Bone Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9210
Fibrocartilaginous Dysplasia of Bone
[description not available]		03.0550
Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone
A disease of bone marked by thinning of the cortex by fibrous tissue containing bony spicules, producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity. Only one bone may be involved (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, MONOSTOTIC) or several (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).		03.0550
Hyperoxaluria
Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.		02.9310
Acid-Base Imbalance
Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.		02.9310
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		02.9310
Bone Hypertrophy
[description not available]		02.4320
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		03.3220
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		03.3220
Fetal Malnutrition
[description not available]		02.0210
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex
[description not available]		02.0210
Reflex, Abnormal
An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.		02.0210
Melanoameloblastoma
[description not available]		02.0210
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		03.9950
Mandibular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.		02.0210
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum
[description not available]		02.3820
Keratosis
Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.		02.3820
Keratosis Seborrheica
[description not available]		02.0210
Keratosis, Seborrheic
Benign eccrine poromas that present as multiple oval, brown-to-black plaques, located mostly on the chest and back. The age of onset is usually in the fourth or fifth decade.		02.0210
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic
An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.		02.9410
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes
[description not available]		07.88131
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		012.88131
Cholesteatoma
A non-neoplastic mass of keratin-producing squamous EPITHELIUM, frequently occurring in the MENINGES; bones of the skull, and most commonly in the MIDDLE EAR and MASTOID region. Cholesteatoma can be congenital or acquired. Cholesteatoma is not a tumor nor is it associated with high CHOLESTEROL.		02.0210
Prurigo
A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3220
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, M4
[description not available]		02.4120
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute
A pediatric acute myeloid leukemia involving both myeloid and monocytoid precursors. At least 20% of non-erythroid cells are of monocytic origin.		02.4120
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		02.0310
Diabetes, Phosphate
[description not available]		010.99462
Hypophosphatemia, Familial
An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.		010.99462
Bladder Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Cystitis, Interstitial
A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.		02.0310
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		02.0310
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex
[description not available]		02.9410
Osteosclerosis
An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.		03.840
Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy without Multiple Hormone Resistance
[description not available]		04.4130
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		02.0310
Ectopic Hormone Syndromes
[description not available]		03.7820
Di Guglielmo Disease
[description not available]		02.6830
Empty Sella Syndrome
A condition when the SELLA TURCICA is not filled with pituitary tissue. The pituitary gland is either compressed, atrophied, or removed. There are two types: (1) primary empty sella is due a defect in the sella diaphragm leading to arachnoid herniation into the sellar space; (2) secondary empty sella is associated with the removal or treatment of PITUITARY NEOPLASMS.		02.0310
Froehlich's Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		02.0310
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.		02.6830
Cafe-au-Lait Spots
Light brown pigmented macules associated with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS and Albright's syndrome (see FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).		03.4211
Chloasma
[description not available]		03.4211
Melanosis
Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.		03.4211
AIRE Deficiency
[description not available]		02.9510
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		03.0550
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		03.3420
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		04.3730
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		04.3730
Joint Deformities, Acquired
Deformities acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease. The joint deformity is often associated with rheumatoid arthritis and leprosy.		02.0310
Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma
[description not available]		02.0310
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		07.0410
Colon Cancer, Familial Nonpolyposis
[description not available]		02.9510
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		02.9510
Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis
A group of autosomal-dominant inherited diseases in which COLON CANCER arises in discrete adenomas. Unlike FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI with hundreds of polyps, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms occur much later, in the fourth and fifth decades. HNPCC has been associated with germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. It has been subdivided into Lynch syndrome I or site-specific colonic cancer, and LYNCH SYNDROME II which includes extracolonic cancer.		02.9510
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		14.9510
Jaw Diseases
Diseases involving the JAW.		02.9510
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid
[description not available]		02.9510
Macular Edema
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)		02.9510
Postgastrectomy Syndromes
Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.		03.5930
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.0410
Deficiency, Yang
[description not available]		02.0410
Collagen Diseases
Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)		02.9510
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		02.0410
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		02.3820
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		02.3820
Common Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumor or cancer of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.		02.0410
Calcium Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.		06.13120
Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.		03.2160
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		01.9610
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.8810
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head
[description not available]		02.3720
Alkalosis
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.		02.8810
Hypophosphatasia
A genetic metabolic disorder resulting from serum and bone alkaline phosphatase deficiency leading to hypercalcemia, ethanolamine phosphatemia, and ethanolamine phosphaturia. Clinical manifestations include severe skeletal defects resembling vitamin D-resistant rickets, failure of the calvarium to calcify, dyspnea, cyanosis, vomiting, constipation, renal calcinosis, failure to thrive, disorders of movement, beading of the costochondral junction, and rachitic bone changes. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.6530
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		03.0750
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		03.2920
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		03.2920
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		02.8840
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		01.9610
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		01.9610
Plant Poisoning
Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.		04.7370
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		09.58100
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		04.58100
Parathyroid Disorders
[description not available]		04.0330
Parathyroid Diseases
Pathological processes of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. They usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.		04.0330
Bowel Incontinence
[description not available]		01.9610
Fecal Incontinence
Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.		01.9610
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		02.3720
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		03.3470
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain
[description not available]		01.9610
Angiomyxoma
[description not available]		01.9610
Adult Fanconi Syndrome
[description not available]		04.9160
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9610
Chondrosarcoma
A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9610
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		01.9610
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
A bone tumor composed of cellular spindle-cell stroma containing scattered multinucleated giant cells resembling osteoclasts. The tumors range from benign to frankly malignant lesions. The tumor occurs most frequently in an end of a long tubular bone in young adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9810
Hemangioendothelioma, Epithelioid
A tumor of medium-to-large veins, composed of plump-to-spindled endothelial cells that bulge into vascular spaces in a tombstone-like fashion. These tumors are thought to have borderline aggression, where one-third develop local recurrences, but only rarely metastasize. It is unclear whether the epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is truly neoplastic or an exuberant tissue reaction, nor is it clear if this is equivalent to Kimura's disease (see ANGIOLYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA WITH EOSINOPHILIA). (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		01.9810
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		01.9810
Aneuploid
[description not available]		02.910
Brucella Infection
[description not available]		01.9810
Infections, Listeria
[description not available]		01.9810
Brucellosis
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.		01.9810
Hemorrhagic Fever, Epidemic
[description not available]		01.9810
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		01.9810
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome
An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Milder forms are caused by SEOUL VIRUS and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, and the PUUMALA VIRUS with transmission by Clethrionomys galreolus.		01.9810
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		01.9810
Niemann-Pick Disease
[description not available]		01.9810
Niemann-Pick Diseases
A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences.		01.9810
Refractory Anemia
[description not available]		03.5830
Anemia, Refractory
A severe sometimes chronic anemia, usually macrocytic in type, that does not respond to ordinary antianemic therapy.		03.5830
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		02.6830
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		02.6830
Lordosis
The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = POSTURE + SEX BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL).		02.3620
Albers-Schoenberg Disease
[description not available]		02.8940
Osteopetrosis
Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; OSTEITIS; SPLENOMEGALY with infarct; ANEMIA; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).		02.8940
Duncan Disease
[description not available]		01.9810
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.		01.9810
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic
[description not available]		01.9910
Poisoning, Fluoride
[description not available]		03.3711
Dental Fluoroses
[description not available]		03.3711
Fluoride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of FLUORIDE compounds.		03.3711
Fluorosis, Dental
A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)		03.3711
Blast Phase
[description not available]		03.7721
Blast Crisis
An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.		03.7721
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		01.9910
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		01.9910
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		01.9910
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection
[description not available]		01.9910
Gonorrhea
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.		01.9910
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		01.9910
Adult Premature Aging Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		01.9910
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Dysfunctions in the metabolism of metals resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		01.9910
Dental Enamel Hypoplasia
An acquired or hereditary condition due to deficiency in the formation of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS). It is usually characterized by defective, thin, or malformed DENTAL ENAMEL. Risk factors for enamel hypoplasia include gene mutations, nutritional deficiencies, diseases, and environmental factors.		01.9910
Tooth Discoloration
Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)		01.9910
Anomalous Dysplasia of Dentin
[description not available]		02.3920
Plasma Cell Tumor
[description not available]		01.9910
Plasmacytoma
Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.		01.9910
Polyploid
[description not available]		01.9910
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		01.9910
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		01.9910
Spinal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.		01.9910
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		03.6130
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		03.6130
Skin Diseases, Vascular
Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.		0210
Animal Diseases
Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.		02.9110
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus
[description not available]		02.420
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).		02.420
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		02.3620
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		02.3620
ATLL
[description not available]		0210
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell
Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.		0210
Groenblad-Strandberg Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
An inherited disorder of connective tissue with extensive degeneration and calcification of ELASTIC TISSUE primarily in the skin, eye, and vasculature. At least two forms exist, autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant. This disorder is caused by mutations of one of the ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS. Patients are predisposed to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION and GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE.		0210
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease
[description not available]		0210
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		0210
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell
A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.		0210
Tooth Loss
The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury.		04.3111
Chorea Disorders
[description not available]		02.0110
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		02.3720
Chorea
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.		02.0110
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		02.3720
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		02.9210
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		14.9210
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		02.0110
Bradykinesia
[description not available]		03.3911
Chromoblastomycosis
Scaly papule or warty growth, caused by five fungi, that spreads as a result of satellite lesions affecting the foot or leg. The extremity may become swollen and, at its distal portion, covered with various nodular, tumorous, verrucous lesions that resemble cauliflower. In rare instances, the disease may begin on the hand or wrist and involve the entire upper extremity. (Arnold, Odom, and James, Andrew's Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p362)		02.0110
Infections, Meningococcal
[description not available]		02.0110
Meningococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.		02.0110
alpha-LCAT Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9510
Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase Deficiency
An autosomal recessive disorder of lipoprotein metabolism caused by mutation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE gene. It is characterized by low HDL-cholesterol levels, and the triad of CORNEAL OPACITIES; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; and PROTEINURIA with renal failure.		01.9510
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		02.8710
Gasser Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8710
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		02.8710
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.		02.8710
Arthropathies
[description not available]		01.9510
Epiphyses, Slipped
A complete or partial separation of the EPIPHYSES from the DIAPHYSES.		02.3520
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		01.9510
Aminoaciduria, Renal
[description not available]		03.2720
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		03.2820
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome
[description not available]		01.9510
Ectopic Ossification
[description not available]		03.5530
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.5730
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		03.5730
Erythema Nodosum
An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.		02.8710
Uveitis, Anterior
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.		02.8710
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.3620
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		02.8710
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		02.8710
Monkey Diseases
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).		02.6430
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error
[description not available]		01.9510
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly)
[description not available]		01.9510
Acromegaly
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)		01.9510
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.6430
Dermatitis Exfoliativa
[description not available]		01.9510
Dermatitis, Exfoliative
The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		02.3620
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		02.3620
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic
[description not available]		01.9510
Mast Cell Activation Disease
[description not available]		01.9810
Mastocytosis
A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).		01.9810
Molar, Fourth
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukemia, Smoldering
[description not available]		05.3751
Chromosomal Triplication
[description not available]		01.9810
Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts
Chronic refractory anemia with granulocytopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. Myeloblasts and progranulocytes constitute 5 to 40 percent of the nucleated marrow cells.		05.3751
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		02.3820
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		01.9810
Thyrotoxicosis
A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.		01.9710
Infections, Proteus
[description not available]		01.9710
Schistosoma mansoni Infection
[description not available]		01.9710
Schistosomiasis mansoni
Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.		01.9710
Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		01.9710
Hepatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.		01.9710
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		03.2820
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		03.2820
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		01.9710
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		02.3820
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3820
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		01.9710
Fungal Lung Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		01.9710
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		01.9710
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		01.9710
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction
[description not available]		01.9710
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction
Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.		01.9710
Maculopapular Cutaneous Mastocytosis
[description not available]		02.8910
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		01.9710
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		01.9710
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		02.8810
Preleukemia
Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria.		03.2920
Erythrocytosis
[description not available]		01.9610
Leukemia, Radiation-Induced
Leukemia produced by exposure to IONIZING RADIATION or NON-IONIZING RADIATION.		02.8810
Idiopathic Tropical Malabsorption Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Dysembryoma
[description not available]		02.8810
Teratoma
A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)		02.8810
Sore Throat
[description not available]		01.9410
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		01.9410
Emphysema, Mediastinal
[description not available]		01.9410
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		01.9410
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		01.9410
Decalcification, Pathologic
The loss of calcium salts from bones and teeth. Bacteria may be responsible for this occurrence in teeth. Old age may be a factor contributing to calcium loss, as is the presence of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.		02.3420
Biliary Fistula
Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.		01.9410
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		03.3211
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		01.9410
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		01.9410
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9410
Progeria
An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.		01.9410
Deficiency, Vitamin E
[description not available]		01.9410
Enteropathy, Exudative
[description not available]		01.9410
Protein-Losing Enteropathies
Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.		01.9410
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		01.9410
Congenital Syphilis
[description not available]		01.9410
Syphilis, Congenital
Syphilis acquired in utero and manifested by any of several characteristic tooth (Hutchinson's teeth) or bone malformations and by active mucocutaneous syphilis at birth or shortly thereafter. Ocular and neurologic changes may also occur.		01.9410
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Complications, Labor
[description not available]		01.9410
Ozena
[description not available]		01.9410
Rhinitis, Atrophic
A chronic inflammation in which the NASAL MUCOSA gradually changes from a functional to a non-functional lining without mucociliary clearance. It is often accompanied by degradation of the bony TURBINATES, and the foul-smelling mucus which forms a greenish crust (ozena).		01.9410
Paralysis, Obstetric
Paralysis of an infant resulting from injury received at birth. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn
[description not available]		03.3311
Trichostrongyloidiasis
Infection by roundworms of the superfamily TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA, including the genera TRICHOSTRONGYLUS; OSTERTAGIA; Cooperia, HAEMONCHUS; Nematodirus, Hyostrongylus, and DICTYOCAULUS.		02.6430
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)		02.8610
Stammering
[description not available]		01.9510
Stuttering
A disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the individual's age. This disturbance is characterized by frequent repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables. Various other types of speech dysfluencies may also be involved including interjections, broken words, audible or silent blocking, circumlocutions, words produced with an excess of physical tension, and monosyllabic whole word repetitions. Stuttering may occur as a developmental condition in childhood or as an acquired disorder which may be associated with BRAIN INFARCTIONS and other BRAIN DISEASES. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		01.9510
Nanism
[description not available]		01.9510
Dwarfism
A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.		01.9510
Cadmium Poisoning
Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.		01.9510
Interstitial Cell Tumor
[description not available]		01.9510
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		01.9510
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		01.9510