amphotericin b

Research Excerpts

Overview

Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene macrolide antibiotic widely used to treat mycotic infections. It is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent and is the backbone of the treatment for medically important opportunistic fungal pathogens in children.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene macrolide antibiotic widely used to treat mycotic infections. "	( Role of polyol moiety of amphotericin B in ion channel formation and sterol selectivity in bilayer membrane. Caffrey, P; Hanashima, S; Haser, R; Matsumori, N; Murata, M; Rawlings, BJ; Tsuchikawa, H; Umegawa, Y; Yamamoto, T, 2015)	2.16
"Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent and is the backbone of the treatment for medically important opportunistic fungal pathogens in children. "	( Evaluation of renal effects of liposomal amphotericin B in children with malignancies with KDIGO and RIFLE criteria. Acar, SO; Akkuş, Ş; Bayram, N; Çağlar, İ; Demirağ, B; Devrim, F; Devrim, İ; Dinçel, N; Gözmen, S; Karapınar, TH; Oymak, Y; Tahta, N; Vergin, C; Yılmaz, E, 2021)	2.33
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a powerful but toxic fungicide that operates via enigmatic small molecule-small molecule interactions. "	( Fungicidal amphotericin B sponges are assemblies of staggered asymmetric homodimers encasing large void volumes. Burke, MD; De Lio, AM; Greenwood, AI; Hisao, GS; Holler, JT; Khandelwal, A; Lewandowska, A; Nimerovsky, E; Pogorelov, TV; Rienstra, CM; SantaMaria, AM; Schwieters, CD; Soutar, CP; Zhang, J, 2021)	2.45
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a drug apply as anti-leishmanial and anti-fungal, however it has low water solubility and high toxicity, limiting its therapeutic application."	( Alginate-amphotericin B nanocomplexes covered by nanocrystals from bacterial cellulose: physico-chemical characterization and in vitro toxicity. Chaud, MV; da Gama, FMP; Grotto, D; Jozala, AF; Martins, D; Parpot, P; Silva-Carvalho, R; Soeiro, VS, 2021)	1.76
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a highly hydrophobic drug with significant leishmanicidal activity whose use is limited by its poor water solubility and adverse effects. "	( Covalent Conjugation of Amphotericin B to Hyaluronic Acid: An Injectable Water-Soluble Conjugate with Reduced Toxicity and Anti-Leishmanial Potential. Gama, FM; Leão, T; Silva-Carvalho, R; Tomás, AM, 2022)	2.47
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a fungicidal drug that, despite its toxic side effects, remains a drug of choice for the treatment of drug-resistant fungal infections, including those caused by C."	( Comparative Transcriptomics Reveal Possible Mechanisms of Amphotericin B Resistance in Candida auris. Chauhan, M; Chauhan, N; Chowdhary, A; Jenull, S; Kuchler, K; Mazumdar, R; Shivarathri, R; Singh, A, 2022)	1.69
"Amphotericin B (AMB) is a gold standard antifungal drug because of its broad-spectrum activity toward pathogenic yeasts and molds. "	( Preparation of amphotericin B-loaded hybrid liposomes and the integration of chitin-binding proteins for enhanced antifungal activity. Goto, M; Ishimine, Y; Kamiya, N; Komada, T; Minamihata, K; Santoso, P; Taira, T; Taniguchi, H, 2022)	2.52
"Amphotericin B is an antifungal and antiparasitic drug used in first-line treatment of the parasitic neglected tropical disease leishmaniasis. "	( Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of the antiparasitic and antifungal drug amphotericin B in human skin tissue. Alves, F; Beijnen, JH; Dorlo, TPC; Roseboom, IC; Rosing, H; Sundar, S; Thijssen, B, 2022)	2.36
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is an effective drug to treat visceral leishmaniasis but its use is limited by its poor oral bioavailability. "	( Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and activity of Amphotericin B-loaded nanocochleates on the Leishmania donovani murine visceral leishmaniasis model. Barratt, G; Cailleau, C; Dennemont, I; Fournier, N; Lipa Castro, A; Loiseau, PM; Pomel, S, 2022)	2.42
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a widely used antifungal agent especially for the therapy of systemic fungal infections. "	( Nicotinamide potentiates amphotericin B activity against Cao, Y; Liao, Z; Shen, J; Yan, Y; Zhu, Z, 2022)	2.47
"Amphotericin B was found to be an effective antifungal for preventing mucormycosis but it failed if infection disseminated to necrotizing tissues or adjacent organs."	( Mucormycosis threats: A systemic review. Kumar, A; Prakash, S, 2023)	1.63
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a potent antimicrobial agent used in clinical practice. "	( The role of aggregation and ionization in the chemical instability of Amphotericin B in aqueous methanol. Alencar, ÉN; Alexandrino Júnior, F; Egito, EST; Kirsch, LE; Sawangchan, P, 2023)	2.59
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a "life-saving" medicine for the treatment of invasive fungal infections and visceral leishmaniasis. "	( Amphotericin B and monoacyl-phosphatidylcholine form a stable amorphous complex. Bar-Shalom, D; Berthelsen, R; Doutch, J; Kjellerup Lind, T; Liu, X; Müllertz, A, 2023)	3.8
"Amphotericin B is a gold-standard drug, particularly for the treatment of systemic fungal infections. "	( The Custom R Group Enumeration with Various R Group Libraries at Designated Sites on Amphotericin B. Goyal, AK; Mahor, A; Sawant, DM, 2023)	2.58
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a highly efficient broad-spectrum antifungal only marketed as an intravenous formulation."	( Targeting lung macrophages for fungal and parasitic pulmonary infections with innovative amphotericin B dry powder inhalers. Ballesteros, MP; Bolás, F; Chauzy, A; de Pablo, E; Dea-Ayuela, MA; Fernández-García, R; Healy, AM; Kumar, D; Marchand, S; O'Connell, P; Serrano, DR; Tewes, F; Torrado, JJ, 2023)	1.85
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is an antibiotic with a wide spectrum of action and low multidrug resistance, although it exhibits self-aggregation, low specificity, and solubility in aqueous media. "	( A Theoretical Analysis of Interaction Energies and Intermolecular Interactions between Amphotericin B and Potential Bioconjugates Used in the Modification of Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery. Cuellar, J; Garza, J; Mejía, SM; Parada-Díaz, L, 2023)	2.58
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a life-saving and widely used antifungal antibiotic, but its therapeutic applicability is limited due to severe side effects. "	( Enhanced Antifungal Activity of Amphotericin B Bound to Albumin: A "Trojan Horse" Effect of the Protein. Cytryńska, M; Grela, E; Grudzinski, W; Gruszecki, WI; Janik, S; Luchowski, R; Nowak, M; Pawlikowska-Pawlega, B; Stączek, S; Zdybicka-Barabas, A, 2023)	2.64
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is an antifungal drug with the broadest spectrum and the most robust antifungal activity in clinical practice. "	( [Expert consensus on rational clinical application of amphotericin B deoxycholate (2022)]. , 2023)	2.6
"Amphotericin B is a popular antifungal antibiotic, and despite decades of pharmacological application, the exact mode of its biological activity is still a matter of debate. "	( Amphotericin B-Silver Hybrid Nanoparticles Help to Unveil the Mechanism of Biological Activity of the Antibiotic: Disintegration of Cell Membranes. Grela, E; Grudzinski, W; Gruszecki, WI; Janik, S; Luchowski, R; Stączek, S; Zdybicka-Barabas, A, 2023)	3.8
"Amphotericin B (AMB) is a polyene macrolide antifungal agent used for treating invasive fungal infections. "	( Validated HPLC-UV method for amphotericin B quantification in a critical patient receiving AmBisome and treated with extracorporeal replacement therapies. Aguilar, G; Alos-Almiñana, M; Ezquer-Garin, C; Ferriols-Lisart, R, 2023)	2.64
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a membrane-acting antibiotic used for the treatment of fungal and protozoal infections. "	( One Platform Comparison of Polymeric and Lipidic Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Amphotericin B. Jain, K; Joyson, N; Pathak, A, 2023)	2.58
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a very potent antifungal drug with very rare resistance among clinical isolates. "	( Synergistic antifungal interactions of amphotericin B with 4-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl) benzene-1,3-diol. Bonio, K; Chudzik, B; Dabrowski, W; Gagoś, M; Malodobry, K; Niewiadomy, A; Olender, A; Pietrzak, D, 2019)	2.23
"Amphotericin B is an antibiotic used as the "gold standard" in the treatment of life-threatening fungal infections. "	( Modes of the antibiotic activity of amphotericin B against Candida albicans. Cytrynska, M; Grela, E; Grudzinski, W; Gruszecki, WI; Luchowski, R; Pawlikowska-Pawlega, B; Wlodarczyk, M; Zdybicka-Barabas, A, 2019)	2.23
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene macrolide antibiotic clinically used as an antifungal drug. "	( The Amphotericin B-Ergosterol Complex Spans a Lipid Bilayer as a Single-Length Assembly. Funahashi, K; Hanashima, S; Matsumori, N; Murata, M; Seo, S; Shinoda, W; Tsuchikawa, H; Umegawa, Y; Yamamoto, T, 2019)	2.51
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene antimicrobial, the mainstay therapy for visceral leishmaniasis in several parts of India."	( Stigmasterol as a potential biomarker for amphotericin B resistance in Leishmania donovani. Bansal, R; Madhubala, R; Muthuswami, R; Sen, SS, 2020)	1.54
"Amphotericin B is an antibiotic used in the treatment of fungal disease and leishmania; however, it exhibits side effects to patients, hindering its wider application. "	( Self-assembling cashew gum-graft-polylactide copolymer nanoparticles as a potential amphotericin B delivery matrix. Carneiro, MJ; de Paula, RCM; de Sousa, JS; de Sousa, NA; Feitosa, JPA; Fontenelle, ROS; Freire, RS; Goycoolea, FM; Mendes, JFS; Paula, HCB; Pinto, VPT; Richter, AR, 2020)	2.23
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is an antifungal agent that poses a challenge for intravenous drug delivery due to its hydrophobicity and severe side effects that are attributed to the self-aggregation of AmB in aqueous solution. "	( Preparation, Characterization, and Formulation Optimization of Ionic-Liquid-in-Water Nanoemulsions toward Systemic Delivery of Amphotericin B. Esson, MM; Mecozzi, S, 2020)	2.21
"Amphotericin B is a gold standard drug used in various fungal and parasitic infection treatment. "	( Amphotericin B loaded ethyl cellulose nanoparticles with magnified oral bioavailability for safe and effective treatment of fungal infection. Kaur, K; Kumar, P; Kush, P, 2020)	3.44
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a macrolide antibiotic used as a second-choice treatment."	( Development, characterization, and anti-leishmanial activity of topical amphotericin B nanoemulsions. da Silva Cardoso, V; Dos Santos Matos, AP; Holandino, C; Lopes, DCDXP; Peixoto, MLH; Ricci-Júnior, E; Santos-Oliveira, R; Vermelho, AB; Viçosa, AL, 2020)	1.51
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is an effective antifungal agent for life-threatening systemic fungal infections. "	( Development of an amphotericin B micellar formulation using cholesterol-conjugated styrene-maleic acid copolymer for enhancement of blood circulation and antifungal selectivity. Banshoya, K; Kaneo, Y; Maeda, H; Tanaka, T; Yamamoto, S, 2020)	2.33
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is an important antifungal agent available in the clinical practice with the action mechanism related to the inhibition of ergosterol molecule present in the fungal cell wall. "	( A Critical Review of Analytical Methods for Quantification of Amphotericin B in Biological Samples and Pharmaceutical Formulations. Bauab, TM; Chorilli, M; Marena, GD; Ramos, MADS, 2022)	2.4
"Amphotericin B is a well-established pharmacologically approved drug; however, mainly toxicity is a foremost issue with that drug."	( Synergic effect of eugenol oleate with amphotericin B augments anti-leishmanial immune response in experimental visceral leishmaniasis in vitro and in vivo. Charan Raja, MR; Debnath, J; Jayaraman, A; Kar, A; Mahapatra, SK; Srinivasan, S, 2021)	1.61
"Amphotericin B (Amph-B) is an antifungal drug used intravenously for the treatment of leishmaniasis. "	( Influence of gamma radiation on Amphotericin B incorporated in PVP hydrogel as an alternative treatment for cutaneous leishmaniosis. Espinosa-Roa, A; Fabela-Sánchez, O; Fotoran, WL; Lugão, AB; Motta, FD; Oliveira, MJA; Peixoto, JC; Tano, FT; Vásquez, PAS; Villegas, GME, 2021)	2.35
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a very effective antifungal agent, and resistance in clinical isolates is rare. "	( Rimonabant potentiates the antifungal activity of amphotericin B by increasing cellular oxidative stress and cell membrane permeability. Chang, W; Chen, J; Duan, X; Jin, X; Lin, Z; Lou, H; Lu, J; Pang, Y; Wang, X; Zhang, M, 2021)	2.32
"Amphotericin B is a crucial agent in the management of serious systemic fungal infections. "	( Pancreas preservation with amphotericin B deteriorates islet yield for porcine islet isolation. Kuwae, K; Miyagi-Shiohira, C; Nishime, K; Noguchi, H; Saitoh, I; Sakai-Yonaha, M; Sawada, S; Tamaki, Y; Watanabe, M; Yonaha, T, 2021)	2.36
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene antifungal agent used widely for systemic fungal infections. "	( Liposomal amphotericin B-induced reversible ototoxicity in a patient with disseminated histoplasmosis. Bansal, N; Karunakara, D; Paliwal, P; Ramu, R; Sharma, B; Taneja, RS, )	1.98
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is an antifungal and antiparasitic agent that is the main drug used for the treatment of mycoses infections and leishmaniasis. "	( Fabrication of amphotericin B-loaded electrospun core-shell nanofibers as a novel dressing for superficial mycoses and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Alishahi, M; Asgari, Q; Barzegar, S; Caravan, D; Davani, F; Enjavi, Y; Esfandiari, F; Khorram, M; Zomorodian, K, 2021)	2.42
"Amphotericin B is an effective antifungal antibiotic. "	( Improvement of amphotericin B production by a newly isolated Streptomyces nodosus mutant. Huang, K; Liu, ZQ; Zhang, B; Zhang, HD; Zheng, YG; Zhou, YT, 2018)	2.28
"Amphotericin B is a fungicidal substance that is treatment of choice for most systemic fungal infections affecting immunocompromised patients. "	( Black and white teas as potential agents to combine with amphotericin B and protect red blood cells from amphotericin B-mediated toxicity. Carraro, E; Khalil, NM; Oliveira, VM, 2018)	2.17
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a poorly soluble, highly protein-bound drug, available as lipid-based formulations and used in critical illness."	( Investigation and simulation of dissolution with concurrent degradation under healthy and hypoalbuminaemic simulated parenteral conditions- case example Amphotericin B. Bolhuis, A; D'Arcy, DM; Díaz de León-Ortega, R; Fotaki, N, 2018)	1.4
"Amphotericin B is an antimicrobial membrane-acting drug used in the treatment of systemic fungal infections. "	( Long chain fatty acid conjugation remarkably decreases the aggregation induced toxicity of Amphotericin B. Jain, S; Prajapati, R; Sangamwar, AT; Thanki, K, 2018)	2.14
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a recommended medication for the treatment of cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis in cases of therapeutic failure with first-line medications; however, little is known about the in vitro susceptibility to AmB of clinical isolates of the subgenus Viannia, which is most prevalent in South America. "	( Intraspecies differences in natural susceptibility to amphotericine B of clinical isolates of Leishmania subgenus Viannia. Franco-Muñoz, C; Manjarrés-Estremor, M; Ovalle-Bracho, C, 2018)	1.92
"Amphotericin B (AMB) is a polyene macrolide antibiotic used for treating invasive fungal infections. "	( Bioanalysis of free and liposomal Amphotericin B in rat plasma using solid phase extraction and protein precipitation followed by LC-MS/MS. Fawcett, JP; Gu, J; Su, C; Sun, D; Sun, H; Yang, H, 2018)	2.2
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is an antifungal drug used for serious fungal infections and leishmaniosis. "	( Reducing the toxicity of amphotericin B by encapsulation using methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-glutamic acid-co-l-phenylalanine). Chen, X; Kan, B; Li, X; Shen, N; Song, W; Tang, Z; Xue, B; Yang, C; Yu, H; Zhang, D, 2018)	2.23
"Amphotericin B is a lifesaving polyene antibiotic used in the treatment of systemic mycoses. "	( Mechanism of Binding of Antifungal Antibiotic Amphotericin B to Lipid Membranes: An Insight from Combined Single-Membrane Imaging, Microspectroscopy, and Molecular Dynamics. Barzycka, A; Czub, J; Grela, E; Grudzinski, W; Gruszecki, WI; Luchowski, R; Nowak, K; Tarkowski, P; Wieczór, M; Zielinska, J, 2018)	2.18
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a widely used polyene antifungal agent; however, its poor solubility limits its clinical application. "	( Comparative studies on amphotericin B nanosuspensions prepared by a high pressure homogenization method and an antisolvent precipitation method. Fang, Q; Niu, B; Pan, X; Quan, G; Wu, B; Wu, C; Zhao, Y; Zhou, Y, 2018)	2.23
"Amphotericin B is an antibiotic used in pharmacotherapy of life-threatening mycotic infections. "	( Imaging of human cells exposed to an antifungal antibiotic amphotericin B reveals the mechanisms associated with the drug toxicity and cell defence. Grela, E; Grudzinski, W; Gruszecki, WI; Luchowski, R; Paduch, R; Piet, M, 2018)	2.17
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a broad-spectrum antifungal drug used in the treatment of fungal invasive infections. "	( Chitosan functionalized poly (ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles for amphotericin B delivery. Khalil, NM; Mainardes, RM; Pedroso, LS; Tominaga, TT; Vásquez Marcano, RGDJ, 2018)	2.16
"Amphotericin B (AMB) is a macrolide polyene antibiotic presenting potent antifungal and antileishmanial activity, but due to poor water solubility at physiological pH, side effects, and toxicity, its therapeutic efficiency is limited."	( Amphotericin B-loaded nanoparticles for local treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Abdeen, Z; Abu Ammar, A; Dan-Goor, M; Ereqat, S; Jaffe, CL; Nasereddin, A; Zussman, E, 2019)	2.68
"Amphotericin B is a low soluble broad-spectrum antifungal agent. "	( Permeability Characteristics of a New Antifungal Topical Amphotericin B Formulation with γ-Cyclodextrins. Córdoba, M; López-Castillo, C; Rodríguez-Fernández, C; Torrado, JJ, 2018)	2.17
"Amphotericin B is an increasingly important tool in efforts to reduce the global disease burden posed by Leishmania parasites. "	( Genomic instability at the locus of sterol C24-methyltransferase promotes amphotericin B resistance in Leishmania parasites. Barrett, MP; Bates, PA; Dickens, NJ; Donachie, AM; Pountain, AW; Regnault, C; Weidt, SK, 2019)	2.19
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is an effective and commonly used antifungal agent. "	( Local delivery polymer provides sustained antifungal activity of amphotericin B with reduced cytotoxicity. Gormley, CA; Haley, RM; Korley, JN; von Recum, HA; Zuckerman, ST, 2019)	2.19
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a very effective antifungal and antiparasitic drug with a narrow therapeutic window. "	( Hemolytic and pharmacokinetic studies of liposomal and particulate amphotericin B formulations. Ballesteros, MP; Bolás-Fernández, F; Dea-Ayuela, MA; Fleire, L; González-Alvarez, I; Hernández, L; Miró, G; Montoya, A; Serrano, DR; Torrado, JJ, 2013)	2.07
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is an effective but toxic antifungal drug, known to increase the permeability of the cell membrane, presumably by assembling into transmembrane pores in a sterol-dependent manner. "	( The effect of sterols on amphotericin B self-aggregation in a lipid bilayer as revealed by free energy simulations. Baginski, M; Czub, J; Neumann, A; Winczewski, S, 2013)	2.14
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene antifungal drug widely used for systemic fungal infections. "	( Effect of amphotericin B on the metabolic profiles of Candida albicans. Cao, Y; Chai, Y; Chen, X; Jiang, Y; Wang, H; Wu, H; Yan, L; Yao, X; Zhao, L; Zhu, Z, 2013)	2.23
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a poorly water soluble polyene antifungal antibiotic which is negligibly absorbed from the gastro intestinal tract after oral administration. "	( Oral bioavailability and stability study of a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) of amphotericin B. Bajpai, M; Bhattacharyya, A, 2013)	2.05
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a clinically vital antimycotic but is limited by its severe toxicity. "	( C2'-OH of amphotericin B plays an important role in binding the primary sterol of human cells but not yeast cells. Burke, MD; Endo, MM; Uno, BE; Wilcock, BC, 2013)	2.23
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a very efficient drug against serious diseases such as leishmaniasis and systemic fungal infections. "	( Development of oil-in-water microemulsions for the oral delivery of amphotericin B. Barratt, G; Chéron, M; Egito, ES; Silva, AE, 2013)	2.07
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene antibiotic and reported to be one of a few reagents having therapeutic effects on prion diseases, such as the delay in the appearing of the clinical signs and the prolongation of the survival time. "	( Activation of cultured astrocytes by amphotericin B: stimulation of NO and cytokines production and changes in neurotrophic factors production. Furuichi, T; Katoh-Semba, R; Kawabe, K; Moriyama, M; Motoyoshi-Yamashiro, A; Nakajima, H; Nakamura, Y; Takano, K; Tamura, M, 2013)	2.11
"Amphotericin B (AMB) is an antifungal agent used extensively in clinical medicine, yet resistance remains low. "	( Susceptibility to amphotericin B of Candida spp. strains isolated in Ceará, Northeastern Brazil. Magalhães, HI; Moraes, MO; Nobre Júnior, HV; Silva, CR, )	1.91
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus used for more than 50 years in the treatment of acute systemic fungal infections. "	( Amphotericin B-copper(II) complex as a potential agent with higher antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Borsuk, G; Chudzik, B; Czernel, G; Fiołka, MJ; Gagoś, M; Tracz, IB, 2013)	3.28
"Amphotericin B is a powerful polyene antifungal drug used for treating systemic fungal infections and is usually administered for a short period. "	( Very prolonged liposomal amphotericin B use leading to a lysosomal storage disease. Angoulvant, A; Aumont, C; Blanche, S; Coilly, A; Delfraissy, JF; Duclos-Vallée, JC; Fourn, E; Gubavu, C; Guettier, C; Lambotte, O; Lortholary, O; Maigne, G; Michot, JM; Sebagh, M; Teicher, E, 2014)	2.15
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a highly efficacious therapeutic for invasive fungal infections and protozoal diseases. "	( Does P-glycoprotein contribute to amphotericin B epithelial transport in Caco-2 cells? Osei-Twum, JA; Wasan, KM, 2015)	2.14
"Amphotericin B (AMB) is an antifungal drug that binds to ergosterol and forms pores at the cell membrane, causing the loss of ions. "	( The production of reactive oxygen species is a universal action mechanism of Amphotericin B against pathogenic yeasts and contributes to the fungicidal effect of this drug. Argüelles, JC; Casas, C; Cuenca-Estrella, M; Herrero, E; Mesa-Arango, AC; Pla, J; Román, E; Sánchez-Fresneda, R; Trevijano-Contador, N; Zaragoza, O, 2014)	2.07
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene antifungal drug and is reported to be one of a few reagents having therapeutic effects on prion diseases, that is, a delay in the appearance of clinical signs and prolongation of the survival time in an animal model. "	( Amphotericin B induces glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the rat brain. Izawa, T; Kawabe, K; Moriyama, M; Motoyoshi-Yamashiro, A; Nakajima, H; Nakamura, Y; Takano, K, 2014)	3.29
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a lifesaving antibiotic used to treat deep-seated mycotic infections. "	( Self-association of amphotericin B: spontaneous formation of molecular structures responsible for the toxic side effects of the antibiotic. Czub, J; Grudzinski, W; Gruszecki, M; Gruszecki, WI; Luchowski, R; Starzyk, J; Szlazak, R; Tutaj, K; Wasko, P, 2014)	2.17
"Amphotericin B (AMB) is a polyene antibiotic with broad spectrum antifungal activity, but its clinical toxicities and poor solubility limit the wide application of AMB in clinical practice. "	( Enhanced antifungal effects of amphotericin B-TPGS-b-(PCL-ran-PGA) nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. Cai, S; Hou, W; Liu, F; Sun, L; Tang, X; Zhang, R; Zhu, H, 2014)	2.13
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is an antifungal polyene for which the most accepted mode of action is formation of protein-like ion channels in the cell membrane. "	( A new look at the antibiotic amphotericin B effect on Candida albicans plasma membrane permeability and cell viability functions. Chudzik, B; Czuryło, A; Gagoś, M; Koselski, M; Trębacz, K, 2015)	2.15
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a commonly used antifungal drug, with well-documented effects on cellular immune responses. "	( Amphotericin B stimulates γδ T and NK cells, and enhances protection from Salmonella infection. Hedges, JF; Jones, K; Jutila, MA; Kimmel, E; Mitchell, AM; Ramstead, AG; Snyder, DT, 2015)	3.3
"Amphotericin B is a first-line agent for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis. "	( Pharmacodynamics of amphotericin B deoxycholate, amphotericin B lipid complex, and liposomal amphotericin B against Aspergillus fumigatus. Al-Nakeeb, Z; Goodwin, J; Hope, WW; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Walsh, TJ, 2015)	2.18
"Amphotericin B (AmpB) is a second-line drug, and although it has been increasingly used to treat visceral leishmaniasis (VL), its clinical use has been hampered due to its high toxicity."	( New delivery systems for amphotericin B applied to the improvement of leishmaniasis treatment. Cardoso, VN; Castilho, RO; Chávez-Fumagalli, MA; Coelho, CS; Coelho, EA; Faraco, AA; Fernandes, SO; Mendonça, DV; Ribeiro, TG; Soto, M; Tavares, CA, )	1.16
"Amphotericin B is a relatively toxic drug which has long been established."	( Amphotericin B and anidulafungin directly interact with DNA and induce oxidative damage in the mammalian genome. Basak, A; Chakraborty, A; Chakraborty, R; Franco, OL; Hazra, TK; Hossain, M; Mahata, D; Mandal, SM; Mukhopadhyay, CK; Porto, WF, 2015)	2.58
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a well-known polyene which self-organizes into membrane cell in order to cause the cell death. "	( Towards New Insights in the Sterol/Amphotericin Nanochannels Formation: A Molecular Dynamic Simulation Study. Balme, S; Boukari, K; Janot, JM; Picaud, F, 2016)	1.88
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus and has been used for >50 years in the treatment of acute systemic fungal infections. "	( Lysine enhances the effect of amphotericin B against Candida albicans in vitro. Cao, Y; Jiang, J; Jiang, Y; Liao, Z; Yang, Y; Yao, X; Zhao, L; Zhu, Z, 2016)	2.17
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a potent but toxic drug commonly used to treat systemic mycoses. "	( Thermodynamics and kinetics of amphotericin B self-association in aqueous solution characterized in molecular detail. Bączek, T; Czub, J; Gruszecki, M; Wieczór, M; Zielińska, J, 2016)	2.16
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a common agent used for the treatment against severe fungal infections. "	( Amphotericin B-silver hybrid nanoparticles: synthesis, properties and antifungal activity. Grudzinski, W; Gruszecki, WI; Jarosz-Wilkolazka, A; Luchowski, R; Osinska-Jaroszuk, M; Starzyk, J; Szalapata, K; Szlazak, R; Szuster-Ciesielska, A; Tutaj, K, 2016)	3.32
"Amphotericin B (AMB) is a highly hydrophobic antifungal, whose use is limited by its toxicity and poor solubility. "	( Characterization of a Polyethylene Glycol-Amphotericin B Conjugate Loaded with Free AMB for Improved Antifungal Efficacy. Hoi, KM; Ng, SK; Tan, TR; Zhang, P, 2016)	2.14
"Amphotericin B is a fungicidal substance that is treatment of choice for most systemic fungal infections affecting as cryptococcosis the immunocompromised patients. "	( Quercetin and rutin as potential agents antifungal against Cryptococcus spp. Auler, ME; Carraro, E; Khalil, NM; Oliveira, VM, )	1.57
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene macrolide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces nodosus. "	( The Structure of the Bimolecular Complex between Amphotericin B and Ergosterol in Membranes Is Stabilized by Face-to-Face van der Waals Interaction with Their Rigid Cyclic Cores. Hanashima, S; Matsumori, N; Matsushita, N; Murata, M; Nakagawa, Y; Oishi, T; Tsuchikawa, H; Umegawa, Y; Yamamoto, T, 2016)	2.13
"Amphotericin B is a popular antifungal antibiotic, a gold standard in treatment of systemic mycotic infections, due to its high effectiveness. "	( Molecular organization, localization and orientation of antifungal antibiotic amphotericin B in a single lipid bilayer. Grudzinski, W; Gruszecki, WI; Luchowski, R; Sagan, J; Welc, R, 2016)	2.11
"Amphotericin B is an antifungal drug widely used in Intensive Care Units. "	( A rapid and robust UHPLC-DAD method for the quantification of amphotericin B in human plasma. Barbagallo, L; Barco, S; Cangemi, G; Castagnola, E; D'Avolio, A; Maffia, A; Tripodi, G; Zunino, A, 2017)	2.14
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a membrane-active antibiotic that increases the permeability of fungal membranes. "	( Complex formation of amphotericin B in sterol-containing membranes as evidenced by surface plasmon resonance. Konoki, K; Matsumori, N; Mouri, R; Murata, M; Oishi, T, 2008)	2.11
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a life-saving antibiotic, used to treat deep-seated mycotic infections. "	( Organization of polyene antibiotic amphotericin B at the argon-water interface. Gagoś, M; Gruszecki, WI, 2008)	2.07
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is an antifungal antibiotic which, despite the severe side effects, is still used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections. "	( Ion selectivity, transport properties and dynamics of amphotericin B channels studied over a wide range of acidity changes. Asandei, A; Luchian, T, 2008)	2.04
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is an effective but very toxic antifungal antibiotic. "	( Influence of a lipid bilayer on the conformational behavior of amphotericin B derivatives - A molecular dynamics study. Baginski, M; Borowski, E; Czub, J; Neumann, A, 2009)	2.04
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a highly effective antifungal agent and finds utility against a broad spectrum of fungal species. "	( A photophysical study on the role of bile salt hydrophobicity in solubilizing amphotericin B aggregates. Andrews, ME; Mishra, AK; Selvam, S, 2009)	2.02
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a parenterally administered broad-spectrum antifungal and leishmanicidal drug that has been on the market for over sixty years. "	( The reformulation of amphotericin B for oral administration to treat systemic fungal infections and visceral leishmaniasis. Thornton, SJ; Wasan, KM, 2009)	2.11
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a life-saving polyene antibiotic used to treat deep-seated mycotic infections. "	( Molecular organization of antifungal antibiotic amphotericin B in lipid monolayers studied by means of Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy. Arczewska, M; Gagoś, M; Gruszecki, WI; Gryczynski, I; Gryczynski, Z; Hereć, M; Luchowski, R; Myśliwa-Kurdziel, B; Sarkar, P; Strzałka, K, 2009)	2.05
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a well known antifungal and antiprotozoal antibiotic used in the clinic for several decades. "	( Amphotericin B and its new derivatives - mode of action. Baginski, M; Czub, J, 2009)	3.24
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a crucial agent in the management of serious systemic fungal infections. "	( Amphotericin B: side effects and toxicity. Cabrales-Vargas, MN; Laniado-Laborín, R, 2009)	3.24
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a well-known membrane-active antibiotic that has been used to treat systemic fungal infections for more than 45 years. "	( On the possibility of the amphotericin B-sterol complex formation in cholesterol- and ergosterol-containing lipid bilayers: a molecular dynamics study. Baginski, M; Czub, J; Neumann, A, 2009)	2.1
"Amphotericin B lipid complex is a widely used lipid-based formulation of amphotericin B, which has a broad spectrum of activity against a variety of fungal pathogens. "	( Best practice guidelines for the management of adverse events associated with amphotericin B lipid complex. Anson, J; Chu, P; Craddock, C; Dodgson, A; Duncan, N; Gomez, C; Mehta, J; Sadullah, S; Subudhi, C; Yin, JL, 2010)	2.03
"(1) Amphotericin B is a standard antifungal drug with a narrow therapeutic margin. "	( Injectable amphotericin B: mix-ups between lipid and non-lipid formulations. , 2009)	1.3
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene macrolide that disturbs the function of the cell membrane; it is widely used as prophylactic antimycotic agent in in vitro culture."	( Effect of amphotericin B on the infection success of Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria glabrata. Duval, D; Gourbal, BE; Mitta, G; Moné, Y, 2010)	1.48
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is an antifungal antibiotic the activity of which has been associated with modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in cultured cells. "	( Role of amphotericin B upon enhancement of protective immunity elicited by oral administration with liposome-encapsulated-Japanese encephalitis virus nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) in mice. Chuang, CC; Hsu, HL; Liang, CC; Lin, TS; Lin, WP; Liu, WT; Liu, YT, 2010)	2.24
"Amphotericin B is a powerful but toxic drug used against fungal infections and leishmaniases. "	( Isolation and characterisation of amphotericin B analogues and truncated polyketide intermediates produced by genetic engineering of Streptomyces nodosus. Anderson, K; Borissow, C; Caffrey, P; Griffith, G; Hearn, J; Ibrahim, O; Khan, N; Lamburn, N; Lee, M; Murphy, B; Pugh, K; Rawlings, B, 2010)	2.08
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a broad spectrum antifungal and antileishmenial agent and its clinical use is limited due to substantial dose limiting toxicities such as nephrotoxicity. "	( Development of amphotericin B loaded polymersomes based on (PEG)(3)-PLA co-polymers: Factors affecting size and in vitro evaluation. Jain, JP; Kumar, N, 2010)	2.16
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a poorly water soluble antibiotic and is used to treat fungal infections of the central nervous system (CNS). "	( Angiopep-2 modified PE-PEG based polymeric micelles for amphotericin B delivery targeted to the brain. Han, L; Huang, R; Jiang, C; Li, J; Lou, J; Shao, K; Ye, L, 2010)	2.05
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a well-known polyene antibiotic used to treat systemic fungal infections. "	( How do sterols determine the antifungal activity of amphotericin B? Free energy of binding between the drug and its membrane targets. Baginski, M; Czub, J; Neumann, A, 2010)	2.05
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a widely used antifungal antibiotic with high specificity for fungi. "	( Channels formed by amphotericin B covalent dimers exhibit rectification. Hirano, M; Ide, T; Matsumori, N; Murata, M; Takeuchi, Y, 2011)	2.14
"Amphotericin B is a highly hydrophobic antifungal used for orthopaedic infections. "	( Amphotericin B delivery from bone cement increases with porosity but strength decreases. Kweon, C; Leon, C; McLaren, AC; McLemore, R, 2011)	3.25
"Amphotericin B (AmB), is a highly effective antileishmanial agent used as first-line treatment in different formulations in visceral leishmaniasis endemic areas of Bihar, India. "	( An oral formulation of amphotericin B attached to functionalized carbon nanotubes is an effective treatment for experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Awasthi, K; Prajapati, VK; Rai, M; Srivastava, ON; Sundar, S; Yadav, TP, 2012)	2.13
"Amphotericin B is a broad spectrum antifungal agent that has been the standard therapy for many life-threatening mycoses for the past 50 years."	( [Advantages and drawbacks of amphotericin formulations in children: literature review]. Bes, DF; Rosanova, MT; Sberna, N, )	0.85
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a prototypical small molecule natural product that can form ion channels in living eukaryotic cells and has remained refractory to microbial resistance despite extensive clinical utilization in the treatment of life-threatening fungal infections for more than half a century. "	( Amphotericin primarily kills yeast by simply binding ergosterol. Burke, MD; Dailey, I; Endo, MM; Gray, KC; Palacios, DS; Uno, BE; Wilcock, BC, 2012)	1.82
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a lifesaving polyene antibiotic used widely to treat deep-seated mycoses. "	( Toward understanding of toxic side effects of a polyene antibiotic amphotericin B: fluorescence spectroscopy reveals widespread formation of the specific supramolecular structures of the drug. Adamkiewicz, P; Grudzinski, W; Gruszecki, WI; Luchowski, R; Tutaj, K; Wasko, P, 2012)	2.06
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene antibiotic used to treat deep-seated mycoses. "	( Molecular organization of polyene antibiotic amphotericin B studied by means of fluorescence technique. Gruszecki, WI; Gryczynski, I; Gryczynski, Z; Luchowski, R; Wasko, P, 2012)	2.08
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a wide spectrum antifungal with low incidence of clinical resistance. "	( A novel formulation of solubilised amphotericin B designed for ophthalmic use. Ballesteros, MP; Molero, G; Ruiz-Saldaña, HK; Serrano, DR; Torrado, JJ, 2012)	2.1
"Amphotericin B (AMB) is an effective antifungal agent. "	( Toxicity mechanisms of amphotericin B and its neutralization by conjugation with arabinogalactan. Altschuler, Y; Domb, AJ; Farber, S; Ickowicz, D; Kagan, S; Pitusi, M; Polacheck, I; Shmuel, M; Sionov, E; Weiss, A, 2012)	2.13
"Amphotericin B is a polyene macrolide derived from Streptomyces nodosus. "	( Commercially available lipid formulations of amphotericin b: are they bioequivalent and therapeutically equivalent? Berrino, L; Cifani, C; Costantino, S; Massi, M, 2012)	2.08
"Amphotericin B is a polyene macrolide antibiotic used to treat systemic fungal infections. "	( Ion passage pathways and thermodynamics of the amphotericin B membrane channel. Baginski, M; Resat, H, 2002)	2.01
"Amphotericin B is a potent antifungal drug with a low therapeutic index because of its nephrotoxicity."	( The use of liposomal amphotericin B in the management of Xylohypha bantiana mycosis in a dog. Leisewitz, AL; Picard, J; Rademeyer, C, 2002)	1.35
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a widely used polyene antibiotic to treat systemic fungal infections. "	( The effects of amphotericin B on pure and ergosterol- or cholesterol-containing dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers as viewed by 2H NMR. Auger, M; Barwicz, J; Fournier, I; Paquet, MJ; Tancrède, P, 2002)	2.11
"Amphotericin B (AMB) is an antifungal agent that possesses immunomodulatory properties that may contribute to its infusion-related toxicity and activity. "	( Differential expression of genes encoding immunomodulatory proteins in response to amphotericin B in human mononuclear cells identified by cDNA microarray analysis. Chapman, SW; Cleary, JD; Pearson, MM; Rogers, PD; Sullivan, DC, 2002)	1.98
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a very effective anti-fungal polyene macrolide antibiotic whose usage is limited by its toxicity. "	( Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of amphotericin B-cholesterol/ergosterol membrane channels. Baginski, M; Borowski, E; Resat, H, 2002)	2.02
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a popular drug frequently applied in the treatment of systemic fungal infections. "	( Ion channel behavior of amphotericin B in sterol-free and cholesterol- or ergosterol-containing supported phosphatidylcholine bilayer model membranes investigated by electrochemistry and spectroscopy. Dong, S; Han, X; Huang, W; Tang, J; Wang, E; Wang, J; Zhang, Z, 2002)	2.06
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene antibiotic frequently applied in the treatment of fungal infections. "	( Organization of antibiotic amphotericin B in model lipid membranes. A mini review. Gagoś, M; Gruszecki, WI; Hereć, M; Kernen, P, 2003)	2.06
"Amphotericin B is a polyene macrolide antibiotic that binds to sterols in cell membranes."	( Liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent patients. Garnier, JM; Horelt, A; Minodier, P; Retornaz, K, 2003)	1.44
"Amphotericin B is a member of the polyene class of antifungal drugs, which impair fungal cell membrane integrity."	( Disruption of ergosterol biosynthesis confers resistance to amphotericin B in Candida lusitaniae. Heitman, J; Hull, CM; Young, LY, 2003)	1.28
"Amphotericin B is an antifungal drug with severe side effects in humans and the availability of structural variants would aid investigations into the mode of action and cytotoxity of the drug."	( High frequency transformation of the Amphotericin-producing bacterium Streptomyces nodosus. Barrow, KD; Chuck, JA; Nikodinovic, J, 2003)	1.04
"Amphotericin B is a potent secondary agent, but is also compromised by its parenteral nature and toxicity."	( Current treatment approaches to leishmaniasis. Berman, J, 2003)	1.04
"Amphotericin B is an antibiotic that forms ion channels in the membrane of a host cell. "	( Amphotericin B channels in the bacterial membrane: role of sterol and temperature. Celis, H; González-Damián, J; Ortega-Blake, I; Venegas, B, 2003)	3.2
"Amphotericin B is an important part of the therapy and treatment of invasive and life-threatening mycoses."	( Use of liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Antony, S; Dominguez, DC; Sotelo, E, 2003)	1.38
"Amphotericin B is an antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus. "	( Biosynthesis of deoxyamphotericins and deoxyamphoteronolides by engineered strains of Streptomyces nodosus. Byrne, B; Caffrey, P; Carmody, M; Gibson, E; Rawlings, B, 2003)	1.76
"Amphotericin B is a polyene macrolide antibiotic that binds to sterols in cell membranes."	( [Visceral leishmaniasis: new drugs]. Garnier, JM; Minodier, P; Retornaz, K; Robert, S, 2003)	1.04
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene macrolide antibiotic used to treat systemic fungal infections. "	( Molecular aspects of the interaction between amphotericin B and a phospholipid bilayer: molecular dynamics studies. Baginski, M; Czub, J; Sternal, K, 2004)	2.03
"Amphotericin B lipid complex is a lipid formulation of amphotericin B, an antifungal drug with activity against Leishmania spp. "	( Amphotericin B lipid complex: in visceral leishmaniasis. Goldsmith, DR; Perry, CM, 2004)	3.21
"Amphotericin B is a medically important antifungal antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces nodosus. "	( Analysis and manipulation of amphotericin biosynthetic genes by means of modified phage KC515 transduction techniques. Breen, C; Byrne, B; Caffrey, P; Carmody, M; Finnan, S; Flood, E; Lynch, S; Murphy, B, 2004)	2.06
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a ligand of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). "	( Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines during amphotericin B exposure is mediated by coactivation of toll-like receptors 1 and 2. Henault, M; Johnston, PA; Laethem, C; Lee, LN; Paya, CV; Razonable, RR; Watson, HL, 2005)	2.01
"Amphotericin B is a medically important antifungal antibiotic that is also active against human immunodeficiency virus, Leishmania parasites, and prion diseases. "	( Biosynthesis of amphotericin derivatives lacking exocyclic carboxyl groups. Byrne, B; Caffrey, P; Carmody, M; Murphy, B; Power, P; Rai, D; Rawlings, B, 2005)	1.77
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a well known polyene macrolide antibiotic used to treat systemic fungal infections. "	( Molecular modelling of membrane activity of amphotericin B, a polyene macrolide antifungal antibiotic. Baginski, M; Borowski, E; Czub, J; Sternal, K, 2005)	2.03
"Amphotericin B is a widely used broad-spectrum antifungal agent, despite being associated with significant adverse events, including nephrotoxicity."	( Prospective study of amphotericin B formulations in immunocompromised patients in 4 European countries. Barnes, RA; Gerlach, BA; Gerth, WC; Krobot, KJ; Sanz, MA; Tramarin, A; Ullmann, AJ; Wu, W, 2006)	2.1
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a representative antibiotic for the control of serious fungal infections, and its fungicidal activity was greatly enhanced by allicin, an allyl-sulfur compound from garlic. "	( Enhancement of the fungicidal activity of amphotericin B by allicin, an allyl-sulfur compound from garlic, against the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system. Fujita, K; Ogita, A; Tanaka, T; Taniguchi, M, 2006)	2.04
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a well-known polyene macrolide antibiotic used to treat systemic fungal infections. "	( Modulation of amphotericin B membrane interaction by cholesterol and ergosterol--a molecular dynamics study. Baginski, M; Czub, J, 2006)	2.14
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a well-known antifungal antibiotic that has been used in the clinic for about five decades. "	( Interaction of amphotericin B and its selected derivatives with membranes: molecular modeling studies. Baginski, M; Czub, J; Sternal, K, 2006)	2.13
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a popular antibiotic applied in treatment of deep-seated mycotic infections. "	( Effect of antibiotic amphotericin B on structural and dynamic properties of lipid membranes formed with egg yolk phosphatidylcholine. Gagoś, M; Gruszecki, WI; Hereć, M; Islamov, A; Kuklin, A, 2007)	2.1
"Amphotericin B is a molecule that is highly protein bound over a wide range of protein and drug concentrations, including those seen in patients with >or= 3 + proteinuria."	( Proteinuria lowers the risk of amphotericin B-associated hypokalaemia. Ahmed, S; Alimohammadi, B; Cheng, JT; Jaitly, M; Mohan, S; Pogue, VA, 2007)	1.35
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a well-known polyene macrolide antibiotic used to treat systemic fungal infections. "	( Interactions of amphotericin B derivatives with lipid membranes--a molecular dynamics study. Baginski, M; Borowski, E; Czub, J, 2007)	2.13
"Amphotericin B is a low-soluble polyene antibiotic which is able to self-aggregate. "	( Amphotericin B formulations and drug targeting. Ballesteros, MP; Espada, R; Torrado, JJ; Torrado-Santiago, S, 2008)	3.23
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a drug of choice for treatment of disseminated fungal infections, but its use is often associated with severe adverse effects. "	( High purity amphotericin B. Chapman, SW; Cleary, JD; Kramer, R; Swiatlo, E, 2007)	2.16
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene antibiotic and reported to have therapeutic effects on prion diseases, in which the microglial activation has been suggested to play important roles by proliferating and producing various factors such as nitric oxide, proinflammatory cytokines, and so on. "	( Effects of Amphotericin B on the expression of neurotoxic and neurotrophic factors in cultured microglia. Kannan, Y; Moriyama, M; Motoyoshi, A; Nakajima, H; Nakamura, Y; Takano, K, 2008)	2.18
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene antibiotic used to treat deep-seated mycoses. "	( Anomalously high aggregation level of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B in acidic medium: implications for the biological action. Arczewska, M; Czernel, G; Dalla Serra, M; Gagoś, M; Gruszecki, WI; Hereć, M, 2008)	2.03
"Amphotericin B is an efficacious but extremely toxic anti fungal drug. "	( Liposomal amphotericin B is toxic to fungal cells but not to mammalian cells. Hopfer, R; Juliano, RL; Lopez-Berestein, G; Mehta, R; Mills, K, 1984)	2.11
"Amphotericin B is a polyene that binds to sterols and perforates cell membranes. "	( Erythrocyte entrapment of daunomycin by amphotericin B without hemolysis. Hattori, K; Kitao, T, 1980)	1.97
"Amphotericin B is an effective therapeutic agent for most systemic or invasive mycoses, but its usefulness is limited by the frequent occurrence of nephrotoxicity. "	( Sodium chloride treatment of amphotericin B nephrotoxicity. Standard of care? Anderson, CM, 1995)	2.03
"Amphotericin B is an effective but toxic antileishmanial agent. "	( Treatment of Brazilian kala-azar with a short course of amphocil (amphotericin B cholesterol dispersion). Berman, JD; Dietze, R; Falqueto, A; Feitosa, TF; Grogl, M; Ksionski, G; Luz, KG; Marinho, LA; Milan, EP; Suassuna, FA, 1993)	1.97
"Amphotericin B seems to be a valuable alternative when conventional treatment fails."	( [Visceral leishmaniasis resistant to conventional treatments: value of amphotericin B]. Bernard, E; Dellamonica, P; Durant, J; Le Fichoux, Y; Quaranta, JF, 1993)	1.24
"Amphotericin B was found to be an acceptable alternative drug for treatment of such cases."	( Amphotericin B therapy in kala-azar. Giri, OP, 1993)	2.45
"Amphotericin B is an effective drug for patients with kala-azar unresponsive to treatment with sodium stibogluconate and pentamidine, but it should be administered under close medical supervision."	( Amphotericin B in resistant kala-azar in Bihar. Barat, D; Pandey, AK; Sinha, GP; Sinha, PK; Thakur, CP, )	3.02
"Amphotericin B is a potentially nephrotoxic agent used for the treatment of severe mycoses and numerous fungal infections. "	( Nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B in rats: effects of the time of administration. Beauchamp, D; Bergeron, MG; Gourde, P; Grenier, L; Labrecque, G; LeBrun, M, 1996)	2.07
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a classical antifungal drug and one of the most effective antifungal drugs for the treatment of systemic fungal infection. "	( Anticryptococcal effect of amphotericin B is mediated through macrophage production of nitric oxide. Kawakami, K; Saito, A; Tohyama, M, 1996)	2.03
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is an important drug for the treatment of fungal infection, but toxicity limits the lung tissue doses which may be achieved through intravenous administration. "	( Disposition of aerosolized liposomal amphotericin B. Abbas, SA; Bourne, DW; Johnson, DL; Lambros, MP, 1997)	2.01
"Amphotericin B is a powerful but toxic antifungal antibiotic that is used to treat systemic infections. "	( Molecular properties of amphotericin B membrane channel: a molecular dynamics simulation. Baginski, M; McCammon, JA; Resat, H, 1997)	2.05
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a popular drug frequently applied in the treatment of mycosis. "	( Effect of amphotericin B on dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine membranes: calorimetry, ultrasound absorption and monolayer technique studies. Barwicz, J; Gruszecki, WI; Walicka, M; Wójtowicz, K, 1998)	2.15
"Amphotericin B is an antimycotic agent that has been studied for a long time, both because of its pharmacological action and the interest in understanding how this ionic channel works. "	( On the role of sterol in the formation of the amphotericin B channel. Cotero, BV; Ortega-Blake, I; Rebolledo-Antúnez, S, 1998)	2
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a membrane-active drug used frequently for the treatment of systemic fungal diseases. "	( In vitro dissociation of antifungal efficacy and toxicity for amphotericin B-loaded poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(beta benzyl L aspartate) micelles. Kataoka, K; Kwon, GS; Okano, T; Sardari, S; Yu, BG, 1998)	1.98
"Amphotericin B is an antifungal drug associated with side effects such as fever and chills, symptoms which may be mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). "	( Modulation of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance by amphotericin B. Denecker, NE; Kullberg, BJ; Netea, MG; van der Meer, JW; Verschueren, IC; Vonk, AG, 1998)	1.98
"Amphotericin B is an effective antileishmanial agent whose use is limited by drug toxicity. "	( Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with amphotericin B colloidal dispersion. Berman, J; Dietze, R, 1999)	2.01
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene antibiotic widely used in the treatment of deep-seated fungal infections. "	( Spectrophotometric analysis of organisation of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers containing the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B. Gagoś, M; Gruszecki, WI; Koper, R, 2001)	1.96
"Amphotericin B is a potent antifungal antibiotic and has activity against some viruses, protozoans and prions."	( Amphotericin biosynthesis in Streptomyces nodosus: deductions from analysis of polyketide synthase and late genes. Caffrey, P; Finnan, S; Flood, E; Lynch, S; Oliynyk, M, 2001)	2.47
"Amphotericin B is a potent polyene antifungal drug for intravenous treatment of severe infections. "	( Determination of amphotericin B, liposomal amphotericin B, and amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Bellmann, R; Egger, P; Wiedermann, CJ, 2001)	2.09
"Amphotericin B is an effective broad-spectrum antifungal agent, but various side effects, especially nephrotoxicity, have restricted its use. "	( Lipid formulations of polyene antifungal drugs and attenuation of associated nephrotoxicity. Ahsan, N; Hossain, MA; Razzaque, MS; Taguchi, T, 2001)	1.75
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is an amphipathic polyene antibiotic which permeabilizes ergosterol-containing membranes, supposedly by formation of pores. "	( Interactions of the drug amphotericin B with phospholipid membranes containing or not ergosterol: new insight into the role of ergosterol. Michels, B; Milhaud, J; Ponsinet, V; Takashi, M, 2002)	2.06
"Amphotericin B is a polyene macrolide antibiotic derived from the actinomycete Streptomyces nodosus. "	( Amphotericin B: spectrum and resistance. Ellis, D, 2002)	3.2
"Amphotericin B is a powerful inhibitor of both protein and ribonucleic acid syntheses in yeast cells at concentrations that do not affect the transport of the labeled amino acid or nucleoside precursor."	( Compounds affecting membranes that inhibit protein synthesis in yeast. Alonso, MA; Carrasco, L; Vázquez, D, 1979)	0.98
"Amphotericin B is a polyene macrolide antibiotic which interacts specifically with sterols in mammalian cell membranes. "	( Isolation and characterization of amphotericin B-resistant cell lines in Chinese hamster cells. Akiyama, S; Endo, H; Hidaka, K; Kuwano, M, 1978)	1.98
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a very effective antifungal agent for most systemic fungal infections. "	( Effects of the aggregation state of amphotericin B on its toxicity to mice. Barwicz, J; Christian, S; Gruda, I, 1992)	2
"Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent shown to be effective in the treatment of systemic fungal infections. "	( Calcium-channel blocking agents as therapy for amphotericin B nephrotoxicity. Baetz-Greenwalt, B; Brouhard, BH, )	1.83
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a membrane-active antibiotic which has been shown to increase ion and small molecule permeability in a variety of model and biological membrane systems. "	( Potassium-selective amphotericin B channels are predominant in vesicles regardless of sidedness. Benz, SK; Hartsel, SC; Peterson, RP; Whyte, BS, 1991)	2.05
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a potent antifungal agent used to treat patients with systemic mycoses. "	( Inhibition of the interaction between lipoproteins and amphotericin B by some delivery systems. Audet, A; Barwicz, J; Gareau, R; Gruda, I; Morisset, A; Villiard, J, 1991)	1.97
"Amphotericin B (AMB) is a mainstay in the treatment of serious systemic fungal infections, such as those occurring prevalently in immuno-compromised patients treated with immunosuppressive agents or affected by Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). "	( Retention of amphotericin-B therapeutic efficacy at half doses by synergistic activation of phagocytes. Cornaglia-Ferraris, P; Perezzani, L; Rossi, E; Stradi, R, 1991)	1.72
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a potent antifungal polyene macrolide antibiotic and is the drug of choice for the treatment of deep-seated mycotic infections. "	( Comparative toxicities of amphotericin B and its monomethyl ester derivative on glial cells in culture. Geller, HM; Plescia, OJ; Racis, SP; Schaffner, CP, 1990)	2.02
"Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal agent that binds to membrane sterols, creating aqueous pores that permit ion fluxes sufficient to cause cell lysis. "	( Mechanism of amphotericin B stimulation of net calcium efflux from neonatal mouse calvariae. Blair, NF; Bushinsky, DA; Krieger, NS, 1990)	2.09
"Amphotericin B is a potent antifungal agent essential to the treatment of systemic mycoses. "	( Amphotericin B: the nurse's role in controlling adverse reactions. Podrasky, DL, 1989)	3.16
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a potent antifungal agent used to treat patients with systemic mycoses. "	( Effects of the detergent sucrose monolaurate on binding of amphotericin B to sterols and its toxicity for cells. Brajtburg, J; Elberg, S; Gauthier, E; Gruda, I; Medoff, G, 1988)	1.96

Effects

Amphotericin B (AmB) has a broad antifungal and leishmanicidal activity with low incidence of clinical resistance. It has a discordant influence on epirubicin cytotoxicity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) AmB as a heptaene has a markedly higher photostability than tetraenes natamycin and nystatin.

Amphotericin B (AMB) has been used as a standard antifungal drug for fungal infections. Because of its high toxicity, new strategies to minimize the required dose are desirable.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Amphotericin B (AmB) has a broad antifungal and leishmanicidal activity with low incidence of clinical resistance. "	( New amphotericin B-gamma cyclodextrin formulation for topical use with synergistic activity against diverse fungal species and Leishmania spp. Bilbao-Ramos, PE; Bolás-Fernández, F; Dea-Ayuela, MA; Molero, G; Ruiz, HK; Serrano, DR; Torrado, JJ, 2014)	2.4
"As amphotericin B (AmB) has a broad antimycotic spectrum, in this study its biliary penetration and activity was determined in two patients treated with liposomal AmB (L-AmB) and in one patient receiving AmB colloidal dispersion (ABCD)."	( Biliary amphotericin B pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in critically ill liver transplant recipients receiving treatment with amphotericin B lipid formulations. Aigner, M; Bellmann, R; Bellmann-Weiler, R; Eschertzhuber, S; Joannidis, M; Lass-Flörl, C; Leitner-Rupprich, S; Stienecke, E; Weiler, S; Welte, R, 2015)	1.37
"Amphotericin B (AmB) has a discordant influence on epirubicin (4'-epidoxorubicin) cytotoxicity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). "	( Amphotericin B up-regulates angiogenic genes in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Chuang, WL; Chuang, YH; Lin, ZY, 2009)	3.24
"Amphotericin B has a post-antifungal effect (PAFE), and its peak concentration is probably crucial for its fungicidal efficacy."	( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of antifungals for treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Bellmann, R, 2013)	1.11
"Amphotericin B has a discordant influence on epirubicin cytotoxicity in primary cultured hepatic malignant cells. "	( Discordant influence of amphotericin B on epirubicin cytotoxicity in primary hepatic malignant cells collected by a new primary culture technique. Chuang, WL; Chuang, YH; Hsieh, MY; Lin, ZY; Tsai, JF; Wang, LY; Yu, ML, 2006)	2.08
"Amphotericin B has a significant cytostatic effect on lymphadenosis cells of mice NK/LY. "	( [Intensification of the cytostatic action of adriamycin and carminomycin by amphotericin B]. Gauze, GF; Makukho, LV; Volkolupova, OP, 1980)	1.93
"Amphotericin B as a heptaene has a markedly higher photostability than the tetraenes natamycin and nystatin."	( [Photostability of antifungal agents. 2. Photostability of polyene antibiotics]. Kübler, N; Thoma, K, 1997)	1.02
"Amphotericin B has a broad spectrum and has remained the drug of choice for these life threatening invasive fungal infections."	( [Choice and use of antifungal drugs]. Dupont, B, 2001)	1.03
"Amphotericin B has a relatively broad spectrum of action and is useful in treating cases of candidosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, aspergillosis, extracutaneous sporotrichosis and mucormycosis, and some cases of hyalohyphomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis."	( Amphotericin B: spectrum and resistance. Ellis, D, 2002)	2.48
"Amphotericin B has a broad spectrum and has remained the drug of choice for life-threatening invasive fungal infections."	( Overview of the lipid formulations of amphotericin B. Dupont, B, 2002)	1.31
"As amphotericin B has a broad anti-fungal spectrum and relatively good efficacy, it is still a high-efficiency drug in treatment of systematical fungal infections. "	( [Amphotericin B for treatment of fungal infections in 40 patients with malignant hematologic diseases]. Jiang, B; Ren, H; Yang, Z, 2001)	1.84
"Amphotericin B has a broad spectrum of action that includes most of the major fungal pathogens of man. "	( Amphotericin B: an introduction. Warnock, DW, 1991)	3.17
"Amphotericin B has previously been associated with nephrotoxicity."	( Nephrotoxicity of continuous amphotericin B in critically ill patients with abdominal sepsis: a retrospective analysis with propensity score matching. den Reijer, M; Franssen, EJF; Geersing, TH; Spronk, PE; van der Voort, PHJ; van Kan, HJM, 2021)	1.63
"Amphotericin B has been reported to cause infusion-related adverse effects (IRAEs). "	( Amphotericin-Associated Infusion-Related Reactions: A Narrative Review of Pre-Medications. Fawcett, AJ; Patel, SJ; Scardina, T, 2021)	2.06
"Amphotericin B has been recommended as the primary treatment; however, its use is limited due to drug-induced nephrotoxicity and amphotericin B-resistant candidemia."	( Successful fluconazole combined with caspofungin treatment of candida bloodstream infection in preterm infant: A case report. Liu, L; Tu, Y; Xu, T; Yuan, G, 2021)	1.34
"Amphotericin B (AmB) has been the gold standard to treat systemic fungal infections. "	( Pharmacokinetic study of AmB-NP-GR: A new granule form with amphotericin B to treat leishmaniasis and fungal infections. de Albuquerque, NCP; de Melo, MRS; de Oliveira, ARM; de Toledo, TB; Fernandes, FS; Mansur, AL; Marquele-Oliveira, F; Ozelin, SD; Tadini, MC; Tavares, DC, 2022)	2.41
"Amphotericin B (AMB) has been used as a standard antifungal drug for fungal infections; however, because of its high toxicity, new strategies to minimize the required dose are desirable."	( Enhancement of the Antifungal Activity of Chitinase by Palmitoylation and the Synergy of Palmitoylated Chitinase with Amphotericin B. Goto, M; Ishimine, Y; Kamiya, N; Komada, T; Minamihata, K; Santoso, P; Sato, R; Taira, T; Takashima, T; Taniguchi, H, 2022)	1.65
"Amphotericin B has long been regarded as the gold standard for treating invasive fungal infections despite its toxic potential. "	( Magnetic chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Amphotericin B: Synthesis, properties and potentiation of antifungal activity against common human pathogenic fungal strains. Amirzadeh, N; Ardekani, NT; Barzegar, A; Iraji, A; Irajie, C; Jafari, M; Khorram, M; Nouraei, H; Pakshir, K; Tamaddon, AM; Zareshahrabadi, Z; Zomorodian, K, 2022)	2.43
"Amphotericin B has shown promising therapeutic effects as an inhalation treatment for pulmonary fungal infections, especially those associated with the COVID-19 virus, due to its rare resistance."	( Effect of Amphotericin B on the Thermodynamic Properties and Surface Morphology of the Pulmonary Surfactant Model Monolayer during Respiration. Wang, J; Wang, X; Wang, Z, 2023)	2.03
"Amphotericin B has been the gold standard for the treatment of invasive mycosis for many years. "	( Cao, F; Fang, Z; Huang, Z; Kong, Y; Shen, Y; Shi, P; Wang, H; Wang, Q; Zhang, X, 2020)	2
"Amphotericin B (AmB) has been widely used against fungal infections throughout almost the entire body, including the skin, nails, oral cavity, respiratory tract, and urinary tract. "	( Targeting and synergistic action of an antifungal peptide in an antibiotic drug-delivery system. Heo, H; Jang, MK; Kim, EJ; Kim, NH; Kim, YM; Lee, JK; Lee, JR; Lee, MY; Park, SC, 2017)	1.9
"Amphotericin B has emerged as the therapy of choice for use against the leishmaniases. "	( Sterol 14α-demethylase mutation leads to amphotericin B resistance in Leishmania mexicana. Barrett, MP; Burchmore, RJS; Burgess, KE; Creek, DJ; Dickens, NJ; Herzyk, P; Kim, DH; Kovářová, J; Lepesheva, GI; Mudaliar, M; Mwenechanya, R; Pountain, AW; Smith, TK; Vincent, IM; Weidt, SK, 2017)	2.16
"Amphotericin B has broad antifungal activity and is commonly used to treat aspergillosis, a fungal pneumonia that is a common sequela in oiled waterfowl as well as other birds in wildlife rehabilitation."	( Amphotericin B concentrations in healthy mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) following a single intratracheal dose of liposomal amphotericin B using an atomizer. Baden, RM; Burmas, NC; Clemons, KV; Delplanque, JP; Fiorello, CV; Gehring, R; Liu, JH; Mohr, FC; Monroy, R; Phillips, A; Ruvalcaba, CA; Stevens, DA; Tell, LA, 2018)	2.64
"Amphotericin B has broad activity and low minimum inhibitory concentration resistance patterns across most Candida species and guidance away from its use should be supported by the available evidence."	( Systematic review on the first line treatment of amphotericin B in critically ill adults with candidemia or invasive candidiasis. Geoghegan, P; Keane, S; Martin-Loeches, I; Nseir, S; Povoa, P; Rodriguez, A, 2018)	1.46
"Amphotericin B and surgery have been known to help improve the outcome."	( Successful treatment of rhino-orbital mucormycosis with posaconazole and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Almannai, M; Estrada, B; Imran, H; Siddiqui, AH, 2013)	1.11
"Amphotericin B deoxycholate has been favored for many years, but fluconazole has the most data supporting its use in neonatal Candida infections and is often employed for prophylaxis as well as treatment."	( Old and new: appropriate dosing for neonatal antifungal drugs in the nursery. Benjamin, DK; Ericson, J; Manzoni, P, 2013)	1.11
"Amphotericin B (AmB) has shown an extraordinary antileishmanial efficacy without emergence of resistance; however, toxicity has limited its general use."	( In vitro synergistic effect of amphotericin B and allicin on Leishmania donovani and L. infantum. Alunda, JM; Corral, MJ; Cuquerella, M; González-Sánchez, E, 2014)	1.41
"Amphotericin B has always been well tolerated and permitted a slight steroid tapering."	( Role of nebulized amphotericin B in the management of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis: Case report and review of literature. Casciaro, R; Castagnola, E; Cresta, F; Minicucci, L; Naselli, A; Ros, M, 2015)	1.47
"Amphotericin B (AMB) has been a mainstay therapy for fungal infections of the central nervous system, but its use has been limited by its poor penetration into the brain, the mechanism of which remains unclear. "	( In vitro and in vivo evidence for amphotericin B as a P-glycoprotein substrate on the blood-brain barrier. Cao, YH; Chen, YQ; Jiang, C; Lou, JN; Shao, K; Wang, RY; Wang, X; Weng, XH; Wu, JQ; Yu, YQ; Zhang, QQ; Zhao, HZ; Zhu, LP, 2014)	2.12
"Amphotericin B (AmB) has a broad antifungal and leishmanicidal activity with low incidence of clinical resistance. "	( New amphotericin B-gamma cyclodextrin formulation for topical use with synergistic activity against diverse fungal species and Leishmania spp. Bilbao-Ramos, PE; Bolás-Fernández, F; Dea-Ayuela, MA; Molero, G; Ruiz, HK; Serrano, DR; Torrado, JJ, 2014)	2.4
"Amphotericin B has been shown to regulate inflammatory cytokines in host cells."	( Amphotericin B down-regulates Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-induced production of IL-8 and IL-6 in human gingival epithelial cells. Fujita, T; Imai, H; Kajiya, M; Kurihara, H; Matsuda, S; Miyagawa, T; Ouhara, K; Shiba, H, 2014)	2.57
"Amphotericin B has been disfavoured in several of the trials through their design or analysis, or both. "	( Amphotericin B versus fluconazole for controlling fungal infections in neutropenic cancer patients. Gøtzsche, PC; Johansen, HK, 2014)	3.29
"Amphotericin B (AmB) has been the first-line treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a neglected protozoan disease, especially in regions like Bihar, India, where resistance to antimonials is widespread. "	( Characterization and evaluation of amine-modified graphene amphotericin B for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: in vivo and in vitro studies. Mudavath, SL; Rai, M; Srivastava, ON; Sundar, S; Talat, M, 2014)	2.09
"As amphotericin B (AmB) has a broad antimycotic spectrum, in this study its biliary penetration and activity was determined in two patients treated with liposomal AmB (L-AmB) and in one patient receiving AmB colloidal dispersion (ABCD)."	( Biliary amphotericin B pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in critically ill liver transplant recipients receiving treatment with amphotericin B lipid formulations. Aigner, M; Bellmann, R; Bellmann-Weiler, R; Eschertzhuber, S; Joannidis, M; Lass-Flörl, C; Leitner-Rupprich, S; Stienecke, E; Weiler, S; Welte, R, 2015)	1.37
"Amphotericin B has been the gold standard in antifungal chemotherapy for a long time."	( [Clinical efficacies of antifungal injections]. Fujii, Y; Inase, N; Yoshizawa, Y, 2008)	1.07
"Amphotericin B (AmB) has a discordant influence on epirubicin (4'-epidoxorubicin) cytotoxicity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). "	( Amphotericin B up-regulates angiogenic genes in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Chuang, WL; Chuang, YH; Lin, ZY, 2009)	3.24
"Amphotericin B has recently been suggested as an efficient inhibitor of amyloid peptide fibril formation; however its interactions with more neurotoxic, soluble forms of amyloid peptides have not been reported to date. "	( Amphotericin B interactions with soluble oligomers of amyloid Abeta1-42 peptide. Annunziata, O; Dzyuba, SV; Smith, NW, 2009)	3.24
"Amphotericin B has remained the gold standard treatment for systemic fungal infections."	( Clinical roundtable monograph: safety and efficacy of lipid-based amphotericin B. Bellmann, R; Cleary, JD; Sterba, J, 2009)	1.31
"Amphotericin B has previously been shown to trigger suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell membrane scrambling leading to phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface."	( Effect of amphotericin B on parasitemia and survival of plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Ballal, A; Bobbala, D; Föller, M; Lang, F; Siraskar, B, 2010)	1.48
"Amphotericin B (AMB) has long been considered the most effective drug in the treatment of serious invasive fungal infections. "	( Antifungal activity of amphotericin B conjugated to carbon nanotubes. Benincasa, M; Bianco, A; Gennaro, R; Pacor, S; Prato, M; Wu, W, 2011)	2.12
"Amphotericin B has for a long time been the gold standard for treatment of these infections, but the conventional formulation is associated with a high incidence of adverse events."	( Amphotericin B lipid complex in the management of invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. Aversa, F; Ballerini, F; Bassetti, M; Benedetti, F; Busca, A; Cascavilla, N; Concia, E; Di Raimondo, F; Mazza, P; Nosari, AM; Rossi, G; Tendas, A, 2011)	2.53
"Amphotericin B has been the only therapeutic option for invasive aspergillosis over decades. "	( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of antifungals for treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Bellmann, R, 2013)	1.83
"Amphotericin B desoxycholate has been implicated as an etiology for NDI, and the use of the newer liposomal amphotericin B reportedly avoids this rare complication. "	( Possible liposomal amphotericin B-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Augustin, KM; Canada, TW; Weavind, LM, 2003)	2.09
"Amphotericin B (AMPH) has been generally used for prophylaxis or treatment of specific fungal diseases in immunocompromised patients. "	( Effect of amphotericin B dilution with various beverages on the survival of Candida albicans cells. Miyakawa, Y; Ohshima, T; Ohyama, K; Watanabe, T, 2003)	2.16
"Amphotericin B (AmB) has been a most effective systemic antifungal agent, but its use is circumscribed by the dose-limiting toxicity of the conventional micellar dispersion formulation Fungizone (D-AmB). "	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and safety of a novel lyophilized amphotericin B lecithin-based oil-water microemulsion and amphotericin B deoxycholate in animal models. Ballesteros, MP; Brime, B; Bringas, P; Frutos, G; Frutos, P; Nieto, A, 2003)	2
"Amphotericin B has been shown to increase tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations in macrophages. "	( Amphotericin-induced stridor: a review of stridor, amphotericin preparations, and their immunoregulatory effects. Greenberger, PA; Lowery, MM, 2003)	1.76
"Amphotericin B has a discordant influence on epirubicin cytotoxicity in primary cultured hepatic malignant cells. "	( Discordant influence of amphotericin B on epirubicin cytotoxicity in primary hepatic malignant cells collected by a new primary culture technique. Chuang, WL; Chuang, YH; Hsieh, MY; Lin, ZY; Tsai, JF; Wang, LY; Yu, ML, 2006)	2.08
"Amphotericin B deoxycholate has been the 'gold standard' treatment for invasive fungal infections for over 40 years. "	( What is the current and future status of conventional amphotericin B? Kleinberg, M, 2006)	2.02
"Amphotericin B deoxycholate has been reported to produce significant cardiac toxicity, with ventricular arrhythmias and bradycardia reported in overdoses in children and in adults with preexisting cardiac disease, even when administered in conventional dosages and infusion rates. "	( Acute amphotericin B overdose. Burke, D; Finkel, KW; Foringer, JR; Lal, R; Samuels, J, 2006)	2.26
"Amphotericin B (AMB) therapy has reduced mortality but is itself toxic, and experience with it in very young children is meager."	( Amphotericin B and imidazole therapy for coccidioidal meningitis in children. Friedman, AD; Galgiani, JN; Harrison, HR; Reynolds, AF; Sprunger, LW, )	2.3
"Amphotericin B has transformed coccidioidal meningitis from a routinely fatal disease to one where prolonged survival is possible."	( Amphotericin B in the treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Drutz, DJ, 1983)	2.43
"Amphotericin B (AmB) has been shown to potentiate the cytotoxicity of several different anticancer agents in AKR mice. "	( Potentiation of anticancer agents by amphotericin B. Dieckman, J; Medoff, G; Valeriote, F, 1981)	1.98
"Amphotericin B has remained the most effective therapeutic preparation for most types of neurological fungal disease, although important roles for 5-fluorocytosine, miconazole, and, more recently, ketoconazole are being recognized."	( Treatment of fungal infections of the central nervous system. Bell, WE, 1981)	0.98
"Amphotericin B also has been used as a urological adjuvant to surgical treatment of candidal infection of the kidney and upper tract."	( Amphotericin B as a urologic irrigant in the management of noninvasive candiduria. Goldberg, P; Kozinn, PJ; Wise, GJ, 1982)	2.43
"Amphotericin B has a significant cytostatic effect on lymphadenosis cells of mice NK/LY. "	( [Intensification of the cytostatic action of adriamycin and carminomycin by amphotericin B]. Gauze, GF; Makukho, LV; Volkolupova, OP, 1980)	1.93
"Amphotericin B (AmB) has been in clinical use for more than 30 yr but has remained the most effective drug for treatment of serious fungal infections. "	( Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity: the adverse consequences of altered membrane properties. Briggs, JP; Sawaya, BP; Schnermann, J, 1995)	3.18
"Amphotericin B has long been the standard treatment for candidemia, but its use is complicated by its toxicity. "	( A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. Candidemia Study Group and the National Institute. Bennett, JE; Dine, AP; Edwards, JE; Karchmer, AW; Pappas, PG; Rex, JH; Scheld, WM; Sugar, AM; van der Horst, CM; Washburn, RG, 1994)	1.99
"Amphotericin B has routinely been used to treat this infection."	( Problems and controversies in the management of hematogenous candidiasis. Anaissie, EJ; Uzun, O, 1996)	1.02
"Amphotericin B has been associated with multiple adverse effects; however, clinically it may be the best or only drug of choice for certain infections. "	( Amphotericin B infused in 20% lipid emulsion. Ryan, KA, )	3.02
"Amphotericin B as a heptaene has a markedly higher photostability than the tetraenes natamycin and nystatin."	( [Photostability of antifungal agents. 2. Photostability of polyene antibiotics]. Kübler, N; Thoma, K, 1997)	1.02
"Amphotericin B (AmB) has been the most effective systemic antifungal agent, but its use is limited by the dose-limiting toxicity of the conventional micellar dispersion formulation (Fungizone). "	( Pharmacokinetic profile of ABELCET (amphotericin B lipid complex injection): combined experience from phase I and phase II studies. Adedoyin, A; Anaissie, E; Bernardo, JF; Bolsack, LE; Boyle, A; Branch, RA; DeValeriola, D; DeWit, S; Horwith, G; Kelly, E; Klasterksy, J; Llanos-Cuentas, A; Lopez-Berestein, G; Sculier, JP; Swenson, CE, 1997)	2.01
"Amphotericin B (AmB) has been used as a second-line treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, particularly in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. "	( Leishmania infantum: lack of parasite resistance to amphotericin B in a clinically resistant visceral leishmaniasis. Astier, A; Deniau, M; Dubreuil-Lemaire, ML; Durand, R; Houin, R; Paul, M; Pratlong, F; Rivollet, D, 1998)	1.99
"Amphotericin B has long been the mainstay in the treatment of systemic fungal infections, but its nephrotoxicity limits the dosage that can be used. "	( Lipid formulations of amphotericin B. Goldman, M; Jones, E, 1998)	2.06
"Amphotericin B (AmB) has been shown to delay hamster scrapie. "	( MS-8209, a water-soluble amphotericin B derivative, affects both scrapie agent replication and PrPres accumulation in Syrian hamster scrapie. Adjou, KT; Beringue, V; Demaimay, R; Demart, S; Deslys, JP; Dormont, D; Lamoury, F; Lasm Zas, CI; Seman, M, 1999)	2.05
"Amphotericin B has been the standard therapy for invasive aspergillosis since its introduction in 1957. "	( Lack of correlation of in vitro amphotericin B susceptibility testing with outcome in a murine model of Aspergillus infection. Denning, DW; Johnson, EM; Moore, CB; Oakley, KL; Radford, SA; Warn, P; Warnock, DW, 2000)	2.03
"Amphotericin B (AmB) has been shown to have both immunosuppressive and -enhancing effects, making its precise nature of action enigmatic. "	( Amphotericin B both inhibits and enhances T-cell proliferation: inhibitory effect is mediated through H(2)O(2) production via cyclooxygenase pathway by macrophages. Chakrabarti, R; Kumar, S, 2000)	3.19
"Amphotericin B has become standard therapy followed by itraconazole once clinical resolution has been achieved."	( Penicilliosis. Powderly, WG, 1997)	1.02
"Amphotericin B has a broad spectrum and has remained the drug of choice for these life threatening invasive fungal infections."	( [Choice and use of antifungal drugs]. Dupont, B, 2001)	1.03
"Amphotericin B (ampho B) has been reported to increase ultrafiltration in both experimental and patient studies."	( Amphotericin B, mercury chloride and peritoneal transport in rabbits. de Waart, DR; Douma, CE; Korevaar, JC; Krediet, RT; Struijk, DG; Zweers, MM, 2001)	2.47
"Amphotericin B has a relatively broad spectrum of action and is useful in treating cases of candidosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, aspergillosis, extracutaneous sporotrichosis and mucormycosis, and some cases of hyalohyphomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis."	( Amphotericin B: spectrum and resistance. Ellis, D, 2002)	2.48
"Amphotericin B has a broad spectrum and has remained the drug of choice for life-threatening invasive fungal infections."	( Overview of the lipid formulations of amphotericin B. Dupont, B, 2002)	1.31
"As amphotericin B has a broad anti-fungal spectrum and relatively good efficacy, it is still a high-efficiency drug in treatment of systematical fungal infections. "	( [Amphotericin B for treatment of fungal infections in 40 patients with malignant hematologic diseases]. Jiang, B; Ren, H; Yang, Z, 2001)	1.84
"Amphotericin B has not previously been held responsible for BICH."	( [Drug-induced benign intracranial hypertension. Apropos of a case with amphotericin B. Review of the literature]. Chichmanian, RM; Dujardin, P; Fuzibet, JG; Gratecos, N; Heudier, P; Taillan, B, )	1.09
"Amphotericin B has no effect on glucose-6-phosphatase in vivo, the key enzyme of the gluconeogenesis, indicating selective effects on hepatic microsomal function."	( Effect of amphotericin B on hepatic cytochrome P-450 and glucose-6-phosphatase in the rat. Freitag, T; Heidemann, H; Heydemann, J; Holzlöhner, U; Inselmann, G, 1992)	1.41
"Amphotericin B has been available for intravenous administration for greater than 30 years and, despite its shortcomings, remains the drug of choice or reference agent in the therapy for many specific systemic fungal infections in various clinical settings."	( Current role of therapy with amphotericin B. Meyer, RD, 1992)	1.3
"Amphotericin B (AmB) has toxic effects and alters neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte [PMN]) function. "	( Lipid complexing decreases amphotericin B inflammatory activation of human neutrophils compared with that of a desoxycholate-suspended preparation of amphotericin B (Fungizone). Carper, HT; Mandell, GL; Sullivan, GW, 1992)	2.02
"Amphotericin B has a broad spectrum of action that includes most of the major fungal pathogens of man. "	( Amphotericin B: an introduction. Warnock, DW, 1991)	3.17
"Amphotericin B has been found to exert a marked influence on the glucose consumption and the production of all metabolites; for example, at 1 microM, the glucose consumption and the production of ethanol decrease while the production of glycerol and trehalose increases."	( Effects of amphotericin B on the glucose metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Studies by 13C-, 1H-NMR and biochemical methods. Hervé, M; Jerome, M; Lebourguais, O; Tran-Dinh, S; Wietzerbin, J, 1991)	1.39
"Amphotericin B has been the "gold standard" for empiric antifungal therapy, although the newer azoles may be useful in certain situations."	( Empiric treatment of fungal infections in the neutropenic host. Review of the literature and guidelines for use. Sugar, AM, 1990)	1
"Amphotericin B (AmB) has been able to lengthen the incubation period of intracerebrally (ic) scrapie-injected hamsters to 45 d. "	( Amphotericin B: a novel class of antiscrapie drugs. Casaccia, P; Ladogana, A; Pocchiari, M, 1989)	3.16
"Amphotericin B has been separated into five components by the use of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with only methanol as the developing solvent. "	( Separation of amphotericin B components by combined thin-layer and high-performance liquid chromatography. Kelly, PM, 1988)	2.08
"Amphotericin B may have been more effective than ketoconazole for the treatment of pneumonia."	( Amphotericin B or ketoconazole therapy of fungal infections in neutropenic cancer patients. Bodey, GP; Elting, L; Fainstein, V; Keating, M; Maksymiuk, A; McCredie, KB, 1987)	2.44
"Amphotericin B use has risen because of the difficulty in diagnosing deep-seated mycoses and because of the frequent isolation of yeasts from seriously ill patients."	( Retrospective review of amphotericin B use in a tertiary-care medical center. Gross, MH; Perfect, JR; Pickard, WW, 1987)	1.3

Actions

Amphotericin B (AmB) can cause liver and kidney injury, but a recently developed complex of AmB with copper (II) ions may cause acute reduction in renal function. Amph esotericin B can cause significant toxicity but this can be reduced by direct dilution into a fat emulsion (Intralipid)

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Amphotericin B (AmB) can cause liver and kidney injury, but a recently developed complex of AmB with copper (II) ions (AmB-Cu"	( Differential expression of microRNAs and their predicted targets in renal cells exposed to amphotericin B and its complex with copper (II) ions. Adamska, J; Gagoś, M; Gola, JM; Kruszniewska-Rajs, C; Mazurek, U; Strzałka-Mrozik, B, 2017)	1.4
"Amphotericin B may cause acute reduction in renal function. "	( N-acetylcysteine ameliorates amphotericin-induced nephropathy in rats. Aladjem, M; Averbukh, M; Averbukh, Z; Berman, S; Dishy, V; Efrati, S; Feldman, L; Katchko, L; Weissgarten, J, 2005)	1.77
"Amphotericin B was found to produce almost complete inhibition in the germination at a concentration of 1/10 of the corresponding MIC and partial inhibition at a concentration as low as MIC/50."	( Effect of subinhibitory concentration of some established and experimental antifungal compounds on the germ tube formation in Candida albicans. Buchta, V; Vale-Silva, LA; Valentová, E, 2007)	1.06
"Amphotericin B was found to increase considerably the interferon-inducing and antiviral activity of the above polyribonucleotide complexes in those cell systems where they induced interferon production and antiviral resistance alone, without the antibiotic, but to a lower degree."	( [Effect of amphotericin B on the activity of synthetic polyribonucleotide interferon inducers]. Lashkevich, VA; Vil'ner, LM, )	1.24
"Amphotericin B can cause significant toxicity but this can be reduced by direct dilution into a fat emulsion (Intralipid). "	( In-vivo activity and tolerance of conventional formulation versus fat emulsion formulation of amphotericin B in experimental disseminated candidiasis in neutropenic rabbits. Bonnin, A; Buisson, M; Chavanet, P; Dubois, C; Duong, M; Hamel, H; Portier, H, 1997)	1.96
"For amphotericin B, lower MIC values were observed in ISO-medium (0.25-2 micrograms/ml; median M = 1 microgram/ml) than in YNG-medium (0.25 microgram/ml; M = 1 microgram/ml)."	( [Establishment and evaluation of microdilution assays for the in vitro sensitivity testing of Aspergillus fumigatus]. Schmidt, A; Schmidt, DI, 2000)	0.79
"Amphotericin B failed to inhibit DCPIP reduction by L."	( The effects of clofazimine, niclosamide & amphotericin B, on electron transport of Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Bera, T; Datta, G, 2000)	1.29
"Amphotericin B was able to enhance the effects of actinomycin D (Act-D), adriamycin, and vincristine against AKR leukemia. "	( Potentiation of anticancer agent cytotoxicity against sensitive and resistant AKR leukemia by amphotericin B1. Dieckman, J; Medoff, G; Valeriote, F, 1979)	1.92
"Amphotericin B appears to suppress but not abolish the erythropoietin response to anemia; this effect disappears quickly after discontinuation of the drug."	( Amphotericin B blunts erythropoietin response to anemia. Bernard, EM; Chapman, SW; Goldwasser, E; Lin, AC, 1990)	2.44
"Amphotericin B infusions cause acute reductions in renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate. "	( Mechanisms of amphotericin B-induced reduction of the glomerular filtration rate: a micropuncture study. Badr, KF; Branch, RA; Sabra, R; Takahashi, K, 1990)	2.08
"Amphotericin B at lower maintenance dose, together with 5 flucytosine (5FC), are the preferred drugs for treatment of systemic candidiasis at present."	( Systemic candidiasis in premature infants experience with drug treatment. Ho, NK, 1985)	0.99

Treatment

Treatment with amphotericin B reduced the mortality rate of 90 per cent to as low as 10 per cent. The drug is however often limited by toxicity. For treatment, amph esotericin B remains the standard antifungal agent.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Amphotericin B treatment was significantly associated with high mortality rates (n = 13/33, 39.4%, P = <0.001)."	( Invasive infections with Purpureocillium lilacinum: clinical characteristics and outcome of 101 cases from FungiScope® and the literature. Barać, A; Cornely, OA; Desoubeaux, G; Falces-Romero, I; Kindo, AJ; Malaj, X; Morris, AJ; Pelletier, R; Ráčil, Z; Ruiz de Alegría Puig, C; Sal, E; Salmanton-García, J; Seidel, D; Sprute, R; Steinmann, J; Stemler, J; Thompson, GR, 2021)	1.34
"Amphotericin B treatment was immediately applied to the patient and later fluconazole until microbiological tests yielded negative results."	( [Cryptococcosis in renal transplant recipients]. Aguiar Agramante, A; Castillo Castillo, I; Delgado Almora, E; Martínez Arroyo, M; Paneque Rodríguez, I; Valdivia, J, )	0.85
"Amphotericin B plus CAPE treatment caused a significant decrease in MDA, NO levels, and SOD activity (P = 0.04, P = 0.02, and P = 0.0001, resp.) and caused an increase in CAT activity compared with amphotericin B treatment alone (P = 0.005)."	( Caffeic acid phenethyl ester protects against amphotericin B induced nephrotoxicity in rat model. Aksu, O; Altuntaş, A; Bayram, DŞ; Demir, M; Gökçimen, A; Sezer, MT; Uz, E; Yılmaz, HR, 2014)	1.38
"Amphotericin B based treatment is appropriate where possible. "	( Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in resource limited settings. Dedicoat, MJ; Lalloo, DG; Sloan, DJ, 2009)	1.8
"Amphotericin B (AmB)-treated rats develop severe polyuria, polydypsia, impairment of renal concentrating ability, and morphologic signs of tubular damage. "	( Reduced nephrotoxicity of conventional amphotericin B therapy after minimal nephroprotective measures: animal experiments and clinical study. Doubek, J; Doubek, M; Horký, D; Mayer, J; Scheer, P; Stepánek, M, 2002)	2.03
"Amphotericin B treatment was previously shown to inhibit Candida albicans reproduction and reduce the fluorescence of vitality-specific dyes without causing a corresponding increase in the fluorescence of the mortality-specific dyes bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid)trimethine oxonol and SYBR Green I. "	( Sublethal injury and resuscitation of Candida albicans after amphotericin B treatment. Liao, RS; Rennie, RP; Talbot, JA, 2003)	2
"Amphotericin B treatment of IPA resulted in changed aspect of pulmonary lesions and significantly reduced levels of left lung chitin (72 and 120 h), left lung galactomannan (72 and 120 h) and serum galactomannan (120 h), but not left lung cfu, compared with untreated infected rats. "	( Effect of amphotericin B treatment on kinetics of cytokines and parameters of fungal load in neutropenic rats with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; Becker, MJ; de Marie, S; Fens, MH; Verbrugh, HA, 2003)	2.16
"Amphotericin B treatment effectively halted parasite growth in all three patients."	( Salvage treatment with amphotericin B in progressive human alveolar echinococcosis. Buck, A; Grebe, O; Kern, P; Manfras, BJ; Nüssle-Kügele, K; Reuter, S, 2003)	1.35
"Amphotericin B treatment was significantly more effective than fluconazole treatment (3.41 log CFU/abscesses; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.17 log CFU/abscesses; 3.65 versus 3.90 log CFU/abscesses; 95% CI, 3.66 log CFU/abscesses, 4.16 log CFU/abscesses; P<0.05)."	( Treatment of intra-abdominal abscesses caused by Candida albicans with antifungal agents and recombinant murine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Kullberg, BJ; Netea, MG; van der Meer, JW; van Krieken, JH; Verweij, PE; Vonk, AG, 2003)	1.04
"Amphotericin B is the treatment of choice for severe systemic fungal infections. "	( Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity in children. Goldman, RD; Koren, G, 2004)	3.21
"Amphotericin B treatment reduces fungal burden less effectively in mucoid variant-infected than in smooth variant-infected mice."	( Effects of antifungal interventions on the outcome of experimental infections with phenotypic switch variants of Cryptococcus neoformans. Casadevall, A; Cook, E; Fries, BC; Wang, X, 2005)	1.05
"Amphotericin B is the treatment of choice, but its administration is often hampered by severe side-effects, which may be reduced by continuous infusion of this drug."	( Brief report: practicability and safety of amphotericin B deoxycholate as continuous infusion in neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies. Knöbl, P; Rabitsch, W; Schulenburg, A; Sperr, W; Thalhammer, F, 2005)	1.31
"Amphotericin B treatment in cryptococcosis requires daily hospital visits or admission. "	( Comparison of one week with two week regimens of amphotericin B both followed by fluconazole in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis among AIDS patients. Boonpokbn, L; Maek-a-Nantawat, W; Mctm, AG; Phonrat, B; Pitisuttithum, P; Tansuphaswadikul, S, 2006)	2.03
"Amphotericin B (AmB)-treated or drug-free controls were included in the study."	( Post-antifungal effects of the antifungal compound 2-(3,4-dimethyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1-methylethyl pentanoate on Aspergillus fumigatus. Dabur, R; Mandal, TK; Sharma, GL, 2007)	1.06
"Amphotericin B is the treatment for this disease entity."	( Histoplasmosis of the larynx. Donegan, JO; Wood, MD, 1984)	0.99
"Amphotericin B was the treatment drug of choice, and in cases of no response, supplemented with either flucytosine or ketoconazole."	( Fungal arthritis. A review. Andersen, K; Hansen, BL, 1995)	1.01
"Amphotericin B treatment was considered successful in 46% of the cases reviewed."	( Amphotericin B use in a major acute care hospital. Jewesson, PJ; Nicholl, T; Phillips, P, )	2.3
"Amphotericin B is the treatment of choice for acute and chronic hematogenously disseminated candidiasis."	( Severe candidal infections in neutropenic patients. Edwards, JE; Filler, SG; Swerdloff, JN, 1993)	1.01
"amphotericin B for the treatment of disseminated fungal sepsis in neonates."	( Fluconazole vs. amphotericin B for the treatment of neonatal fungal septicemia: a prospective randomized trial. Cooper, PA; De Villiers, FP; Driessen, M; Ellis, JB; Gous, H; Hahn, D; Muwazi, F; Wainer, S, 1996)	1.36
"Amphotericin B treatment in oncological patients is irrepaceable due to the high frequency of mycotic infections. "	( [Must we be really concerned about amphotericin B toxicity in oncology patients?]. Doubek, M; Mayer, J, 1998)	2.02
"Amphotericin B is the treatment of choice for patients who are immunocompromised, have life-threatening or central nervous system (CNS) disease, or for whom azole treatment has failed."	( Practice guidelines for the management of patients with blastomycosis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Bradsher, RW; Campbell, GD; Chapman, SW; Kauffman, CA; Pappas, PG, 2000)	1.03
"Amphotericin B is the treatment of choice for systemic fungal infections, however, its clinical usefulness is limited by its toxicity. "	( [Use of non-conventional amphotericin B at the San Carlos Clinical Hospital]. Ambit Avila, MI; Laredo Velasco, L; Pérez-Cecilia, E; Picazo de la Garza, JJ; Prieto Yerro, C; Vargas Castrillón, E, )	1.88
"Amphotericin B is the treatment of choice for systemic fungal infections. "	( [Changes in the pattern of use of non-conventional amphotericin B after the implementation of a training intervention at the San Carlos Clinical Hospital of Madrid]. Ambit Avila, I; Laredo Velasco, L; Merchante Medina, A; Prieto Yerro, C; Rodríguez Bernardino, A; Vargas Castrillón, E, )	1.83
"Amphotericin B is the treatment of choice for life-threatening systemic fungal infections such as candidosis and aspergillosis. "	( AmBisome: liposomal formulation, structure, mechanism of action and pre-clinical experience. Adler-Moore, J; Proffitt, RT, 2002)	1.76
"Amphotericin B treatment increases the thiourea, D-xylose and mannitol fluxes and lowers those of urea, N-methyl-urea, acetamide, formamide, and N-N'-dimethyl-thiourea. "	( Permeability pathways for non-electrolytes through Bufo bufo gall-bladder. Casavola, V; Curci, S; Lippe, C, 1975)	1.7
"Amphotericin B treatment was ineffective in avoiding hematogenous spread."	( Disseminated Scedosporium inflatum infection in a patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Guarro, J; Gueho, E; Marin, J; Martínez, ML; Menezo, JL; Prieto, M; Sanz, GF; Sanz, MA, 1991)	1
"Amphotericin B treatment did not change hexosaminidase expression that is represented mainly by "A-type" hexosaminidase in macrophages, on the basis of its biochemical properties."	( Amphotericin B stimulates secretion of beta-hexosaminidase from mouse adherent spleen cells. Barluzzi, R; Beccari, T; Bistoni, F; Constanzi, E; Datti, A; Mazzolla, R; Orlacchio, A, 1991)	2.45
"Amphotericin B treatment seemed to be ineffective."	( Human pythiosis associated with thalassemia hemoglobinopathy syndrome. Atichartakarn, V; Eurvilaichit, C; Flegel, T; Jirasiritham, S; Leelachaikul, P; Nontasut, S; Prachaktam, R; Sathapatayavongs, B; Sriphojanart, S; Trairatvorakul, P, 1989)	1
"Amphotericin B remains the treatment of choice for systemic fungal infections, but amphotericin B is toxic and is often not effective in treating disseminated infections. "	( The role of liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of systemic fungal infections. Andriole, VT; Patterson, TF, 1989)	2.03
"Amphotericin B is the treatment of choice for most deep-seated mycoses; however, doses may have to be limited because of concern over adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity. "	( Prevention of amphotericin B-induced renal impairment. A review on the use of sodium supplementation. Branch, RA, 1988)	2.08
"Amphotericin B pretreatment accelerated clearance of C."	( Effects of sublethal concentrations of amphotericin B on Candida albicans. Couchot, KR; Nugent, KM, 1986)	1.26
"Amphotericin B (AmB) treatment before infection with the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes prolonged survival of AKR mice but shortened survival of C57BL/6 mice compared with survival of untreated infected controls. "	( Toxicity and induction of resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection by amphotericin B in inbred strains of mice. Brajtburg, J; Elberg, S; Kobayashi, GS; Medoff, G, 1986)	1.94
"Amphotericin B also is the treatment of choice for extracutaneous sporotrichosis."	( Sporotrichosis, a hazard of outdoor work or recreation. Three illustrative cases. Harris, LF, 1985)	0.99
"Treatment with amphotericin B, plasma exchange, and ventilator, vasopressor, and renal replacement support led to a full recovery."	( Thrombotic Microangiopathy Due to Progressive Disseminated Histoplasmosis in a Child With Down Syndrome and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Benedetti, DJ; Cowfer, BA; Dulek, DE; Hunley, TE; Mason, EF, 2023)	1.25
"Treatment with amphotericin B resulted in prompt reversal of symptoms and radiological findings, and no further symptoms occurred during 8 years of follow-up."	( Anecdotal Response to Amphotericin in a Patient with Probable Susac Syndrome: Implications in the Pathogenesis. Catarino, A; Gil-Gouveia, R; Marto, N; Vilela, P, 2019)	0.85
"Treatment with amphotericin B lipid complex was started, resulting in an partial improvement of the general condition and decreased level of inflammatory markers."	( Mucormycosis in a patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia following liver transplantation for Wilson's disease. Guzicka-Kazimierczak, R; Wawrzynowicz-Syczewska, M; Zdziarska, B; Łanocha, AA, 2019)	0.85
"Treatment with amphotericin B and miltefosine permitted complete resolution of the lesions and no recurrence during the 18-month follow-up period."	( Case Report: Progressive Dysphonia and Dysphagia due to Laryngeal Leishmaniasis. Bakhos, D; Desoubeaux, G; Lemaignen, A; Renard, L, 2021)	0.96
"Treatment with Amphotericin B (AmB) deoxycholate, which is still used widely, particularly in low-resource countries, has been challenged due to nephrotoxicity. "	( continuous versus conventional infusion of amphotericin B deoxycholate: a meta-analysis. Falagas, ME; Karageorgopoulos, DE; Tansarli, GS, 2013)	1.01
"Treatment with amphotericin B, particularly in combination with MCSF, increased the number of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and promoted remyelination within lesions; these pro-regenerative effects were mitigated in mice treated with clodronate liposomes to reduce circulating monocytes and tissue-infiltrated macrophages."	( Stimulation of monocytes, macrophages, and microglia by amphotericin B and macrophage colony-stimulating factor promotes remyelination. Döring, A; Kinniburgh, D; Lau, L; Mishra, M; Rivest, S; Sloka, S; van Minnen, J; Yong, VW; Zhang, X, 2015)	1
"Treatment with amphotericin B lipid formulations in combination with surgery and, perhaps, the addition of caspofungin offers the best chance for survival; posaconazole, a new antifungal triazole, is increasingly used for consolidation or maintenance therapy."	( Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and other adjunctive treatments for zygomycosis. Groll, AH; Tragiannidis, A, 2009)	0.69
"Treatment with amphotericin B lipid complex or caspofungin was also independently associated with a reduced length of hospital stay."	( Hospital costs and outcomes among intravenous antifungal therapies for patients with invasive aspergillosis in the United States. Kim, A; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2011)	0.71
"Treatment with amphotericin B(AMPH-B) and flucytosine(5-FC) was initiated as diagnosis of cryptococcus meningitis."	( Disseminated cryptococcosis in a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patient with late-onset neutropenia following rituximab-CHOP chemotherapy: a case report and literature review. Ainoda, Y; Fujita, T; Hirai, Y; Mori, N; Motoji, T; Shiseki, M; Shoji, T; Teramura, M; Totsuka, K; Yoshinaga, K, 2011)	0.71
"Treatment with amphotericin B is highly effective in histoplasmosis. "	( Determination of the therapeutic activity of caspofungin compared with the amphotericin B in an animal experimental model of histoplasmosis in hamster (Mesocrisetus auratus). Finquelievich, J; Iovannitti, CA; Landaburu, MF; Pinoni, V, )	0.71
"Treatment with amphotericin B lipid complex was started and continued for 41 days."	( Rare pediatric rhino-orbital infection caused by Saksenaea vasiformis. AlMuzrkchi, A; Falamarzi, A; Guarro, J; Taj-Aldeen, SJ, 2012)	0.72
"Treatment with amphotericin B was started, the dose was adjusted calculating the minimal inhibitory concentration of amphotericin B, and measuring plasma levels of the antimicrobial."	( [Verrucous endocarditis secondary to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A case report]. Díaz, MC; Ruiz-Esquide, F; Silva, V; Wu, E, 2002)	0.65
"Treatment with amphotericin B and flucytosine was instituted in both the children who recovered and are doing well."	( Cryptococcal meningitis in pediatric AIDS. Kakkar, M; Kaur, R; Monga, R; Rawat, D; Sharma, VK, 2003)	0.66
"Treatment with amphotericin B decreased the creatinine clearance significantly: 0.94 +/- 0.16 ml-1 min-1 vs."	( Enzymuria following amphotericin B application in the rat. Balaschke, M; Heidemann, HT; Inselmann, G, 2003)	0.98
"Treatment with amphotericin B is often limited because of toxicity, particularly nephrotoxicity."	( Successful treatment with micafungin of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in acute myeloid leukemia, with renal failure due to amphotericin B therapy. Akioka, T; Fujisaka, T; Hanafusa, T; Hara, S; Oka, S; Tsuji, M; Yamano, T; Yokote, T, 2004)	0.87
"Treatment with amphotericin B resulted in a dramatic resolution of all signs and symptoms within 1 week."	( Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with visceral leishmaniasis: a case report. Ozbek, N; Ozçay, F; Ozyürek, E; Yilmaz, B, )	0.47
"Treatment with amphotericin B led to resolution."	( Disseminated histoplasmosis in a liver transplant recipient. Crippin, JS; Korenblat, KM; Lisker-Melman, M; Oh, YS; Zuckerman, GR, 2006)	0.67
"Treatment with amphotericin B followed by fluconazole was successful and in the course of two months when, the skin nodules disappeared."	( Disseminated cryptococcosis in a patient with nephrotic syndrome. Ahmed, E; Manzoor, K; Qadir, F, 2006)	0.67
"Treatment with amphotericin B deoxycholate (AB) is associated with dose-related nephrotoxicity. "	( Oral rehydration solution to prevent nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B. Campos, M; Chávez, E; Cieza, J; Cruz, M; Echevarria, J; Gotuzzo, E; Llanos, A; Seas, C, 2006)	0.93
"Treatment with amphotericin B deoxycholate was the most effective approach in the baseline analysis and averted 87.2% of all deaths attributable to VL. "	( Drug policy for visceral leishmaniasis: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Boelaert, M; Diap, G; Gerstl, S; Guerin, PJ; Meheus, F; Van der Stuyft, P; Vanlerberghe, V, 2007)	0.69
"Treatment with amphotericin B (1 mg/kg/day) and fluconazole (100 mg/kg/day) injected into the peripheral veins was initiated, but was stopped due to the appearance of renal dysfunction."	( Local administration of amphotericin B against aspergilloma in the prepontine cistern--case report. Araki, H; Kiya, K; Mizoue, T; Nabika, S; Oshita, J; Satoh, H, 2007)	0.99
"Treatment with amphotericin B followed by itraconazole resulted in complete remission of laryngeal lesions."	( Disseminated histoplasmosis with lesions restricted to the larynx in a patient with AIDS. Report of a case and review of the literature. Cangelosi, D; Corti, M; Escudero, M; Negroni, R; Saccheri, C; Schtirbu, R; Solari, R, 2007)	0.68
"Treatment with amphotericin B resulted in prompt clinical improvement in all patients, but relapse occurred in two patients one year following therapy."	( Histoplasmosis in renal allograft recipients. Two large urban outbreaks. Batteiger, B; Filo, RS; French, MV; Leapman, SB; Sathapatayavongs, B; Smith, EJ; Wheat, LJ, 1983)	0.61
"Treatment with amphotericin B followed by ketoconazole was as effective as amphotericin B alone and resulted in less nephrotoxicosis ."	( Treatment of canine blastomycosis with amphotericin B and ketoconazole. Edwards, DF; Legendre, AM; Selcer, BA; Stevens, R, 1984)	0.88
"Treatment with amphotericin B was effective when this antifungal antibiotic was administered early in the course of the disease."	( Penicilliosis marneffei in Thailand: report of five human cases. Ajello, L; Atichartakarn, V; Jayanetra, P; Lolekha, S; Nitiyanant, P; Padhye, AA; Prajaktam, R; Sathaphatayavongs, B; Vathesatogit, P, 1984)	0.61
"Treatment with amphotericin B reversed this life-threatening episode."	( Hansenula polymorpha infection in a child with chronic granulomatous disease. Folds, JD; McGinnis, MR; Walker, DH, 1980)	0.6
"Treatment with amphotericin B (7.5 mg/kg of body weight per day) administered intraperitoneally protected 60% of the mice."	( Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis: a report of two cases and antibiotic and immunologic studies. Cichon, MJ; Lansen, TA; Shulman, ST; Stevens, AR; Willaert, E, 1981)	0.6
"Treatment with amphotericin B was generally effective, while the use of newer azole anti-fungal agents were less effective."	( Histoplasmosis: the otolaryngologist's perspective. Gerber, ME; Rosdeutscher, JD; Seiden, AM; Tami, TA, 1995)	0.63
"Treatment with amphotericin B and ketoconazole resulted in clinical improvement, clearing of chest X-rays and conversion to sero-negativity."	( Pulmonary penicillosis marneffei: report of the first imported case in Canada. Black, WA; Garg, AK; Glezos, JD; Sekhon, AS; Stein, L; Wong, C, 1994)	0.63
"Treatment with amphotericin B was required in 67% of patients colonized in multiple non-contiguous body sites (multicolonized) versus 31% of patients colonized in single or contiguous sites (monocolonized) and in 21% of non-colonized patients (p = 0.0037 and p = 0.00026, respectively)."	( Prospective study of Candida colonization, use of empiric amphotericin B and development of invasive mycosis in neutropenic patients. Boccanera, M; Cassone, A; De Bernardis, F; Girmenia, C; Martino, P; Micozzi, A, 1994)	0.87
"Treatment with amphotericin B and flucytosine led to improvement of the symptoms but did not eradicate the micro-organisms from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)."	( Cryptococcal meningitis with severe visual and hearing loss and radiculopathy in a patient without immunodeficiency. Dichgans, J; Müller, F; Schepelmann, K, )	0.47
"Treatment with amphotericin B was the only predictor of survival, reducing mortality from 92% to 41%."	( Isolated central nervous system mucormycosis. Freedman, JD; Siddiqi, SU, 1994)	0.63
"Treatment with amphotericin B (1000 mg total dose) and oral 5-fluorocytosine, resulted in complete recovery and resolution of the chest X-ray findings with a follow-up of 2 years."	( Cryptococcus neoformans vertebral osteomyelitis. Block, C; Farfel, Z; Goldschmied-Reuven, A; Gurevitz, O; Hassin, D; Kopolovic, J, 1994)	0.63
"On treatment with amphotericin B (at first 10 mg, then 50 mg daily for 4 weeks) the symptoms regressed within a few days."	( [Disseminated histoplasmosis in AIDS]. Albrecht, H; Greten, H; Jäger, H; Patzak, A; Petersen, J; Stellbrink, HJ, 1994)	0.61
"Treatment with amphotericin B was successful."	( Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection as an imported disease in HIV-1 infected patients. Description of two cases and a review of the literature. Blaauwgeers, JL; Dirks-Go, S; Kok, I; Rietra, PJ; Veenstra, J; Weigel, HM, 1994)	0.63
"Treatment with amphotericin B intravenously (0.5 mg/kg, total dose 1052 mg in 32 days) was commenced."	( Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection as an imported disease in HIV-1 infected patients. Description of two cases and a review of the literature. Blaauwgeers, JL; Dirks-Go, S; Kok, I; Rietra, PJ; Veenstra, J; Weigel, HM, 1994)	0.63
"Treatment with amphotericin B and short-term mechanical ventilation resulted in rapid resolution of all symptoms."	( Unusual form of endobronchial Aspergillosis in a patient with cystic fibrosis. Colombo, JL; Howard, ST; Linder, J; Sammut, PH, 1993)	0.63
"Treatment with amphotericin B eradicated the fungemia."	( Fungemia due to Torulopsis glabrata. McAllister, CK; Morris, JT, 1993)	0.63
"Treatment with amphotericin B controlled the fungal infection."	( Disseminated adiaspiromycosis in a patient with AIDS. Cano, EL; Echavarria, E; Restrepo, A, 1993)	0.63
"Treatment with amphotericin B in a lipid emulsion when given to critically ill patients with Candida sepsis seems to be safer and as effective as the conventional mode of administration."	( Administration of amphotericin B in lipid emulsion decreases nephrotoxicity: results of a prospective, randomized, controlled study in critically ill patients. Halpern, P; Israitel, E; Kluger, Y; Nagar, H; Rudick, V; Scarlatt, A; Setton, A; Silbiger, A; Sorkine, P; Weinbroum, A, 1996)	0.98
"Treatment with amphotericin B (0.8 mg/kg every other day) resulted in significant reductions in the parasite burdens in the livers, spleens and lungs of infected mice."	( Therapeutic effect of reference antileishmanial agents in murine visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum. Buffet, PA; Derouin, F; Garin, YJ; Nassar, N; Sulahian, A, 1996)	0.63
"Treatment with amphotericin B at an accumulative dose of 5.5 grams led to significant recovery, and there was no recurrence of disease over a follow-up period of six months."	( Nonsurgical cure of isolated cerebral mucormycosis in an intravenous drug user. Blázquez, R; Bouza, E; Cosín, J; Lacruz, C; Miralles, P; Pinedo, A, 1996)	0.63
"Treatment with amphotericin B followed by itraconazole was successful."	( Penicillium marneffei infection in a Swedish HIV-infected immunodeficient narcotic addict. Julander, I; Petrini, B, 1997)	0.64
"Treatment with amphotericin B alone is effective but requires a prolonged hospital stay."	( Amphotericin B and itraconazole for treatment of disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Nelson, KE; Perriens, J; Sirisanthana, T; Supparatpinyo, K, 1998)	2.08
"Mice treated with amphotericin B (0.2 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally) or itraconazole (100 mg/kg/day by oral gavage in two divided doses/ day) had a 30-day survival of 20% or 40%."	( Interactions of itraconazole with amphotericin B in the treatment of murine invasive candidiasis. Liu, XP; Sugar, AM, 1998)	0.9
"Treatment with amphotericin B combined with ketoconazole was successful."	( African histoplasmosis: report of two patients treated with amphotericin B and ketoconazole. Akpuaka, FC; Gugnani, HC; Iregbulam, LM, 1998)	0.88
"Treatment with amphotericin B led to improvement followed by disappearance of the signs in both cases."	( [Imaging of urinary Candida bezoars]. Dafiri, R; el Fakir, Y; Imani, F; Kabbaj, N, 1999)	0.64
"Treatment with amphotericin B was continued until resolution of all clinical symptoms and signs attributable to HSC, obtaining negative blood cultures and the appearance of at least healed lesions on MRI."	( Hepatosplenic candidiasis in patients with acute leukaemia. Nguyen, NP; Sallah, S; Sallah, W; Semelka, RC; Vos, P; Wehbie, R, 1999)	0.64
"Treatment with amphotericin B showed only minimal improvement of survival, comparable to the poor result of this treatment in actual human cases."	( A murine model of zygomycosis by Cunninghamella bertholletiae. Hiroshima, K; Honda, A; Kamei, K; Kuriyama, T; Miyaji, M; Unno, H, )	0.47
"Treatment with amphotericin B in combination with radical surgery was effective in curing the disease."	( Histoplasmosis of the wrist. Houtman, PM; Marck, KW; Schasfoort, RA, 1999)	0.64
"Treatment with amphotericin B followed by an oral azole for 3 months is effective in most patients."	( Disseminated histoplasmosis in infants. Carranza, A; Carrillo, JM; Mora, L; Navarrete, M; Odio, CM, 1999)	0.64
"Treatment with amphotericin B was given, and the neurological disorder remitted completely."	( [Chronic eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to Candida guillermondii]. Gámez-Morales, L; González-Torres, R; Hernández-González, G; Paz-Sendín, L, )	0.47
"Treatment with amphotericin B arrested further neurologic decline."	( Meningoencephalitis due to Blastomyces dermatitidis: case report and literature review. Friedman, JA; Fulgham, JR; Wijdicks, EF; Wright, AJ, 2000)	0.65
"Treatment with amphotericin B was started and antimicrobial treatment was continued with liposomal amphotericin B because of an increase in creatinine later."	( Disseminated mucormycosis caused by Absidia corymbifera leading to cerebral vasculitis. Brück, W; Denkert, C; Eucker, J; Graf, B; Lehmann, R; Possinger, K; Schweigert, M; Sezer, O; Weber, JR, )	0.47
"Oral treatment with amphotericin B for 2 weeks resulted in a complete remission of the skin lesions indicating Candida colonization as a trigger."	( Persistent annular erythema of infancy associated with intestinal Candida colonization. Abeck, D; Ring, J; Schmidt, T; Stachowitz, S, 2000)	0.62
"Treatment with amphotericin B is the main therapeutic approach."	( Review of comparative studies between conventional and liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome) in neutropenic patients with fever of unknown origin and patients with systemic mycosis. Blau, IW; Fauser, AA, 2000)	0.88
"Treatment with amphotericin B alone failed for 3 of 6 patients, irrespective of neutropenic status."	( Candida lusitaniae: a cause of breakthrough fungemia in cancer patients. Hachem, R; Minari, A; Raad, I, 2001)	0.65
"Treatment with amphotericin B is considered the gold standard, but responses are limited, with only 20 to 30 percent of patients responding in most cases."	( Aspergillosis. Horgan, MM; Powderly, WG, 1997)	0.64
"Treatment with amphotericin B was initiated, but severe persistent gastrointestinal bleeding resulted in the patient's demise."	( A fatal case of gastric mucormycosis and diabetic ketoacidosis. Milech, A; Paulo De Oliveira, JE, )	0.47
"Treatment with amphotericin B resulted in return of renal function and decrease in renal size."	( Acute reversible renal failure secondary to renal candidiasis. Aldridge, GA; Hyde, HC; King, RW; Lasater, J, 1979)	0.6
"Treatment with amphotericin B was successful."	( Histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma capsulatum var duboisii in a Canadian immigrant. Givan, KF; Nethercott, JR; Ryder, DE; Schachter, RK, 1978)	0.6
"Treatment with amphotericin B reduced the mortality rate of 90 per cent to as low as 10 per cent."	( Blastomycosis of the genitourinary tract. Amin, M; Lich, R, 1975)	0.59
"Treatment with amphotericin B, the drug of choice for these infections, is however often limited by toxicity."	( A retrospective clinical comparison between antifungal treatment with liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) and conventional amphotericin B in transplant recipients. Andersson, S; Ringdén, O; Tollemar, J; Tydén, G, )	0.7
"Treatment with amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine was initiated."	( Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by Xylohypha bantiana, with a review of the literature. Galbraith, J; Garg, AK; Mielke, BW; Sekhon, AS; Sheehan, G, 1992)	0.62
"For treatment, amphotericin B remains the standard antifungal agent, and the association of amphotericin B with flucytosine the recommended association."	( [Systemic candidiasis]. Lelarge, P; Mariot, J, 1992)	0.62
"Treatment with amphotericin B applied either as hourly instilled drops or absorbed in collagen shields significantly (P less than .05) reduced corneal fungal counts at all time points when compared to saline-treated control eyes."	( Use of collagen shields containing amphotericin B in the treatment of experimental Candida albicans-induced keratomycosis in rabbits. Lee, DA; Legmann, A; Mondino, BJ; Pleyer, U, 1992)	0.9
"Treatment with amphotericin B resulted in resolution of endophthalmitis, although one patient required vitrectomy."	( Invasive infections due to Candida krusei: report of ten cases of fungemia that include three cases of endophthalmitis. Levitz, SM; McQuillen, DP; Meunier, F; Zingman, BS, 1992)	0.62
"Treatment with amphotericin B induced renal function disturbances."	( Pulmonary aspergillosis complicated by osteomyelitis. De Bock, R; Peetermans, M; Schrijvers, D, 1991)	0.62
"The treatment with amphotericin B and radical surgery showed ineffective."	( [Rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Apropos a case]. Cantillo Baños, E; López Villarejo, P; Mellado Rubio, R; Povedano Rodríguez, V, 1991)	0.6
"Treatment with amphotericin B resulted in rapid clinical improvement and complete healing of the perianal ulcer."	( Perianal ulcer in disseminated histoplasmosis. Amato, R; Dexeus, FH; Kilbourn, R; Recondo, G; Ro, JY; Sella, A, 1991)	0.62
"Treatment with amphotericin B resulted in only moderate improvement of the lesions and was accompanied by considerable toxicity."	( Treatment of invasive aspergillosis with itraconazole in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease. Raven, EJ; van 't Wout, JW; van der Meer, JW, 1990)	0.62
"Treatment with amphotericin B is highly effective, reversing the clinical manifestations of infection in at least 80% of cases."	( Disseminated histoplasmosis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment, and review of the literature. Baker, RL; Connolly-Stringfield, PA; Curfman, MF; Eads, ME; Israel, KS; Norris, SA; Webb, DH; Wheat, LJ; Zeckel, ML, 1990)	0.62
"Treatment with amphotericin B, flucytosine and high doses of fluconazole was followed by clinical improvement, although CSF pleocytosis remained."	( First report of chronic meningitis caused by Trichosporon beigelii. Boogaerts, M; Marcelis, L; Surmont, I; Verbist, L; Vergauwen, B; Verhoef, G, 1990)	0.62
"Treatment with amphotericin B and, more recently, with ketoconazole, in conjunction with operative treatment, was very effective."	( Orthopaedic manifestations of blastomycosis. Black, GB; MacDonald, PB; MacKenzie, R, 1990)	0.62
"Treatment with amphotericin B followed by fluconazole was effective."	( Disseminated histoplasmosis in a Danish patient with AIDS. Franzmann, M; Mathiesen, LR; Smith, E, 1989)	0.62
"Treatment with amphotericin B reduced levels of HPA in the urine in 19 of 21 (90.5%) and the serum of all 10 patients tested."	( Histoplasma capsulatum polysaccharide antigen detection in diagnosis and management of disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Connolly-Stringfield, P; Frame, PT; Gupta, MR; Kohler, RB; Wheat, LJ, 1989)	0.62
"Treatment with amphotericin B and flucytosine was very effective, there being no more growth of fungi in cultures in most cases."	( Cryptococcosis in AIDS patients: observations concerning CNS involvement. de Matos-Marques, B; Pohle, HD; Rögler, G; Seibold, M; Sixt, C; Staib, F; Weinke, T, 1989)	0.62
"Treatment with amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, and splenectomy proved successful."	( Successful treatment of disseminated Trichosporon beigelii (cutaneum) infection with associated splenic involvement. Bhansali, S; Crane, L; Karanes, C; Kiel, R; Palutke, W; Ratanatharathorn, V, 1986)	0.61
"Treatment with amphotericin B was administered because of the high risk of dissemination."	( Survival after intestinal mucormycosis in acute myelogenous leukemia. Allende, E; Arnau, E; Julia, A; Lopez, A; Nadal, A; Parra, R, 1986)	0.61
"Treatment with amphotericin B was initially successful for 18 of 21 patients; however, 11 of 18 patients had infection recurrence that always developed at time of tumor exacerbation and reinstitution or intensification of chemotherapy."	( Aspergillus sinusitis in cancer patients. De Jongh, CA; Gray, WC; Moody, MA; Newman, KA; Peterson, DE; Schimpff, SC; Sutherland, JC; Viollier, AF, 1986)	0.61
"Treatment with amphotericin B and flucytosine resulted in documented sterilization of the vitreous."	( Mycotic endophthalmitis caused by Penicillium sp. after parenteral drug abuse. Cinelli, AB; Myers, JP; Swan, SK; Wagner, RA, 1985)	0.61
"Treatment with amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine failed to restore hearing."	( Cryptococcal meningitis: presentation as sudden deafness. Flood, LM; Graham, MD; Maslan, MJ, 1985)	0.61

Toxicity

Nephrotoxicity is the most frequent side effect of lipid formulations of Amphotericin B. It may cause a reduced clearance of the renally eliminated calcineurin inhibitors used for the control of Graft Versus Host Disease.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Other major toxic effects, in decreasing order of frequency, were anemia, hypokalemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia."	( Toxicity of amphotericin b in children with cancer. Feldman, S; Wilson, R, 1979)	0.64
"Striking mortality in mice receiving amphotericin B and cortisone acetate concomitantly prompted studies to characterize the toxic interaction of these two drugs further."	( Synergistic nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B and cortisone acetate in mice. Evan, AP; Kisch, AL; Maydew, RP, 1978)	0.82
" In addition, AME was less toxic than AB toward KB cells grown in media containing 2, 5, 10, 15 or 20% FBS, whereas the antifungal activities of AB and AME were similar."	( The effect of fetal bovine serum on polyene macrolide antibiotic cytotoxicity and antifungal activity. Bonner, DP; Bryson, V; Fisher, PB; Goldstein, NI; Mechlinski, W; Schaffner, CP, 1976)	0.26
" These results suggest that serum contains a protective factor, probably cholesterol, which protects neutrophils in vitro from the toxic effects of AmB."	( Neutrophil toxicity of amphotericin B. Chunn, CJ; Gilbert, DN; Starr, PR, 1977)	0.57
" AME was less toxic than amphotericin B and Fungizone to all cell lines, but the sensitivity of the normal and tumor lines was different."	( Toxicity of amphotericin B and its methyl ester toward normal and tumor cell lines. Bonner, DP; Bryson, V; Fisher, PB; Goldstein, NI; Mechlinski, W; Schaffner, CP, 1975)	0.94
" Solutions in which AmB was almost entirely monomeric were half as toxic after 24 h and about six times less toxic after 1 week than the corresponding solutions of Fungizone."	( Effects of the aggregation state of amphotericin B on its toxicity to mice. Barwicz, J; Christian, S; Gruda, I, 1992)	0.56
" Adverse effects of flucytosine therapy included one case each of reversible nausea, diarrhea, elevated transaminase levels, and thrombocytopenia."	( Evolving role of flucytosine in immunocompromised patients: new insights into safety, pharmacokinetics, and antifungal therapy. Francis, P; Walsh, TJ, 1992)	0.28
" Thus, ABCD shows promise as an effective but less toxic alternative to ABDS for the treatment of disseminated cryptococcosis."	( Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion compared with those of amphotericin B deoxycholate suspension for treatment of disseminated murine cryptococcosis. Clemons, KV; Hanson, LH; Hostetler, JS; Stevens, DA, 1992)	0.59
" It was concluded that the only form of AmB toxic to human erythrocytes is the water-soluble self-associated form (in contrast with fungal cells on which the monomeric form is also active)."	( Effects of aggregation and solvent on the toxicity of amphotericin B to human erythrocytes. Bolard, J; Cohen, BE; Legrand, P; Romero, EA, 1992)	0.53
" AB and hypoxia/reoxygenation caused additive, not synergistic, LDH release whereas CS-AB had no adverse effect."	( Direct amphotericin B-mediated tubular toxicity: assessments of selected cytoprotective agents. Bredl, CR; Schimpf, BA; Zager, RA, 1992)	0.74
" Unfortunately, therapeutic doses are often associated with a variety of adverse effects, including nephrotoxicity."	( Calcium-channel blocking agents as therapy for amphotericin B nephrotoxicity. Baetz-Greenwalt, B; Brouhard, BH, )	0.39
" ABCD produced a spectrum of toxic effects in the kidneys, gut, and liver similar to those of m-AmB, but ABCD was eightfold safer than m-AmB."	( Relationship of pharmacokinetics and drug distribution in tissue to increased safety of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in dogs. Babbar, S; Fielding, RM; Guo, LS; Singer, AW; Wang, LH, 1992)	0.51
" AmBisome appears a safe alternative to conventional amphotericin B, and its efficacy should be further investigated."	( Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome): safety data from a phase II/III clinical trial. Meunier, F; Prentice, HG; Ringdén, O, 1991)	0.93
" Less toxic was netilmicin with penicillin or cephalosporin, and vancomycin."	( Nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides, polypeptides and cephalosporins in cancer patients. Bodnárová, J; Fuchsberger, P; Gocár, M; Koza, I; Krcméry, V; Salát, T; Sobota, R; Svec, J, 1991)	0.28
" ABLC caused few acute adverse effects except for mild somnolence (drowsiness) in six volunteers."	( Comparative safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B lipid complex and amphotericin B desoxycholate in healthy male volunteers. Amantea, MA; Bennett, JE; Grasela, DM; Kan, VL; McManus, E; Sherman, JW; Smolskis, MC, 1991)	0.53
" Evaluation of 264 infusions revealed no difference between the two schedules neither in incidence nor severity of acute toxic reactions."	( [The influence of the duration of infusion on the acute toxicity of amphotericin B. Comparison of two hour versus four hour infusions]. Arning, M; Aul, C; Dresen, B; Schneider, W, 1991)	0.52
" Cilofungin is a potentially safe antifungal for the treatment of candida endophthalmitis."	( Retinal toxicity and in vitro efficacy study of cilofungin (LY121019). Niesman, MR; Peyman, GA; Shahsavari, M, 1990)	0.28
" Incorporation of AMB into liposomes prevented the toxic effects of free-AMB on glomerular filtration and tubular cells membrane, but significantly increased N-acetylglucosaminidase urinary excretion (380 and 180% in animals receiving 4 and 10 mg/kg of L-AMB, respectively)."	( Incorporation of amphotericin B (AMB) into liposomes alters AMB-induced acute nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Barge, J; Carbon, C; Dromer, F; Joly, V; Molas, G; Seta, N; Yeni, P, 1989)	0.62
" 100-150 nm) were found to be more toxic than their large counterparts (e."	( In-vivo studies of amphotericin B liposomes derived from proliposomes: effect of formulation on toxicity and tissue disposition of the drug in mice. Cosgrove, RF; Green, AP; Liu, L; Payne, NI, 1987)	0.6
" One or more toxic drug reactions developed in 103 patients: azotemia (51), renal tubular acidosis (two), leukopenia (30), thrombocytopenia (22), diarrhea (26), nausea/vomiting (10), and hepatitis (13)."	( Toxicity of amphotericin B plus flucytosine in 194 patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Bowles, CA; Cloud, GA; Diasio, RB; Dismukes, WE; Espinel-Ingroff, A; Karam, GH; Shadomy, S; Stamm, AM, 1987)	0.65
" Because of the large pharmacokinetic variability and the high rate of serious adverse effects, individualized dosing of amphotericin B based on therapeutic drug monitoring should be considered."	( Pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of amphotericin B in infants and children. Bologa-Campeanu, M; Golas, C; Klein, J; Koren, G; Lau, A; MacLeod, SM; Prober, C; Soldin, S, 1988)	0.75
" Four patients with initial evidence of mildly impaired renal function received full supplements without adverse effects or the development of nephrotoxicity."	( Amphotericin-B nephrotoxicity in humans decreased by sodium supplements with coadministration of ticarcillin or intravenous saline. Branch, RA; Heidemann, H; Jackson, EK; Jacqz, E; Meusers, P; Ohnhaus, EE; Ray, WA; Stein, R, 1987)	0.27
" There was no correlation between the reduction of toxicity in the tissue culture assay and the reduction of lethality in the LD50 test."	( Effect of lipid composition and liposome size on toxicity and in vitro fungicidal activity of liposome-intercalated amphotericin B. Barza, M; Milholland, D; Szoka, FC, 1987)	0.48
" Gentamicin at toxic doses, however, increased CSA nephrotoxicity."	( Experimental cyclosporine nephrotoxicity: risk of concomitant chemotherapy. Mihatsch, MJ; Müller, AM; Ryffel, B, 1986)	0.27
" C57BL/6 mice were also more sensitive to the acute toxic effects of AmB than AKR mice, as were (C57BL/6 X AKR)F1 hybrid mice."	( Toxicity and induction of resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection by amphotericin B in inbred strains of mice. Brajtburg, J; Elberg, S; Kobayashi, GS; Medoff, G, 1986)	0.5
" Thus, AMB-containing liposomes composed of phospholipids with saturated acyl chains are nontoxic, whereas AMB liposomes composed of phospholipids containing unsaturated acyl chains are almost as toxic as AMB itself."	( Mechanism of the selective toxicity of amphotericin B incorporated into liposomes. Barber, KR; Grant, CW; Juliano, RL; Kalp, MA, 1987)	0.54
" Nephrotoxicity, the dose-limiting side effect of AMB, is almost abolished when the drug is utilized in a liposomal carrier."	( Selective toxicity and enhanced therapeutic index of liposomal polyene antibiotics in systemic fungal infections. Hopfer, R; Juliano, RL; Lopez-Berestein, G; Mehta, K; Mehta, R; Mills, K, 1985)	0.27
"We determined whether liposome-intercalated amphotericin B was less toxic than commercial amphotericin B when injected intravitreally in the primate."	( Ocular toxicity of intravitreally injected liposomal amphotericin B in rhesus monkeys. Barza, M; Baum, J; D'Amico, DJ; Szoka, F; Tremblay, C, 1985)	0.78
" Amphotericin B given in a mixture with human low-density lipoproteins was more toxic than when given without lipoproteins."	( Effects of elevation of serum cholesterol and administration of amphotericin B complexed to lipoproteins on amphotericin B-induced toxicity in rabbits. Brajtburg, J; Kobayashi, GS; Koldin, MH; Medoff, G, 1985)	1.42
" Our results suggest that the dose-related stimulatory, permeabilizing, and toxic effects of AmB most probably have distinct mechanisms of action and may be independent of one another."	( Stimulatory, permeabilizing, and toxic effects of amphotericin B on L cells. Brajtburg, J; Elberg, S; Kobayashi, GS; Medoff, G; Medoff, J; Schlessinger, D, 1984)	0.52
"Hepatotoxicity is regarded as a rare side effect of amphotericin B therapy."	( Reversible hepatotoxicity related to amphotericin B. Miller, MA, 1984)	0.79
" As the result of continuing infusion-related adverse events, the patient refused further therapy after the third daily dose."	( Amphotericin B toxicity reduced by administration in fat emulsion. Anderson, RP; Clark, DA, 1995)	1.73
" A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in a relevant patient group would strengthen the support for this simple, safe therapy, but will not likely be carried out because of practical and ethical considerations."	( Sodium chloride treatment of amphotericin B nephrotoxicity. Standard of care? Anderson, CM, 1995)	0.58
" Prophylactic fluconazole was safe and significantly reduced systemic fungal infections with other benefits, including improved survival at day 110 after marrow transplantation."	( Efficacy and safety of fluconazole prophylaxis for fungal infections after marrow transplantation--a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Adams, R; Bowden, RA; Feldman, AR; Levenstein, MJ; Meyers, JD; Osborne, B; Schoch, HG; Slavin, MA, 1995)	0.29
"Infusion-related adverse events (IRAEs) such as nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, and thrombophlebitis that are associated with amphotericin B therapy often lead clinicians to prescribe a number of adjunctive pretreatment medications in an attempt to reduce the incidence and severity of these events."	( Pretreatment regimens for adverse events related to infusion of amphotericin B. Cleary, JD; Goodwin, SD; Grasela, TH; Taylor, JW; Walawander, CA, 1995)	0.74
" Furthermore, we observe that AmpB was less toxic in vitro to pig kidney cells when associated with HDL, but still toxic when associated with LDL."	( Decreased toxicity of liposomal amphotericin B due to association of amphotericin B with high-density lipoproteins: role of lipid transfer protein. Lopez-Berestein, G; Morton, RE; Rosenblum, MG; Wasan, KM, 1994)	0.57
"01) with the LD50 of AmB."	( Influence of diet on experimental toxicity of amphotericin B deoxycholate. Bolard, J; Carbon, C; Chavanet, P; Joly, V; Rigaud, D; Yeni, P, 1994)	0.55
" The lower level of toxicity of ILd-AmB might be explained by circular dichroism experiments, showing that ILd-AmB contained 10-fold less soluble oligomeric AmB, which is believed to be the toxic form of the drug, than Dd-AmB."	( In vitro renal toxicity and in vivo therapeutic efficacy in experimental murine cryptococcosis of amphotericin B (Fungizone) associated with Intralipid. Carbon, C; Chéron, M; Farinotti, R; Joly, V; Saint-Julien, L; Yeni, P, 1994)	0.51
" HDL-associated AmpB was less toxic than AmB to LLC PK1 cells (53."	( Influence of lipoproteins on renal cytotoxicity and antifungal activity of amphotericin B. Cheung, L; Lopez-Berestein, G; Rosenblum, MG; Wasan, KM, 1994)	0.52
" Toxicity was minimal and patient had significant toxic reaction to the inhaled medication."	( The toxicity of daily inhaled amphotericin B. Goldberg, J; Gryn, J; Inzerillo, J; Johnson, E; Siegel, J, 1993)	0.57
" Except for hypokalemia persisting after AmB in 5 patients, no systemic adverse reaction appeared."	( Amphotericin B lipid complex to treat invasive fungal infections in cancer patients: report of efficacy and safety in 20 patients. Drgona, L; Helpianska, L; Ilavská, I; Kollár, T; Kukucková, E; Mistrík, M; Oravcová, E; Sakalová, A; Sorkovská, D; Spánik, S, )	1.57
"To investigate the influence of infusion duration on infusion-related adverse effects (IRAEs) associated with prophylactic or treatment regimens of amphotericin B in patients with leukemia/bone marrow transplant (BMT)."	( Amphotericin B infusion-related toxicity: comparison of two- and four-hour infusions. Jewesson, PJ; Nicholl, TA; Nimmo, CR; Phillips, P; Shepherd, JD, 1995)	1.93
" All patients had responded incompletely to at least 7 days' treatment with conventional amphotericin B (CAB), had experienced CAB-induced nephrotoxic effects, had preexisting renal impairment, or had experienced other CAB-related, treatment-limiting toxic effects."	( The safety and efficacy of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in the treatment of invasive mycoses. Herbrecht, R; Kusne, S; Oppenheim, BA, 1995)	0.81
" None of the patients had ABLC-associated toxic effects necessitating discontinuation of the treatment."	( Limited toxicity of prolonged therapy with high doses of amphotericin B lipid complex. Fieber, L; Fishbach, R; Greenwood, M; Harris, R; Janoff, EN; Kline, MW; Kline, S; Larsen, TA; Tennican, PO, 1995)	0.54
" In conclusion, CDDP was toxic for all the TMC cell lines and AmB potentiated this antitumoral effect."	( [Modulation of cisplatin cytotoxicity by amphotericin B in six human cell lines of medullary thyroid cancer]. Gibassier, J; Le Gall, F; Leclech, G; Lucas, C; Massart, C; Raoul, ML, 1996)	0.56
" While infusion-related adverse events and nephrotoxicity were reportedly reduced with ILA, use of adjunctive therapies and concomitant nephrotoxic agents, and comparisons with high infusion concentrations complicate evaluation."	( Safety and efficacy of Intralipid emulsions of amphotericin B. Kubak, BM; Sievers, TM; Wong-Beringer, A, 1996)	0.55
"Despite its wellknown adverse effects, Amphoterin B is an integral part of any supportive therapy in haematology/oncology."	( [Cyanotic Raynaud phenomenon as a side effect of Amphotericin B]. Bode, U; Fleischack, G; Hasan, C; Zernikow, B, )	0.39
" The overall incidence of reported adverse events was 194, of which none had a serious outcome."	( Safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients. Andström, EE; Remberger, M; Ringdén, O; Svahn, BM; Tollemar, J, )	0.41
" Adverse events attributable to ABCD requiring discontinuation of therapy occurred in 70 patients (12."	( Safety of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion. Herbrecht, R, 1997)	0.7
"While amphotericin B is the drug of choice in the treatment of most fungal infections, systemic adverse reactions and dose-dependent nephrotoxicity associated with its use frequently render the conventional preparation of amphotericin unsuitable."	( Do variations in molecular structure affect the clinical efficacy and safety of lipid-based amphotericin B preparations? Mehta, J, 1997)	1
" Although amphotericin B has remained the drug of choice for more than 30 years, its toxic effects, particularly nephrotoxicity, warrant careful attention."	( Mechanisms and management of amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity. Miano-Mason, TM, )	0.82
" Adverse clinical reactions to AmBisome and biochemical profiles were monitored daily for 2 weeks before, during and after each treatment episode."	( Liposomal amphotericin (AmBisome) is safe in bone marrow transplantation for primary immunodeficiency. Cant, AJ; Flannagan, L; Pasic, S, 1997)	0.3
" The latter drugs are weakly toxic and could also attenuate the nephrotoxicity of AmB."	( Potentiation of cisplatin and carboplatin cytotoxicity by amphotericin B in different human ovarian carcinoma and malignant peritoneal mesothelioma cells. Bureau, F; Crouet, H; Gauduchon, P; Gignoux, M; Le Talaër, JY; Poulain, L; Sichel, F, 1997)	0.54
"Nephrotoxicity is the major adverse effect of conventional amphotericin B (AMB/D), often limiting administration of full dosage."	( Nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B is attenuated by solubilizing with lipid emulsion. Campos, SB; De Castro, I; Dórea, EL; Lacaz, Cda S; Ori, M; Seguro, AC; Vaccari, EM; Yu, L, 1997)	0.87
" Data on 21 VLBW infants who received a full course of AmBisome was collected and its toxic effects with emphasis on nephrotoxicity and hypokalemia assessed."	( Candida infection in very low birth-weight infants: outcome and nephrotoxicity of treatment with liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome). Bartmann, P; Groneck, P; Musswessels, E; Poets, CF; Sievers, R; Thomas, P; Weitkamp, JH, )	0.34
" Adverse effects were minor, primarily fever and chills associated with infusion and irregular pulse."	( Efficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) for visceral leishmaniasis in endemic developing countries. Badaro, R; Behbehani, K; Berman, JD; Bryceson, AD; Davidson, R; Kuzoe, F; Pang, L; Thakur, CP; Wasunna, KM; Weerasuriya, K, 1998)	0.58
" Intralipid did not decrease the infusion-related adverse effects, in particular nephrotoxicity and anaemia."	( A retrospective study on the efficacy and safety of amphotericin B in a lipid emulsion for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patients. Airoldi, M; Banfi, G; Fiori, G; Martegani, R; Speranza, F; Tambini, R; Torre, D; Zeroli, C, 1998)	0.55
" Eleven adverse drug reactions were reported in the dopamine group in comparison to one in the no-dopamine group."	( Efficacy of low-dose dopamine in preventing amphotericin B nephrotoxicity in bone marrow transplant patients and leukemia patients. Camp, MJ; Davidson, TG; Dix, SP; Geller, RB; Gilmore, CE; Lin, LS; Wingard, JR, 1998)	0.56
" No overall prophylaxis to prevent acute toxic reactions associated with administration of the drug was used."	( [Must we be really concerned about amphotericin B toxicity in oncology patients?]. Doubek, M; Mayer, J, 1998)	0.58
" Acute toxic reactions associated with administration of amphotericin B are infrequent."	( [Must we be really concerned about amphotericin B toxicity in oncology patients?]. Doubek, M; Mayer, J, 1998)	0.82
" Results from the literature to date show that renal toxicity is the most serious adverse effect of AmB."	( Must we really fear toxicity of conventional amphotericin B in oncological patients? Doubek, M; Mayer, J; Vorlìcek, J, 1999)	0.56
" Infusion-related adverse events were the most frequently reported side effects of ABCD."	( Safety and efficacy of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion. An overview. Andres, E; Cavalier, A; Herbrecht, R; Letscher, V, 1999)	0.61
" A possible adverse drug interaction with itraconazole and amphotericin B is postulated based on the mechanism of action of each drug."	( Hepatotoxicity possibly caused by amphotericin B. Gill, J; Ralph, ED; Sharpe, MD; Sprenger, HR, 1999)	0.83
"Amphotericin B therapy can be associated with many adverse effects, but reports of hepatotoxicity are rare."	( Hepatotoxicity possibly caused by amphotericin B. Gill, J; Ralph, ED; Sharpe, MD; Sprenger, HR, 1999)	2.03
" However, clinicians should monitor higher dose-related adverse effects carefully."	( Efficacy and adverse effects of higher dose amphotericin B monotherapy for cryptococcal meningitis in patients with advanced HIV infection. Chang, SC; Chen, MY; Hsieh, SM; Hsueh, PR; Hung, CC, 1998)	0.56
"AmBisome has the same toxic effects as conventional AmB, but they appear at much higher plasma exposures."	( Safety and toxicokinetics of intravenous liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) in beagle dogs. Bekersky, I; Boswell, GW; Buell, D; Fielding, RM; Hiles, R; Walsh, TJ, 1999)	0.56
" Despite the parentally toxic doses in the SEG I study, there was no effect of Nyotran on F0 male or female fertility or early embryonic development of F1 offspring."	( The reproductive and developmental toxicity of the antifungal drug Nyotran (liposomal nystatin) in rats and rabbits. Cossum, PA; Larson, JL; Marr, MC; Myers, CB; Tyl, RW; Wallace, TL, 2000)	0.31
" Bumetanide could possibly be used in antifungal therapy to increase amphotericin B effectiveness doses without increasing its adverse effects."	( Amphotericin B-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity is prevented by the Na+, K+, 2Cl(-)-cotransport blocker bumetanide. Grankvist, K; Henriksson, R; Marklund, L, 2000)	1.98
"ABLC is safe and effective treatment for fungal infections in solid-organ transplant recipients."	( Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B lipid complex injection (ABLC) in solid-organ transplant recipients with invasive fungal infections. Chan, KM; Linden, P; Williams, P, 2000)	0.62
" The two antibiotics, depending on the dose applied induced cell stimulation, K+ efflux, and/or had a toxic effect."	( Comparative studies on cell stimulatory, permeabilizing and toxic effects induced in sensitive and multidrug resistant fungal strains by amphotericin B (AMB) and N-methyl-N-D-fructosyl amphotericin B methyl ester (MFAME). Borowski, E; Cybulska, B; Grzybowska, J; Prasad, R; Szlinder-Richert, J, 2000)	0.51
"In previous work acute toxic effects of amphotericin B (AB) were reduced in both in vitro and in vivo tests when AB was associated with a triglyceride-rich emulsion (AB-emulsion)."	( Lipid emulsion reduces subacute toxicity of amphotericin B: a histopathological study. Campa, A; Saldiva, PH; Souza, LC, 2000)	0.84
" However, adverse effects are common, with nephrotoxicity being the most serious, occurring early in the course of treatment, and usually being reversible in most patients."	( Amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity: a review. Cataldi, L; Fanos, V, 2000)	1.75
" Although plasma and tissue accumulation was nonlinear and progressive (clearance and volume decreased, half-life increased with dose and time), most toxic changes occurred early, stabilized by the end of dosing, and reversed during recovery."	( Safety, toxicokinetics and tissue distribution of long-term intravenous liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome): a 91-day study in rats. Bekersky, I; Boswell, GW; Buell, D; Fielding, RM; Hiles, R; Walsh, TJ, 2000)	0.53
"Amphotericin B is efficacious for the treatment of systemic candidiasis, however it has potentially serious toxic effects."	( [Use of amphotericin B in lipid emulsions: does it prevent its toxicity in critically ill patients?]. Acuña, D; Altermatt, F; Apablaza, F; Bernucci, F; Bugedo, G; Castillo, L; Hernández, G; Lefio, A; Pérez, C; Valenzuela, F, 2000)	2.18
" There were no differences in the outcome of renal function or other adverse reactions."	( [Use of amphotericin B in lipid emulsions: does it prevent its toxicity in critically ill patients?]. Acuña, D; Altermatt, F; Apablaza, F; Bernucci, F; Bugedo, G; Castillo, L; Hernández, G; Lefio, A; Pérez, C; Valenzuela, F, 2000)	0.74
" There were no significant adverse events related to study medication in any patient, and 1-year survival for all enrolled patients was 78%."	( Safety of aerosolized amphotericin B lipid complex in lung transplant recipients. Davis, RD; Drew, RH; Kanj, SS; McConnell, RR; Palmer, SM; Perfect, JR; Tapson, VF; Whitehouse, JD, 2001)	0.63
"Administration of nebulized ABLC is safe in the short-term and well-tolerated in lung transplant recipients."	( Safety of aerosolized amphotericin B lipid complex in lung transplant recipients. Davis, RD; Drew, RH; Kanj, SS; McConnell, RR; Palmer, SM; Perfect, JR; Tapson, VF; Whitehouse, JD, 2001)	0.63
" Recently, lipid formulations of amphotericin B have been developed in order to reduce its toxic side effects."	( Lipid formulations of polyene antifungal drugs and attenuation of associated nephrotoxicity. Ahsan, N; Hossain, MA; Razzaque, MS; Taguchi, T, 2001)	0.59
"The antifungal antibiotic amphotericin B causes considerable toxic effects during clinical therapy."	( Bumetanide annihilation of amphotericin B-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity is due to its effect on cellular K+ flux. Behnam-Motlagh, P; Grankvist, K; Henriksson, R; Marklund, L, 2001)	0.91
" Patients in both AmBisome treatment groups experienced less chills/rigors, less nephrotoxicity based on a doubling of serum creatinine, and fewer toxic reactions resulting in discontinuation of therapy."	( Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity. Deray, G, 2002)	1.76
" No adverse reactions attributed to AmBisome were detected."	( Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome): efficacy and safety of low-dose therapy in pulmonary fungal infections. Lequaglie, C, 2002)	0.72
" Thirteen patients (19%) suffered from mild to moderate infusion-related adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of low-dose amphotericin B lipid complex for empirical antifungal therapy of neutropenic fever in patients with hematologic malignancies. Altés, A; Briones, J; Brunet, S; Martino, R; Sierra, J; Subirà, M; Sureda, A, 2001)	0.59
"A novel lecithin-based microemulsion containing AmB was developed to reduce the toxic effects of the drug, comparing it with the commercial formulation Fungizone."	( Amphotericin B in oil-water lecithin-based microemulsions: formulation and toxicity evaluation. Ballesteros, MP; Brime, B; Frutos, G; Frutos, P; Moreno, MA, 2002)	1.76
" So far, elevated levels of serum lipase have not been described as a possible side-effect of a liposomal amphotericin B therapy."	( Pancreatic toxicity after liposomal amphotericin B. Bode, U; Fleischhack, G; Hasan, C; Stuecklin-Utsch, A, 2002)	0.8
"Liposomal amphotericin B seems to be a less toxic alternative to amphotericin B and is associated with improved survival."	( Safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B compared with conventional amphotericin B for induction therapy of histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. Bamberger, DM; Cloud, GA; Dismukes, WE; Goldman, M; Hafner, R; Johnson, PC; Kauffman, CA; Lancaster, D; Powderly, WG; Wheat, LJ, 2002)	1
"Nephrotoxicity is an important side effect of amphothericin B deoxycholate (ampho B) and cyclosporine A (CsA)."	( Nephrotoxicity of cyclosporine A and amphotericin B-deoxycholate as continuous infusion in allogenic stem cell transplantation. Furrer, K; Halter, J; Imhof, A; Schaffner, A; Schanz, U; Vavricka, SR, 2002)	0.59
" Expensive lipid formulations of amphotericin B (AmB) are generally used because of fear of adverse effects due to concomitant cyclosporine A and other nephrotoxic drugs."	( Tolerability, safety and efficacy of conventional amphotericin B administered by 24-hour infusion to lung transplant recipients. Boehler, A; Dutly, A; Naef, R; Russi, EW; Speich, R; Weder, W, 2002)	0.85
"Based on histologic data, increasing doses of all three agents appear to be associated with increasing toxicity, however based on ophthalmologic data, L-AmB appears to be less toxic than either amphotericin B deoxycholate or ABLC."	( Comparative toxicity and concentrations of intravitreal amphotericin B formulations in a rabbit model. Cannon, JP; Danziger, LH; De Alba, F; Edward, DP; Fiscella, R; Garey, KW; Pattharachayakul, S; Piscitelli, S, 2003)	0.75
" No significant toxic effects were seen."	( Efficacy and toxicity of caspofungin in combination with liposomal amphotericin B as primary or salvage treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies. Bodey, GP; Champlin, R; Hachem, R; Kantarjian, H; Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Raad, II; Rivero, GA; Thornby, J; Torres, HA, 2003)	0.56
" AmB retained in LNS particles seemed to be less toxic to the kidney than was AmB associated with HDL."	( Evaluation of the efficacy and toxicity of amphotericin B incorporated in lipid nano-sphere (LNS). Fukui, H; Koike, T; Saheki, A; Seki, J; Sonoke, S; Tomii, Y, 2003)	0.58
" Therefore, the endoarterial infusion of liposomal amphotericin B was a safe and successful treatment of advanced lesions of mucormycosis."	( Safe and successful endoarterial infusion of liposomal amphotericin B in treatment of mucormycosis. Affronti, M; Carmina, E; Malta, R; Mansueto, P; Mansueto, S; Masellis, M; Rini, GB; Rizzo, M, 2003)	0.82
" HFZ was significantly less toxic to kidney cells than FZ at all concentrations tested."	( Effect of heat-treated amphotericin B on renal and fungal cytotoxicity. Bartlett, K; Bizzotto, D; Hamer, A; Hartsel, SC; Tsai, G; Wasan, KM; Yau, E, 2004)	0.63
" Our observations suggest that amphotericin B is effective and safe for outpatient intradialytic therapy when administered according to protocol."	( Intradialytic administration of amphotericin B: clinical observations on efficacy and safety. Mahnensmith, MP; Mahnensmith, RL; Perazella, MA; Wood, JE, 2004)	0.89
" Treatment-related adverse events and invasive fungal infections were quantitated for 2 months after study drug initiation."	( Comparative safety of amphotericin B lipid complex and amphotericin B deoxycholate as aerosolized antifungal prophylaxis in lung-transplant recipients. Benjamin, DK; Dodds Ashley, E; Drew, RH; Duane Davis, R; Palmer, SM; Perfect, JR, 2004)	0.64
" Patients receiving ABLC were less likely to experience a treatment-related adverse event."	( Comparative safety of amphotericin B lipid complex and amphotericin B deoxycholate as aerosolized antifungal prophylaxis in lung-transplant recipients. Benjamin, DK; Dodds Ashley, E; Drew, RH; Duane Davis, R; Palmer, SM; Perfect, JR, 2004)	0.64
"Amphotericin B Lipid Complex (ABLC) was the first lipid-based formulation of amphotericin B (AmB) to be developed, it was designed to provide a less toxic alternative to conventional AmB without compromising efficacy."	( Efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of Amphotericin B Lipid Complex (ABLC): a review of the literature. Martino, R, 2004)	2.03
" Prior to data extraction, concepts like nephrotoxicity, infusion-related adverse events and efficacy (success rate and mortality) were defined."	( [Meta-analysis on safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B in the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia]. Ausin, I; Badia, X; Carreras, E; Herrera, L; Roset, M, 2004)	0.58
" Despite its adverse effects (including renal and electrolyte disturbances), amphotericin B (amphoB) remains the preferred drug for fungal therapy."	( Effects of fluid and electrolyte management on amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity among extremely low birth weight infants. Farid, MD; Holler, B; Omar, SA; Patterson, MJ, 2004)	0.81
" Nephrotoxicity is the most clinically significant adverse effect, but studies examining nephrotoxicity in children are scarce."	( Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity in children. Goldman, RD; Koren, G, 2004)	1.77
" There were serious adverse events in five patients, but other alternative causes that could explain these events were present in three of these patients."	( Assessment of nephrotoxicity in patients receiving amphotericin B lipid complex: a pharmacosurveillance study in Spain. Aguado, JM; González-Vidal, D; Lumbreras, C, 2004)	0.58
"Reports about the safe and successful intravenous (i."	( An overview of the antifungal properties of allicin and its breakdown products--the possibility of a safe and effective antifungal prophylactic. Davis, SR, 2005)	0.33
"5 days of therapy without dose-limiting adverse events."	( Effects of hydration with salt repletion on renal toxicity of conventional amphotericin B empirical therapy: a prospective study in patients with hematological malignancies. Cimino, G; Di Cristofano, F; Gentile, G; Girmenia, C; Martino, P; Micozzi, A, 2005)	0.56
" We conclude that high doses of lipid-based amphotericin B can be safe and effective as part of the treatment regimen for pulmonary zygomycosis."	( Lipid-based amphotericin in pulmonary zygomycosis: safety and efficacy of high exposure in a renal allograft recipient. Alexander, D; Crompton, JA; Shihab, FS; Somerville, T, 2004)	0.58
"Amphotericin B (AmB)--a polyene macrolide antibiotic--exhibits strong antifungal activity, however, is known to be very toxic to mammalian cells."	( Interactions of amphotericin B derivative of low toxicity with biological membrane components--the Langmuir monolayer approach. Borowski, E; Dynarowicz-Łatka, P; Grzybowska, J; Hac-Wydro, K, 2005)	2.12
" We conclude that continuous infusion of amphotericin B is safe in neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies."	( Brief report: practicability and safety of amphotericin B deoxycholate as continuous infusion in neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies. Knöbl, P; Rabitsch, W; Schulenburg, A; Sperr, W; Thalhammer, F, 2005)	0.86
" Treatment was well tolerated, with 15% infusions followed by infusion-related adverse events, nephrotoxicity in 7% of patients and 11% of withdrawals due to toxicity."	( Efficacy and toxicity of intermediate-dose amphotericin B lipid complex as a primary or salvage treatment of fungal infections in patients with hematological malignancies. Cortés, M; Martino, R; Moreno, E; Parody, R; Sierra, J; Subirá, M, 2005)	0.59
" However, AmB-M seemed to be much more toxic than AmB-LP."	( Decrease in Fungizone toxicity induced by the use of Lipofundin as a dilutent: an in vitro study. Damasceno, BP; de Araújo, IB; de Medeiros, TM; do Egito, ES; Soares, LA, 2005)	0.33
" Adverse events related to the drug were hypokalemia (n = 2), back pain (n = 3), and renal dysfunction (n = 2)."	( Prospective interventional study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin B as prophylaxis of fungal infections in high-risk liver transplant recipients. Brage, A; Bustamante, M; Castroagudín, JF; Conde, R; Delgado, M; Galbán, C; Martínez, J; Otero, E; Pontón, C; Segade, FR; Tomé, S; Varo, E, 2005)	0.55
"Amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmBd) has been a standard therapy for IFI but is associated with high adverse event and mortality rates."	( Should we continue using amphotericin B deoxycholate for the treatment of fungal infections? Adverse events and clinical outcomes. Garbino, J; Lew, D; Markham, L; Matulionyte, R; Rives, V, 2006)	2.08
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."	( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling. Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)	0.32
" No serious adverse events related to the drug were observed in the study."	( Post-marketing study to assess the safety, tolerability and effectiveness of Fungisome: an Indian liposomal amphotericin B preparation. Gogtay, NJ; Kshirsagar, NA; Sanath, SS, 2005)	0.54
" This case suggests that liposomal amphotericin B is safe and well-tolerated even if is administered for long periods and a cumulative dose fivefold greater than the nephrotoxic threshold of amphotericin B deoxycholate is achieved."	( Assessment of nephrotoxicity of high-cumulative dose of liposomal amphotericin B in a pediatric patient who underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Burlina, AB; Cesaro, S; Messina, C; Tridello, G; Visintin, G; Zignol, M, 2006)	0.85
" Pulmonary mechanics were measured before and after each dose of inhaled ABLC; adverse events (AEs) and the development of IFI were also monitored."	( Non-comparative evaluation of the safety of aerosolized amphotericin B lipid complex in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Addison, RM; Alexander, BD; Alspaugh, JA; Chao, NJ; Dodds Ashley, ES; Perfect, JR, 2006)	0.58
" Oxidized dextran was proved to be toxic against the RAW 264."	( Impact of aldehyde content on amphotericin B-dextran imine conjugate toxicity. Domb, AJ; Golenser, J; Sokolsky-Papkov, M, 2006)	0.62
" NYS exhibited the lowest acute toxicity in mice in these experiments, while both Amph-B and S44HP were shown to be 4 times more toxic as judged from the LD50 values."	( [Comparative analysis of in vitro antifungal activity and in vivo acute toxicity of the nystatin analogue S44HP produced via genetic engineering]. Borgos, SE; Ellingsen, TE; Pereverzeva, EP; Sletta, H; Treshchalin, ID; Voeĭkova, TA; Zotchev, SB, 2005)	0.33
" The acute toxicity studies indicated that single intravenous doses of ABLC are at least 20 times less toxic than conventional amphotericin B doses without the lipid formulation, Fungizone."	( Safety evaluation of ABELCET, an amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC): toxicity studies in rats. Diener, RM; Lipman, JM; Zhang, Z, )	0.62
" At low drug to lipid molar ratios, hepatotoxicity, spleen damage and blood changes in comparison to DOC/AMB (sodium desoxycholate/amphotericin B, Fungizone) are evaluated ultimately showing toxic effects associated to DODAB only."	( Toxicity of an effective amphotericin B formulation at high cationic lipid to drug molar ratio. Borelli, P; Carmona-Ribeiro, AM; Fock, R; Lincopan, N; Mamizuka, EM, 2006)	0.84
" However, d-AMB is a toxic drug, the most important dose-limiting toxicities being nephrotoxicity and infusion-related allergic reactions."	( Amphotericin B deoxycholate (d-AMB) use in cases with febrile neutropenia and fungal infections: lower toxicity with suitable premedication. Disel, U; Oto, OA; Paydas, S; Seydaoglu, G; Yavuz, S, 2007)	1.78
" Permanent discontinuation of study medication due to any adverse event was the primary safety parameter."	( Safety and efficacy of itraconazole compared to amphotericin B as empirical antifungal therapy for neutropenic fever in patients with haematological malignancy. Aulitzky, WE; Bammer, S; Binder, C; Böhme, A; Egerer, G; Ehninger, G; Glasmacher, A; Sandherr, M; Schuler, U; Schwerdtfeger, R; Silling, G; Wandt, H, 2007)	0.6
"Significantly fewer itraconazole patients discontinued treatment due to any adverse event (22."	( Safety and efficacy of itraconazole compared to amphotericin B as empirical antifungal therapy for neutropenic fever in patients with haematological malignancy. Aulitzky, WE; Bammer, S; Binder, C; Böhme, A; Egerer, G; Ehninger, G; Glasmacher, A; Sandherr, M; Schuler, U; Schwerdtfeger, R; Silling, G; Wandt, H, 2007)	0.6
" This study confirms the role of itraconazole as a useful and safe agent in empirical antifungal therapy of febrile neutropenic cancer patients."	( Safety and efficacy of itraconazole compared to amphotericin B as empirical antifungal therapy for neutropenic fever in patients with haematological malignancy. Aulitzky, WE; Bammer, S; Binder, C; Böhme, A; Egerer, G; Ehninger, G; Glasmacher, A; Sandherr, M; Schuler, U; Schwerdtfeger, R; Silling, G; Wandt, H, 2007)	0.6
"In lung transplant recipients, both inhaled AmBd and L-AmB were safe and well tolerated over a large number of medication exposures."	( Safety of aerosolized liposomal versus deoxycholate amphotericin B formulations for prevention of invasive fungal infections following lung transplantation: a retrospective study. Baden, LR; Deykin, A; Fiumara, K; Lee, JT; Lowry, CM; Marty, FM; Vargas, SO, 2007)	0.59
" The most frequent adverse events (AEs) related to study drug were infusion-related reactions, 12 of which (from a total of 76 infusions) led to increased infusion duration for better tolerance."	( Safety of a weekly high dose of liposomal amphotericin B for prophylaxis of invasive fungal infection in immunocompromised patients: PROPHYSOME Study. Cordonnier, C; Faucher, C; Mahi, L; Mohty, M; Monchecourt, F; Pautas, C; Ribaud, P; Robin, M; Vey, N, 2008)	0.61
" Adverse effects were recorded passively in all the subjects, and actively, using a standardized questionnaire, in a sub-group of the patients given AmB."	( Safety and effectiveness of amphotericin B deoxycholate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in Uganda. Cavailler, P; Chappuis, F; Couffignal, S; Loutan, L; Mueller, Y; Nguimfack, A; Rwakimari, JB, 2008)	0.64
"Amphotericin B, a broad spectrum antifungal agent, is widely used despite significant adverse events including nephrotoxicity."	( Nephrotoxicity in the setting of invasive fungal diseases. Ullmann, AJ, 2008)	1.79
" The less toxic aggregation form of AMB was the poly-aggregated one which was similar to AmBisome."	( Effect of aggregation state on the toxicity of different amphotericin B preparations. Alfonso, C; Ballesteros, MP; Espada, R; Rivas, G; Torrado, JJ; Valdespina, S, 2008)	0.59
" But the need for prolonged hospitalisation and frequent, occasionally serious, adverse events are its major drawbacks."	( Safety of a pre-formulated amphotericin B lipid emulsion for the treatment of Indian Kala-azar. Agarwal, D; Agrawal, N; Chakravarty, J; Rai, M; Shah, A; Sundar, S, 2008)	0.64
" Antifungal and toxic activities of crude extract, fractions and a pure isolated compound exhibited statistically significant activities."	( Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activities of the medicinal plant Primula macrophylla. Ahmad, M; Alam, F; Najmus-Saqib, Q, 2009)	0.35
" The prophylaxis-related efficiency and safety were quantified for IFIs and adverse events (AEs) for 6 months after study drug initiation."	( Efficiency and safety of inhaled amphotericin B lipid complex (Abelcet) in the prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections following lung transplantation. Borro, JM; de la Torre, M; Delgado, M; Fernandez, R; Gonzalez, D; Monte, E; Pastor, A; Saura, A; Solé, A, 2008)	0.63
"The main problem with using nebulized liposomal amphotericin (n-LAB) as prophylaxis for Aspergillus infection after lung transplantation is the lack of knowledge of its pharmacokinetics and its possible adverse effects."	( Nebulized liposomal amphotericin B prophylaxis for Aspergillus infection in lung transplantation: pharmacokinetics and safety. Bravo, C; de Pablo, A; Gavaldà, J; López, R; Monforte, V; Morell, F; Pahissa, A; Pou, L; Román, A; Ussetti, P, 2009)	0.68
"3%) and severe nephrotoxicity, was entrapped into poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles to improve the oral bioavailability and to minimize the adverse effects associated with it."	( Biodegradable nanoparticles improve oral bioavailability of amphotericin B and show reduced nephrotoxicity compared to intravenous Fungizone. Italia, JL; Ravi Kumar, MN; Singh, D; Yahya, MM, 2009)	0.6
" In this study, ABLE was safe and had excellent efficacy when given as a bolus of 15 mg/kg."	( Safety and efficacy of high-dose infusions of a preformed amphotericin B fat emulsion for treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Agarwal, D; Agrawal, N; Chakravarty, J; Rai, M; Singh, A; Sundar, S, 2009)	0.6
" Mild-to-moderate adverse events were noted during 109 courses (77%; hepatic, 58."	( Safety, tolerance and outcome of treatment with liposomal amphotericin B in paediatric patients with cancer or undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ahlke, E; Fegeler, W; Groll, AH; Jürgens, H; Kolve, H; Ritter, J, 2009)	0.6
" Infusion-related adverse drug events, mainly rigors/chills, occurred more frequently with group A (11/45, 24 % infusions) than with group B (12/201, 6 % infusions) (P=0."	( A safety and feasibility study comparing an intermittent high dose with a daily standard dose of liposomal amphotericin B for persistent neutropenic fever. A Stevens, D; Al-Essa, A; Ali-Zadeh, H; Bernsen, R; Bresnik, M; Ellis, M; Hedström, U; Kristensen, J; Poughias, L, 2009)	0.57
" Its principal chronic adverse effect is nephrotoxicity."	( Amphotericin B: side effects and toxicity. Cabrales-Vargas, MN; Laniado-Laborín, R, 2009)	1.8
" In vitro toxicity as assessed by release of haemoglobin and potassium demonstrated no toxic effect as compared with conventional solution formulation."	( Amphotericin B microspheres: a therapeutic approach to minimize toxicity while maintaining antifungal efficacy. Angra, PK; Balakrishna Pai, S; D'Souza, MJ; Oettinger, C, 2009)	1.8
"The aim of this paper is to provide healthcare professionals with clear guidance on the management of adverse events associated with amphotericin B lipid complex."	( Best practice guidelines for the management of adverse events associated with amphotericin B lipid complex. Anson, J; Chu, P; Craddock, C; Dodgson, A; Duncan, N; Gomez, C; Mehta, J; Sadullah, S; Subudhi, C; Yin, JL, 2010)	0.79
"Amphotericin B lipid complex represents a valuable therapeutic option in the treatment of fungal infections but improved strategies for the management of infusion-related adverse events are required."	( Best practice guidelines for the management of adverse events associated with amphotericin B lipid complex. Anson, J; Chu, P; Craddock, C; Dodgson, A; Duncan, N; Gomez, C; Mehta, J; Sadullah, S; Subudhi, C; Yin, JL, 2010)	2.03
"To evaluate medical indications of this compound in a tertiary care center, analyze adverse reactions, infusion protocols and outcome of treated patients."	( [Amphotericin B deoxycholate prescription and adverse events in a Chilean university hospital]. Abusada A, N; Fica C, A; Gallardo A, C; Muñoz C, L; Novoa M, C; Quinteros A, R, 2010)	1.27
"Retrospective analysis of 39 treatments indicated in 33 patients during 2007, exploring indications, infusion protocols and renal protective measures, infusion-related adverse reactions, nephrotoxicity, hypokalemia and outcomes."	( [Amphotericin B deoxycholate prescription and adverse events in a Chilean university hospital]. Abusada A, N; Fica C, A; Gallardo A, C; Muñoz C, L; Novoa M, C; Quinteros A, R, 2010)	1.27
" Adverse reactions were observed in 40% of treatments, predominating fever (25%)."	( [Amphotericin B deoxycholate prescription and adverse events in a Chilean university hospital]. Abusada A, N; Fica C, A; Gallardo A, C; Muñoz C, L; Novoa M, C; Quinteros A, R, 2010)	1.27
"infusion-related adverse reactions are frequent during amphotericin B deoxycholate therapy, but renal toxicity is occasionally observed."	( [Amphotericin B deoxycholate prescription and adverse events in a Chilean university hospital]. Abusada A, N; Fica C, A; Gallardo A, C; Muñoz C, L; Novoa M, C; Quinteros A, R, 2010)	1.52
" The incidence rates of treatment discontinuation due to adverse reactions and liver injury associated with antifungal therapy ranged widely."	( Systematic review and meta-analysis of the tolerability and hepatotoxicity of antifungals in empirical and definitive therapy for invasive fungal infection. Chan, KA; Chang, CH; Wang, JL; Young-Xu, Y, 2010)	0.36
" However, administration of this drug is accompanied by substantial adverse effects."	( Comparison of 2 doses of liposomal amphotericin B and conventional amphotericin B deoxycholate for treatment of AIDS-associated acute cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Barker, DE; El-Sadr, W; Graybill, JR; Hamill, RJ; Javaly, K; Johnson, PC; Sobel, JD, 2010)	0.64
" An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems."	( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity. Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010)	0.36
" Premature study drug discontinuations due to grade III/IV adverse events occurred in 1/18, 2/20, and 0/17 patients randomized to CAS, LAMB, and CASLAMB, respectively."	( Randomized comparison of safety and pharmacokinetics of caspofungin, liposomal amphotericin B, and the combination of both in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell recipients. Cornely, OA; Gammelin, S; Gerss, J; Groll, AH; Heinz, WJ; Kolve, H; Lanvers-Kaminsky, C; Ostermann, H; Schwerdtfeger, R; Silling, G; Vieira Pinheiro, JP; Wuerthwein, G; Young, C, 2010)	0.59
" Nearly one-half of patients experienced mild adverse events, but only 1% developed serious but non-life-threatening lips swelling."	( Effectiveness and safety of liposomal amphotericin B for visceral leishmaniasis under routine program conditions in Bihar, India. Balasegaram, M; Gupta, J; Kociejowski, A; Kumar, N; Lima, MA; Mitra, G; Palma, PP; Pandey, K; Parreño, F; Rabi Das, VN; Roddy, P; Saint-Sauveur, JF; Seena, S; Sinha, PK, 2010)	0.63
" For this purpose, in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing and the development of efficient and safe treatment protocols are required."	( Developing a safe antifungal treatment protocol to eliminate Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis from amphibians. Baert, K; Debacker, P; Ducatelle, R; Garner, TW; Haesebrouck, F; Martel, A; Pasmans, F; Van Rooij, P; Van Waeyenberghe, L; Vercauteren, G; Woeltjes, T, 2011)	0.37
" There were no additive correlates for this adverse effect."	( An evaluation of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB). Crank, CW; Leikin, JB; Patel, GP, 2011)	0.61
" Further acute toxicity evaluation indicated low toxic effect of the (N-dodecylcarbamoyl)methyl enone glyceroside α-anomer and of the carbamoylmethyl dienepyranosides N-protected with propargyl or benzyl groups."	( Synthesis of sugars embodying conjugated carbonyl systems and related triazole derivatives from carboxymethyl glycoside lactones. Evaluation of their antimicrobial activity and toxicity. Chambert, S; Goulart, M; Justino, J; Neves, A; Queneau, Y; Rauter, AP; Xavier, NM, 2011)	0.37
" The objective of this review was to identify and classify the main adverse effects associated with these drugs and to estimate the frequency of these effects, whenever possible."	( Systematic review of the adverse effects of cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment in the New World. Andrade, CA; Martins, MM; Marzochi, MC; Oliveira, LF; Oliveira, RV; Passos, SL; Schubach, AO, 2011)	0.37
" This is a potential side effect of liposomal amphotericin B that can be observed in otherwise healthy patients."	( Central nervous system toxicity associated with liposomal amphotericin B therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Glasser, JS; Murray, CK, 2011)	0.87
" The production of toxic cytokines and inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and nitric oxide (NO), after treatment with AmB in liquid crystals at concentrations of between 2 and 32 μg/mL was significantly reduced by about a 1000-fold compared to that generated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)."	( Bioactivity and toxicity studies of amphotericin B incorporated in liquid crystals. Aramwit, P; Chuealee, R; Noipha, K; Srichana, T, 2011)	0.64
" On-therapy adverse events were observed for sitamaquine in 4 (10%) of 41 patients and for AmB in 17 (85%) of 20 patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral sitamaquine taken with or without food and safety and efficacy for treatment of visceral leishmaniais: a randomized study in Bihar, India. Al-Banna, M; Buckley, R; Dixon, SA; Miller, AK; Mohamed, K; Sinha, PK; Sundar, S, 2011)	0.37
" For all drugs, incidence of discontinuations because of treatment-related adverse events was similar for patients with malignancy (≤7."	( Efficacy and safety of micafungin for treatment of serious Candida infections in patients with or without malignant disease. Cornely, OA; Marty, FM; Pappas, PG; Stucker, F; Ullmann, AJ, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse events possibly related to L-AMB (adverse drug reactions) were reported in 36 out of 39 subjects (92."	( Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) in children. Haigo, H; Honda, M; Iwai, N; Maniwa, T; Mori, T; Sunakawa, K; Suzuki, K; Tsukimoto, I; Tsunematsu, Y, 2012)	0.63
" Both the pharmaceutical effectiveness as well as toxic side effects depend on molecular organization of the drug."	( Toward understanding of toxic side effects of a polyene antibiotic amphotericin B: fluorescence spectroscopy reveals widespread formation of the specific supramolecular structures of the drug. Adamkiewicz, P; Grudzinski, W; Gruszecki, WI; Luchowski, R; Tutaj, K; Wasko, P, 2012)	0.62
" Because of the high incidence of adverse drug reactions the clinical use of Amphotericin B is rather limited."	( Amphotericin B microemulsion reduces toxicity and maintains the efficacy as an antifungal product. Araújo, IB; Damasceno, BP; Dominici, VA; Egito, ES; Medeiros, AC; Oliveira, AG; Santos-Magalhães, NS; Silva, AK; Silva, JA; Urbano, IA, 2012)	2.05
" The occurrence of LAMB-attributable renal toxicity was investigated; infants withdrawn from treatment for development of adverse effects or toxicity were identified."	( Liposomal amphotericin B does not induce nephrotoxicity or renal function impairment in premature neonates. Antonucci, R; Fanos, V; Farina, D; Franco, C; Galletto, P; Gallo, E; Manzoni, P; Rizzollo, S, 2012)	0.78
" No other significant adverse effects were recorded in any treated neonate."	( Liposomal amphotericin B does not induce nephrotoxicity or renal function impairment in premature neonates. Antonucci, R; Fanos, V; Farina, D; Franco, C; Galletto, P; Gallo, E; Manzoni, P; Rizzollo, S, 2012)	0.78
"LAMB is generally safe and well tolerated in VLBW neonates."	( Liposomal amphotericin B does not induce nephrotoxicity or renal function impairment in premature neonates. Antonucci, R; Fanos, V; Farina, D; Franco, C; Galletto, P; Gallo, E; Manzoni, P; Rizzollo, S, 2012)	0.78
" We previously described a safe injectable AMB-arabinogalactan (AG) conjugate with neutralized toxicity."	( Toxicity mechanisms of amphotericin B and its neutralization by conjugation with arabinogalactan. Altschuler, Y; Domb, AJ; Farber, S; Ickowicz, D; Kagan, S; Pitusi, M; Polacheck, I; Shmuel, M; Sionov, E; Weiss, A, 2012)	0.69
"Nephrotoxicity is the most frequent side effect of lipid formulations of Amphotericin B, which may cause a reduced clearance of the renally eliminated calcineurin inhibitors used for the control of Graft Versus Host Disease."	( Safety and interactions of new antifungals in stem cell transplant recipients. Girmenia, C; Iori, AP, 2012)	0.61
"Nephrotoxicity is generally considered as the most clinically significant adverse reaction of amphotericin B, and has been reported in up to 80% of amphotericin B recipients during the first 2 weeks of treatment."	( Are salt loading and prolonging infusion period effective in prevention of amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity? Dashti-Khavidaki, S; Farsaei, S; Karimzadeh, I; Khalili, H, 2012)	0.83
" One patient stopped receiving the drug due to an infusion-related adverse event."	( Safety and efficacy of low-dose liposomal amphotericin B as empirical antifungal therapy for patients with prolonged neutropenia. Fujishima, M; Fujishima, N; Hirokawa, M; Ikeda, S; Ito, I; Ito, M; Kameoka, Y; Michishita, Y; Nagao, T; Noguchi, S; Ohyagi, H; Saitoh, H; Sawada, K; Shida, S; Tagawa, H; Takahashi, N; Teshima, K; Yamashita, T, 2013)	0.65
" Regarding potential adverse reactions, there were no significant changes in serum creatinine and potassium levels."	( Efficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin B for deep mycosis in patients with connective tissue disease. Hanafusa, T; Hata, K; Isoda, K; Kotani, T; Makino, S; Nagai, K; Takeuchi, T; Wakura, D; Yoshida, S, 2013)	0.67
" Lipid-based formulations of AmB are clinically effective and safe in preventing AIN."	( Role of diuretics and lipid formulations in the prevention of amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity. Dashti-Khavidaki, S; Farsaei, S; Karimzadeh, I; Khalili, H; Sagheb, MM, 2013)	0.63
" Mild infusion-related adverse events occurred after 6 of 53 (11."	( Prospective phase II single-center study of the safety of a single very high dose of liposomal amphotericin B for antifungal prophylaxis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Anaclerico, B; Annino, L; Cassetta, MI; Chierichini, A; Cortese, S; Fallani, S; Finolezzi, E; Girmenia, C; Norata, M; Novelli, A, 2013)	0.61
"To investigate spontaneous reporting relationships between representative antifungal agents and congestive heart failure (CHF)-related adverse events (AE) we performed multiple disproportionality analyses of the US FDA AERS database."	( A quantitative analysis of the spontaneous reporting of congestive heart failure-related adverse events with systemic anti-fungal drugs. Hauben, M; Hung, EY, 2013)	0.39
"Amphotericin B is one of the most effective antifungal agents; however, its use is often limited owing to adverse effects, especially nephrotoxicity."	( Alteration in cellular viability, pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide production in nephrotoxicity generation by Amphotericin B: involvement of PKA pathway signaling. Chaves, MM; Costa, DC; Ferreira, AF; França, FD; Lara, RC; Moraes, KC; Rossoni, JV; Tagliati, CA, 2014)	2.05
"1 ml is safe to the rabbit corneas."	( Toxicity and pharmacokinetics of intrastromal injection of amphotericin B in a rabbit model. Li, L; Qu, L; Xie, H, 2014)	0.65
" Conclusively, developed L-Psome system could be a viable alternative to the current less stable, toxic commercial formulations and developed as a highly efficacious drug delivery system."	( Covalent functionalized self-assembled lipo-polymerosome bearing amphotericin B for better management of leishmaniasis and its toxicity evaluation. Dube, A; Dwivedi, P; Gupta, PK; Jaiswal, AK; Kumar, V; Mishra, PR; Verma, A, 2014)	0.64
" Pure AmB was found to hemolyse RBC and was very toxic to alveolar macrophage cells, as their viability rapidly declined from 93 to 56% when the AmB concentration increased from 1 to 8 μg/mL."	( Synthesis and evaluation of sodium deoxycholate sulfate as a lipid drug carrier to enhance the solubility, stability and safety of an amphotericin B inhalation formulation. Adhikari, K; Gangadhar, KN; Srichana, T, 2014)	0.61
" No patients needed referral to a tertiary hospital for management of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of single-dose liposomal amphotericin B for visceral leishmaniasis in a rural public hospital in Bangladesh: a feasibility study. Alvar, J; Arana, B; Ghosh, D; Hasnain, MG; Hossain, MS; Huda, MM; Matlashewski, G; Mondal, D; Nabi, SG; Sundar, S, 2014)	0.66
"21 adult asthmatics with SAFS (n = 11) and ABPA (n = 10) who had either failed itraconazole (n = 8), voriconazole proceeded by itraconazole (n = 5) or developed adverse events (AEs) to either agent (n = 7) were treated with 10mg of NAB (Fungizone) twice daily."	( Efficacy and safety of nebulised amphotericin B (NAB) in severe asthma with fungal sensitisation (SAFS) and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Chishimba, L; Denning, DW; Langridge, P; Niven, RM; Powell, G, 2015)	0.7
" Treatment-related serious adverse events were fewer in ABLE (0."	( Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B emulsion versus liposomal formulation in Indian patients with visceral leishmaniasis: a randomized, open-label study. Alam, S; Das, P; Das, VN; Jha, TK; Lal, CS; Pandey, K; Sundar, S; Thakur, CP; Verma, D; Verma, N, 2014)	0.71
"WST-1 assay and carboxyfluorescein permeability assay revealed that amphotericin B was the most toxic drug, followed by pimaricin, micafungin, and voriconazole."	( Toxicity of topical antifungal agents to stratified human cultivated corneal epithelial sheets. Amano, S; Kimakura, M; Nakagawa, S; Usui, T; Yamagami, S; Yokoo, S, 2014)	0.64
"Topical micafungin and voriconazole appeared to be the least toxic to the corneal epithelium."	( Toxicity of topical antifungal agents to stratified human cultivated corneal epithelial sheets. Amano, S; Kimakura, M; Nakagawa, S; Usui, T; Yamagami, S; Yokoo, S, 2014)	0.4
" More research on adverse drug events for the existing drugs and efforts to develop safer and effective drugs to counter resistance outbreaks for the successful management of visceral leishmaniasis are needed."	( The treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: safety and efficacy. Jha, RK; Sah, AK; Sah, P; Shah, DK, )	0.13
" Both the pharmaceutical activity and highly toxic side effects of the drug rely on its interaction with biomembranes, which is governed by the molecular organization of AmB."	( Self-association of amphotericin B: spontaneous formation of molecular structures responsible for the toxic side effects of the antibiotic. Czub, J; Grudzinski, W; Gruszecki, M; Gruszecki, WI; Luchowski, R; Starzyk, J; Szlazak, R; Tutaj, K; Wasko, P, 2014)	0.73
"To address issues related to Amphotericin B (AmpB) clinical applications, we developed macrophage targeted cationic stearylamine lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPNPs) with complementary characteristics of both polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes, for enhancement of therapeutic efficacy and diminishing toxic effect of encapsulated AmpB."	( Th-1 biased immunomodulation and synergistic antileishmanial activity of stable cationic lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticle: biodistribution and toxicity assessment of encapsulated amphotericin B. Asthana, S; Chourasia, MK; Dube, A; Gupta, PK; Jaiswal, AK, 2015)	0.9
" Lbn was also more toxic than AmBi based on the RBC potassium release assay and intravenous dosing in uninfected mice given a single 50 mg/kg dose (80% mortality for Lbn vs."	( Toxicity and efficacy differences between liposomal amphotericin B formulations in uninfected and Aspergillus fumigatus infected mice. Adler-Moore, JP; Bunch, T; Hahka, D; Jensen, GM; Nguyen, N; Olson, JA; Schwartz, JA, 2015)	0.67
"Liposomal amphotericin B is cytotoxic in vitro but not toxic to tissues in vivo."	( Liposomal Formulation Decreases Toxicity of Amphotericin B In Vitro and In Vivo. Bingham, J; McLaren, AC; McLemore, R; Roberts, J, 2015)	1.08
"In vitro cytotoxicity to liposomal amphotericin B occurred but no adverse tissue reaction was seen in vivo."	( Liposomal Formulation Decreases Toxicity of Amphotericin B In Vitro and In Vivo. Bingham, J; McLaren, AC; McLemore, R; Roberts, J, 2015)	0.96
" Serious adverse events (SAE) were recorded for 7 patients (0."	( Effectiveness and safety of short course liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) as first line treatment for visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh. Akter, F; Asad, A; Collin, SM; Gomes, S; Kumar Das, A; Lucero, E; Ritmeijer, K, 2015)	0.67
"Our study demonstrates that 15 mg/kg AmBisome in three doses of 5 mg/kg is an effective (>95% cure rate) and safe (<1% SAE) treatment for primary VL in Bangladesh."	( Effectiveness and safety of short course liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) as first line treatment for visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh. Akter, F; Asad, A; Collin, SM; Gomes, S; Kumar Das, A; Lucero, E; Ritmeijer, K, 2015)	0.67
" However, significantly higher adverse reactions developed in the patients who were treated with NAC."	( A double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial of N-acetylcysteine for preventing amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity. Farsaei, S; Karimzadeh, I; Khalili, H; Sagheb, MM, 2015)	0.63
" Anemia remained a concerning adverse effect."	( Toxicity of Amphotericin B Deoxycholate-Based Induction Therapy in Patients with HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis. Bicanic, T; Bottomley, C; Brouwer, AE; Harrison, TS; Hosseinipour, MC; Jackson, A; Jarvis, JN; Limmathurotsakul, D; Loyse, A; Meintjes, G; Muzoora, C; Phulusa, J; Taseera, K; van der Horst, C; White, NJ; Wilson, D; Wood, R, 2015)	0.8
"The standard treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) is pentavalent antimonials, agents with serious adverse effects."	( Efficacy and Safety of Liposomal Amphotericin B for the Treatment of Mucosal Leishmaniasis from the New World: A Retrospective Study. Cunha, MA; de Cassia Soler, R; Leão, AC; Lindoso, JA, 2015)	0.7
" There was no discontinuation of L-AMB due to adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of treatment with liposomal amphotericin B in elderly patients at least 65 years old with hematological diseases. Chizuka, A; Kaida, K; Kanda, Y; Kojima, R; Miyakoshi, S; Miyamoto, K; Miyamoto, S; Ogasawara, T; Takano, J; Ueda, S, 2016)	0.69
"To determine the lowest concentration of amphotericin B supplementation in Optisol-GS that will eliminate fungal contaminants effectively without resulting in toxic effects to the cornea and to determine what role light exposure plays in the efficacy and safety of amphotericin B supplementation."	( The Effect of Light Exposure on the Efficacy and Safety of Amphotericin B in Corneal Storage Media. Duncan, K; Hoover, C; Jeng, BH; Parker, J, 2016)	0.94
" Corneal endothelial cell density, endothelial cell viability, and epithelial toxic effects were measured in stored corneas."	( The Effect of Light Exposure on the Efficacy and Safety of Amphotericin B in Corneal Storage Media. Duncan, K; Hoover, C; Jeng, BH; Parker, J, 2016)	0.68
" In the safety study, no evidence was found of toxic effects to the cornea in corneas stored in Optisol-GS supplemented with amphotericin B at any concentration compared with paired controls."	( The Effect of Light Exposure on the Efficacy and Safety of Amphotericin B in Corneal Storage Media. Duncan, K; Hoover, C; Jeng, BH; Parker, J, 2016)	0.88
"255-μg/mL concentration of amphotericin B effectively eliminated fungal contaminants within 48 hours and did not result in added toxic effects to the cornea."	( The Effect of Light Exposure on the Efficacy and Safety of Amphotericin B in Corneal Storage Media. Duncan, K; Hoover, C; Jeng, BH; Parker, J, 2016)	0.97
" Combination regimens including AmBisome and miltefosine are safe and effective in India, but there are no published data from trials of combination therapies including these drugs from Africa."	( Efficacy and Safety of AmBisome in Combination with Sodium Stibogluconate or Miltefosine and Miltefosine Monotherapy for African Visceral Leishmaniasis: Phase II Randomized Trial. Alexander, N; Ali, MH; Alves, F; Balasegaram, M; Dorlo, TP; Edwards, T; Elamin, MY; Ellis, S; Hailu, A; Juma, R; Khalil, EA; Kimutai, R; Kip, AE; Kirigi, G; Musa, A; Musa, B; Njenga, S; Olobo, J; Omollo, R; Schoone, GJ; Strub Wourgaft, N; Wasunna, M; Wells, S, 2016)	0.43
" The doses of liposomal amphotericin B and adverse events related to treatment were retrieved."	( Safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B for treatment of complicated visceral leishmaniasis in patients without HIV, North-West Ethiopia. Diro, E; Hailu, A; Tamiru, A; Tigabu, B; Yifru, S, 2016)	1.02
" The most common adverse events (AEs) were hypokalemia in 39 cases (26."	( Safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B for treatment of complicated visceral leishmaniasis in patients without HIV, North-West Ethiopia. Diro, E; Hailu, A; Tamiru, A; Tigabu, B; Yifru, S, 2016)	0.72
" Improvement in the management of IFDs have been achieved with the availability of new effective and safe antifungal drugs, however, many of these newer treatments have some limitations in their variable toxicity and unique predisposition for pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions."	( An update on the safety and interactions of antifungal drugs in stem cell transplant recipients. Girmenia, C; Iori, AP, 2017)	0.46
"The patent search on "Amphotericin B for its safe and effective delivery" has been carried out to present assimilated information on the patents of the universally accepted Amphotericin B formulations and technologies."	( Safe and Effective Delivery of Amphotericin B: A Survey of Patents. Jain, SK; Kaur, L, 2017)	1.06
" However, some untoward adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity may limit its appropriate therapeutic use."	( Efficacy of Intralipid infusion in reducing amphotericin-B-associated nephrotoxicity in head and neck invasive fungal infection: A randomized, controlled trial. Asadollahi, M; Hasibi, M; Jafari, S; Kouhi, A; Manshadi, SA; Salehi, M; Zarch, VV, 2017)	0.46
"AmB injection is an effective and safe method in empirical therapy and diagnosis-driven antifungal therapy for neutropenic, febrile patients with hematological malignancies."	( [Efficacy and Safety of Low-dose Amphotericin B in Different Antifungal Strategies for Treatment of Invasive Fungal Disease in Patients with Hematological Malignancies]. Gao, HH; Guan, W; Jin, XS; Jing, Y; Li, JH; Liu, J; Yang, L, 2017)	0.74
" Few studies showing conflictive data about their efficacy and adverse events in pediatric population are available."	( Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B deoxycholate versus N-methylglucamine antimoniate in pediatric visceral leishmaniasis: an open-label, randomized, and controlled pilot trial in Brazil. Borges, MM; Carranza-Tamayo, CO; Noronha, EF; Pranchevicius, MC; Romero, GA, )	0.44
" All patients reported adverse events (AE)."	( Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B deoxycholate versus N-methylglucamine antimoniate in pediatric visceral leishmaniasis: an open-label, randomized, and controlled pilot trial in Brazil. Borges, MM; Carranza-Tamayo, CO; Noronha, EF; Pranchevicius, MC; Romero, GA, )	0.44
"N-methylglucamine antimoniate and amphotericin B deoxycholate have similar efficacy and adverse events rate in pediatric patients with VL."	( Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B deoxycholate versus N-methylglucamine antimoniate in pediatric visceral leishmaniasis: an open-label, randomized, and controlled pilot trial in Brazil. Borges, MM; Carranza-Tamayo, CO; Noronha, EF; Pranchevicius, MC; Romero, GA, )	0.72
" Two patients lost to follow up and three patients withdrew consent due to adverse events."	( To evaluate efficacy and safety of amphotericin B in two different doses in the treatment of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Das, P; Kumar, A; Kumar, D; Lal, CS; Pal, B; Pandey, K; Rabi Das, VN; Siddiqui, NA; Verma, N; Verma, RB, 2017)	0.73
"The lower dose appears to have fewer adverse events however, nephrotoxicity remains a problem in both regimens."	( To evaluate efficacy and safety of amphotericin B in two different doses in the treatment of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Das, P; Kumar, A; Kumar, D; Lal, CS; Pal, B; Pandey, K; Rabi Das, VN; Siddiqui, NA; Verma, N; Verma, RB, 2017)	0.73
" Combination regimens including AmBisome, paromomycin and miltefosine have proved to be safe and effective in the treatment of VL in India."	( Safety and efficacy of short course combination regimens with AmBisome, miltefosine and paromomycin for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Bangladesh. Alvar, J; Alves, F; Balasegaram, M; Boer, MD; Ellis, S; Faiz, A; Goyal, V; Haque, R; Jamil, K; Rahman, R; Rijal, S; Samad, R; Sharma, B; Strub-Wourgaft, N, 2017)	0.46
" There were 12 serious adverse events in the study in 11 patients that included 3 non-study drug related deaths."	( Safety and efficacy of short course combination regimens with AmBisome, miltefosine and paromomycin for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Bangladesh. Alvar, J; Alves, F; Balasegaram, M; Boer, MD; Ellis, S; Faiz, A; Goyal, V; Haque, R; Jamil, K; Rahman, R; Rijal, S; Samad, R; Sharma, B; Strub-Wourgaft, N, 2017)	0.46
" However, the emergence of severe adverse effects, such as nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and hemolytic anemia, can limit its clinical use."	( Assessment of in vitro antifungal efficacy and in vivo toxicity of Amphotericin B-loaded PLGA and PLGA-PEG blend nanoparticles. Altmeyer, C; Maissar Khalil, N; Mara Mainardes, R; Moraes Moreira Carraro, TC, 2017)	0.69
"Despite its broad spectrum, conventional amphotericin B (AB) is associated with serious adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B formulations: a network meta-analysis and a multicriteria decision analysis. Borba, HH; Fernandez-Llimos, F; Pontarolo, R; Sanches, AC; Steimbach, LM; Tonin, FS; Wiens, A, 2017)	1.03
" To facilitate the safety assessment of NMPs, we aimed to gain insight into toxic effects specific for NMPs by systematically analyzing the available toxicity data on approved NMPs in the European Union."	( Nanomedicinal products: a survey on specific toxicity and side effects. Bosselaers, IE; Brand, W; De Jong, WH; Geertsma, RE; Giannakou, C; Kooi, MW; Noorlander, CW; Park, MV; Scholl, JH; Vandebriel, RJ, 2017)	0.46
" Although L-AMB demonstrates better safety compared with amphotericin, renal dysfunction and hypokalemia are well-known adverse effects of L-AMB."	( Analysis of Hypokalemia as a Side Effect of Liposomal Amphotericin in Pediatric Patients. Hori, D; Keino, D; Kishimoto, K; Kobayashi, K; Kobayashi, R; Sano, H; Suzuki, D, 2018)	0.48
" Chills and rigors were the most commonly occurring adverse events (AEs)."	( Efficacy and Safety of Liposomal Amphotericin B for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Children and Adolescents at a Tertiary Care Center in Bihar, India. Ali, V; Babu, R; Das, P; Kumar, R; Lal, CS; Murti, K; Pal, B; Pandey, K; Rabi Das, VN; Siddiqui, NA; Verma, N, 2017)	0.74
"The quest for new potent and safe adjuvants with which to skew and boost the immune response of vaccines against intracellular pathogens and cancer has led to the discovery of a series of small molecules that can activate Toll-like receptors (TLRs)."	( Transiently Thermoresponsive Acetal Polymers for Safe and Effective Administration of Amphotericin B as a Vaccine Adjuvant. David, SA; De Coen, R; De Geest, BG; Esser-Kahn, AP; Kasmi, S; Louage, B; Lybaert, L; Nuhn, L; Saelens, X; Schepens, B; Van Herck, S; Van Hoecke, L, 2018)	0.7
" Data on the incidence of adverse effects with amphotericin B at standard doses are scarce."	( Adverse effects of amphotericin B in children; a retrospective comparison of conventional and liposomal formulations. Andrew, EC; Coghlan, B; Cranswick, N; Curtis, N; Gwee, A, 2018)	1.07
" Differences in adverse effects between the preparations is not as marked in children as reported in adults."	( Adverse effects of amphotericin B in children; a retrospective comparison of conventional and liposomal formulations. Andrew, EC; Coghlan, B; Cranswick, N; Curtis, N; Gwee, A, 2018)	0.81
"A safe and effective short-course treatment regimen for post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is considered essential for achieving and sustaining elimination of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian subcontinent [1, 2]."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Short-Course AmBisome in the Treatment of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis: A Prospective Cohort Study in Bangladesh. Ahmed, BN; Akhter, F; Burza, S; Das, AK; den Boer, M; Ramesh, V; Ritmeijer, K; Zijlstra, EE, 2018)	0.48
" All patients completed treatment without severe or serious adverse events."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Short-Course AmBisome in the Treatment of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis: A Prospective Cohort Study in Bangladesh. Ahmed, BN; Akhter, F; Burza, S; Das, AK; den Boer, M; Ramesh, V; Ritmeijer, K; Zijlstra, EE, 2018)	0.48
"A short-course 15-mg/kg AmBisome regimen proved safe and effective in the treatment of clinically diagnosed PKDL in Bangladesh, and should be considered a treatment option for routine programmatic use in the VL elimination effort in the Indian subcontinent."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Short-Course AmBisome in the Treatment of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis: A Prospective Cohort Study in Bangladesh. Ahmed, BN; Akhter, F; Burza, S; Das, AK; den Boer, M; Ramesh, V; Ritmeijer, K; Zijlstra, EE, 2018)	0.48
" In vitro hemolytic studies and viability assays in kidney cells (HEK 293 cells) suggested that AmB in aggregated was state highly toxic but not AmB-OA."	( Long chain fatty acid conjugation remarkably decreases the aggregation induced toxicity of Amphotericin B. Jain, S; Prajapati, R; Sangamwar, AT; Thanki, K, 2018)	0.7
" Anfoleish was shown to be safe and efficacious in animal model and in an open label study in CL patients."	( A phase II study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of topical 3% amphotericin B cream (Anfoleish) for the treatment of uncomplicated cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia. Alves, F; Arana, B; Asela, C; Cruz, C; López, L; Robledo, S; Vélez, I, 2018)	0.72
" Anfoleish proved to be safe, and the few adverse events reported were local, around the area of application of the cream, and of mild intensity."	( A phase II study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of topical 3% amphotericin B cream (Anfoleish) for the treatment of uncomplicated cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia. Alves, F; Arana, B; Asela, C; Cruz, C; López, L; Robledo, S; Vélez, I, 2018)	0.72
"Anfoleish showed to be a safe and well-tolerated intervention."	( A phase II study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of topical 3% amphotericin B cream (Anfoleish) for the treatment of uncomplicated cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia. Alves, F; Arana, B; Asela, C; Cruz, C; López, L; Robledo, S; Vélez, I, 2018)	0.72
" This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using focused pharmacovigilance for VL (VLPV) in Bangladesh's National Kala-azar Elimination Programme for the early detection and prevention of expected and unexpected adverse drug reactions (ADRs)."	( Using focused pharmacovigilance for ensuring patient safety against antileishmanial drugs in Bangladesh's National Kala-azar Elimination Programme. Ahuja, V; Ghosh, P; Haque, R; Hossain, AFMA; Hossain, MA; Hossain, MS; Kumar, A; Mahshin, M; Maruf, S; Mondal, D; Shamsuzzaman, AKM; Sharma, A; Sharma, V, 2018)	0.48
" A VLPV expert committee and a UHC VLPV team were established, an operational manual and pharmacovigilance report forms were developed, training and refresher training of health personnel took place at UHCs and at the central level, collected information such as patient data including demographics, treatment history and response, adverse events were analyzed."	( Using focused pharmacovigilance for ensuring patient safety against antileishmanial drugs in Bangladesh's National Kala-azar Elimination Programme. Ahuja, V; Ghosh, P; Haque, R; Hossain, AFMA; Hossain, MA; Hossain, MS; Kumar, A; Mahshin, M; Maruf, S; Mondal, D; Shamsuzzaman, AKM; Sharma, A; Sharma, V, 2018)	0.48
" Thirteen serious adverse events (SAEs) (eight deaths and five unexpected SAEs) were observed."	( Using focused pharmacovigilance for ensuring patient safety against antileishmanial drugs in Bangladesh's National Kala-azar Elimination Programme. Ahuja, V; Ghosh, P; Haque, R; Hossain, AFMA; Hossain, MA; Hossain, MS; Kumar, A; Mahshin, M; Maruf, S; Mondal, D; Shamsuzzaman, AKM; Sharma, A; Sharma, V, 2018)	0.48
" These data suggest that low-dose L-AMB may be safe and effective in adult patients undergoing CBT."	( Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Liposomal Amphotericin B in Adult Patients Undergoing Unrelated Cord Blood Transplantation. Isobe, M; Kato, S; Konuma, T; Kuroda, S; Mizusawa, M; Oiwa-Monna, M; Takahashi, S; Tanoue, S; Tojo, A; Yasu, T, 2018)	0.75
"Clinical and synovial inflammatory signs were quicker reduced in MSC-treated groups and repeated allogeneic administration did not produce adverse reactions, but MSC-primed group showed slight and transient local inflammation after second injection."	( Assessment of effectiveness and safety of repeat administration of proinflammatory primed allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells in an equine model of chemically induced osteoarthritis. Albareda, J; Barrachina, L; Prades, M; Remacha, AR; Roca, M; Rodellar, C; Romero, A; Vázquez, FJ; Vitoria, A; Zaragoza, P, 2018)	0.48
" Unfortunately, the applicability of this antibiotic is associated with highly toxic side effects."	( Imaging of human cells exposed to an antifungal antibiotic amphotericin B reveals the mechanisms associated with the drug toxicity and cell defence. Grela, E; Grudzinski, W; Gruszecki, WI; Luchowski, R; Paduch, R; Piet, M, 2018)	0.72
" All three regimens were safe, with 5 severe adverse events in the SDA arm, two of which were considered to be drug related."	( Field safety and effectiveness of new visceral leishmaniasis treatment regimens within public health facilities in Bihar, India. Alvar, J; Alves, F; Balasegaram, M; Bern, C; Burza, S; Das, P; Ellis, S; Goyal, V; Hightower, A; Lima, N; Mahajan, R; Pandey, K; Rabi Das, VN; Rijal, S; Sharma, B; Singh, RS; Singh, SN; Strub-Wourgaft, N; Sunyoto, T; Topno, RK, 2018)	0.48
" The clinical efficacy and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups."	( Efficacy and Safety of Amphotericin B with Autologous Serum for Fungal Corneal Ulcer. Ji, Y; Zhang, F, 2019)	0.82
" There was no significant difference in adverse reaction rate between the two groups (p=0."	( Efficacy and Safety of Amphotericin B with Autologous Serum for Fungal Corneal Ulcer. Ji, Y; Zhang, F, 2019)	0.82
"Injection therapy of amphotericin B combined with autologous serum has significant efficacy for fungal corneal ulcer, which can effectively improve the clinical symptoms with fewer adverse reactions and safe and reliable results, thus worthy of promotion."	( Efficacy and Safety of Amphotericin B with Autologous Serum for Fungal Corneal Ulcer. Ji, Y; Zhang, F, 2019)	1.14
" This system could potentially be used for both prevention and treatment of established fungal infections, as AmB is toxic to fungus whether associated or released from pCD."	( Local delivery polymer provides sustained antifungal activity of amphotericin B with reduced cytotoxicity. Gormley, CA; Haley, RM; Korley, JN; von Recum, HA; Zuckerman, ST, 2019)	0.75
"To determine the concentration of amphotericin B that would be both effective against Candida albicans contamination and safe for corneal endothelial cells (CECs) in cold storage conditions."	( Efficacy and Safety of Various Amphotericin B Concentrations on Candida albicans in Cold Storage Conditions. Aldrich, BT; D'Amato Tóthová, J; Gatto, C; Giurgola, L; Greiner, MA; Kondratick, CM; Reed, CR; Schmidt, GA; Skeie, JM; Terry, MA; Tran, KD, 2020)	1.12
"The development of an effective amphotericin B (AmB) topical formulation to replace the systemically toxic injections currently used in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) treatment is challenging due to poor absorption through the skin."	( Novel and safe single-dose treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with implantable amphotericin B-loaded microparticles. Pacienza-Lima, W; Ré, MI; Rossi-Bergmann, B; Sousa-Batista, AJ, 2019)	1.02
" We conducted a retrospective descriptive study describing the effectiveness and adverse effects of AB deoxycholate (ABD), AB colloidal dispersion (ABCD), and liposomal AB (LAB) as third-line treatments for CL and MCL."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Amphotericin B Deoxycholate, Amphotericin B Colloidal Dispersion, and Liposomal Amphotericin B as Third-Line Treatments for Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Retrospective Study. Casas Vargas, MY; Ordoñez Rubiano, MF; Pérez Franco, JE; Rodríguez Galvis, MC, 2020)	0.85
"Cryptococcosis is a life-threatening fungal infection, and its current treatment is toxic and subject to resistance."	( N-acetylcysteine reduces amphotericin B deoxycholate nephrotoxicity and improves the outcome of murine cryptococcosis. Carmo, PHF; Carvalho, VSD; Costa, MC; de Brito, CB; de Resende-Stoianoff, MA; de Souza, DG; Emídio, ECP; Ferreira, GF; Freitas, GJC; Holanda, RA; Magalhães, TFF; Paixão, TA; Ribeiro, NQ; Rocha, CEV; Santos, DA, 2020)	0.86
" This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of vitamins A and E against amphotericin B-induced adverse effects in the kidney and liver of rat."	( Effects of vitamin A and vitamin E on attenuation of amphotericin B-induced side effects on kidney and liver of male Wistar rats. Abbasalipourkabir, R; Ghafourikhosroshahi, A; Heidarisasan, S; Maghsood, AH; Salehzadeh, A; Taheri-Azandaryan, M, 2020)	1.03
" Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) developed in 61."	( A real-world prospective observational study on the efficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin B in 426 patients with persistent neutropenia and fever. Masaoka, T; Nakajo, E; Tamura, K; Yoshida, M, 2021)	0.85
" The results demonstrated that LAmB showed significant gender differences in acute toxicity, with more severe toxic symptoms and higher mortality for female rats at different doses, but the same differences were not observed for DAmB under the same condition."	( Gender differences in acute toxicity, toxicokinetic and tissue distribution of amphotericin B liposomes in rats. Huang, RY; Ju, JX; Qi, JL; Wang, D; Wang, LJ; Xu, YF; Zhang, HL; Zhang, W, 2021)	0.85
" None of the patients in either group developed any serious adverse events."	( A randomized, open-label study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) versus miltefosine in patients with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Ali, V; Bimal, S; Das, P; Das, VNR; Kumar, A; Lal, CS; Pal, B; Pandey, K; Siddiqui, NA; Singh, SK; Topno, RK; Verma, N, )	0.36
" We carried out an update of a previous systematic review of all published clinical trials in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) from 1980 to 2019 to document any reported serious adverse events (SAEs)."	( Serious adverse events following treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Alves, F; Brack, M; Dahal, P; Guerin, PJ; Halleux, CM; Hawryszkiewycz, A; Maguire, BJ; Ngu, R; Olliaro, PL; Rashan, S; Singh-Phulgenda, S; Stepniewska, K, 2021)	0.62
" Infusion-related side effects, nephrotoxicity, and dyselectrolytemia are well-known adverse effects with the use of this drug."	( Liposomal amphotericin B-induced reversible ototoxicity in a patient with disseminated histoplasmosis. Bansal, N; Karunakara, D; Paliwal, P; Ramu, R; Sharma, B; Taneja, RS, )	0.53
" Intravenous liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) is an accessible and relatively safe treatment that has been increasingly used for the treatment of CL and ML."	( Intravenous liposomal amphotericin B efficacy and safety for cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Barkati, S; Chivinski, J; Ekmekjian, T; Libman, M; Naeem, F; Nathan, K, 2021)	1.25
" A narrative synthesis of the findings will be provided and the primary outcome and secondary outcome of interest, response rate and adverse events rate, respectively, and the 95% CI will be ascertained."	( Intravenous liposomal amphotericin B efficacy and safety for cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Barkati, S; Chivinski, J; Ekmekjian, T; Libman, M; Naeem, F; Nathan, K, 2021)	0.94
"Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (ABCD) is a less toxic formulation of amphotericin B for the treatment of invasive fungal infections."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Single-Dose Amphotericin B Colloidal Dispersion in Healthy Chinese Subjects and Population Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis to Inform Clinical Efficacy in Invasive Infections Caused by Candida albicans. Cao, GY; Chen, YC; Chen, YJ; Dai, JY; He, JJ; Huang, ZW; Li, CL; Wang, JJ; Wang, K; Wu, JF; Wu, XJ; Xu, FY; Yang, HJ; Yu, JC; Yuan, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, JY; Zhang, W, 2021)	2.33
" No adverse events were observed."	( Effectiveness and safety of topical amphotericin B in 30% dimethyl sulfoxide cream versus 30% dimethyl sulfoxide cream for nondermatophyte onychomycosis treatment: A pilot study. Bunyaratavej, S; Kiratiwongwan, R; Komesmuneeborirak, P; Leeyaphan, C; Prasong, W; Suiwongsa, B; Supcharoenkul, S; Wongdama, S, )	0.41
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is a highly hydrophobic drug with significant leishmanicidal activity whose use is limited by its poor water solubility and adverse effects."	( Covalent Conjugation of Amphotericin B to Hyaluronic Acid: An Injectable Water-Soluble Conjugate with Reduced Toxicity and Anti-Leishmanial Potential. Gama, FM; Leão, T; Silva-Carvalho, R; Tomás, AM, 2022)	2.47
"2%) patient discontinued therapy due to a drug-attributable adverse event."	( Safety of Inhaled Amphotericin B Lipid Complex as Antifungal Prophylaxis in Lung Transplant Recipients. Alexander, BD; Huggins, JP; Pease, R; Reynolds, J; Stanly, K; Workman, A, 2022)	1.06
"The treatment of cryptococcal encephalomyelitis is often complicated by an inadequate response to antifungal therapy and the reduction or withdrawal of antifungal agents due to adverse effects."	( [Cryptococcal Meningitis with Inadequate Response to Antifungal Therapy or Drug-Induced Side Effects That Make It Difficult to Continue Treatment: Management to Avoid Treatment Difficulties and Intracerebroventricular Antifungal Administration for Refract Sato, M; Sekijima, Y, 2022)	0.72
"The addition of AmB to Optisol™-GS can be toxic to CECs and inhibit their migration at a concentration of ≥5 µg/ml."	( Toxicity of Amphotericin B in Rabbit Corneal Epithelial Cells Stored in Optisol™-GS: Corneal Epithelial Cell Morphology and Migration. Aziza, Y; Ban, Y; Fukuoka, H; Harada, K; Horiguchi, G; Kinoshita, S; Kitaoka, T; Sotozono, C; Tanioka, H; Uematsu, M, 2022)	1.1
" Very few acute infusion-related adverse effects were observed during the administration of AMB-D in pediatric patients."	( Amphotericin B in Pediatrics: Analysis by Age Stratification Suggests a Greater Chance of Adverse Events from 13 Months of Age Onwards. Baú-Carneiro, JL; Cavassin, FB; de Araújo Motta, F; de Queiroz-Telles, F; Staszczak, L; Ville, APM, 2022)	2.16
"Clinical or observational studies based on age stratification are essential to accurately elucidate whether potentially toxic drugs can be used safely in the pediatric population."	( Amphotericin B in Pediatrics: Analysis by Age Stratification Suggests a Greater Chance of Adverse Events from 13 Months of Age Onwards. Baú-Carneiro, JL; Cavassin, FB; de Araújo Motta, F; de Queiroz-Telles, F; Staszczak, L; Ville, APM, 2022)	2.16
"4% alone or in combination with national standard treatment is safe with high-efficacy rate and warrants further investigation during phase 3 clinical trials."	( Pilot study of safety and efficacy of topical liposomal amphotericin B for cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major in Islamic Republic of Iran. Afshari, F; Eskandari, S; Firooz, A; Jaafari, M; Javadi, A; Khamesipour, A; Mohammadi, A; Mortazavi, H; Tasbihi, M, 2022)	0.97
" With the exception of a higher incidence of gastrointestinal side effects in the 2000mg cohort, both induction doses of FCZ were safe and well tolerated."	( Higher Dose Oral Fluconazole for the Treatment of AIDS-related Cryptococcal Meningitis (HIFLAC)-report of A5225, a multicentre, phase I/II, two-stage, dose-finding, safety, tolerability and efficacy randomised, amphotericin B-controlled trial of the AIDS Aberg, JA; Badal-Faesen, S; Bukuru, A; Clifford, DB; Hogg, E; Komarow, L; Lagat, D; Lalloo, UG; Langat, D; Larsen, RA; Mave, V; McKhann, A; Pillay, S; Samaneka, W; Supparatpinyo, K; Ticona, E, 2023)	1.1
"Induction phase weight and renal-adjusted doses of 1600mg and 2000mg/day FCZ for CM were safe and well tolerated except for increased GI side effects in the 2000mg/day dose, and had similar times to achieve CSF sterilization, but took significantly longer than AMB."	( Higher Dose Oral Fluconazole for the Treatment of AIDS-related Cryptococcal Meningitis (HIFLAC)-report of A5225, a multicentre, phase I/II, two-stage, dose-finding, safety, tolerability and efficacy randomised, amphotericin B-controlled trial of the AIDS Aberg, JA; Badal-Faesen, S; Bukuru, A; Clifford, DB; Hogg, E; Komarow, L; Lagat, D; Lalloo, UG; Langat, D; Larsen, RA; Mave, V; McKhann, A; Pillay, S; Samaneka, W; Supparatpinyo, K; Ticona, E, 2023)	1.1
" The primary outcomes of interest were treatment success and treatment-related adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of echinocandin monotherapy and combination therapy for immunocompromised patients with systemic candidiasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bay, JW; Samuel, M; Tang, BHE; Yeong, FM, 2023)	0.91
" There appears to be similar benefits when using echinocandins compared to amphotericin B which has also been used as a broad-spectrum antifungal, while avoiding the severe adverse effects that amphotericin B causes, such as nephrotoxicity."	( Efficacy and safety of echinocandin monotherapy and combination therapy for immunocompromised patients with systemic candidiasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bay, JW; Samuel, M; Tang, BHE; Yeong, FM, 2023)	1.14
"The aim of this study was to describe the safe use of repeated intracameral amphotericin B for anterior chamber reactivations after therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty for Fusarium solani keratitis."	( Repeated Intracameral Amphotericin B: A Safe Approach for Management of Fungal Anterior Chamber Reactivations After Therapeutic Penetrating Keratoplasty. Anand, S; Okonkwo, A; Sethi, K, 2023)	1.45
"This report describes the safe and effective use of repeated intracameral amphotericin (cumulative 45 µg) in anterior chamber reactivations after therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty and highlights the role of fungal sensitivity in guiding treatment in refractory cases."	( Repeated Intracameral Amphotericin B: A Safe Approach for Management of Fungal Anterior Chamber Reactivations After Therapeutic Penetrating Keratoplasty. Anand, S; Okonkwo, A; Sethi, K, 2023)	1.22
" Generally, findings showed that nebulized liposomal amphotericin B treatment appeared to be safe and without severe adverse effects."	( Safety and usefulness of nebulized liposomal amphotericin B: Systematic scoping review. Hagiya, H; Nishimura, Y; Otsuka, F, 2023)	1.42

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic (PK-PD) properties of amphotericin B (AmB) formulations against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) are not well understood. Amph esotericin B has a post-antifungal effect (PAFE), and its peak concentration is probably crucial for its fungicidal efficacy.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The elimination phase half-life of amphotericin B was approximately 15 days, reflecting slow release of amphotericin B from a peripheral compartment."	( Amphotericin B pharmacokinetics in humans. Atkinson, AJ; Bennett, JE, 1978)	1.98
" There is a need for studies correlating clinical efficacy and tolerability of liposomal amphotericin B with the pharmacokinetic properties of these formulations."	( Liposomal and lipid formulations of amphotericin B. Clinical pharmacokinetics. Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; Crommelin, DJ; de Marie, S; Janknegt, R, 1992)	0.78
" We have employed this assay to compare the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution profiles of amphotericin B in rats and dogs following administration of Fungizone and ABCD (amphotericin B-cholesteryl sulfate colloidal dispersion), a lipid-based dosage form."	( High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of amphotericin B in plasma, blood, urine and tissues for pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies. Anderson, KL; Fielding, RM; Smith, PC; Wang, LH, 1992)	0.75
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of NWSDA after its intravenous administration were estimated."	( [Experimental study of the pharmacokinetics of an amphotericin B derivative]. Kuzina, ZA; Slonim, VZ; Vetkina, IF, 1991)	0.53
" Serum concentrations of AmB, measured by bioassay, were used to determine various pharmacokinetic parameters of AmB."	( Pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B in infants and children. Kaplan, SL; Kramer, WG; Mason, EO; Starke, JR, 1987)	0.6
" The half-life at the distribution phase and the half-life at the elimination phase of Sch 28191 were similar to those of amphotericin B in all animals studied."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of Sch 28191 and amphotericin B in mice, rats, dogs, and cynomolgus monkeys. Kim, H; Lin, C; Loebenberg, D; Marco, A; Symchowicz, S, 1984)	0.73
" The present study compares the pharmacokinetic characteristics of standard amphotericin B dissolved in glucose 5% (Ampho-B/G) (n = 6) to the alternative formulations Ampho-B/Lipid (n = 8) and Ambisome (n = 10)."	( Pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) versus other lipid-based formulations. Debus, A; Heinemann, V; Jehn, U; Kähny, B; Wachholz, K, 1994)	0.81
"0 mg/kg), by comparison, achieved a lower Cmax (4."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of a unilamellar liposomal formulation of amphotericin B (AmBisome) in rabbits. Amantea, MA; Bacher, J; Francis, PA; Lee, JW; Navarro, EE; Pizzo, PA; Walsh, TJ, 1994)	0.52
" While these pharmacokinetic parameters obtained with this liposomal amphotericin B formulation are comparable to the values obtained after conventional amphotericin B therapy, they are strikingly different from values obtained by other workers using small unilamellar liposomes with either positive or negative charge."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of liposomal amphotericin B in patients. Advani, SH; Barapatre, RJ; Gokhale, PC; Kshirsagar, NA; Pandya, SK, 1993)	0.78
" In conclusion, from a pharmacokinetic point of view, all the antifungal agents examined, perhaps with the exception of F, do not offer, when used alone, sufficient guarantees in curing peritonitis."	( Pharmacokinetics of antifungal agents. Bolzonella, R; Contestabile, A; Fabris, A; Gardin, C; Pellanda, MV, 1993)	0.29
" Iterative two-stage analysis, one of several approaches to population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling, was employed for the pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Population pharmacokinetics and renal function-sparing effects of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in patients receiving bone marrow transplants. Amantea, MA; Bowden, RA; Forrest, A; Mamelok, RD; Newman, MS; Working, PK, 1995)	0.53
" The data were analyzed using P-Pharm, a computer program designed for population pharmacokinetic analysis that allows pooling of data."	( Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of a new lipid-based delivery system of amphotericin B in AIDS patients. Alberici, F; Giacchino, R; Maserati, R; Regazzi, MB; Viale, P; Villani, P, 1996)	0.52
"Studies that directly assessed amphotericin B dosage and/or duration, pharmacokinetic literature dealing with plasma concentrations and amphotericin B disposition, and literature dealing with dose and/or concentration as well as clinical outcome were selected for inclusion."	( Is there a therapeutic or pharmacokinetic rationale for amphotericin B dosing in systemic Candida infections? Gentry, CA; Hampton, EM; Nagata, MP, )	0.66
" Less information is available regarding the relevance of pharmacokinetic parameters or serum concentrations to clinical outcome."	( Is there a therapeutic or pharmacokinetic rationale for amphotericin B dosing in systemic Candida infections? Gentry, CA; Hampton, EM; Nagata, MP, )	0.38
" The half-life of the distribution phase was approximately three times longer in group I (2."	( Pharmacokinetics of conventional formulation versus fat emulsion formulation of amphotericin B in a group of patients with neutropenia. Ayestarán, A; Estíbalez, A; Julià, A; López, A; López, RM; Montoro, JB; Pascual, B; Pou, L, 1996)	0.52
"This study employed several interspecies scaling methods, to evaluate the applicability of extrapolating to man, pharmacokinetic information obtained from animals for amphotericin B, an anti-fungal drug."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and interspecies scaling of amphotericin B in several mammalian species. Chow, HH; Hutchaleelaha, A; Mayersohn, M, 1997)	0.74
" This report details the pharmacokinetics of ABELCET examined in various pharmacokinetic and efficacy studies by using whole-blood measurements of AmB concentration performed by high-pressure liquid chromatography."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of ABELCET (amphotericin B lipid complex injection): combined experience from phase I and phase II studies. Adedoyin, A; Anaissie, E; Bernardo, JF; Bolsack, LE; Boyle, A; Branch, RA; DeValeriola, D; DeWit, S; Horwith, G; Kelly, E; Klasterksy, J; Llanos-Cuentas, A; Lopez-Berestein, G; Sculier, JP; Swenson, CE, 1997)	0.57
" The overall apparent half-life was 11."	( Toxicological profile and pharmacokinetics of a unilamellar liposomal vesicle formulation of amphotericin B in rats. Bekersky, I; Boswell, GW; Buell, D; Hiles, R; Walsh, TJ, 1998)	0.52
" These observations identify the pharmacokinetic characteristics of AmB in the lung and may provide a new insight into the strategy for clinical treatment of fungal pneumonia."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of amphotericin B in lung tissue: lung lymph distribution after intravenous injection and airspace distribution after aerosolization and inhalation of amphotericin B. Fujimoto, K; Hanaoka, M; Hayano, T; Kaneki, T; Kobayashi, T; Koizumi, T; Kubo, K; Miyahara, T; Okada, K; Sekiguchi, M; Yamamoto, H, 1998)	0.59
" The protocol was an open-label, sequential-dose-escalation, multidose pharmacokinetic study which enrolled a total of 8 to 12 patients in each of the four dosage cohorts."	( Safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of a small unilamellar liposomal formulation of amphotericin B (AmBisome) in neutropenic patients. Alak, A; Barret, J; Bekersky, I; Boswell, G; Buell, D; Chanock, S; Freifeld, A; Gonzalez, C; Jarosinski, P; McEvoy, M; Seibel, NI; Walsh, TJ; Whitcomb, PO; Wilson, W; Yeldandi, V, 1998)	0.52
" This HPLC assay has been applied to determine amphotericin B in plasma and tissue samples taken during pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies in rats."	( High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of amphotericin B in plasma and tissue. Application to pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies in rats. Barturen, C; Dios-Viéitez, MC; Echevarría, I; Renedo, MJ, 1998)	0.8
" Human pharmacokinetic parameters elucidated from literature data were validated in a preliminary study involving a patient receiving daily infusion dose for 27 days."	( Elucidation of human amphotericin B pharmacokinetics: identification of a new potential factor affecting interspecies pharmacokinetic scaling. Chiou, WL; Robbie, G, 1998)	0.62
" In the preliminary human study, Cpeak and Cmin values remained relatively constant over the duration of therapy, and a CL, MRT, T0."	( Elucidation of human amphotericin B pharmacokinetics: identification of a new potential factor affecting interspecies pharmacokinetic scaling. Chiou, WL; Robbie, G, 1998)	0.62
" Preliminary pharmacokinetic studies in non-infected animals established linear drug disposition of liposomal nystatin in plasma over the investigated dosage range and peak plasma levels above the MIC for the test strain after multiple daily dosing for 7 days."	( Liposomal nystatin against experimental pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits: efficacy, safety and non-compartmental pharmacokinetics. Bacher, J; Feuerstein, E; Giri, N; Gonzalez, CE; Groll, AH; Kligys, K; Love, W; Peter, J; Piscitelli, SC; Walsh, TJ, 1999)	0.3
" The assay was applied to a pharmacokinetic study with mice given AMB intraperitoneally at the dose of 1 mg/kg."	( A sensitive amphotericin B immunoassay for pharmacokinetic and distribution studies. Benech, H; Ezan, E; Grognet, JM; Machard, S; Theodoro, F, 2000)	0.69
"The pharmacokinetic profiles of a traditional formulation of amphotericin B (Fungizone) and novel nanosphere and mixed micelle delivery systems developed for amphotericin B were compared and described."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics, tissue distributions, and effects on renal function of novel polymeric formulations of amphotericin B and amphotericin B-deoxycholate in rats. Barturen, C; Dios-Viéitez, MC; Echevarría, I; Renedo, MJ; Trocóniz, IF, 2000)	0.76
"The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacodynamic activity of fluconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B against Candida albicans."	( Pharmacodynamics of fluconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B against Candida albicans. Burgess, DS; Hardin, TC; Hastings, RW; Rinaldi, MG; Summers, KK, 2000)	0.77
"This study describes a pharmacokinetic evaluation of amphotericin B (AMB) lipid complex injection (ABLC or Abelcet) in 17 patients with systemic fungal infection administered 5 mg/kg of body weight/day by infusion for 10 to 17 days."	( A pharmacokinetic study of amphotericin B lipid complex injection (Abelcet) in patients with definite or probable systemic fungal infections. Adedoyin, A; Bolcsak, LE; Branch, RA; Hellmann, A; Horwith, G; Janoff, AS; Radowska, D; Swenson, CE, 2000)	0.85
" Model independent pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using area and moment analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B in neutropenic cancer patients. Agabeyoglu, I; Akova, M; Arican-Cellat, N; Eldem, T; Kansu, E, 2001)	0.6
"In vivo pharmacodynamic parameters have been described for a variety of antibacterials."	( Pharmacodynamics of amphotericin B in a neutropenic-mouse disseminated-candidiasis model. Andes, D; Conklin, R; Stamsted, T, 2001)	0.63
" The biphasic disappearance and long plasma half-life (147 h) of 14C-cholesterol were similar to those of other low-clearance liposomes."	( Pharmacokinetics, excretion, and mass balance of 14C after administration of 14C-cholesterol-labeled AmBisome to healthy volunteers. Bekersky, I; Buell, DN; Dressler, DE; Fielding, RM; Kline, S; Walsh, TJ, 2001)	0.31
"To construct a population pharmacokinetic model for the antifungal agent, amphotericin B (AmB), in children with malignant diseases."	( Population pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B in children with malignant diseases. Earl, JW; Gunning, R; McLachlan, AJ; Nath, CE; Shaw, PJ, 2001)	0.83
"A two compartment population pharmacokinetic model for AmB was developed using concentration-time data from 57 children aged between 9 months and 16 years who had received 1 mg kg(-1) day(-1) doses in either dextrose (doseform=1) or lipid emulsion (doseform=2)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B in children with malignant diseases. Earl, JW; Gunning, R; McLachlan, AJ; Nath, CE; Shaw, PJ, 2001)	0.6
"A valid population pharmacokinetic model for AmB has been developed and may now be used in conjunction with AmB toxicity and efficacy data to develop dosing guidelines for safe and effective AmB therapy in children with malignancy."	( Population pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B in children with malignant diseases. Earl, JW; Gunning, R; McLachlan, AJ; Nath, CE; Shaw, PJ, 2001)	0.6
"Model independent pharmacokinetic analysis of intravenous (iv) amphotericin B cochleates (CAMB), a new lipid-based drug delivery system, in mice (0."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution after intravenous administration of a single dose of amphotericin B cochleates, a new lipid-based delivery system. Movshin, DA; Segarra, I; Zarif, L, 2002)	0.77
" Caspofungin displayed the most effective pharmacokinetic properties, with > or =99% killing at physiological concentrations."	( In vitro pharmacodynamic properties of three antifungal agents against preformed Candida albicans biofilms determined by time-kill studies. Bachmann, SP; López-Ribot, JL; Ramage, G; VandeWalle, K; Wickes, BL, 2002)	0.31
" The present study compares the pharmacokinetic characteristics of D-AmB with the alternative formulation of AmB in microemulsion (M-AmB), which has proved effective in a murine candidiasis model."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and safety of a novel lyophilized amphotericin B lecithin-based oil-water microemulsion and amphotericin B deoxycholate in animal models. Ballesteros, MP; Brime, B; Bringas, P; Frutos, G; Frutos, P; Nieto, A, 2003)	0.56
"Ravuconazole is a new antifungal triazole with broad-spectrum activity and a long half-life in plasma."	( Efficacy, safety, and plasma pharmacokinetics of escalating dosages of intravenously administered ravuconazole lysine phosphoester for treatment of experimental pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits. Armstrong, D; Avila, NA; Bacher, J; Groll, AH; Hemmings, M; Lyman, CA; Mickiene, D; Peter, J; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Roussillon, K; Walsh, TJ, 2004)	0.32
" The potent antiinflammatory, antifungal, and anti-HIV-1 activity for a number of previously reported manzamines is also presented in addition to the pharmacokinetic studies of manzamine A (5)."	( New manzamine alkaloids from an Indo-Pacific sponge. Pharmacokinetics, oral availability, and the significant activity of several manzamines against HIV-I, AIDS opportunistic infections, and inflammatory diseases. Charman, WN; Hamann, MT; Hammond, NL; Mayer, AM; McIntosh, KA; Peng, J; Wahyuono, S; Yousaf, M, 2004)	0.32
"Human pharmacokinetic parameters are often predicted prior to clinical study from in vivo preclinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure. Jolivette, LJ; Ward, KW, 2005)	0.33
" In vitro and in vivo pharmacodynamic (PD) data, however, do not consistently support the concept of CI dosing based on the concentration-dependent activity of this agent and in vitro studies with AMB rarely account for the drug's high degree of protein binding."	( In vitro pharmacodynamics of rapid versus continuous infusion of amphotericin B deoxycholate against Candida species in the presence of human serum albumin. Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Wiederhold, NP, 2006)	0.57
" A one-compartment in vitro pharmacodynamic model was used to simulate the steady-state PK parameters of bolus and CI AMB."	( In vitro pharmacodynamics of rapid versus continuous infusion of amphotericin B deoxycholate against Candida species in the presence of human serum albumin. Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Wiederhold, NP, 2006)	0.57
" Pharmacokinetic data were comparable to those obtained previously in patients on hemofiltration and in critically ill patients without extracorporeal blood purification."	( Pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B during extracorporeal albumin dialysis. Bellmann, R; Bellmann-Weiler, R; Joannidis, M; Kountchev, J; Vogelsinger, H; Wiedermann, CJ, 2006)	0.62
" Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were determined by a nonparametric population pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma drug concentrations following single intraperitoneal doses (0."	( Pharmacodynamic activity of amphotericin B deoxycholate is associated with peak plasma concentrations in a neutropenic murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Chi, J; Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Tam, VH; Wiederhold, NP, 2006)	0.63
" We performed a pharmacokinetic pilot study to determine whether once-weekly high-dose AmBisome administration would result in effective concentrations throughout the dosing interval."	( High-dose weekly AmBisome antifungal prophylaxis in pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a pharmacokinetic study. Davies, S; Fearing, D; Filipovich, A; Mehta, P; Sper, C; Vaughn, G; Vinks, A, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic analysis suggested that the CAS 4 dose in rats produced drug exposure comparable to the human situation, visualized by similar 24 h AUC and trough concentrations."	( Caspofungin: antifungal activity in vitro, pharmacokinetics, and effects on fungal load and animal survival in neutropenic rats with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; de Marie, S; Mathot, RA; ten Kate, MT; van Vianen, W, 2006)	0.33
"A population pharmacokinetic model of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) in pediatric patients with malignant diseases was developed and evaluated."	( Population pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B in pediatric patients with malignant diseases. Earl, JW; Hong, Y; McLachlan, AJ; Nath, CE; Shaw, PJ; Stephen, KR; Yadav, SP, 2006)	0.86
" These various antifungal agents differ in their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile."	( [Systemic antifungals. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics]. Catalán, M; Montejo, JC, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that subsequent to administration of various formulations of amphotericin B, there was 32 mg/L amphotericin B in the systemic circulation of mice treated with tuftsin-bearing amphotericin B liposomes, while it was 25 mg/L for amphotericin B liposomes, 4 h post drug administration."	( Toxicity, stability and pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B in immunomodulator tuftsin-bearing liposomes in a murine model. Khan, MA; Owais, M, 2006)	0.81
" In this study, we evaluated the antifungal pharmacodynamic characteristics of AmBisome against Candida albicans using the in vitro time-kill method and murine systemic infection model."	( Evaluation of antifungal pharmacodynamic characteristics of AmBisome against Candida albicans. Takemoto, K; Ueda, Y; Yamamoto, Y, 2006)	0.33
" We performed 24-h pharmacodynamic studies to compare the efficacies of anidulafungin, fluconazole, and amphotericin B in neutropenic mice with disseminated candidiasis caused by one of three strains of Candida glabrata."	( Anidulafungin pharmacokinetics and microbial response in neutropenic mice with disseminated candidiasis. Deziel, MR; Drusano, GL; Drusano, MF; Gumbo, T; Liu, W; Louie, A; Ma, L, 2006)	0.55
" Pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma were derived by model-independent techniques, and concentrations in ELF and PAM were calculated based on the urea dilution method and macrophage cell volume, respectively."	( Compartmentalized intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B and its lipid formulations. Alfaro, RM; Armstrong, D; Bacher, J; Groll, AH; Lyman, CA; Mickiene, D; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Schaufele, RL; Sein, T; Walsh, TJ, 2006)	0.58
" Plasma and tissue samples were taken from each animal for AmpB pharmacokinetic analysis and tissue distribution determinations."	( Assessing the antifungal activity, pharmacokinetics, and tissue distribution of amphotericin B following the administration of Abelcet and AmBisome in combination with caspofungin to rats infected with Aspergillus fumigatus. Bartlett, K; Risovic, V; Rosland, M; Sivak, O; Wasan, KM, 2007)	0.57
" The inverse correlation of L-AmB clearance to its HDL distribution contributes to the difference in the pharmacokinetic profile of L-AmB."	( Plasma protein distribution and its impact on pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B in paediatric patients with malignant diseases. Earl, JW; Hong, Y; McLachlan, AJ; Nath, CE; Shaw, PJ; Stephen, KR; Tattam, BN, 2007)	0.57
" The importance of pharmacokinetic differences among the various lipid AMB formulations in the treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) remains unknown."	( Comparative analysis of amphotericin B lipid complex and liposomal amphotericin B kinetics of lung accumulation and fungal clearance in a murine model of acute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Chamilos, G; Hou, J; Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Liao, G; Prince, RA, 2007)	0.65
"The aim of this study was to develop and validate a new in-vitro kinetic model for the combination of two drugs with different half-lives, and to use this model for the study of the pharmacodynamic effects of amphotericin B and voriconazole, alone or in combination, against a strain of Candida albicans."	( A new in-vitro kinetic model to study the pharmacodynamics of antifungal agents: inhibition of the fungicidal activity of amphotericin B against Candida albicans by voriconazole. Cars, O; Johansson, A; Lignell, A; Löwdin, E; Sjölin, J, 2007)	0.73
" Here, we bridge the results of an experimental pharmacodynamic study to humans and demonstrate that a 5FC dosage of 25 mg/kg of body weight/day in four divided doses in combination with amphotericin B produces near-maximal effect."	( Optimization of the dosage of flucytosine in combination with amphotericin B for disseminated candidiasis: a pharmacodynamic rationale for reduced dosing. Denning, DW; Drusano, GL; Hope, WW; Keevil, B; Louie, A; Reed, P; Sharp, A; Walsh, TJ; Warn, PA, 2007)	0.77
" Assessment of pharmacodynamic interactions between antifungal and antibacterial agents is complicated by the absence of a common antifungal end point for both agents."	( Isobolographic analysis of pharmacodynamic interactions between antifungal agents and ciprofloxacin against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Meletiadis, J; Papaioannidou, P; Roilides, E; Sein, T; Stergiopoulou, T; Tsiouris, I; Walsh, TJ, 2008)	0.35
" The terminal half-life and biodistribution of orally administered AmB in a mono/diglyceride-phospholipid formulation resembled those of Fungizone."	( Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of amphotericin B in rats following oral administration in a novel lipid-based formulation. Clement, JG; Gershkovich, P; Leon, CG; Lin, M; Sivak, O; Wasan, EK; Wasan, KM, 2009)	0.62
"Oral administration of AmB in a mono/diglyceride-phospholipid formulation to rats resulted in significant intestinal absorption into the systemic circulation with pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties similar to a micellar iv preparation."	( Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of amphotericin B in rats following oral administration in a novel lipid-based formulation. Clement, JG; Gershkovich, P; Leon, CG; Lin, M; Sivak, O; Wasan, EK; Wasan, KM, 2009)	0.62
"The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic (PK-PD) properties of amphotericin B (AmB) formulations against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) are not well understood."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amphotericin B deoxycholate, liposomal amphotericin B, and amphotericin B lipid complex in an in vitro model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Goodwin, J; Gregson, L; Hope, WW; Howard, SJ; Jensen, GM; Lestner, JM; Majithiya, J; Walsh, TJ, 2010)	0.87
" The method was successfully applied to the ocular pharmacokinetic studies of natamycin eye drops in New Zealand rabbit tears."	( Bioanalytical method development and validation of natamycin in rabbit tears and its application to ocular pharmacokinetic studies. Bhatta, RS; Chandasana, H; Chhonker, YS; Jain, GK; Kumar, D; Rathi, C, 2011)	0.37
" The goals of this work were to develop and evaluate a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to characterize the disposition properties of AmB administered as deoxycholate formulation in healthy rats and to examine the utility of the PBPK model for interspecies scaling of AmB pharmacokinetics."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of amphotericin B disposition in rats following administration of deoxycholate formulation (Fungizone®): pooled analysis of published data. Gershkovich, P; Kagan, L; Mager, DE; Wasan, KM, 2011)	0.63
" PEG-b-PHSA micelles caused a significantly lower area under serum concentration curve and higher clearance relative to AmB for injection, USP."	( Pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B-incorporated poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(N-hexyl stearate l-aspartamide) micelles. Davies, NM; Diezi, TA; Kwon, GS; Takemoto, JK, 2011)	0.64
" This article reviews the pharmacokinetic profiles of these drugs in children, with a focus on the age-related changes."	( [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antifungal drugs in children]. Jullien, V, 2011)	0.37
"hr/mL, maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) = 401-570 ng/mL, apparent terminal half-life (t(1/2)) = 18."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral sitamaquine taken with or without food and safety and efficacy for treatment of visceral leishmaniais: a randomized study in Bihar, India. Al-Banna, M; Buckley, R; Dixon, SA; Miller, AK; Mohamed, K; Sinha, PK; Sundar, S, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic data on antimicrobial agents--in particular on antimycotics--administered under this clinical condition are very sparse."	( Influence of albumin dialysis on pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion and amphotericin B lipid complex. Bellmann, R; Dunzendorfer, S; Joannidis, M; Vogelsinger, H; Weiler, S, 2011)	0.62
" Drug concentrations in plasma (LAMB, 405 samples; CAS, 458 samples) were quantified by high-pressure liquid chromatography and were analyzed using population pharmacokinetic modeling."	( Population pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B and caspofungin in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell recipients. Boos, J; Cornely, OA; Groll, AH; Heinz, WJ; Hempel, G; Kolve, H; Lanvers-Kaminsky, C; Ostermann, H; Schwerdtfeger, R; Silling, G; Trame, MN; Würthwein, G; Young, C, 2012)	0.64
" In this study, the pharmacokinetics of continuous intrathecal administration and conventional intrathecal AMB were compared in rabbits, providing a pharmacokinetic basis for the use of continuous intrathecal AMB therapy."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of continuous and conventional intrathecal amphotericin B in rabbits. Fang, M; Li, GL; Liu, XJ; Lü, TM; Ma, AD; Pan, ZY; Qiu, AZ; Wang, L; Wang, YY, 2012)	0.61
" Plasma pharmacokinetic data were acquired from 30 patients receiving liposomal amphotericin B for empirical treatment of suspected invasive fungal infection."	( Population pharmacokinetics of conventional and intermittent dosing of liposomal amphotericin B in adults: a first critical step for rational design of innovative regimens. Ellis, M; Felton, TW; Goodwin, J; Hope, WW; Stevens, DA, 2012)	0.83
" Amphotericin B has a post-antifungal effect (PAFE), and its peak concentration is probably crucial for its fungicidal efficacy."	( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of antifungals for treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Bellmann, R, 2013)	1.3
" Pharmacokinetic studies in beagle dogs were carried out with those formulations that exhibited the least hemolytic toxicity: liposomal formulation (AmBisome), poly-aggregated AmB and encapsulated particulate AmB formulation."	( Hemolytic and pharmacokinetic studies of liposomal and particulate amphotericin B formulations. Ballesteros, MP; Bolás-Fernández, F; Dea-Ayuela, MA; Fleire, L; González-Alvarez, I; Hernández, L; Miró, G; Montoya, A; Serrano, DR; Torrado, JJ, 2013)	0.63
"To investigate the biodistribution of amphotericin B (AmB) in mice and rats following administration of liposomal AmB (AmBisome®) using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling framework and to utilize this approach for predicting AmBisome® pharmacokinetics in human tissues."	( Dual physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of liposomal and nonliposomal amphotericin B disposition. Gershkovich, P; Kagan, L; Mager, DE; Wasan, KM, 2014)	0.9
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed on eight profiles from patients receiving CVVHDF and six profiles from patients not receiving CVVHDF."	( Pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B lipid complex in critically ill patients undergoing continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration. Corrigan, OI; D'Arcy, DM; Donnelly, M; Gowing, C; Kavanagh, PV; Malone, ME, 2013)	0.71
" The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction of the two drugs in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of micafungin when co-administered with amphotericin B in healthy male subjects. Stevenson, P; Undre, NA; Wilbraham, D, 2014)	0.64
"In 20 male subjects, systemic exposure to micafungin (measured using peak plasma micafungin concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma micafungin concentration-time curve (AUC0-τ)) were similar following coadministration of micafungin and amphotericin B (day 18; Cmax 19."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of micafungin when co-administered with amphotericin B in healthy male subjects. Stevenson, P; Undre, NA; Wilbraham, D, 2014)	0.82
" The aim of the study is to evaluate the activity of amphotericin B and voriconazole against the biofilm and the biofilm-dispersed cells of Candida albicans using a newly developed in vitro pharmacokinetic model which simulates the clinical situation when the antifungal agents are administered intermittently."	( Antifungal activity of amphotericin B and voriconazole against the biofilms and biofilm-dispersed cells of Candida albicans employing a newly developed in vitro pharmacokinetic model. El-Azizi, M; Farag, N; Khardori, N, 2015)	0.98
" albicans in an in vitro pharmacokinetic biofilm model."	( Antifungal activity of amphotericin B and voriconazole against the biofilms and biofilm-dispersed cells of Candida albicans employing a newly developed in vitro pharmacokinetic model. El-Azizi, M; Farag, N; Khardori, N, 2015)	0.73
" So far, pharmacodynamic (PD) interactions have been assessed with conventional in vitro tests, which do not mimic human serum concentrations and animal models using limited doses."	( Optimization of polyene-azole combination therapy against aspergillosis using an in vitro pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. Meletiadis, J; Siafakas, N; Siopi, M; Vourli, S; Zerva, L, 2015)	0.42
"The pharmacokinetic characteristics of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB; AmBisome(®)) in patients with invasive fungal infection were investigated."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) in patients with invasive fungal infection: Population approach in Japanese pediatrics. Maniwa, T; Ohata, Y; Sunakawa, K; Suzuki, K; Tomita, Y; Yano, Y, 2015)	0.94
" Its long terminal half-life and retention in tissues suggest that single or intermittent dosing regimens are feasible, and these should be actively investigated in both preclinical models and in clinical trials."	( Liposomal Amphotericin B (AmBisome(®)): A Review of the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Clinical Experience and Future Directions. Bicanic, T; Hope, W; Salim, R; Stone, NR, 2016)	0.84
" Although pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) indices are useful predictive factors for therapeutic outcomes, there is a scarcity of data regarding PK/PD analysis of antifungals in cryptococcosis caused by resistant strains."	( Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamic correlations of fluconazole in murine model of cryptococcosis. César, IC; Costa, MC; Freitas, GJ; Holanda, RA; Paixão, TA; Pianetti, GA; Ramos, LH; Ribeiro, NQ; Santos, DA; Santos, JR, 2016)	0.43
" There are relatively limited pharmacokinetic (PK) data to inform optimal dosing in children that achieves systemic drug exposures comparable to those of adults."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Liposomal Amphotericin B in Immunocompromised Children. Aljayyoussi, G; Gonzalez, C; Groll, AH; Hope, WW; Jarosinski, PF; Lestner, JM; Seibel, NL; Shad, A; Walsh, TJ; Wood, LV, 2016)	0.7
" Fluconazole is the only antifungal agent having the pharmacodynamic threshold of efficacy identified in experimental animal models convincingly validated in the clinical setting of invasive candidiasis as well."	( From bench to bedside: Perspectives on the utility of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in predicting the efficacy of antifungals in invasive candidiasis. Pea, F, 2020)	0.56
" The aim of this study was to characterise the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the anti-leishmanial drugs AmBisome and miltefosine in a preclinical disease model of VL."	( Pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic relationships of liposomal amphotericin B and miltefosine in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Angulo-Barturen, I; Coteron-Lopez, JM; Croft, SL; Ferrer-Bazaga, S; Harris, A; Seifert, K; Voak, AA, 2021)	0.86
" Additionally, we describe pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of miltefosine and compare our findings in a preclinical disease model to available knowledge from studies in humans."	( Pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic relationships of liposomal amphotericin B and miltefosine in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Angulo-Barturen, I; Coteron-Lopez, JM; Croft, SL; Ferrer-Bazaga, S; Harris, A; Seifert, K; Voak, AA, 2021)	0.86
" As a consequence, when the pharmacokinetic behavior is studied, the concentration and availability of liposomal amphotericin B are very high, and its volume of distribution is reduced in comparison with the other formulations."	( [Liposomal amphotericin B: Clinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics]. Azanza Perea, JR, )	0.73
" Blood concentrations of TAC were used for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Discontinuation of oral amphotericin B therapy does not influence the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in heart transplant patients. Fukushima, N; Hattori, Y; Hayakawa, N; Ikura, M; Matsuda, S; Nakagita, K; Nakamura, T; Oda, R; Seguchi, O; Takenaka, H; Uno, T; Wada, K; Yanase, M, 2021)	0.93
" The pharmacokinetic (PK) profile and safety of a generic ABCD were investigated after a single dose (0."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Single-Dose Amphotericin B Colloidal Dispersion in Healthy Chinese Subjects and Population Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis to Inform Clinical Efficacy in Invasive Infections Caused by Candida albicans. Cao, GY; Chen, YC; Chen, YJ; Dai, JY; He, JJ; Huang, ZW; Li, CL; Wang, JJ; Wang, K; Wu, JF; Wu, XJ; Xu, FY; Yang, HJ; Yu, JC; Yuan, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, JY; Zhang, W, 2021)	0.88
" A considerable intra- and interpatient PK variability for Cmax and AUC0-24 was observed but no explaining variables, except the administered dose, could be identified."	( Liposomal amphotericin B exposure in critically ill patients: a prospective pharmacokinetic study. Brüggemann, RJ; de Beer, Y; Debaveye, Y; Dreesen, E; Elkayal, O; Lagrou, K; Maertens, J; Spriet, I; Van Daele, R; Wauters, J, 2022)	1.12
"Bioanalytical method development and validation for the quantification of antileishmanial drugs are pivotal to support clinical trials and provide the data necessary to conduct pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis."	( Bioanalytical methods for pharmacokinetic studies of antileishmanial drugs. Beijnen, JH; Dorlo, TPC; Roseboom, IC; Rosing, H, 2023)	0.91

Compound-Compound Interactions

Lactoferrin is one of the nonspecific host defense factors present in saliva. We studied the antifungal effects of human, bovine, and iron-depleted lactoferrIn in combination with fluconazole, amphotericin B, and 5-fluorocytosine in vitro against clinical isolates of Candida species.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Suboptimal doses of amphotericin B in combination with either rifampin or 5-fluorocytosine were better than single-drug therapy in the treatment of disseminated Aspergillus fumigatus infection in mice."	( Therapy of murine aspergillosis with amphotericin B in combination with rifampin of 5-fluorocytosine. Arroyo, J; Kobayashi, GS; Medoff, G, 1977)	0.85
"The clinically important polyene antibiotic amphotericin B, in combination with two antifungal imidazole compounds, clotrimazole and miconazole, was studied in vitro."	( In vitro studies of amphotericin B in combination with the imidazole antifungal compounds clotrimazole and miconazole. Beezer, AE; Cosgrove, RF; Miles, RJ, 1978)	0.84
"The efficacy of glucan in combination with local radiation therapy was measured using three solid murine tumors of differing abilities to induce a host defense."	( Preliminary observations on the effect of glucan in combination with radiation and chemotherapy in four murine tumors. Perez, CA; Stewart, CC; Valeriote, FA, 1978)	0.26
" Weak inhibitory concentrations of CTM were tested in combination with levels of 5-FC or AMB that alone produced transient antifungal effects followed by rapid recovery of proliferative capacity."	( Inhibition of potentially pathogenic yeastlike fungi by clotrimazole in combination with 5-fluorocytosine or amphotericin B. Beggs, WH; Sarosi, GA; Steele, NM, 1976)	0.47
"The effect of amphotericin B combined with rifampicin or doxycycline on growth, oxygen consumption and ATP levels in cultures of Candida albicans, was studied."	( In-vitro effects of Candida albicans of amphotericin B combined with other antibiotics. Preliminary observations. Akesson, E; Anséhn, S; Granström, S; Höjer, H; Lundin, A; Nilsson, L; Thore, A, 1976)	0.88
"Cilofungin, a lipopeptide antifungal agent, was tested for in vitro activity alone and in combination with ketoconazole, itraconazole, flucytosine and amphotericin B against 102 clinical isolates of Candida species."	( In vitro comparison of cilofungin alone and in combination with other antifungal agents against clinical isolates of Candida species. Cobbs, CG; Dismukes, WE; Lank, KM; Smith, KR, 1991)	0.48
" Based on the evidence that amphotericin B (AMPH) is scarcely absorbed from intestinal tract and inhibits the proliferation of Candida species only in intestinal tract, we have developed a simple differentiation method of intestinal candida colonization from invasive candidiasis by measuring serum level of D-arabinitol in combination with oral administration of low dose AMPH."	( [Differentiation of intestinal candidial colonization from invasive candidiasis by measuring serum level of D-arabinitol in combination with oral administration of low dose amphotericin B]. Fujita, N; Gotoh, H; Hamada, K; Inaba, T; Ito, K; Muragashira, S; Nakanishi, S; Oku, N; Takahashi, H; Yoshimura, M, 1991)	0.77
" This study demonstrated synergistic antifungal activity of free and liposomal forms of AmpB when combined with the free and liposomal forms of gramicidin S and gramicidin NF against five Candida strains."	( Synergistic antifungal activity and reduced toxicity of liposomal amphotericin B combined with gramicidin S or NF. Hopfer, RL; Lopez-Berestein, G; Mehta, R, 1987)	0.51
"Cilofungin was combined with amphotericin B or flucytosine to determine if synergistic inhibition or killing occurred against 50 strains of various Candida species."	( The effect of cilofungin (LY 121019) in combination with amphotericin B or flucytosine against Candida species. Bradley, SF; Bulo, AN; Kauffman, CA, 1989)	0.81
"Cilofungin was combined with amphotericin B or flucytosine to determine if synergistic inhibition or killing occurred against 50 strains of various Candida species."	( The effect of cilofungin (LY 121019) in combination with amphotericin B or flucytosine against Candida species. Bradley, SF; Bulo, AN; Kauffman, CA, 1989)	0.81
"The antifungal activity of amphotericin B (AMB), mepartricin (MEPA), 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) and three imidazoles was tested in combination with each of four quinolones against 60 clinical yeast isolates."	( In-vitro activity of antifungal agents in combination with four quinolones. Petrou, MA; Rogers, TR, 1988)	0.57
" Such cytostatic drugs as cyclophosphamide (alkylating agent) and 5-fluorouracil (antimetabolite) showed a significantly enhanced antitumor and metastation--preventing effect when used in combination with polyene antibiotic amphotericin B and a diuretic drug--diacarb."	( [Potentiation of the selective antitumoral effect of cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil by its combination with amphotericin B and diacarb]. Bychkov, IA; Iaremenko, KV; Pashinskiĭ, VG, 1986)	0.67
"Two recent antifungal agents, miconazole and ketoconazole, were combined with three tissue conditioners and tested in vitro for their effects on the growth of Candida albicans."	( The effectiveness, in vitro, of miconazole and ketoconazole combined with tissue conditioners in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans. Quinn, DM, 1985)	0.27
" capsulatum, when used in combination with amphotericin B or alone, was the same as that reported for the inhibition of the reverse transcriptase of ribonucleic acid tumor viruses."	( Effects of rifamycin derivatives, alone and in combination with amphotericin B, against Histoplasma capsulatum. Cheung, SS; Kobayashi, GS; Medoff, G; Schlessinger, D, 1974)	0.75
" cerevisiae cells when combined with a nonpolyene antibiotic, fusidic acid or bleomycin A2."	( Classification of polyene antibiotics according to their synergistic effect in combination with bleomycin A2 or fusidic acid. Akiyama, S; Kaneko, M; Komiyama, S; Kuwano, M; Tabuki, T, 1980)	0.26
"We compared the in vitro antifungal action of amphotericin B (AmB) used alone or in combination with a second polyene antibiotic or with miconazole or ketoconazole."	( Antifungal action of amphotericin B in combination with other polyene or imidazole antibiotics. Brajtburg, J; Kobayashi, D; Kobayashi, GS; Medoff, G, 1982)	0.84
" Flucytosine combined with amphotericin B produced little or no reduction of the MICs at which 90% of the strains were inhibited compared with amphotericin B alone."	( In vitro activities of amphotericin B in combination with four antifungal agents and rifampin against Aspergillus spp. Gerding, DN; Harris, C; Hughes, CE; Moody, JA; Peterson, LR, 1984)	0.88
" When combined with amphotericin B (AmB), however, DU-6859a clearly enhanced the in vitro antifungal activity of AmB against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata, and Cryptococcus neoformans in microdilution checkerboard studies."	( In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of DU-6859a, a fluoroquinolone, in combination with amphotericin B and fluconazole against pathogenic fungi. Kitamura, A; Nakajima, R; Sato, K; Someya, K; Tanaka, M, 1995)	0.83
"In MRC-5 cell cultures, the efficacy of the acyclic nucleoside ganciclovir (GCV) against human cytomegalovirus (CMV) was unaffected when combined with either amphotericin B (AMP B), ketoconazole (KCZ), dapsone (DAP), or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX)."	( Efficacy of ganciclovir in combination with other antimicrobial agents against cytomegalovirus in vitro and in vivo. Fraser-Smith, EB; Freitas, VR; Matthews, TR, 1993)	0.48
"A randomized trial of amphotericin B (AB) alone and in combination with oral itraconazole (IZ) is carried out in two groups of 10 mucocutaneous leishmaniasis patients from Bolivia and Peru."	( A randomized trial of amphotericin B alone or in combination with itraconazole in the treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Cardenas, F; Dedet, JP; Mendoza, C; Paredes, V; Rodriguez, LV, )	0.76
" The final diagnosis was lipoid pneumonia combined with pulmonary nocardiosis."	( [Lipoid pneumonia combined with pulmonary nocardiosis caused by inhalation of amphotericin-B after renal transplantation]. Abe, M; Fujino, S; Hirasawa, Y; Hiwada, K; Kohno, N; Kondo, K; Yokoyama, A, 1996)	0.29
" These results indicate that successful antifungal therapy alone or in combination with cytokine antagonists may rely on the induction of an appropriate Th antifungal cell response."	( Induction of protective Th1 responses to Candida albicans by antifungal therapy alone or in combination with an interleukin-4 antagonist. Bistoni, F; Cenci, E; Del Sero, G; Mencacci, A; Romani, L, 1997)	0.3
"We determined in vitro interactions when amphoteric B (AMPH) is combined with various antimicrobial agents against yeast by using a colorimetric microdilution transfer plate technique, principally based on the current National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) M27-T."	( [Determination of in vitro synergy when amphotericin B is combined with various antimicrobial agents against yeasts by using a colorimetric microdilution checkerboard]. Behiry, IK; Nakasone, I; Tosaka, M; Yamane, N, 1997)	0.56
" This study evaluated the antifungal efficacy of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (ABCD) combined with flucytosine with and without fluconazole in a murine model of cryptococcal meningitis."	( Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion combined with flucytosine with or without fluconazole for treatment of murine cryptococcal meningitis. Bauer, M; Daniel, BE; Diamond, DM; Ding, JC; Graybill, JR; Johnson, D; Larsen, RA; Leal, MA; Najvar, L; Thomas, AM; Williams, BK, 1998)	2
"The effect of drugs in combination on the growth of Candida glabrata was studied in solid medium by demonstration of reduced or enhanced growth, and in liquid medium by determination of interaction indices."	( The effect of antifungal drugs in combination on the growth of Candida glabrata in solid and liquid media. Kerridge, D; Siau, H, 1998)	0.3
" However, when SK&F 107647 was administered in combination with low doses of amphotericin B, there was a significant reduction in organism burden in the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys compared with the burdens in the organs of untreated control animals and in the lungs and kidneys compared with the burdens in the lungs and kidneys of animals treated with amphotericin B alone."	( Effects of the hematoregulatory peptide SK&F 107647 alone and in combination with amphotericin B against disseminated candidiasis in persistently neutropenic rabbits. Gonzalez, C; Lee, J; Lyman, CA; Schneider, M; Walsh, TJ, 1999)	0.76
" Since lactoferrin is one of the nonspecific host defense factors present in saliva that exhibit antifungal activity, we studied the antifungal effects of human, bovine, and iron-depleted lactoferrin in combination with fluconazole, amphotericin B, and 5-fluorocytosine in vitro against clinical isolates of Candida species."	( Synergistic fungistatic effects of lactoferrin in combination with antifungal drugs against clinical Candida isolates. de Vries, HG; Eikelboom, MC; Kuipers, ME; Meijer, DK; Swart, PJ, 1999)	0.49
" Flucytosine combined with amphotericin B produced little or no reduction of the MIC compared with amphotericin B alone."	( Antifungal drug combinations for Cryptococcus neoformans and Prototheca spp. Chaiprasert, A; Prariyachatigul, C; Rungsipanuratn, W; Srimuang, S; Tanphaichitra, D, 2000)	0.6
" We conclude that pulmonary fungal infections are not a contraindication for allogeneic stem cell transplantation, if non-myeloablative conditioning regimens are used in combination with granulocyte transfusions, intravenous amphotericin B and G-CSF."	( Older patients with high-risk fungal infections can be successfully allografted using non-myeloablative conditioning in combination with intensified supportive care regimens. Bialleck, H; Duchscherer, M; Hermann, S; Hoelzer, D; Jacobi, V; Klein, SA; Martin, H; Thalhammer, A; Wassmann, B, 2001)	0.5
"The antifungal activity of caspofungin acetate (CAS) alone and in combination with voriconazole (VRC) was evaluated in an immunosuppressed transiently neutropenic guinea pig model of invasive aspergillosis."	( Efficacy of caspofungin alone and in combination with voriconazole in a Guinea pig model of invasive aspergillosis. Coco, BJ; Kirkpatrick, WR; Patterson, TF; Perea, S, 2002)	0.31
" The efficacy of flucytosine (5FC) in combination with amphotericin B (AB) and fluconazole (FCZ) was studied against 35 yeast isolates in triplicate (Candida albicans [n = 9], Candida glabrata [n = 9], Candida krusei [n = 9], and Cryptococcus neoformans [n = 8]) using a broth microdilution checkerboard method and measuring growth after 48 h by a spectrophotometer."	( In vitro interaction of flucytosine combined with amphotericin B or fluconazole against thirty-five yeast isolates determined by both the fractional inhibitory concentration index and the response surface approach. Bergervoet, M; Meis, JF; Meletiadis, J; Mouton, JW; Punt, NC; Te Dorsthorst, DT; Verweij, PE, 2002)	0.82
"75 mg/kg), administered singly or in combination with flucytosine (100 mg/kg)."	( Effects of fluconazole singly and in combination with 5-fluorocytosine or amphotericin B in the treatment of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in an intracranial murine model. Ghannoum, MA; Hossain, MA; Long, L; Mukherjee, PK; Reyes, G, 2002)	0.55
" Polyen antibiotics combined with DMSO also demonstrated antineoplastic activity at the animals treated with carcinogenic agent--diethyl nitrosoamine (DENA)."	( [Radioprotective and antineoplastic activity of polyene antibiotics combined with dimethyl sulfoxide]. Aliev, DI; Ibragimova, VKh, 2002)	0.31
" Amphotericin B was combined with flucytosine and ciprofloxacin, whereas itraconazole was combined with ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin and sulfadiazine."	( In vitro activity of amphotericin B and itraconazole in combination with flucytosine, sulfadiazine and quinolones against Exophiala spinifera. Afeltra, J; de Hoog, GS; Rijs, AJ; Verweij, PE; Vitale, RG, 2003)	1.55
"The activity of caspofungin (CFG) combined with amphotericin B (AMB) against azole-resistant Candida albicans was evaluated in vitro (chequerboard) and in vivo (murine)."	( Efficacy of caspofungin combined with amphotericin B against azole-resistant Candida albicans. Ghannoum, MA; Hossain, MA; Long, LA; Mukherjee, PK; Reyes, GH, 2003)	0.85
" We studied the activities of the combination of CAS and SMX against 31 Aspergillus isolates and compared them with that of SMX combined with amphotericin B (AMB) or itraconazole (ITC)."	( In vitro activity of caspofungin combined with sulfamethoxazole against clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp. Osherov, N; Shadkchan, Y; Shalit, I; Yekutiel, A, 2004)	0.52
" PTX3, alone or in combination with the polyenes, was given intranasally or parenterally either before, in concomitance with, or after the intranasal infection with Aspergillus fumigatus conidia."	( Anti-Aspergillus fumigatus efficacy of pentraxin 3 alone and in combination with antifungals. Bellocchio, S; Bozza, S; Carminati, P; De Santis, R; Gaziano, R; Mantovani, A; Montagnoli, C; Perruccio, K; Pitzurra, L; Romani, L; Salvatori, G, 2004)	0.32
"The anti-Candida effects of estragole combined with amphotericin B or ketoconazole, commonly used antifungal drugs for treatment of candidasis, were evaluated in this study."	( Anti-Candida effects of estragole in combination with ketoconazole or amphotericin B. Pyun, MS; Shin, S, 2004)	0.81
" Diagnosis was based on the very typical ocular feature combined with a positive blood or vitreous culture."	( [Endogenous Candida endophthalmitis combined with severe general diseases]. Stoffelns, BM, 2005)	0.33
"The effects of caspofungin combined with amphotericin B were investigated with Candida glabrata."	( Caspofungin in combination with amphotericin B against Candida glabrata. Arzeni, D; Barchiesi, F; Fothergill, AW; Giannini, D; Greganti, G; Rinaldi, MG; Scalise, G; Spreghini, E, 2005)	0.88
" Consequently, azoles interact with a vast array of compounds."	( Drug-drug interactions of antifungal agents and implications for patient care. Amsden, JR; Gubbins, PO, 2005)	0.33
"Nebulized amphotericin B (AMB) combined with intravenous AMB was studied in persistently leukopenic rats with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis."	( Nebulized amphotericin B combined with intravenous amphotericin B in rats with severe invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; Fens, MH; Ruijgrok, EJ; van Etten, EW; Vulto, AG, 2006)	1.14
"The purpose of this study was to assess the antifungal activity, pharmacokinetics, and tissue distribution of amphotericin B (AmpB) following the administration of Abelcet and AmBisome alone and in combination with Caspofungin to rats infected with Aspergillus fumigatus."	( Assessing the antifungal activity, pharmacokinetics, and tissue distribution of amphotericin B following the administration of Abelcet and AmBisome in combination with caspofungin to rats infected with Aspergillus fumigatus. Bartlett, K; Risovic, V; Rosland, M; Sivak, O; Wasan, KM, 2007)	0.78
" Here, we bridge the results of an experimental pharmacodynamic study to humans and demonstrate that a 5FC dosage of 25 mg/kg of body weight/day in four divided doses in combination with amphotericin B produces near-maximal effect."	( Optimization of the dosage of flucytosine in combination with amphotericin B for disseminated candidiasis: a pharmacodynamic rationale for reduced dosing. Denning, DW; Drusano, GL; Hope, WW; Keevil, B; Louie, A; Reed, P; Sharp, A; Walsh, TJ; Warn, PA, 2007)	0.77
"The in vitro activity of the lipopeptide PAL-Lys-Lys-NH(2) (PAL), alone or combined with either fluconazole (FLU) or amphotericin B (AMB), was investigated against 14 Cryptococcus neoformans isolates."	( In vitro activity of the synthetic lipopeptide PAL-Lys-Lys-NH(2) alone and in combination with antifungal agents against clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans. Abbruzzetti, A; Arzeni, D; Barchiesi, F; Cirioni, O; Giacometti, A; Kamysz, E; Kamysz, W; Riva, A; Scalise, G; Silvestri, C, 2007)	0.55
" These results indicate that EGCG, which has anticandidal activity causing blockage of the hyphal formation, has the synergism combined with Amp B against disseminated candidiasis."	( Synergic anticandidal effect of epigallocatechin-O-gallate combined with amphotericin B in a murine model of disseminated candidiasis and its anticandidal mechanism. Han, Y, 2007)	0.57
"We describe drug-drug interactions (DDIs) encountered with antifungals in clinical practice."	( Drug-drug interactions with systemic antifungals in clinical practice. Abouelfath, A; Depont, F; Dupon, M; Dutronc, H; Galpérine, T; Giauque, E; Hébert, G; Moore, N; Ragnaud, JM; Valentino, R; Vargas, F, 2007)	0.34
" All treatment episodes with antifungal agent were examined and all prescribed concomitant medication identified for potential drug-drug interactions (PDDI)-serious events occurring during treatment were adjudicated for clinical DDI."	( Drug-drug interactions with systemic antifungals in clinical practice. Abouelfath, A; Depont, F; Dupon, M; Dutronc, H; Galpérine, T; Giauque, E; Hébert, G; Moore, N; Ragnaud, JM; Valentino, R; Vargas, F, 2007)	0.34
"The therapeutic efficacy of caspofungin alone and in combination with amphotericin B deoxycholate was evaluated in treatment of murine coccidioidomycosis."	( Therapeutic efficacy of caspofungin alone and in combination with amphotericin B deoxycholate for coccidioidomycosis in a mouse model. González, G; González, GM; Graybill, JR; Najvar, LK, 2007)	0.81
"This study indicates that caspofungin has efficacy against systemic coccidioidomycosis in a murine model given in combination with amphotericin B deoxycholate."	( Therapeutic efficacy of caspofungin alone and in combination with amphotericin B deoxycholate for coccidioidomycosis in a mouse model. González, G; González, GM; Graybill, JR; Najvar, LK, 2007)	0.78
"The in vitro activity of the peptide IB-367, alone or combined with either fluconazole (FLU) or amphotericin B (AMB), was investigated against 25 Candida isolates belonging to five species."	( In-vitro activity of the synthetic protegrin IB-367 alone and in combination with antifungal agents against clinical isolates of Candida spp. Arzeni, D; Barchiesi, F; Cirioni, O; Della Vittoria, A; Giacometti, A; Kamysz, W; Licci, A; Marigliano, A; Nadolski, P; Scalise, G; Silvestri, C; Łukasiak, J, 2007)	0.56
" In conclusion, posaconazole salvage therapy demonstrated greater efficacy and safety than HD-LPD/AMB alone or in combination with caspofungin in the salvage therapy of invasive aspergillosis in hematologic malignancy."	( Novel antifungal agents as salvage therapy for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies: posaconazole compared with high-dose lipid formulations of amphotericin B alone or in combination with caspofungin. Afif, C; Boktour, M; Hachem, RY; Hanna, HA; Jiang, Y; Kontoyiannis, DP; Raad, II; Torres, HA, 2008)	0.54
" We repurposed clotrimazole or heat-treated amphotericin B in fixed ratio combination with artemisinin for antimalarial properties."	( In vitro activity of artemisinin in combination with clotrimazole or heat-treated amphotericin B against Plasmodium falciparum. Bhasin, VK; Bhattacharya, A; Mishra, LC, 2008)	0.83
"3 mg/kg body weight/day) combined with posaconazole (40 mg/kg/day) prolonged survival and reduced tissue burden with respect to that of controls and that of both drugs administered alone."	( Posaconazole combined with amphotericin B, an effective therapy for a murine disseminated infection caused by Rhizopus oryzae. Guarro, J; Mariné, M; Pastor, FJ; Rodríguez, MM; Serena, C, 2008)	0.64
"Interactions of the essential oils (Melaleuca alternifolia, Thymus vulgaris, Mentha piperita and Rosmarinus officinalis) when combined with ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus indicate mainly antagonistic profiles."	( The antimicrobial activity of four commercial essential oils in combination with conventional antimicrobials. Suliman, S; van Vuuren, SF; Viljoen, AM, 2009)	0.35
"The predominant antagonistic interactions noted here, suggests that some natural therapies containing essential oils should be used with caution when combined with antibiotics."	( The antimicrobial activity of four commercial essential oils in combination with conventional antimicrobials. Suliman, S; van Vuuren, SF; Viljoen, AM, 2009)	0.35
"Antifungal effects of iron chelators (lactoferrin, deferoxamine, deferiprone, and ciclopirox) were tested alone and in combination with antifungal drugs against Aspergillus fumigatus B5233 conidia."	( Antifungal activities of natural and synthetic iron chelators alone and in combination with azole and polyene antibiotics against Aspergillus fumigatus. Cruz, AR; Gallin, JI; Huang, CY; Zarember, KA, 2009)	0.35
" The use of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) alone was ineffective, and IFN-gamma combined with LAMB did not improve the results obtained with LAMB alone."	( Efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B combined with gamma interferon or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for treatment of systemic zygomycosis in mice. Calvo, E; Fernandez-Ballart, J; Guarro, J; Mariné, M; Pastor, FJ; Rodríguez, MM, 2009)	0.67
"We investigated the effects of anidulafungin alone and in combination with amphotericin B against Aspergillus fumigatus."	( Anidulafungin in combination with amphotericin B against Aspergillus fumigatus. Barchiesi, F; Loretelli, C; Manso, E; Milici, ME; Orlando, F; Pisa, E; Santinelli, A; Scalise, G; Spreghini, E, 2009)	0.86
" The aim of this study is to investigate the synergistic anticandidal effect of xanthorrhizol in combination with ketoconazole or amphotericin B against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida guilliermondii, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis."	( Synergistic anticandidal activity of xanthorrhizol in combination with ketoconazole or amphotericin B. Hwang, JK; Lee, K; Lee, MS; Rukayadi, Y; Yong, D, 2009)	0.78
" Furthermore, to predict the drug-drug interaction, in vitro metabolism of amphotericin B (AMB) by rat, dog and human liver S9 fraction, and effects of L-AMB on drug-metabolizing enzyme systems were investigated."	( Pharmacokinetics characterization of liposomal amphotericin B: investigation of clearance process and drug interaction potential. Imai, S; Komuro, S; Matsui, S; Yabuki, M, 2009)	0.84
"The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) and adverse drug events (ADEs) associated with antimycotics in hospitalized patients with hematopoietic SCT (HSCT)."	( Drug interactions and adverse events associated with antimycotic drugs used for invasive aspergillosis in hematopoietic SCT. Christen, S; Egger, SS; Gratwohl, A; Haschke, M; Krähenbühl, S; Leu, C; Meier, S, 2010)	0.36
" Fluconazole is the azole with the fewest drug-drug interactions."	( [Drug interactions in critically-ill patients. An important factor in the use of micafungin?]. Garnacho-Montero, J; Jiménez Parrilla, F, 2011)	0.37
" Mycograb C28Y variant, a human recombinant antibody fragment to heat shock protein 90, is closely related to Mycograb, which showed a survival advantage in combination with AMB in a phase III human trial."	( Dose range evaluation of Mycograb C28Y variant, a human recombinant antibody fragment to heat shock protein 90, in combination with amphotericin B-desoxycholate for treatment of murine systemic candidiasis. Conde, H; Drusano, GL; Fregeau, C; Liu, W; Louie, A; Stein, DS; Vanscoy, BD; Zack, JZ, 2011)	0.57
" The objective of this study was to evaluate treatment with amphotericin B (AMB), voriconazole (VRC), and AMB, used in combination with VRC, of experimental pulmonary cryptococcosis in a murine model (SCID)."	( Voriconazole, combined with amphotericin B, in the treatment for pulmonary cryptococcosis caused by C. neoformans (serotype A) in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). de Assis Baroni, F; Gambale, W; Paula, CR; Silva, EG, 2012)	0.92
"Effectiveness of amphotericin B alone or in combination with rifampicin or clarithromycin on the killing of Candida species biofilms was investigated in vitro."	( Effect of amphotericin B alone or in combination with rifampicin or clarithromycin against Candida species biofilms. Alonso, M; Del Pozo, JL; Francés, ML; Hernáez, S; Rubio, MF; Serrera, A, 2011)	1.11
"The present work aimed to investigate the curative effect of benznidazole (BZL) in combination with other patented drugs [nifurtimox (NFX), posaconazole (POS) or AmBisome(®) (AMB)] in mice acutely or chronically infected with either a BZL-susceptible (Tulahuen) or a BZL-partially-resistant (Y) strain of Trypanosoma cruzi."	( Evaluation of benznidazole treatment combined with nifurtimox, posaconazole or AmBisome® in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi strains. Carlier, Y; Cencig, S; Coltel, N; Truyens, C, 2012)	0.38
"Because published reports indicate that the antibiotic colistin (COL) has antifungal properties, this study investigated the antifungal in vitro activity of COL as single agent and in combination with the antifungal compounds voriconazole (VRC), caspofungin (CAS) and amphotericin B (AMB) against Scedosporium/Pseudallescheria spp."	( In vitro activity of colistin as single agent and in combination with antifungals against filamentous fungi occurring in patients with cystic fibrosis. Buer, J; Dittmer, S; Hamprecht, A; Lackner, M; Rath, PM; Schemuth, H; Sedlacek, L; Steinmann, E; Steinmann, J, 2013)	0.57
" N strain associated with entomopathogenic nematode Rhabditis (Oscheius) in combination with amphotericin B and clotrimazole was investigated using the macrodilution method."	( In vitro synergistic activity of diketopiperazines alone and in combination with amphotericin B or clotrimazole against Candida albicans. Kumar, SN; Mohandas, C; Nambisan, B; Sundaresan, A, 2013)	0.84
" The objective of this study was to compare the survival benefit between 5-FC (flucytosine) and fluconazole as second-line drugs given in combination with AmB."	( Comparison of flucytosine and fluconazole combined with amphotericin B for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lin, DF; Lu, X; Shen, C; Yao, ZW, 2014)	0.65
" The relevant transport systems were then investigated in terms of the drug-drug interactions of AmB-DOC with antivirals that might potentially be used concomitantly."	( Renal handling of amphotericin B and amphotericin B-deoxycholate and potential renal drug-drug interactions with selected antivirals. Kočíncová, J; Mandíková, J; Trejtnar, F; Volková, M, 2014)	0.74
" The present investigation describes the synergistic anticandidal activity of two asarones (∞ and β) purified from Acorus calamus in combination with three clinically used antifungal drugs (fluconazole, clotrimazole, and amphotericin B)."	( Asarones from Acorus calamus in combination with azoles and amphotericin B: a novel synergistic combination to compete against human pathogenic Candida species in vitro. Aravind, SR; Jacob, J; Kumar, BS; Kumar, SN; Sreelekha, TT, 2015)	0.84
"The antibiofilm activity of bacillomycin D and its combination with amphotericin B was carried out by crystal violet colorimetric method."	( Bacillomycin D and its combination with amphotericin B: promising antifungal compounds with powerful antibiofilm activity and wound-healing potency. Alfeddy, MN; Azaiez, S; Ben Slimene, I; Casciaro, B; Di Grazia, A; Elkahoui, S; Karkouch, I; Limam, F; Luca, V; Mangoni, ML; Tabbene, O, 2016)	0.94
"Bacillomycin D and its combination with amphotericin B display impressive anti-biofilm and wound-healing activities."	( Bacillomycin D and its combination with amphotericin B: promising antifungal compounds with powerful antibiofilm activity and wound-healing potency. Alfeddy, MN; Azaiez, S; Ben Slimene, I; Casciaro, B; Di Grazia, A; Elkahoui, S; Karkouch, I; Limam, F; Luca, V; Mangoni, ML; Tabbene, O, 2016)	0.97
" Our results show the therapeutic potential of chlorpromazine and sertraline in combination with amphotericin B against neurocryptococcosis."	( In vitro synergistic effects of chlorpromazine and sertraline in combination with amphotericin B against Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii. Alves, SH; Chassot, F; Loreto, ÉS; Rossato, L; Santurio, JM; Zanette, RA, 2016)	0.88
" Intriguingly, Pd@Ag NSs also exhibited strong synergistic anti-cryptococcal fungicidal effects at low concentrations in combination with AmB but exhibited much better safety in erythrocytes than AmB, even at the minimal fungicidal concentration."	( Pd@Ag Nanosheets in Combination with Amphotericin B Exert a Potent Anti-Cryptococcal Fungicidal Effect. Chen, M; Fa, Z; Fang, W; Hu, H; Liao, WQ; Wang, G; Ye, C; Yi, J; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.71
"The antifungal activity of tacrolimus in combination with antifungal agents against different fungal species has been previously reported."	( Antifungal activities of tacrolimus in combination with antifungal agents against fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant Trichosporon asahii isolates. Alves, SH; Azevedo, MI; Denardi, LB; Kubiça, TF; Oliveira, V; Santurio, JM; Severo, LC, )	0.13
"The study intended to assess the efficacy of a T camphoratus ethanol extract (TCEE) combined with AmB for patients with metastatic cancer whose cancer did not respond to multiline chemotherapy or who were unwilling to receive chemotherapy."	( Taiwanofungus camphoratus Combined With Amphotericin B for Metastatic Cancer Patients Unresponsive to or Unwilling to Undergo Chemotherapy: A Pilot Study. Chang, CC; Chang, YJ; Chen, RJ; Chiou, HY; Kuo, LJ; Shi, YC; Su, CH; Tai, CJ; Tzao, C; Wu, CH, 2020)	0.83
" In this study, we synthesized some non-azole Schiff-base derivatives and evaluated their antifungal activity profile alone and in combination with the most commonly used antifungal drugs- fluconazole (FLC) and amphotericin B (AmB) against four drug susceptible, three FLC resistant and three AmB resistant clinically isolated Candida albicans strains."	( Efficacy of Novel Schiff base Derivatives as Antifungal Compounds in Combination with Approved Drugs Against Candida Albicans. Ahmad, A; Dar, OA; Gull, P; Hashmi, AA; Lone, SA; Malik, MA; Wani, MY, 2019)	0.7
" AMB combined with a fluoroquinolone (AMB + levofloxacin) also demonstrated antagonism for the Rm AMB-S strains, but a high percentage of synergistic interactions was observed for the Rm AMB-R group."	( In Vitro Interactions of Amphotericin B Combined with Non-antifungal Agents Against Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Strains. Alves, SH; Ramírez-Castrillón, M; Severo, LC; Spader, TB; Valente, P, 2019)	0.82
" Reports of the other fungi suggest that berberine, a component of traditional herb, inhibitors interact with antifungal agents to improve the treatment outcomes."	( In Vitro Susceptibility of Berberine Combined with Antifungal Agents Against the Yeast Form of Talaromyces marneffei. Andrianopoulos, A; Cao, CW; Guo, J; Hu, R; Huang, CY; Joseph, J; Li, TM; Li, XY; Li, YJ; Liang, G; Luo, H; Luo, XL; Pan, KS; Wen, LM; Zheng, DY; Zheng, YQ, 2019)	0.51
" Herein, we report a case of FLCZ-resistant pulmonary cryptococcosis after renal transplantation that was successfully treated with VRCZ combined with amphotericin B-liposome (L-AMB)."	( Successful treatment with voriconazole combined with amphotericin B-liposome for fluconazole-resistant pulmonary cryptococcosis after renal transplantation. Fujioka, K; Hamasaki, Y; Kagami, S; Kinoshita, Y; Nagai, T; Shishido, S; Urushihara, M, 2019)	0.96
" schenckii, either alone or in combination with amphotericin B, itraconazole, or terbinafine."	( Anti-Sporothrix activity of ibuprofen combined with antifungal. Borba-Santos, LP; Ferreira-Pereira, A; Nucci, M; Rozental, S, 2021)	0.88
" Further, a checkerboard assay for its combination with amphotericin B or voriconazole, was carried out."	( Activity of MSI-78, h-Lf1-11 and cecropin B antimicrobial peptides alone and in combination with voriconazole and amphotericin B against clinical isolates of Fusarium solani. Denardi, LB; Ianiski, LB; Santurio, JM; Stibbe, PC; Weiblen, C, 2021)	1.08
"We concluded that the responses of different fungal species against farnesol are variable, and different interactions may be observed when it is combined with different antifungals."	( In Vitro Effects of Farnesol Alone and in Combination with Antifungal Drugs Against Aspergillus Clinical Isolates. Onder, S; Oz, Y, 2021)	0.62
" irregularis infection who was successfully treated with debridement combined with vacuum assisted closure (VAC) negative pressure technique and split-thickness skin grafting."	( Vacuum-Assisted Closure and Skin Grafting Combined with Amphotericin B for Successful Treatment of an Immunocompromised Patient with Cutaneous Mucormycosis Caused by Mucor irregularis: A Case Report and Literature Review. Guo, P; Han, J; Tang, X; Wong, H; Xie, J; Xu, Y; Zhou, H, 2021)	0.87
" This study contributes with data of DD alone and in combination with classical drugs of choice for cryptococcosis treatment."	( In vitro anti-Cryptococcus activity of diphenyl diselenide alone and in combination with amphotericin B and fluconazole. Benelli, JL; Klafke, GB; Munhoz, LS; Poester, VR; Stevens, DA; Xavier, MO, 2021)	0.84
" Participants received standard care - amphotericin combined with fluconazole for the first 2 weeks - or standard care plus tamoxifen 300 mg/day."	( An open label randomized controlled trial of tamoxifen combined with amphotericin B and fluconazole for cryptococcal meningitis. Beardsley, J; Binh, TQ; Chau, NVV; Day, JN; Geskus, R; Hope, W; Hung, LQ; Kestelyn, E; Krysan, D; Lalloo, DG; Lan, NPH; Mai, NTH; Ngan, NTT; Phu, NH; Tai, LTH; Thanh Hoang Le, N; Thwaites, GE; Trieu, PH; Tung, NLN; Van Anh, D; Van, NTT; Vi Vi, NN; White, NJ, 2021)	0.86
"Fluconazole, 12 mg/kg/day, combined with caspofungin (loading dose 3 mg/kg, at a maintenance dose of 2 mg/kg every 24 h) therapy was administered to premature infant with Candida bloodstream infection."	( Successful fluconazole combined with caspofungin treatment of candida bloodstream infection in preterm infant: A case report. Liu, L; Tu, Y; Xu, T; Yuan, G, 2021)	0.62
"All persistent candidemia resolved on fluconazole combined with caspofungin therapy."	( Successful fluconazole combined with caspofungin treatment of candida bloodstream infection in preterm infant: A case report. Liu, L; Tu, Y; Xu, T; Yuan, G, 2021)	0.62
"Fluconazole combined with caspofungin successfully treated Candida bloodstream infection in premature infants at 29 + 6 weeks' gestational age, but large-scale clinical trials are required."	( Successful fluconazole combined with caspofungin treatment of candida bloodstream infection in preterm infant: A case report. Liu, L; Tu, Y; Xu, T; Yuan, G, 2021)	0.62
" albicans isolates and to evaluate the inhibitory activity of eucalyptol on Candida biofilm, alone and in combination with antifungal agents."	( Anti-biofilm properties of eucalyptol in combination with antifungals against Candida albicans isolates in patients with hematological malignancy. Abolghasemi, S; Falahati, M; Farahyar, S; Ghasemi, R; Keymaram, M; Khalandi, H; Lotfali, E; Mahmoudi, S; Raiesi, O; Sadeghi, F; Shamsaei, S, 2022)	0.72
"In the present study, we compared the efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) alone and in combination with flucytosine (5-FC) for the induction treatment of CM in patients without HIV."	( Comparison of liposomal amphotericin B alone and in combination with flucytosine in the treatment of non-HIV Cryptococcal meningitis: A nationwide observational study. Ashizawa, N; Fushimi, K; Hidaka, Y; Hirayama, T; Hosogaya, N; Iwanaga, N; Izumikawa, K; Morimoto, S; Mukae, H; Takazono, T; Takeda, K; Tashiro, M; Yamamoto, K; Yanagihara, K, 2022)	1.27
"Our previous study explored Amphotericin B (AMB) plus 5-flucytosine (5-FC) combined with fluconazole (FLU) therapy in the induction period, which seemed to be better than the previous AMB + 5-FC antifungal therapy in non-HIV and non-transplant-associated CM."	( Amphotericin B plus fluorocytosine combined with voriconazole for the treatment of non-HIV and non-transplant-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a retrospective study. Jiang, Y; Li, M; Liu, J; Peng, F; Su, X; Wang, A; Wang, Y; Xu, X; Yang, L, 2022)	2.46
"AMB plus 5-FC combined with VOR may rapidly improve clinical manifestation, decrease CSF OP and clear the cryptococci in CSF during the early phase, substantially shorten the hospitalization time, and reduce the incidences of hypokalemia and gastrointestinal discomfort."	( Amphotericin B plus fluorocytosine combined with voriconazole for the treatment of non-HIV and non-transplant-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a retrospective study. Jiang, Y; Li, M; Liu, J; Peng, F; Su, X; Wang, A; Wang, Y; Xu, X; Yang, L, 2022)	2.16
" Laboratory adverse events (grade 3 or 4), such as severe anemia, were less frequent with VCZ + 5FC use than with AmB-D combined with 5FC or Flu use."	( Comparison of amphotericin B deoxycholate in combination with either flucytosine or fluconazole, and voriconazole plus flucytosine for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a prospective multicenter study in China. Chen, Y; Harypursat, V; Lan, K; Lu, Y; Wu, Y; Xu, X; Yang, T; Yu, J; Zeng, Q; Zhang, W; Zhao, T; Zhou, G, 2022)	1.08
"Our results suggest that AmB-D combined with 5FC remains the more efficacious induction regimen compared to AmB-D plus Flu, and that VCZ + 5FC might be a potential alternative when the standard regimen is not readily available, accessible, tolerated, or effective."	( Comparison of amphotericin B deoxycholate in combination with either flucytosine or fluconazole, and voriconazole plus flucytosine for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a prospective multicenter study in China. Chen, Y; Harypursat, V; Lan, K; Lu, Y; Wu, Y; Xu, X; Yang, T; Yu, J; Zeng, Q; Zhang, W; Zhao, T; Zhou, G, 2022)	1.08
" We report two advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who recovered from CCPA following instillation of Amphotericin B (AmB) by bronchoscopy combined with systemic voriconazole."	( Instillation of Amphotericin B by bronchoscopy combined with systemic voriconazole in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients with chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis: A case series and literature review. Cheng, D; Han, Q; Wang, K; Wu, H; Xiong, X; Zhuo, K, 2023)	1.47
" This study is aimed to evaluate the in vitro activity of doxycycline combined with antifungal therapy against dominant Mucorales pathogens."	( In vitro combination with doxycycline plus antifungals against clinical Mucorales pathogens. Liang, G; Liu, W; Pathakumari, B; Song, G; Zhang, M; Zheng, H, 2023)	0.91

Bioavailability

The only orally bioavailable drug miltefosine is toxic, whereas liposomal amphotericin B (AmpB) is expensive. 79% of the patients were randomised to oral amph esotericin B, which is poorly absorbed and poorly documented. The study of the kinetics of amphodynamicin B showed that the antibiotic was well absorbed from the digestive tract into the blood.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The study of the kinetics of amphotericin B showed that the antibiotic was well absorbed from the digestive tract of the animals into the blood which provided the chemotherapeutic effect."	( [Experimental characteristics of the antileishmaniasis action of amphotericin B]. Fateeva, LI; Liubimov, LK; Sergeeva, LA, 1979)	0.79
"The effects of dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (GLYK) on the dissolution behavior and bioavailability of amphotericin B (AMB) were investigated."	( Effect of glycyrrhizinate on dissolution behavior and rectal absorption of amphotericin B in rabbits. Koyama, O; Kuwahara, E; Ohkubo, K; Takahashi, M; Tanaka, M; Yotsuyanagi, T, 1992)	0.73
" The bioavailability of the antibiotic after its intramuscular and oral administration was found to be low."	( [Experimental study of the pharmacokinetics of an amphotericin B derivative]. Kuzina, ZA; Slonim, VZ; Vetkina, IF, 1991)	0.53
" Bioavailability of ketoconazole was unpredictable."	( Amphotericin B vs high-dose ketoconazole for empirical antifungal therapy among febrile, granulocytopenic cancer patients. A prospective, randomized study. Browne, M; Cotton, D; Gress, J; Hathorn, J; Marshall, D; McKnight, J; Rubin, M; Skelton, J; Thaler, M; Walsh, TJ, 1991)	1.72
" It is concluded that a lack of bioavailability in the presence of serum may explain the lack of activity of terbinafine in experimental aspergillosis."	( Inactivity of terbinafine in a rat model of pulmonary aspergillosis. Andrade, J; Armstrong, D; Bernard, E; Edwards, F; Niki, Y; Schmitt, HJ, 1990)	0.28
" The resultant decreased bioavailability of cyclosporine may precipitate graft rejection."	( Interactions of cyclosporine with antimicrobial agents. Brown, RB; Sands, M, )	0.13
" One day after challenge, oral treatment with BAY n7133, ketoconazole, or a placebo control was begun BAY n7133 was well absorbed after oral administration and penetrated all tissues evaluated."	( Treatment of experimental murine aspergillosis with BAY n7133. Drutz, DJ; Graybill, JR; Kaster, SR, 1983)	0.27
" In vivo drug delivery by liposome encapsulation to overcome problems of bioavailability is currently under study."	( Inhibition of HIV-1 replication in H9 cells by nystatin-A compared with other antiviral agents. Blay, RA; Buck, SM; Epstein, JS; Geyer, S; Mayner, RE; Pollock, L; Selvam, MP, 1993)	0.29
" This itraconazole-cyclodextrin solution was well absorbed and was effective in the treatment of experimental invasive aspergillosis; it demonstrates the potential of this class of agents in improving therapy for invasive aspergillosis."	( Efficacy of itraconazole solution in a rabbit model of invasive aspergillosis. Fothergill, AW; Patterson, TF; Rinaldi, MG, 1993)	0.29
" The bioavailability of fluconazole is much less varied although validation of compliance is a situation where obtaining serum concentrations may provide additional information."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of systemic antifungal therapy. Gore, SJ; Graybill, JR; Hardin, TC; Summers, KK, 1997)	0.3
" Newer formulations of amphotericin B are available but are costly and have unknown bioavailability in critically ill patients."	( A randomized prospective trial of amphotericin B lipid emulsion versus dextrose colloidal solution in critically ill patients. Barquist, E; Clark, J; Fein, E; Johnson, J; Shadick, D; Shatz, D, 1999)	0.89
" Furthermore, 79% of the patients were randomized to receive oral amphotericin B, which is poorly absorbed and not an established treatment, in contrast to intravenous amphotericin B, which was administered in 4 of 5 placebo-controlled trials, or 86% of patients."	( Problems in the design and reporting of trials of antifungal agents encountered during meta-analysis. Gotzsche, PC; Johansen, HK, 1999)	0.54
" There were no differences in the peritoneal fluid absorption rate (KE) and the lymphatic flow rate (KEB) between the three groups."	( Amphotericin B does not increase peritoneal fluid removal. Bergström, J; Cheng, HH; Heimbürger, O; Lindholm, B; Wang, T, 1998)	1.74
" The compound is poorly absorbed by the oral route."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new derivative of partricin A (SPA-S-753) in rodents. Bonabello, A; Bruzzese, T; Buffa, G; Galmozzi, MR, )	0.13
"The role of itraconazole in anti-fungal prophylaxis has been limited by the low bioavailability of the capsule formulation but the bioavailability of the oral solution is much improved."	( Antifungal prophylaxis with itraconazole oral solution in neutropenic patients. Kibbler, CC, 1999)	0.3
" Furthermore, 79% of the patients were randomised to oral amphotericin B, which is poorly absorbed and poorly documented."	( Amphotericin B vs fluconazole for controlling fungal infections in neutropenic cancer patients. Gotzsche, PC; Johansen, HK, 2000)	1.99
" Fluconazole and itraconazole are widely used in chemoprophylaxis because of their favourable oral bioavailability and safety profiles."	( Current management of fungal infections. Meis, JF; Verweij, PE, 2001)	0.31
"The development of new azoles with a better ocular bioavailability (fluconazole), and the improvement of vitrectomy has recently influenced the treatment of fungal endophthalmitis."	( [Mycotic endophthalmitis: management and treatment (9 year study)]. Bovey, EH; Guex-Crosier, Y; Mora, P, 2002)	0.31
" Furthermore, most patients were randomised to oral amphotericin B, which is poorly absorbed and poorly documented."	( Amphotericin B versus fluconazole for controlling fungal infections in neutropenic cancer patients. Gøtzsche, PC; Johansen, HK, 2002)	2.01
" Oral and intravenous pharmacokinetic studies of manzamine A in rats indicated the compound to have low metabolic clearance, a reasonably long pharmacokinetic half-life, and good absolute oral bioavailability of 20."	( New manzamine alkaloids from an Indo-Pacific sponge. Pharmacokinetics, oral availability, and the significant activity of several manzamines against HIV-I, AIDS opportunistic infections, and inflammatory diseases. Charman, WN; Hamann, MT; Hammond, NL; Mayer, AM; McIntosh, KA; Peng, J; Wahyuono, S; Yousaf, M, 2004)	0.32
" Two of the first nine patients, in whom bioavailability was compromised due to significant vomiting and/or diarrhoea, died of probable or proven invasive aspergillus."	( A pilot study of targeted itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with graft-versus-host disease at high risk of invasive mould infections following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Brown, M; Grigg, AP; Roberts, AW; Slavin, MA; Szer, J, 2004)	0.32
" Reliable oral bioavailability of voriconazole may permit switching to an oral formulation in the inpatient setting and offers the possibility of earlier hospital discharge and potentially substantial cost savings."	( Economic effects of aspergillosis management in high-risk patients. Leather, H, 2005)	0.33
" Since liposomes serve as model-membranes for natural membranes, the assessment of lipid solubility and transfer kinetics of lipophilic drug using liposome formulations may additionally have predictive value for bioavailability and biodistribution and the pharmacokinetics of lipophilic drugs after parenteral as well as oral administration."	( Transfer of lipophilic drugs between liposomal membranes and biological interfaces: consequences for drug delivery. Bergstrand, N; Fahr, A; May, S; S Leigh, ML; van Hoogevest, P, 2005)	0.33
" Toxicity and bioavailability were evaluated by intravenous (i."	( Amphotericin B-gum arabic conjugates: synthesis, toxicity, bioavailability, and activities against Leishmania and fungi. Anilkumar, TV; Antony, M; Jayakrishnan, A; Loiseau, PM; Mohanan, PV; Nishi, KK, 2007)	1.78
"Amphotericin B (AMB), an effective antifungal and antileishmanial agent associated with low oral bioavailability (0."	( Biodegradable nanoparticles improve oral bioavailability of amphotericin B and show reduced nephrotoxicity compared to intravenous Fungizone. Italia, JL; Ravi Kumar, MN; Singh, D; Yahya, MM, 2009)	2.04
" The acute nephrotoxicity profile and oral bioavailability of AMB-NP were evaluated in rats."	( Biodegradable nanoparticles improve oral bioavailability of amphotericin B and show reduced nephrotoxicity compared to intravenous Fungizone. Italia, JL; Ravi Kumar, MN; Singh, D; Yahya, MM, 2009)	0.6
" The relative oral bioavailability of the AMB-NP was found to be approximately 800% as compared to Fungizone."	( Biodegradable nanoparticles improve oral bioavailability of amphotericin B and show reduced nephrotoxicity compared to intravenous Fungizone. Italia, JL; Ravi Kumar, MN; Singh, D; Yahya, MM, 2009)	0.6
" Advances in drug delivery systems have overcome some of the solubility issues that prevent oral bioavailability and new formulations are currently in development."	( The reformulation of amphotericin B for oral administration to treat systemic fungal infections and visceral leishmaniasis. Thornton, SJ; Wasan, KM, 2009)	0.67
"Oral bioavailability (F) is a product of fraction absorbed (Fa), fraction escaping gut-wall elimination (Fg), and fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh)."	( Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination. Chang, G; El-Kattan, A; Miller, HR; Obach, RS; Rotter, C; Steyn, SJ; Troutman, MD; Varma, MV, 2010)	0.36
" Furthermore, these compounds distributed to target tissues (liver and spleen) and had a moderate oral bioavailability (up to 25%), a large volume of distribution, and an elimination half-life ranging from 1 to 2 days in mice."	( Novel arylimidamides for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Boykin, DW; Hall, JE; Kyle, DE; Liu, Q; Madhubala, R; Mandal, S; Munde, M; Pandharkar, T; Parman, T; Riccio, E; Srivastava, A; Stephens, CE; Sweat, JM; Tidwell, RR; Wang, MZ; Werbovetz, KA; Wilson, WD; Zhu, X, 2010)	0.36
" In vivo pharmacokinetic studies revealed increase in % relative bioavailability of AmbiOnp in comparison to the plain drug."	( AmbiOnp: solid lipid nanoparticles of amphotericin B for oral administration. Patel, PA; Patravale, VB, 2011)	0.64
"0) were prepared by a two-step desolvation method to improve the oral bioavailability of AmB."	( Gelatin coated hybrid lipid nanoparticles for oral delivery of amphotericin B. Jain, S; Swarnakar, NK; Thanki, K; Valvi, PU, 2012)	0.62
" AmB-loaded cubosomal formulation orally administrated in rats did not show nephrotoxicity and its relative bioavailability was approximately 285% as compared to Fungizone®."	( Development of amphotericin B-loaded cubosomes through the SolEmuls technology for enhancing the oral bioavailability. Chen, M; Dian, L; Peng, X; Shan, Z; Tan, Y; Wu, C; Yang, Z, 2012)	0.73
"Miltefosine is an alkyl phosphocholine with good oral bioavailability and in vitro activity against Cryptococcus species that has gained interest as an additional agent for cryptococcal infections."	( Limited activity of miltefosine in murine models of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis and disseminated cryptococcosis. Bocanegra, R; Kirkpatrick, WR; Najvar, LK; Patterson, TF; Sorrell, TC; Wiederhold, NP, 2013)	0.39
" The objective of this research work was to study the oral bioavailability and stability of a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) of amphotericin B (AmB)."	( Oral bioavailability and stability study of a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) of amphotericin B. Bajpai, M; Bhattacharyya, A, 2013)	0.81
" However, its oral bioavailability is limited due to its poor solubility in water."	( Development of oil-in-water microemulsions for the oral delivery of amphotericin B. Barratt, G; Chéron, M; Egito, ES; Silva, AE, 2013)	0.63
"Drug delivery systems are a promising technology to increase poor solubility and bioavailability of compounds."	( Study the effects of PLGA-PEG encapsulated amphotericin B nanoparticle drug delivery system against Leishmania donovani. Das, P; Das, V; Kumar, R; Pandey, K; Sahoo, GC, 2015)	0.68
" However, the use of AmB through oral administration is restricted due to its low solubility and stability in aqueous solution, which is the cause for its poor bioavailability and highly varying absorption."	( Synthesis and evaluation of sodium deoxycholate sulfate as a lipid drug carrier to enhance the solubility, stability and safety of an amphotericin B inhalation formulation. Adhikari, K; Gangadhar, KN; Srichana, T, 2014)	0.61
" Efflux transporters, such as the ABCB1 gene product P-glycoprotein, affect the oral bioavailability and disposition of a range of clinically relevant compounds."	( Does P-glycoprotein contribute to amphotericin B epithelial transport in Caco-2 cells? Osei-Twum, JA; Wasan, KM, 2015)	0.7
" Furthermore, most patients were randomised to oral amphotericin B, which is poorly absorbed and poorly documented."	( Amphotericin B versus fluconazole for controlling fungal infections in neutropenic cancer patients. Gøtzsche, PC; Johansen, HK, 2014)	2.1
"The AMB-PLGA-TPGS NP system significantly improves the AMB bioavailability by improving its antifungal activities and reducing its toxicity, and thus, these NPs may become a good drug carrier for antifungal treatment."	( Enhanced antifungal effects of amphotericin B-TPGS-b-(PCL-ran-PGA) nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. Cai, S; Hou, W; Liu, F; Sun, L; Tang, X; Zhang, R; Zhu, H, 2014)	0.69
" Here we introduce a nanomedicine in which nanoparticles, while also protecting the drug from gastric degradation, are taken up by the gastrointestinal epithelia and transported to the lung, liver, and spleen, thus selectively enhancing drug bioavailability in these target organs and diminishing kidney exposure (relevant to nephrotoxic drugs)."	( Oral particle uptake and organ targeting drives the activity of amphotericin B nanoparticles. Ballesteros, MP; Bilbao-Ramos, PE; Bolás, F; Capilla, J; Dea-Ayuela, MA; Garrett, NL; Guarro, J; Lalatsa, A; Moger, J; Schätzlein, AG; Serrano, DR; Torrado, JJ; Uchegbu, IF, 2015)	0.66
"An early prediction of solubility in physiological media (PBS, SGF and SIF) is useful to predict qualitatively bioavailability and absorption of lead candidates."	( Thermodynamic equilibrium solubility measurements in simulated fluids by 96-well plate method in early drug discovery. Bharate, SS; Vishwakarma, RA, 2015)	0.42
"The aim of this study was to devise a nanoemulsified carrier system (CopNEC) to improve the oral delivery of amphotericin B (AmB) by increasing its oral bioavailability and synergistically enhance its antileishmanial activity with copaiba oil (Cop)."	( Synergistic enhancement of parasiticidal activity of amphotericin B using copaiba oil in nanoemulsified carrier for oral delivery: an approach for non-toxic chemotherapy. Asthana, S; Dube, A; Gupta, PK; Jaiswal, AK; Mishra, PR; Rath, SK; Sagar, N; Shukla, M; Shukla, P; Teja B, V, 2015)	0.88
"2-fold higher oral bioavailability than free drug."	( Synergistic enhancement of parasiticidal activity of amphotericin B using copaiba oil in nanoemulsified carrier for oral delivery: an approach for non-toxic chemotherapy. Asthana, S; Dube, A; Gupta, PK; Jaiswal, AK; Mishra, PR; Rath, SK; Sagar, N; Shukla, M; Shukla, P; Teja B, V, 2015)	0.67
"This prototype CopNEC formulation showed improved bioavailability and had a non-toxic synergistic effect on the antileishmanial activity of AmB."	( Synergistic enhancement of parasiticidal activity of amphotericin B using copaiba oil in nanoemulsified carrier for oral delivery: an approach for non-toxic chemotherapy. Asthana, S; Dube, A; Gupta, PK; Jaiswal, AK; Mishra, PR; Rath, SK; Sagar, N; Shukla, M; Shukla, P; Teja B, V, 2015)	0.67
"Amphotericin B (AmB) is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract."	( Effect of Food Status on the Gastrointestinal Transit of Amphotericin B-Containing Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in Rats. Amekyeh, H; Billa, N; Lim, SC; Yuen, KH, 2016)	2.12
" The in vivo ocular pharmacokinetic study indicated improved bioavailability of AmB-CH-NLC."	( Ocular amphotericin B delivery by chitosan-modified nanostructured lipid carriers for fungal keratitis-targeted therapy. Fu, T; Lv, S; Yi, J; Zhang, B, 2017)	0.91
" There is currently an unmet need for an efficacious (AMB) formulation amenable to oral administration with better bioavailability and lower nephrotoxicity."	( Oral administration of amphotericin B nanoparticles: antifungal activity, bioavailability and toxicity in rats. AlQuadeib, BT; Horrocks, B; Radwan, MA; Šiller, L; Wright, MC, 2017)	0.77
"In an effort to increase the oral bioavailability of Amphotericin B (AmB), a pH-sensitive drug carrier composed of Tragacanth (Trag) and acrylic acid (AAc) was prepared using γ-irradiation."	( Antifungal activity of oral (Tragacanth/acrylic acid) Amphotericin B carrier for systemic candidiasis: in vitro and in vivo study. Ali, AE; Mohamed, HA; Raafat, AI; Radwan, RR, 2018)	0.98
"The aim of this study was to evaluate mannose-anchored thiolated chitosan (MTC) based nanocarriers (NCs) for enhanced permeability, improved oral bioavailability and anti-parasitic potential of amphotericin B (AmB)."	( Design of mannosylated oral amphotericin B nanoformulation: efficacy and safety in visceral leishmaniasis. Akhtar, S; Gendelman, HE; Nadhman, A; Rehman, AU; Saljoughian, N; Sarwar, HS; Satoskar, AR; Shahnaz, G; Sohail, MF; Yasinzai, M, 2018)	0.96
" These were also loaded with Amphotericin B (AmB), a drug of low oral bioavailability used in the therapy of neglected diseases such as leishmaniasis."	( Pickering emulsion stabilized by cashew gum- poly-l-lactide copolymer nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and amphotericin B encapsulation. de Paula, RCM; Feitosa, JPA; Goycoolea, FM; Paula, HCB; Richter, AR, 2018)	0.98
"Implication of different dietary specific lipids such as phytantriol (PT) and glyceryl monooleate (GMO) on enhancing the oral bioavailability of amphotericin B (AmB) was examined."	( Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles of Amphotericin B: Implication of Phytantriol and Glyceryl Monooleate on Bioavailability Enhancement. Jain, S; Katiyar, SS; Kushwah, V; Swami, R; Swarnakar, NK; Yadav, P, 2018)	0.94
" The only orally bioavailable drug miltefosine is toxic and the effective liposomal Amphotericin B (AmBisome) is limited by its prohibitive cost and requirement for parenteral administration."	( Lactoferrin-modified Betulinic Acid-loaded PLGA nanoparticles are strong anti-leishmanials. Das, S; Halder, A; Mukherjee, A; Roy, P; Saha, B; Shukla, D, 2018)	0.71
"Nano-carriers are excellent systems for improving bioavailability of poor aqueous soluble drugs."	( Fabrication of lecithin-gum tragacanth muco-adhesive hybrid nano-carrier system for in-vivo performance of Amphotericin B. Ali, I; Arfan, M; Imran, M; Jabri, T; Rao, K; Shah, MR, 2018)	0.69
" We have reported previously that lipid nanoparticles can significantly improve the oral bioavailability of amphotericin B (AmpB)."	( Mucoadhesive chitosan-coated nanostructured lipid carriers for oral delivery of amphotericin B. Billa, N; Ling Tan, JS; Roberts, CJ, 2019)	0.95
" chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) for enhancing gastrointestinal stability of NPs thereby increasing the oral bioavailability of the drug."	( Amphotericin B Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles: Implication of Bile Salt Stabilization on Gastrointestinal Stability, Permeability and Oral Bioavailability. Jain, S; Kushwah, V; Reddy, CSK; Swami, R, 2018)	1.92
" However, the relative bioavailability of AmB-HPH was higher than that of AmB-AP in vivo, which was likely attributed to its better stability."	( Comparative studies on amphotericin B nanosuspensions prepared by a high pressure homogenization method and an antisolvent precipitation method. Fang, Q; Niu, B; Pan, X; Quan, G; Wu, B; Wu, C; Zhao, Y; Zhou, Y, 2018)	0.79
" However, low bioavailability and severe nephrotoxicity are among the major shortcomings of AmB-based therapy."	( Efficient antileishmanial activity of amphotericin B and piperine entrapped in enteric coated guar gum nanoparticles. Goyal, N; Gupta, KC; Karthik, R; Pant, AB; Ray, L; Singh, SP; Srivastava, V, 2021)	0.89
" Therefore, nanocarriers have been investigated as delivery systems for amphotericin B (AMB) in order to decrease its toxicity, besides increase bioavailability and solubility."	( Self-assembling cashew gum-graft-polylactide copolymer nanoparticles as a potential amphotericin B delivery matrix. Carneiro, MJ; de Paula, RCM; de Sousa, JS; de Sousa, NA; Feitosa, JPA; Fontenelle, ROS; Freire, RS; Goycoolea, FM; Mendes, JFS; Paula, HCB; Pinto, VPT; Richter, AR, 2020)	1.01
"5-time lesser dose via the oral route and a ∼15-fold rise in the bioavailability in contrast to the native AmB."	( Amphotericin B loaded ethyl cellulose nanoparticles with magnified oral bioavailability for safe and effective treatment of fungal infection. Kaur, K; Kumar, P; Kush, P, 2020)	2
" Caspofungin has a low bioavailability in the eye when given systemically."	( Case Report: Beyond the Blood-retina Barrier: Intravitreal Caspofungin for Fungal Endophthalmitis. Kakkassery, V; Kurzai, O; von Jagow, B, 2020)	0.56
" The only orally bioavailable drug miltefosine is toxic, whereas liposomal amphotericin B (AmpB) is expensive."	( Lupeol and amphotericin B mediate synergistic anti-leishmanial immunomodulatory effects in Leishmania donovani-infected BALB/c mice. Bhattacharjee, S; Das, A; Das, MC; Ghosh, C; Jawed, JJ; Majumdar, S; Parveen, S; Saha, B, 2021)	1.24
" The current standard treatment by systemic administration is limited by inadequate local bioavailability and systemic toxic effects."	( Inhaled Antifungal Agents for the Treatment and Prophylaxis of Pulmonary Mycoses. Lam, JKW; Liao, Q, 2021)	0.62
" Hereby, we have developed self-nanoemulsifiying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of AmB-OA to further enhance the oral bioavailability of AmB and potentiate its therapeutic benefits."	( Enabling Oral Amphotericin B Delivery by Merging the Benefits of Prodrug Approach and Nanocarrier-Mediated Drug Delivery. Date, T; Jain, S; Thanki, K, 2023)	1.27
" Itraconazole, a broad-spectrum tri azole antifungal agent, is poorly absorbed in the intestines after oral absorption and makes it difficult to achieve a stable serum drug concentration."	( Efficacy of Intravenous Itraconazole Versus Liposomal Amphotericin B as Empirical Antifungal Therapy in Hematological Malignancy with Persistent Fever and Neutropenia: Study Protocol for a Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Non-inferiority Trial. Hidaka, M; Kaneko, Y; Miyazaki, Y; Nagai, H; Saito, AM; Sawamura, M; Tanaka, S; Uike, N; Yoshida, I; Yoshida, S, 2021)	0.87
" In this work, AmB and ITR have been formulated within granules to elicit an enhanced pharmacological effect, while enhancing the oral bioavailability of AmB."	( Can amphotericin B and itraconazole be co-delivered orally? Tailoring oral fixed-dose combination coated granules for systemic mycoses. Bolás-Fernández, F; Chamorro-Sancho, MJ; Fernández-García, R; Healy, AM; Jiménez-Cebrián, A; O'Connell, P; Paloma Ballesteros, M; Raposo, R; Serrano, DR; Slowing, K; Walsh, D, 2023)	1.47

Dosage Studied

ITZ-IV at daily doses of 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg was as effective as the intraperitoneal administration of amphotericin B (AMPH) at a dosage of 1mg/kg daily in improving survival. Tissue accumulation studies of amph esotericin B after repeat dosing may be a useful adjunct to formulation dev.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"The effect of incubation temperature, pH and medium composition on the size of the growth inhibitions zones, clearance of their borders and slope of the dose-response curve in determin ation of the biological activity of amphotericin B by the agar-diffusion method using Candida scotti, Tul-1 as the test-microbe was studied."	( [Optimization of conditions for determining the activity of amphotericin B]. Bershteĭn, EM, 1977)	0.68
" Data on biotransformation, kinetics and dosage are reported."	( [Pulmonary mycoses; laboratory diagnosis, antimycotic therapy]. Bartmann, K, 1977)	0.26
" The rubidium leakage is measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and a straight-line, dose-response correlation has been obtained for both antibiotics."	( Bioassay method for polyene antibiotics based on the measurement of rubidium efflux from rubidium-loaded yeast cells. Cosgrove, RF; Fairbrother, JE, 1977)	0.26
" High-dose T-cin controls survived despite having received a cumulative dosage of more than twice the reported (LD(50)) mean lethal dose value."	( Comparative study of trichothecin, amphotericin B, and 5-fluorocytosine against Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro and in vivo. Hariri, A; Larsh, HW; Sneller, MR; Sorenson, WG, 1977)	0.53
" Therefore, amphotericin B dosage does not have to be adapted to kidney function, which is the case for flucytosine."	( Pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B and flucytosine. Polak, A, 1979)	0.96
" Using new born lambs, oral dosing with the antifungal antibiotics Nystatin and Amphotericin "B" was shown in samples of stomach contents, to control the ethanol production entirely, and to suppress the yeast numbers partially but not permanently."	( Control of the yeast Torulopsis glabrata in the stomachs of glucose fed lambs by oral dosing with nystatin and amphotericin "B". White, RW, 1977)	0.26
"5 mg/kg intraperitoneally) in a checkerboard combination dosage pattern for 30 days."	( Synergistic nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B and cortisone acetate in mice. Evan, AP; Kisch, AL; Maydew, RP, 1978)	0.55
"6% in mice receiving the combined dosage schedule of 50 microgram amphotericin B with 2 tetracycline, and 50 microgram amphotericin B with 3 mg tetracycline, respectively."	( Synergism between tetracycline and amphotericin B in experimental amoebic meningoencephalitis. Ferrante, A; Rowan-Kelly, B; Shepherd, C; Thong, YH, 1978)	0.77
" Renal function studies prior to therapy were repeated at a total cumulative amphotericin B dosage of 25 mg/kg; renal biopsies were obtained from 10 patients."	( Can mannitol reduce amphotericin B nephrotoxicity? Double-blind study and description of a new vascular lesion in kidneys. Bhathena, D; Bullock, WE; Luke, RG; Nuttall, CE, 1976)	0.81
" The physicochemical and pharmacotoxicological properties, antifungal range, mechanisms of action, dosage and preparations of griseofulvin, amphotericin-B, natamycin, nystatin and pecilocin are discussed."	( [Antimycotic antibiotics (author's transl)]. Hagens, FM; van Miert, AS; van Soeren, JH, 1976)	0.26
" Synovectomy appears to be an important aspect of the optimal therapy of coccidioidal synovitis of the knee, and when performed, the parenteral dosage of amphotericin B can be limited."	( Coccidioidal synovitis of the knee. Becker, J; Campbell, G; Greenman, R; Remington, J, 1975)	0.45
" This immunosuppression was evident even with a relatively small dosage of prednisone (5 mg daily)."	( Acute renal failure secondary to ureteral fungus ball obstruction in a patient with reversible deficient cell-mediated immunity. Ferder, LF; Levin, DL; Porush, JG; Shapiro, WB; Wax, SH; Zimmerman, AL, 1975)	0.25
" The mice were given either intraperitoneal or intravenous injections of drug for 30 days, according to several dosage schedules."	( Comparison of amphotericin B and amphotericin B methyl ester: efficacy in murine coccidioidomycosis and toxicity. Hoeprich, PD; Lawrence, RM, 1976)	0.62
" The three drugs show similar threshold-type dose-response survival curves on asynchronous cells treated for 1 hr."	( A comparison of the lethal effects of three nitrosourea derivatives on cultured human lymphoma cells. Drewinko, B; Gottlieb, JA; Loo, TL, 1976)	0.26
" The proper duration and dosage and the combination of antifungal drugs have not been clearly defined."	( [Primary Aspergillus endocarditis. Apropos of a case and review of the international literature]. Cajot, MA; Gosselin, B; Goullard, L; Koussa, A; Marquette, F; Pol, A; Roux, JP; Soots, G; Warembourg, H, 1992)	0.28
" Liposomal Amphotericin B allowing higher dosage by lower toxicity appears effective as salvage treatment especially in aspergillosis which also responds to Itraconazole available as oral formulation so far."	( Antifungal treatment strategy in leukemia patients. Büchner, T; Roos, N, 1992)	0.67
" Dosing recommendations are based on the specific infection and the status of the host."	( Systemically administered antifungal agents. A review of their clinical pharmacology and therapeutic applications. Lyman, CA; Walsh, TJ, 1992)	0.28
" We have employed this assay to compare the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution profiles of amphotericin B in rats and dogs following administration of Fungizone and ABCD (amphotericin B-cholesteryl sulfate colloidal dispersion), a lipid-based dosage form."	( High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of amphotericin B in plasma, blood, urine and tissues for pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies. Anderson, KL; Fielding, RM; Smith, PC; Wang, LH, 1992)	0.75
" Serial serum levels of flucytosine measured by a creatinine iminohydrolase assay permitted reliable dosage adjustment."	( Evolving role of flucytosine in immunocompromised patients: new insights into safety, pharmacokinetics, and antifungal therapy. Francis, P; Walsh, TJ, 1992)	0.28
", the dosage inducing less than 15% mortality due to toxicity; the efficacies of MS-8209 and D-AmB at their respective maximum tolerated dosages were compared."	( Activity of MS-8209, a nonester amphotericin B derivative, in treatment of experimental systemic mycoses. Carbon, C; Joly, V; Saint-Julien, L; Seman, M; Yeni, P, 1992)	0.57
"25%, respectively, when dosed intravaginally."	( Saperconazole: in vitro and in vivo anticandidal activity. Foleno, B; Fu, KP; Isaacson, D; LoCoco, J, 1992)	0.28
" Amphotericin B remains the agent of choice for treatment of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis and for candidemia, although the optimal dosage and duration of this therapy are poorly defined."	( Current strategies for treating invasive candidiasis: emphasis on infections in nonneutropenic patients. Edwards, JE; Filler, SG, 1992)	1.19
"Cilofungin has potent in vitro activity against Candida albicans, but previous in vivo models using twice daily intermittent dosing regimens have not consistently demonstrated in vivo efficacy."	( Efficacy of cilofungin therapy administered by continuous intravenous infusion for experimental disseminated candidiasis in rabbits. Henry, NK; Rouse, MS; Steckelberg, JM; Tallan, BM; Wilson, WR, 1992)	0.28
" Concentrations in plasma reached steady state after ABCD administration, but they increased after repeated dosing with m-AmB."	( Relationship of pharmacokinetics and drug distribution in tissue to increased safety of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in dogs. Babbar, S; Fielding, RM; Guo, LS; Singer, AW; Wang, LH, 1992)	0.51
" Repeated intravenous dosing of candida-infected mice with equivalent amounts (0."	( Treatment of murine candidosis and cryptococcosis with a unilamellar liposomal amphotericin B formulation (AmBisome). Adler-Moore, JP; Chiang, SM; Guerra, D; McAndrews, B; McManus, EJ; Proffitt, RT; Satorius, A, 1991)	0.51
" The data from such PAFE assays may be useful for determining in vivo treatment regimens, since longer PAFEs may allow for intermittent dosing instead of continuous drug administration."	( Turbidometric characterization of the postantifungal effect: comparative studies with amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine and miconazole on Candida albicans. Ichihara, Y; Kurita, N; Mikami, Y; Miyaji, M; Scalarone, GM; Yazawa, K, )	0.35
"The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of two amphotericin B dosage forms were compared in rats."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B after administration of a novel colloidal delivery system, ABCD, and a conventional formulation to rats. Fielding, RM; Guo, LS; Porter, J; Smith, PC; Wang, LH, 1991)	0.82
" Pretreatment of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PNG) with cefpodoxime at therapeutical dosage in vitro did not have a significant effect on chemotaxis and luminol-dependent chemiluminescence."	( Influence of cefpodoxime on selected immunological functions and bacterial pathogenicity factors in vitro. Schubert, S; Ullmann, U, 1991)	0.28
" Urine typically became culture negative after 1-4 days of dosing at 50 mg/day, demonstrating that therapeutic levels of amphotericin B were reached in the urine at conventional doses given in liposomal form."	( Liposomal amphotericin B: an effective, nontoxic preparation for the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by Candida albicans. Barber, KR; Grant, CW; Ralph, ED, 1991)	0.89
" Dose-response curves have been obtained with cholesterol- and ergosterol-containing egg yolk phosphatidylcholine large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs), human erythrocytes, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells."	( One-sided action of amphotericin B on cholesterol-containing membranes is determined by its self-association in the medium. Bolard, J; Cybulska, B; Heitz, F; Legrand, P, 1991)	0.6
" Among 25 patients who received teicoplanin at a dosing schedule of 6 mg/kg every 24 h intravenously, steady state was reached after 14."	( Application of a modified bioassay for monitoring serum teicoplanin and vancomycin in febrile neutropenic patients. Bartlett, KH; Chow, AW; Cole, CD; Jewesson, PJ; Kureishi, A, 1990)	0.28
" The paper also reviews the drug's adverse reactions, with a discussion of administration techniques that may reduce these reactions, and its spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, and dosage and administration."	( Amphotericin B: 30 years of clinical experience. Drew, RH; Gallis, HA; Pickard, WW, )	1.57
" Single-dose and steady-state plasma pharmacokinetics, tissue penetration, and dose-response studies of the investigational compound were studied in subacutely infected granulocytopenic rabbits."	( Experimental basis for use of fluconazole for preventive or early treatment of disseminated candidiasis in granulocytopenic hosts. Aoki, S; Bacher, J; Lecciones, J; Lee, J; Mechinaud, F; Pizzo, PA; Rubin, M; Thomas, V; Walsh, TJ, )	0.13
" This article, Part One of two parts, reviews the biochemical properties of AmB and its dosage and administration."	( Use of amphotericin B in immunosuppressed patients with cancer. Part One: Pharmacology and toxicities. Holtzclaw, BJ; Rutledge, DN, )	0.59
" Because AmB is eliminated slowly, infrequent dosing schedules can be used."	( Pharmacokinetics of aerosol amphotericin B in rats. Armstrong, D; Bernard, EM; Edwards, FF; Niki, Y; Schmitt, HJ; Tong, WP, 1990)	0.57
" We also recommend an initial 24-hour dosing interval for amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine."	( Pharmacokinetics, outcome of treatment, and toxic effects of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine in neonates. Baley, JE; Blumer, JL; Jacobs, MR; Kliegman, RM; Meyers, C, 1990)	0.76
" Amphotericin B-induced changes in renal blood flow and renal excretory function were measured in both control rats and rats pretreated with DPSPX at a dosage that abolishes the renovascular effects of exogenous adenosine in this model."	( Effect of an adenosine receptor antagonist on acute amphotericin B nephrotoxicity. Branch, RA; Jackson, EK; Kuan, CJ, 1990)	1.44
" The differences in the efficacies of the triazoles appeared to be due to differences in their pharmacokinetics and the dosage schedule that was used."	( In vitro and in vivo activities of Sch 39304, fluconazole, and amphotericin B against Histoplasma capsulatum. Kobayashi, GS; Medoff, G; Rinaldi, MG; Travis, SJ, 1990)	0.52
" Treatment of invasive aspergillosis required a higher dosage (about 5 mg/kg) and prolonged administration."	( Experience with itraconazole in cryptococcosis and aspergillosis. Almaviva, M; Cristina, S; De Maria, R; Ferrazzi, P; Fiocchi, R; Langer, M; Negri, C; Scoccia, S; Tortorano, AM; Viviani, MA, 1989)	0.28
" T-2 toxin produces inhibition of active sodium transport in a dose-response correlation."	( The effect of T-2 toxin on active sodium transport across frog skin in the presence of ADH and amphotericin B. Angiolillo, D; Barbarossa, L; Bottalico, A; Gallucci, E; Micelli, S, 1989)	0.5
" We conclude that at the dosage used prophylactic administration of nasal spray of (AmB) does not prevent IA."	( Failure of amphotericin B spray to prevent aspergillosis in granulocytopenic patients. Belanger, C; Brunet, F; Dreyfus, F; Dupuis-Camay, P; Giraud, T; Guyomard, S; Jorgensen, CJ; Massiot, C; Vaixeler, J, 1989)	0.67
"Amphotericin B is the most effective agent for the majority of systemic fungal infections but often causes toxicity, and specific dosage guidelines for amphotericin B in pediatric patients are lacking."	( Pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B in children. Benson, JM; Nahata, MC, 1989)	2.04
" Dosage over 1000 mg was associated with progressive decrease in creatinine clearance."	( [Invasive candidiasis: its predisposing factors, usefulness and limitation of cultural study in its diagnosis, and consideration on the appropriate amphotericin B therapy]. Ikegami, K; Shiono, S; Sugimoto, H; Sugimoto, T; Tabata, T; Yoshioka, T, 1989)	0.48
" In the treatment of fungal endophthalmitis, an increased dosage of liposome-bound amphotericin B (above that dosage of free drug which would be required) is suggested."	( Efficacy of liposome-bound amphotericin B for the treatment of experimental fungal endophthalmitis in rabbits. Khoobehi, B; Liu, KR; Peyman, GA, 1989)	0.8
" Amphotericin B dosing variables and other potential risk factors were analyzed in a logistic regression model."	( Risk factors for Amphotericin B-associated nephrotoxicity. Fisher, MA; Maislin, G; McKeon, BP; Strom, BL; Talbot, GH; Tynan, KP, 1989)	1.53
" An increase in weight was also protective when the two other dosage variables were held constant."	( Risk factors for Amphotericin B-associated nephrotoxicity. Fisher, MA; Maislin, G; McKeon, BP; Strom, BL; Talbot, GH; Tynan, KP, 1989)	0.62
" Tissue accumulation studies of amphotericin B after repeat dosing may be a useful adjunct to formulation development."	( In-vivo studies of amphotericin B liposomes derived from proliposomes: effect of formulation on toxicity and tissue disposition of the drug in mice. Cosgrove, RF; Green, AP; Liu, L; Payne, NI, 1987)	0.88
" Seven children had impaired aminoglycoside clearance without increases (greater than 50%) in serum creatinine; hence the resulting adjustments in aminoglycoside dosage would not have been made had we relied solely on serial measurements of serum creatinine."	( Monitoring serum aminoglycoside concentrations in children with amphotericin B nephrotoxicity. Baker, DK; Goren, MP; Kalwinsky, DK; Shenep, JL; Viar, MJ; Wright, RK, 1988)	0.51
" The pharmacologic profiles, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical indications for use, dosage recommendations, side effects, and drug interactions for these agents are presented."	( The pharmacology of agents used in the treatment of pulmonary mycoses. Borgers, M; Cauwenbergh, G; Vanden Bossche, H, 1986)	0.27
" The in vitro activity of LY121019 is marked by a paradoxical dose-response with isolates of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis and is influenced by choice of inoculum size, time and temperature of incubation, medium composition, and pH."	( Influence of in vitro susceptibility testing conditions on the anti-candidal activity of LY121019. Gerarden, T; Pfaller, MA; Wenzel, RP; Yu, M, 1988)	0.27
" Because of the large pharmacokinetic variability and the high rate of serious adverse effects, individualized dosing of amphotericin B based on therapeutic drug monitoring should be considered."	( Pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of amphotericin B in infants and children. Bologa-Campeanu, M; Golas, C; Klein, J; Koren, G; Lau, A; MacLeod, SM; Prober, C; Soldin, S, 1988)	0.75
" These findings were confirmed by dose-response curves calculated from fungal dry weight determinations of Rhizopus spp."	( Synergistic action of amphotericin B and rifampin against Rhizopus species. Christenson, JC; Guruswamy, A; Marks, MI; Shalit, I; Welch, DF, 1987)	0.59
" These data are of importance for the optimal sequencing and dosing of these drugs for future clinical trials."	( Schedule-dependent potentiation of lomustine cytotoxicity by amphotericin B in mice. Chabot, G; Dieckman, J; Valeriote, F, 1986)	0.51
" Only two patients showed evidence of nephrotoxicity and no dosage modification of amphotericin B was required in any patient."	( Amphotericin-B nephrotoxicity in humans decreased by sodium supplements with coadministration of ticarcillin or intravenous saline. Branch, RA; Heidemann, H; Jackson, EK; Jacqz, E; Meusers, P; Ohnhaus, EE; Ray, WA; Stein, R, 1987)	0.5
" A dose-response was observed with different concentrations of the drug."	( In vitro and in vivo susceptibility of Candida keratitis to topical polyenes. Head, WS; O'Day, DM; Ray, WA; Robinson, RD; Savage, AM, 1987)	0.27
" The mean dosage of vancomycin was higher for the auditory impairment group than for the unimpaired group."	( Auditory brainstem response in young burn-wound patients treated with ototoxic drugs. Gary, LB; Hall, JW; Herndon, DN; Winkler, JB, 1986)	0.27
" Prospective studies are needed to guide clinicians in determining indications for amphotericin B use and the proper dosage and length of treatment for the drug."	( Retrospective review of amphotericin B use in a tertiary-care medical center. Gross, MH; Perfect, JR; Pickard, WW, 1987)	0.8
" The results showed that in this low dosage dexamethasone did not worsen the course of the infection in a single case."	( [Effect of corticosteroids in antimycotic therapy of Candida keratitis]. Behrens-Baumann, W; Küster, M, 1987)	0.27
" Non-survival appeared to be associated with an inadequate total dosage (less than 6 mg/kg); survivors received a mean total dose of 570 mg."	( Systemic candidiasis in a surgical intensive care unit. Soutter, DI; Todd, TR, 1986)	0.27
" AmB pharmacokinetics are different in infants and children than in adults; these differences may have implications for determining optimal pediatric dosing regimens."	( Pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B in infants and children. Kaplan, SL; Kramer, WG; Mason, EO; Starke, JR, 1987)	0.6
" Miconazole was found to be an effective agent in some patients when administered in a dosage of 2400 mg/day."	( Fungal endophthalmitis in narcotic abusers. Medical and surgical therapy in 10 patients. Billson, F; Clifton-Bligh, P; Gallo, J; Gregory-Roberts, J; Grunstein, H; Playfair, J, 1985)	0.27
" The topics covered include the risk factors associated with the development of fungal infections; the difficulties of diagnosing a fungal infection; the empiric use of amphotericin B (with a review of clinical trials and dosing guidelines); and the role of other therapeutic measures in oral prophylaxis and treatment."	( Empiric amphotericin B therapy in patients with acute leukemia. DeGregorio, MW; Holleran, WM; Wilbur, JR, )	0.76
" On the basis of our findings we have determined the optimal dosage that achieves desired concentrations."	( [Monitoring of treatment involving 5-fluorocytosine]. Bernard, E; Chichmanian, RM; Dellamonica, P; Fournier, JP; Garraffo, R; Lapalus, P; Le Fichoux, Y; Marty, P, 1985)	0.27
" Amphotericin B and terbinafine possessed intermediate ATP-suppressing activity, and the dose-response and pH-response curves for these compounds suggested their mechanism of ATP suppression differed from that of the active imidazole derivatives."	( Suppression of ATP in Candida albicans by imidazole and derivative antifungal agents. Abbott, AB; Cheesman, SL; Odds, FC, 1985)	1.18
" Used in high dosage by the intraventricular as well as the intravenous route, this drug might be successful in the treatment of further cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis."	( Sensitivity to amphotericin B of a Naegleria sp. isolated from a case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. Carter, RF, 1969)	0.6
" A linear dose-response curve was obtained with amphotericin B; the curve for hamycin was curvilinear."	( Bioassay for hamycin and amphotericin B in serum and other biological fluids. McCay, JA; Schwartz, SI; Shadomy, S, 1969)	0.81
" In dose-response studies, increases in cell membrane permeability, measured as the loss of K+ ions, occurred along with the stimulation of [3H]uridine incorporation into RNA."	( Stimulatory, permeabilizing, and toxic effects of amphotericin B on L cells. Brajtburg, J; Elberg, S; Kobayashi, GS; Medoff, G; Medoff, J; Schlessinger, D, 1984)	0.52
" Complete dose-response curves of H+ secretion as a function of K+ concentration could now be obtained."	( Cation effects on acid secretion in rabbit gastric glands. Berglindh, T; Koelz, HR; Sachs, G, 1981)	0.26
" Review of these five cases and 31 additional relapsing cases from the literature indicates that fungal endocarditis or endarteritis without surgical treatment, underlying lymphoreticular neoplasm, and amphotericin B dosage of less than 2 g appear to be associated with relapse of PDH."	( Conditions associated with relapse of amphotericin B-treated disseminated histoplasmosis. Alford, RH; Bradsher, RW; Hawkins, SS; Spickard, WA, 1982)	0.72
" In some resistant or extremely severe fungal infections antifungal agents can be used in combinations for their synergistic effects, with subsequent reduction of dosage and potential side-effects."	( [First human case of Drechslera longirostrata mycosis. Spondylodiscitis complicating prosthesis endocarditis. Treatment with combined ketoconazole and amphotericin B]. Brodaty, D; Chapman, A; Drouhet, E; Guilmet, D; Kouvalchouk, JF; Laudet, J; Ziza, JM, 1982)	0.46
" Cryptococcemia was strongly associated with corticosteroid therapy, especially when the dosage had recently been increased."	( Cryptococcemia. Durack, DT; Gallis, HA; Perfect, JR, 1983)	0.27
" Survival rates were similar for the two preparations at each dosage of amphotericin B; however, the highest survival rates occurred at dosages of liposomal amphotericin B which would be lethal to these animals if administered as the commercial drug."	( Efficacy of liposome-intercalated amphotericin B in the treatment of systemic candidiasis in mice. Barza, M; Fiore, C; Szoka, F; Tremblay, C, 1984)	0.78
" It is clearly seen from the table that the optimal modern therapy of systemic mycoses is a combination of 5-fluorocytosine in a normal dosage and amphotericin B at reduced dosage."	( [Antimycotic chemotherapy in weakened resistance]. Wegmann, T, 1984)	0.47
" Rechallenge with a lower dosage prompted a rapid rise in the levels, with subsequent return to normal when the medication was withdrawn."	( Reversible hepatotoxicity related to amphotericin B. Miller, MA, 1984)	0.54
" The 7-ketocholesterol-resistant mutants had regained increased level of free cholesterol, and they showed somewhat similar dose-response curves to amphotericin B as that of V79."	( Secondary mutation resistant to 7-ketocholesterol rescues a sterol metabolic defect in amphotericin B-resistant Chinese hamster cell line. Akiyama, SI; Hidaka, K; Kuwano, M; Masuda, A, 1983)	0.69
" This suggests that plasma clearance of unbound amphotericin B and, therefore, steady-state plasma concentrations of unbound drug are not affected by renal impairment, and that dosage requirements will be overestimated if based on measurements of total drug plasma concentration."	( Elimination of amphotericin B in impaired renal function. Bury, RW; Ching, MS; Gurr, FW; Kong, B; Mashford, ML; Morgan, DJ; Raymond, K; Sabto, J; Somogyi, AA, 1983)	0.87
" A dose-response effect was noted with both BCNU and adriamycin, with increased potentiation being observed with increasing doses of the anticancer agents."	( Potentiation of anticancer agents by amphotericin B. Dieckman, J; Medoff, G; Valeriote, F, 1981)	0.54
" Short-term limited dosing with amphotericin B (6-8 mg/kg total dose) in conjunction with appraisal of clinical response is adequate therapy for most presumed Candida infections."	( Candida infections in surgical patients. Dose requirements and toxicity of amphotericin B. Flohr, A; Simmons, RL; Solomkin, JS, 1982)	0.78
" Dosage and duration of corticotherapy are function of eosinophilia and total IgE levels."	( [Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (author's transl)]. Artigou, C; de Fenoyl, O; Gagnebien, S; Leclerc, P; Rochemaure, J, 1982)	0.26
" After discontinuation of the drug use there were found elements of the fungi possibly due to insufficient dosage of the drug in the form of tablets."	( [Our experience treating deep mycoses with amphoglucamine]. Moskovskaia, MA, 1981)	0.26
" Amphotericin B without surgical resection, concurrent with reduction in the dosage of corticosteroids, resulted in clinical and roentgenogrphic resolution of the infection."	( Cryptococcus laurentii lung abscess. Kauffman, CA; Kissner, DG; Lynch, JP; Schaberg, DR, 1981)	1.17
"25 mg/kg/day intravenously (IV) and increased to a dosage of 2 mg/kg/day, and therapy was continued for three to four weeks."	( Amphotericin B in the treatment of candida meningitis in three neonates. Aydin, M; Cetinkaya, F; Gürses, N; Küçüködük, S; Yalin, T, )	1.57
"We studied 11 patients with CM who were maintained with amphotericin B and were then switched to oral fluconazole therapy alone at a dosage of 400 mg/d for a period of up to 19 months."	( Fluconazole therapy in coccidioidal meningitis maintained with intrathecal amphotericin B. Arsura, EL; Caldwell, JW; Johnson, RH; Nemecheck, P; Pérez, JA, )	0.61
" Further studies delineating both optimal dosage and characteristics of patients likely to respond to fluconazole therapy alone are needed."	( Fluconazole therapy in coccidioidal meningitis maintained with intrathecal amphotericin B. Arsura, EL; Caldwell, JW; Johnson, RH; Nemecheck, P; Pérez, JA, )	0.36
" Various physiologic variables influence flucytosine pharmacokinetics, and there are no guidelines for dosing the agent in obese patients."	( Flucytosine dosing in an obese patient with extrameningeal cryptococcal infection. Gillum, JG; Johnson, M; Lavoie, S; Venitz, J, )	0.13
" Therapeutic monitoring of pulmonary lesions by UFCT demonstrated a significant dose-response relationship."	( Therapeutic monitoring of experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis by ultrafast computerized tomography, a novel, noninvasive method for measuring responses to antifungal therapy. Allende, M; Bacher, J; Feurerstein, E; Francesconi, A; Garrett, K; Girton, M; Pizzo, PA; Schaufele, R; Walsh, TJ, 1995)	0.29
" Amphotericin B dosage escalations to 50 and 70 mg were tolerated similarly."	( Amphotericin B toxicity reduced by administration in fat emulsion. Anderson, RP; Clark, DA, 1995)	2.64
"We have treated 10 patients suffering from kala-azar in Brazil with Amphocil (amphotericin B cholesterol dispersion) at a dose of 2 mg/kg/d for 5 d, following an earlier study in which this dosage for 7 d was found to cure all of 9 patients, with no relapse during 12 months."	( Treatment of kala-azar in Brazil with Amphocil (amphotericin B cholesterol dispersion) for 5 days. Brito, EF; Dember, J; Dietze, R; Fagundes, SM; Feitosa, TF; Fonschiffrey, G; Ksionski, G; Milan, EP; Suassuna, FA, )	0.62
" Well-defined dose-response curves reflecting impairment of mitochondrial function by the antifungal agents were obtained."	( Susceptibility testing of Candida albicans and Aspergillus species by a simple microtiter menadione-augmented 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay. Bhakdi, S; Jahn, B; Martin, E; Stueben, A, 1995)	0.29
" The use and dosage of conventional amphotericin B (deoxycholate-suspended formulation) is limited by its toxicity, especially nephrotoxicity."	( [Remission of invasive sinusal and pulmonary aspergillosis with liposomal amphotericin B in a patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia following failure with conventional amphotericin]. Acebedo, G; Jodar, JM; López, A; Palacio, C, 1994)	0.79
"The charts of 30 children with 31 episodes of candidemia were retrospectively reviewed for patient data, dates of positive and negative cultures for Candida from blood and other sites, dates of removal of the intravascular catheters, duration and dosage of amphotericin B administration, and outcome."	( Short-course amphotericin B therapy for candidemia in pediatric patients. Donowitz, LG; Hendley, JO, 1995)	0.84
"The pharmacokinetic profiles of amphotericin B (AmB) after administration of Amphocil, an AmB/cholesteryl sulfate colloidal dispersion (ABCD) and the micellar AmB/deoxycholate (Fungizone) were compared after repeated dosing in rats."	( Comparative tissue distribution and elimination of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (Amphocil) and Fungizone after repeated dosing in rats. Fielding, RM; Guo, LS; Smith, PC; Wang, LH, 1995)	0.83
" Amphotericin B is often considered as the gold standard treatment despite its high toxicity particularly with high dosage (1-1."	( [Curative treatment of invasive aspergillosis]. Dupont, B, 1994)	1.2
" Six patients were treated with Amphotericin B for a median of 12 days (range 6-32) and a median dosage of 420 mg (range 225-830 mg)."	( Candida in pancreatic infection: a clinical experience. Aloia, T; Bell, RH; Bjornson, S; Fink, AS; McFadden, DW; Nussbaum, MS; Sewak, L; Solomkin, J, 1994)	0.57
" These findings may have implications for dosing antifungal agents in systemic yeast infections."	( The postantibiotic effect of antifungal agents against common pathogenic yeasts. Craig, WA; Gudmundsson, S; Turnidge, JD; Vogelman, B, 1994)	0.29
" Clinical trials in humans must examine carefully the therapeutic-toxic ratio in dose-escalation protocols to determine the optimal dosage strategy for this agent."	( Amphotericin B lipid complex in the treatment of experimental cryptococcal meningitis and disseminated candidosis. Perfect, JR; Wright, KA, 1994)	1.73
"The rationale for use of the parenteral amphotericin B formulation to prepare an otic dosage form, and the rationale for the specific concentration and expiration date chosen are discussed."	( Otic administration of amphotericin B 0.25% in sterile water. Copfer, AL; Kintzel, PE; Trausch, DE, 1994)	0.87
" Antifungal activity was directly related to increasing dosage of ABCD as determined by the concentration of Aspergillus fumigatus organisms in lungs and the frequency of hemorrhagic pulmonary lesions."	( Dose-dependent antifungal activity and nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in experimental pulmonary aspergillosis. Allende, MC; Berenguer, J; Dollenberg, H; Francis, P; Garrett, K; Lee, JW; Lyman, CA; Pizzo, PA; Walsh, TJ, 1994)	0.53
"Fifty children in the first decade of life, and suffering from multiple drug resistant kala-azar, confirmed by demonstration of amastigotes in aspirates of bone marrow or spleen were treated with amphotericin B in gradually increasing dosage to a total dose of 20 mg/kg."	( Efficacy of amphotericin B in multi-drug resistant kala-azar in children in first decade of life. Barat, D; Pandey, AK; Sharma, V; Sinha, GP; Sinha, PK; Thakur, CP, )	0.7
" However, multilamellar liposomal amphotericin B at conventional dosage was not without detectable toxicity in this patient population."	( Clinical experience with multilamellar liposomal amphotericin B in patients with proven and suspected fungal infections. Barber, KR; Grant, CW; Ralph, ED, 1993)	0.82
" Although AmBisome was three-fold less active than Fungizone on a dosage basis, higher curative doses could be given that were not toxic."	( Therapeutic efficacy of a liposomal formulation of amphotericin B (AmBisome) against murine blastomycosis. Clemons, KV; Stevens, DA, 1993)	0.54
" With 15 mg of cilofungin per kg twice a day for 10 days, a survival rate of 43 to 50% was observed in both normal and granulocytopenic mice compared with 56 and 60%, respectively, when this dosage was continued for 30 days."	( Comparative efficacies of cilofungin (Ly121019) and amphotericin B against disseminated Candida albicans infection in normal and granulocytopenic mice. Bodey, GP; Kalvakuntla, L; Khardori, N; Nguyen, H; Rosenbaum, B; Stephens, LC, 1993)	0.54
" Miconazole at high dosage (60 mg/kg) suppressed mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation, otherwise a single dose of any of the drugs had no effect on neutrophil or lymphocyte function irrespective of concentration used."	( The effects of amphotericin B, fluconazole and miconazole on neutrophil and lymphocyte function in a guinea pig model. Drummond, DC; McCormack, JG; Whitman, LM; Wong, CW, 1995)	0.64
" Optimal dosing of either antifungal agent has not been defined in the studies."	( Antifungal prophylaxis in bone marrow transplant. Althaus, BL; Lam, HH, 1995)	0.29
" This study showed that amphotericin B should be given at a dosage of 1 mg/kg bw/day for 20 days for Indian kala-azar patients to minimise relapses and prevent development of drug unresponsiveness."	( Comparison of regimens of amphotericin B deoxycholate in kala-azar. Pandey, AK; Sinha, GP; Thakur, CP, 1996)	0.9
" Intermittent dosing enables a short period of hospitalization."	( Visceral leishmaniasis in HIV infected patients: treatment with high dose liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome). Caldeira, L; Davidson, RN; Gradoni, L; Minniti, S; Montineri, A; Nigro, LC; Russo, R, 1996)	0.52
" Nevertheless, several questions remain to be answered regarding the optimal choice of antifungal agent for both nonneutropenic and neutropenic patients, the dosing schedule and duration of therapy, the role of combination antifungal therapy, and the efficacy of the lipid formulations of polyenes."	( Problems and controversies in the management of hematogenous candidiasis. Anaissie, EJ; Uzun, O, 1996)	0.29
" Thirty parasitologically confirmed patients were randomly divided into 3 equal treatment groups; group 1 received AmBisome 2mg/kg on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10 (total dose 14 mg/kg); group 2 received AmBisome 2 mg/kg on days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 10 (total dose 10 mg/kg); group 3 received the same dosage on 1, 5 and 10 (total dose 6 mg/kg)."	( Comparison of three treatment regimens with liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) for visceral leishmaniasis in India: a randomized dose-finding study. Behbehani, K; Olliaro, P; Pandey, AK; Roy, S; Sinha, GP; Thakur, CP, )	0.38
" The level of daily dosing is dependent on age, physiological status of the gastrointestinal tract, and underlying disease of the patient."	( [Effect of orally administered polyene antimycotics on the intestinal colonization with yeasts: possibilities and limitations]. Blaschke-Hellmessen, R; Buchmann, H; Schwarze, R, 1996)	0.29
" Our results suggest that fresh serum positively influenced PAFE which may be an important factor in determining the dosing regimen for infection by yeasts."	( Influence of human serum on the postantifungal effect of four antifungal agents on Candida albicans. García, MT; Lima, JE; Mínguez, F; Prieto, J, )	0.13
"To review the literature regarding the dosage of amphotericin B in Candida infections."	( Is there a therapeutic or pharmacokinetic rationale for amphotericin B dosing in systemic Candida infections? Gentry, CA; Hampton, EM; Nagata, MP, )	0.63
"Studies that directly assessed amphotericin B dosage and/or duration, pharmacokinetic literature dealing with plasma concentrations and amphotericin B disposition, and literature dealing with dose and/or concentration as well as clinical outcome were selected for inclusion."	( Is there a therapeutic or pharmacokinetic rationale for amphotericin B dosing in systemic Candida infections? Gentry, CA; Hampton, EM; Nagata, MP, )	0.66
" Most of the articles mentioning dosing provide little or no justification for the doses employed."	( Is there a therapeutic or pharmacokinetic rationale for amphotericin B dosing in systemic Candida infections? Gentry, CA; Hampton, EM; Nagata, MP, )	0.38
" Daily dosing initially followed by every-other-day administration of twice the daily dose is better tolerated by the patient than daily dosing and produces a similar therapeutic outcome."	( Is there a therapeutic or pharmacokinetic rationale for amphotericin B dosing in systemic Candida infections? Gentry, CA; Hampton, EM; Nagata, MP, )	0.38
" Among 21 recipients of ABLC at a dosage of 5 mg/kg (daily for 2 weeks and then thrice weekly for 4 weeks), symptoms and signs resolved for 18 (86%)."	( Amphotericin B lipid complex compared with amphotericin B in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Eng, RH; Fan-Havard, P; Gordon, DS; Graybill, JR; Gupta, R; Hausrath, SG; Johnson, ES; Kolokathis, A; Lee, LW; Meyer, RD; Mildvan, D; Patterson, TF; Pollard, RB; Pottage, JC; Sharkey, PK; Simberkoff, MS; Wolf, J, 1996)	1.74
" It is concluded that even when given in the same dosage as des-AmB and lipid-AmB, lipos-AmB is more effective in the treatment of murine candidiasis, although it is less effective in vitro."	( Effects of amphotericin B incorporated into liposomes and in lipid suspensions in the treatment of murine candidiasis. Hannak, D; Hof, H; Kretschmar, M; Nichterlein, T, 1996)	0.68
" In addition, AmB markedly augmented macrophage NO production induced by IFN-gamma with a dose-response curve similar to that seen with its effect on the anticryptococcal activity."	( Anticryptococcal effect of amphotericin B is mediated through macrophage production of nitric oxide. Kawakami, K; Saito, A; Tohyama, M, 1996)	0.59
" The ILd-AmB dosage was decreased due to toxicity in three patients in each group."	( Amphotericin B in a lipid emulsion for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patients. Geoffray, C; Goujard, C; Joly, V; Maslo, C; Méchali, D; Raffi, F; Reynes, J; Yeni, P, 1996)	1.74
" This data is then used to define the dosing recommendation for the diseased patient population."	( Modifications in plasma lipoprotein concentration and lipid composition regulate the biological activity of hydrophobic drugs. Wasan, KM, 1996)	0.29
" In addition, both AmBisome regimens reduced hepatosplenic dissemination, and the 10 m/kg dosage fully prevented this complication."	( Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) reduces dissemination of infection as compared with amphotericin B deoxycholate (Fungizone) in a rate model of pulmonary aspergillosis. Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; de Marie, S; Leenders, AC; ten Kate, MT; Verbrugh, HA, 1996)	0.7
" Forty-six patients were assigned to receive Intralipid/amphotericin B at a 50% higher dosage (1 mg/[kg."	( Randomized comparison of amphotericin B deoxycholate dissolved in dextrose or Intralipid for the treatment of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Aboulker, JP; Aubry, P; Carrière, I; Coulaud, JP; Joly, V; Kawa, E; Larouze, B; Mlika-Cabanne, N; Ndayiragide, A; Yeni, P, 1996)	0.84
" The high sensitivity curve range for low AmBisome dosage (1."	( A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of amphotericin B serum concentrations after the administration of AmBisome, a liposomal amphotericin B formulation. Alak, A; Bekersky, I; Moy, S, 1996)	0.53
" In vitro, Candida albicans and human red blood cells (RBCs) were treated with either product and dose-response curves for various cellular effects (changes in potassium cell content, haemoglobin leakage from RBCs and colony-forming ability of fungal cells) were obtained."	( In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of a new amphotericin B emulsion-based delivery system. Appel, M; Barratt, G; Devissaguet, JP; Fessi, H; Puisieux, F; Tabosa Do Egito, ES, 1996)	0.56
" Complete healing was achieved after re-treatment with itraconazole for 20 weeks at the same dosage in combination with topical amorolfine and local hyperthermia."	( [Diagnosis, clinical aspects and therapy of early chromoblastomycosis in a case example]. de Hoog, GS; Gründer, K; Köhn, FM; Mayser, P; Qadripur, S; Schill, WB, 1996)	0.29
" Further studies with a large number of patients are needed to assess the effect of early antifungal therapy on the decrease in mortality associated with candidemia and to determine the appropriate dosage of fluconazole and duration of treatment."	( Candidemia in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: analysis of prognostic factors and assessment of systemic antifungal therapy. Study Group of Fungal Infection in the ICU. Ibáñez-Lucía, P; León-Gil, C; León-Regidor, MA; Martínez-González, J; Nolla-Salas, J; Sitges-Serra, A; Torres-Rodríguez, JM, 1997)	0.3
"8 microg of Fungizone was injected intravenously before intravenous dosing of FK23."	( Augmentation of production of TNF-alpha and anti-tumour activity by an amphotericin B preparation for clinical use in mice. Abe, S; Okutomi, T; Ubukata, T; Yamaguchi, H; Yamaoka, K, 1997)	0.53
"6 weeks, total IL-AmB dosage = 19."	( Renal tolerance with the use of intralipid-amphotericin B in low-birth-weight neonates. deLemos, RA; Friedlich, PS; Fujitani, A; Steinberg, I, 1997)	0.56
" Moreover, the assessment of cellular functions in parasites treated with increasing concentrations of drugs certified the capacity of these techniques to establish dose-response curves and to permit the detection of side effects."	( Leishmania infantum promastigotes: flow cytometry as a possible tool for assessing the effects of drugs on cellular functions. Azas, N; Delmas, F; Di Giorgio, C; Gasquet, M; Timon-David, P, 1997)	0.3
"5 mg of ABLC/kg of body weight/day for 6 weeks for a total dosage of 105 mg/kg."	( Safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B lipid complex in children with hepatosplenic candidiasis. Chanock, SJ; Figg, WD; Gupta, R; Hill, S; Jarosinski, P; Piscitelli, S; Pizzo, PA; Walsh, TJ; Whitcomb, P, 1997)	0.56
" Increased duration and/or dosage improved the efficacy of nikkomycin Z, with 10 days of each dose curing 50 to 90% of the animals."	( Efficacy of nikkomycin Z against experimental pulmonary blastomycosis. Clemons, KV; Stevens, DA, 1997)	0.3
" The need to modify fluconazole dosage in patients receiving continuous venovenous haemofiltration is discussed."	( Hazards of inadequate fluconazole dosage to treat deep-seated or systemic Candida albicans infection. Barnes, RA; Flanagan, PG, 1997)	0.3
" Patient-care concerns include appropriate patient selection, dosing and administration issues, and the prevention, early identification, and management of toxicities."	( The novel lipid delivery system of amphotericin B: drug profile and relevance to clinical practice. Jameson, G; Rust, DM, )	0.41
" Lipid preparations of amphotericin B have reduced the toxicity of this agent, but some issues of dosage and efficacy remain."	( Therapy of deep fungal infection in haematological malignancy. Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. , 1997)	0.61
" the starting dosage, the maximum effective dosage and the cumulative dosage, and to verify whether the preparation should be associated with another antifungal agent."	( Liposomal amphotericin B treatment for neonatal fungal infections. de Lucia, A; Giugliano, B; Pasquariello, MB; Scarcella, A; Vendemmia, M, 1998)	0.7
" It is an understanding of these concepts that forms the basis for the design of dosing strategies that maximize clinical efficacy and minimize toxicity."	( Antibiotic use in the critical care unit. Ambrose, PG; Crowe, HM; Cunha, BA; Nightingale, CH; Owens, RC; Quintiliani, R; Yeston, N, 1998)	0.3
" At each study site, sequential cohorts of 10 patients each received three different dosage regimens of AmBisome."	( Efficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) for visceral leishmaniasis in endemic developing countries. Badaro, R; Behbehani, K; Berman, JD; Bryceson, AD; Davidson, R; Kuzoe, F; Pang, L; Thakur, CP; Wasunna, KM; Weerasuriya, K, 1998)	0.58
" AmBisome was administered with two different dosage schedules."	( Administration of liposomal agents and blood clearance capacity of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; Snijders, SV; ten Kate, MT; van Etten, EW, 1998)	0.3
" Aggressive diagnostic approach, early initiation of treatment, adequate dosing of antifungals, and close follow-up may improve the currently dismal prognosis."	( Pulmonary aspergillosis and invasive disease in AIDS: review of 342 cases. Barlam, TF; Flanigan, T; Mylonakis, E; Rich, JD, 1998)	0.3
" The protocol was an open-label, sequential-dose-escalation, multidose pharmacokinetic study which enrolled a total of 8 to 12 patients in each of the four dosage cohorts."	( Safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of a small unilamellar liposomal formulation of amphotericin B (AmBisome) in neutropenic patients. Alak, A; Barret, J; Bekersky, I; Boswell, G; Buell, D; Chanock, S; Freifeld, A; Gonzalez, C; Jarosinski, P; McEvoy, M; Seibel, NI; Walsh, TJ; Whitcomb, PO; Wilson, W; Yeldandi, V, 1998)	0.52
"Amphotericin B has long been the mainstay in the treatment of systemic fungal infections, but its nephrotoxicity limits the dosage that can be used."	( Lipid formulations of amphotericin B. Goldman, M; Jones, E, 1998)	2.06
" The 1-mg/kg dosage maintained plasma drug levels above the MIC for 18 h, and dosages of >/=5 mg/kg maintained plasma drug levels above the MIC for the entire 24-h dosing interval."	( Antifungal efficacy, safety, and single-dose pharmacokinetics of LY303366, a novel echinocandin B, in experimental pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits. Bacher, J; Bell, A; Callender, DP; Groll, AH; McMillian, CL; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Schaufele, RL; Sein, T; Walsh, TJ, 1998)	0.3
" The antifungal activity was highly dependent on the dosage of ABCV on the basis of survival of treated mice and cfu in lung, liver, spleen and kidney."	( Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of amphotericin B delivered through cholesterol hemisuccinate vesicles in the treatment of experimental murine aspergillosis. Ghosh, PC; Khan, JA; Saxena, S, 1998)	0.57
"d) dosage is as effective as a 4-mg/(kg."	( An EORTC international multicenter randomized trial (EORTC number 19923) comparing two dosages of liposomal amphotericin B for treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Boogaerts, M; Collette, L; de Pauw, B; Doyen, C; Ellis, M; Krcmery, V; MacDonald, P; Marinus, A; Meis, J; Meunier, F; Selleslag, D; Spence, D; Sylvester, R; Vandercam, B; von Sinner, W, 1998)	0.51
" Further, these results may have an important bearing on dosage regimens currently employed in treating oral candidosis."	( Adhesion of oral Candida albicans isolates to denture acrylic following limited exposure to antifungal agents. Ellepola, AN; Samaranayake, LP, 1998)	0.3
" Unfortunately, pharmacokinetics and optimal dosage of diamidines are not well-known, and numerous adverse events are described."	( [Treatment of infantile visceral leishmaniasis]. Dumon, H; Faraut-Gambarelli, F; Garnier, JM; Gire, C; Minodier, P; Piarroux, R, 1999)	0.3
" There was no correlation between pulmonary complications, dosage of amphotericin B and deaths."	( Invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic patients: rapid neutrophil recovery is a risk factor for severe pulmonary complications. Bellavite, P; Bonesi, R; Franchini, M; Giuffrida, C; Meneghini, V; Murari, C; Perona, G; Pizzolo, G; Tecchio, C; Todeschini, G; Verlato, G, 1999)	0.54
" Preliminary pharmacokinetic studies in non-infected animals established linear drug disposition of liposomal nystatin in plasma over the investigated dosage range and peak plasma levels above the MIC for the test strain after multiple daily dosing for 7 days."	( Liposomal nystatin against experimental pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits: efficacy, safety and non-compartmental pharmacokinetics. Bacher, J; Feuerstein, E; Giri, N; Gonzalez, CE; Groll, AH; Kligys, K; Love, W; Peter, J; Piscitelli, SC; Walsh, TJ, 1999)	0.3
" One patient with Candida albicans sepsis (pod 4) recovered under increased dosage of Ambisome (3 mg kg-1 per day)."	( Systemic mycoses during prophylactical use of liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome) after liver transplantation. Braun, F; Lorf, T; Müller, A; Ringe, B; Rüchel, R; Sattler, B, 1999)	0.55
" The safe use of antimycotics requires checking drug sensitivity of causative fungi in a laboratory, and establishing the optimal dosage for patients with impaired renal function."	( [Evaluation of antimycotics in the elderly]. Fukayama, M, 1999)	0.3
" It was concluded that the dosage of amphotericin B used was an effective and well-tolerated regimen and achieved 99% cure."	( Amphotericin B deoxycholate treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with newer modes of administration and precautions: a study of 938 cases. Hassan, SM; Kumar, A; Kumar, R; Narain, S; Singh, RK; Thakur, CP, )	1.85
" The optimal dosage of L-nystatin was 5 mg/kg daily on days 1, 2, 4, and 7 (90% survival)."	( Dose range evaluation of liposomal nystatin and comparisons with amphotericin B and amphotericin B lipid complex in temporarily neutropenic mice infected with an isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus with reduced susceptibility to amphotericin B. Denning, DW; Warn, P, 1999)	0.54
"To understand the relationship between dosage and therapeutic response of amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) by analyzing underlying diseases, types of infections, and therapeutic outcomes with different dosages as second-line antifungal therapy."	( Retrospective analysis of the dosage of amphotericin B lipid complex for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. Lee, L; Linden, P; Walsh, TJ, 1999)	0.8
"Patients were to receive the recommended dosage of ABLC 5 mg/kg/day, with dosage reduction for markedly increased serum creatinine."	( Retrospective analysis of the dosage of amphotericin B lipid complex for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. Lee, L; Linden, P; Walsh, TJ, 1999)	0.57
" Selectivity alone improves drug potency, eliminates side effects and allows for dosage reduction."	( Liposome-based drug delivery systems. Kral, TE; Langner, M, )	0.13
" At the investigated dosages of 5 mg/kg/day, all AmB lipid formulations achieved at least fourfold-higher concentrations in bone marrow than did standard D-AmB at a dosage of 1 mg/kg/day."	( Distribution of lipid formulations of amphotericin B into bone marrow and fat tissue in rabbits. Groll, AH; Mickiene, D; Piscitelli, SC; Walsh, TJ, 2000)	0.58
" The treatment with or without removal of the shunt and the correct dosage and route of administration of the antifungal agents is not well documented."	( The treatment of Candida albicans shunt infections. Bradley, J; James, HE; Murphy, K, 2000)	0.31
" There was no effect on pre-wean developmental landmarks, but post-wean development was affected by Nyotran administration at all dosage levels."	( The reproductive and developmental toxicity of the antifungal drug Nyotran (liposomal nystatin) in rats and rabbits. Cossum, PA; Larson, JL; Marr, MC; Myers, CB; Tyl, RW; Wallace, TL, 2000)	0.31
" Plasma amphotericin B levels following ABLC administration were 10 times lower than those following administration of an equal dosage of DAmB."	( Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B lipid complex in rabbits. Amantea, M; Bacher, J; Jackson, AJ; Lee, JW; Sein, T; Walsh, TJ; Zech, L, 2000)	1.02
" The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical experience, toxicity, dosing strategies, and cost of these three preparations--amphotericin B lipid complex, amphotericin B colloidal dispersion, and liposomal amphotericin B--were reviewed in detail in this chapter."	( Lipid formulations of amphotericin B. Andriole, VT; Dix, SP, 2000)	0.83
" Drug safety and efficacy were assessed before each dosage reduction."	( Targeted prophylaxis with amphotericin B lipid complex in liver transplantation. Ellis, RW; Fisher, NC; Hastings, JG; Jones, SG; Miller, SJ; Mutimer, DJ; Singhal, S, 2000)	0.61
" Infants who died < or = 24 h after attaining target dosing, recovered without therapy, had a focal infectious complication already present at the time target dosing was achieved or were diagnosed with invasive candidiasis only postmortem were excluded."	( Persistently positive cultures and outcome in invasive neonatal candidiasis. Chapman, RL; Faix, RG, 2000)	0.31
" Esophageal tissue VER-002 concentrations were dosage proportional and exceeded the MIC at all dosages."	( Dosage-dependent antifungal efficacy of V-echinocandin (LY303366) against experimental fluconazole-resistant oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis. Bacher, J; Francesconi, A; Groll, AH; Lyman, CA; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Piscitelli, SC; Schaufele, RL; Sein, T; Walsh, TJ, 2001)	0.31
" Pre-dose, C(max) and C(min) values of AB, after multiple LAB dosing to the other two patients both having acute myeloblastic leukemia were found to be 440+/-6, 1140+/-10, 409+/-11 ng/ml (day 19) and 408+/-3, 1180+/-10, and 283+/-1 ng/ml (day 9), respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B in neutropenic cancer patients. Agabeyoglu, I; Akova, M; Arican-Cellat, N; Eldem, T; Kansu, E, 2001)	0.6
" These parameters have been studied in correlation with in vivo outcomes in order to determine which dosing parameter is predictive of outcome and the magnitude of that parameter associated with efficacy."	( Pharmacodynamics of amphotericin B in a neutropenic-mouse disseminated-candidiasis model. Andes, D; Conklin, R; Stamsted, T, 2001)	0.63
" A newly recognized phenomenon known as the post-antifungal effect implies that antifungals, even at sub-therapeutic concentrations, may suppress the virulent attributes of yeasts, especially intra-orally where topical drug levels fluctuate dramatically during dosing intervals."	( Antimycotic agents in oral candidosis: an overview: 2. Treatment of oral candidosis. Ellepola, AN; Samaranayake, LP, 2000)	0.31
"5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg on days 1-5, respectively and then in the same dosage on alternate days."	( A randomized comparison of classical mode of administration of amphotericin B with its newer modes of administration in kala-azar. Kumar, N; Kumar, P; Narain, S; Singh, AK; Singh, GN; Thakur, CP, 1998)	0.54
" The patient failed to respond to treatment with a conventional dosage of a lipid formulation of amphotericin B (lifoAmB; 5 mg/kg/day) given alone or in combination with itraconazole, and he responded only to an aggressive strategy that included a very high dosage of lifoAmB (15 mg/kg/day) given in combination with itraconazole as well as a rapid reduction in immunosuppression."	( Progressive disseminated aspergillosis in a bone marrow transplant recipient: response with a high-dose lipid formulation of amphotericin B. Andersson, BS; Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Raad, II, 2001)	0.73
" Both drugs were dosed accordingly from 3 to 5 mg/kg/day."	( Comparison of amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) vs. ambisome in the treatment of suspected or documented fungal infections in patients with leukemia. Cortes, J; Estey, E; Fleming, RV; Husni, R; Kantarjian, HM; Lim, J; Pierce, S; Raad, I; Rolston, K, 2001)	0.67
" The optimal dosing remains unclear but is generally between 3 and 5 mg/kg/day."	( Amphotericin B and its new formulations: pharmacologic characteristics, clinical efficacy, and tolerability. Herbrecht, R; Letscher-Bru, V; Tiphine, M, 1999)	1.75
" The issue of optimal dosage has been a neglected area."	( Amphotericin B preparations: a maximum tolerated dose in severe invasive fungal infections? Ellis, M, 2000)	1.75
" When dosages usually used for therapy in humans were compared, the immunosuppressive effect of 5 mg of liposomal amphotericin B/kg of body weight/day was similar to that of standard amphotericin B at 1 mg/kg/day, but a dosage of liposomal amphotericin B of 1 mg/kg/day was not suppressive in vivo."	( Influence of liposomal amphotericin B on CD8 T-cell function. Bertsch, T; Geginat, G; Hof, H; Kretschmar, M; Nichterlein, T; Walter, S, 2001)	0.83
" In vitro, AH and Fungizone were equally active against Blastomyces dermatitidis and in vivo they were equivalent in prolonging mouse survival, when compared with equal dosing of AmB."	( A novel heparin-coated hydrophilic preparation of amphotericin B hydrosomes. Clemons, KV; Ranney, DF; Stevens, DA, 2001)	0.56
"The median cumulative dosage of amphotericin B was 240 mg (interquartile range, 113 to 500 mg), with the majority of patients (n = 361) receiving it for empiric treatment."	( The epidemiology of nephrotoxicity associated with conventional amphotericin B therapy. Burke, JP; Harbarth, S; Lloyd, JF; Pestotnik, SL; Samore, MH, 2001)	0.83
"We conducted a phase I-II study of the safety, tolerance, and plasma pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB; AmBisome) in order to determine its maximally tolerated dosage (MTD) in patients with infections due to Aspergillus spp."	( Safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of high-dose liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) in patients infected with Aspergillus species and other filamentous fungi: maximum tolerated dose study. Anaissie, EJ; Barrett, J; Bekersky, I; Buell, DN; Goodman, JL; Pappas, P; Roden, M; Walsh, TJ, 2001)	0.77
" AmBisome was more efficient in the reduction of the fungal burden of the liver than EAmB and Fungizone, even when applied in a similar dosage of 1 mg kg(-1)."	( Efficient treatment of murine systemic infection with Candida albicans using amphotericin B incorporated in nanosize range particles (emulsomes). Amselem, S; Dietz, A; Hof, H; Kretschmar, M; Mosbach, K; Nichterlein, T; Zawoznik, E, 2001)	0.54
"A valid population pharmacokinetic model for AmB has been developed and may now be used in conjunction with AmB toxicity and efficacy data to develop dosing guidelines for safe and effective AmB therapy in children with malignancy."	( Population pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B in children with malignant diseases. Earl, JW; Gunning, R; McLachlan, AJ; Nath, CE; Shaw, PJ, 2001)	0.6
" Despite prompt initiation of antimycotic therapy the outcome was fatal; dosage of conventional and liposomal amphotericin B was limited due to treatment-related toxicities."	( A novel type of metastatically spreading subcutaneous aspergillosis without epidermal lesions following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bethe, U; Cornely, OA; Pels, H; Ritzkowsky, A; Seibold, M; Soehngen, D; Toepelt, K, 2001)	0.52
" Prophylactic measures to avoid fungal contamination must be performed during hospitalization; patients should be taught how to avoid contamination, not only during the first period after transplantation, when high dosage immunosuppressive drugs are given, but also later when a normal lifestyle is resumed."	( Fungal skin infections in organ transplant recipients. Mantovani, L; Virgili, A; Zampino, MR, 2002)	0.31
" Different studies are described in this work to prove the stability of these new dosage forms."	( Amphotericin B in oil-water lecithin-based microemulsions: formulation and toxicity evaluation. Ballesteros, MP; Brime, B; Frutos, G; Frutos, P; Moreno, MA, 2002)	1.76
" Several dose-response patterns were observed as useful for classifying compounds based on their tendency to alter membrane integrity and to partition into the lipids of membranes, as well as their propensity to form aggregates or precipitates."	( Effects of membrane partitioning and other physical chemical properties on the apparent potency of "membrane active" compounds evaluated using red blood cell lysis assays. Buxser, S; Chapman, D, 2002)	0.31
" Further studies are warranted to investigate the implications of PAFE in relation to clinical efficacy and dosing frequency."	( Method for measuring postantifungal effect in Aspergillus species. Afeltra, J; Meis, JF; Mouton, JW; Verweij, PE; Vitale, RG, 2002)	0.31
" Special drug career systems and dosage forms, such as nanoparticles and liposomes hold the promise of overcoming the pharmacokinetic limitations."	( Drug delivery system of anti-fungal and parasitic agents. Maesaki, S, 2002)	0.31
" We introduced here the development-process of liposomal formulations of polyene macrolide antibiotics, amphotericin B (AmB) and nystatin as injectable dosage forms."	( Pharmaceutical design of the liposomal antimicrobial agents for infectious disease. Maruyama, K; Moribe, K, 2002)	0.53
" A conventional intravenous dosage form of Amphotericin B (AmB), Fungizone, is the most effective clinically available for treating fungal infections."	( Lipid formulation as a drug carrier for drug delivery. Tomii, Y, 2002)	0.58
"Data on demographics, prior and concomitant nephrotoxic drug therapy, daily laboratory values, and amphotericin B dosing were collected serially from medical and pharmacy records."	( Characterizing and predicting amphotericin B-associated nephrotoxicity in bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplant recipients. Anaissie, E; Gubbins, PO; McConnell, SA; Penzak, SR; Polston, S, 2002)	0.82
" Besides lack of data, an appropriate dosing regimen and consistent means of product formulation need to be determined."	( Treatment of azole-resistant oropharyngeal candidiasis with topical amphotericin B. Grim, SA; Ofotokun, I; Romanelli, F; Smith, KM, 2002)	0.55
" Detection relies on monitoring the kinetics of propidium iodide (PI) penetration into the cytoplasm of individual cells during dosing with chlorhexidine."	( Action of chlorhexidine digluconate against yeast and filamentous forms in an early-stage Candida albicans biofilm. Suci, PA; Tyler, BJ, 2002)	0.31
" Ventricular drainage and amphotericin B intraventricularly via an implanted tube into dilated ventricle could improve the clinical condition of serious cryptococcal meningitis and decrease the dosage of systemic use of amphotericin B, therefore, reduce the side-effects of the drugs."	( [A clinical study of 26 cases of cryptococcal meningitis]. Li, T; Liu, Z; Qin, S; Sheng, R; Wang, A, 2002)	0.61
" Clinical improvement was apparent for 13 months during steroid therapy until the slow taper reached a dosage of 20 mg/day."	( Cryptococcal infection in sarcoidosis. Gibson, LE; Kist, JM; Mehrany, K, 2002)	0.31
" However, a 24-hour dosing regimen of AmB may be well tolerated even in these patients."	( Tolerability, safety and efficacy of conventional amphotericin B administered by 24-hour infusion to lung transplant recipients. Boehler, A; Dutly, A; Naef, R; Russi, EW; Speich, R; Weder, W, 2002)	0.57
"A severely neutropenic patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia developed a diffuse bilateral pulmonary infection while receiving a therapeutic daily dosage of intravenous amphotericin B for Candida glabrata esophagitis."	( Acremonium strictum pulmonary infection in a leukemic patient successfully treated with posaconazole after failure of amphotericin B. Campos, F; Fohrer, C; Herbrecht, R; Letscher-Bru, V; Natarajan-Ame, S; Waller, J; Zamfir, A, 2002)	0.72
"The observation of worsening hypernatremia (serum sodium increased from 135 to 164 mEq/L) with polyuria was associated with an increasing cumulative dosage of liposomal amphotericin B for fungal pneumonia despite the concurrent use of intravenous desmopressin."	( Possible liposomal amphotericin B-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Augustin, KM; Canada, TW; Weavind, LM, 2003)	0.84
" In spite of the high number of reported cases of HIV-related VL, the treatment of choice, the best dosage and the duration of therapy appear not to be properly established."	( Leishmaniases and HIV/AIDS co-infections: review of common features and management experiences. Ali, A, 2002)	0.31
" Attention to dosage is required as the amount of Candida increased with dose of fluticasone."	( Oral candidiasis associated with inhaled corticosteroid use: comparison of fluticasone and beclomethasone. Fukushima, C; Kohno, S; Matsuse, H; Miyazaki, Y; Obase, Y; Shimoda, T; Tomari, S, 2003)	0.32
" The major issues for these patients were how long the antifungal therapy should be administered for, and how to select the optimal drug and dosage to avoid hepatic and renal toxicity."	( Hepatosplenic microabscesses in pediatric leukemia: a report of five cases. Chang, TT; Chiou, SS; Jang, RC; Lin, PC, 2003)	0.32
"To develop a low-dose therapeutic system for amphotericin B (AmB), the efficacy and toxicity of lipid nano-sphere (LNS) incorporating AmB (LNS-AmB) were evaluated and compared with those of Fungizone, the conventional dosage form of AmB with sodium deoxycholate."	( Evaluation of the efficacy and toxicity of amphotericin B incorporated in lipid nano-sphere (LNS). Fukui, H; Koike, T; Saheki, A; Seki, J; Sonoke, S; Tomii, Y, 2003)	0.84
" First-line therapy in all patients was liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) administered at a dosage of 3-5 mg/kg day."	( Voriconazole for invasive aspergillosis in oncohematological patients: a single-center pediatric experience. Alaggio, R; Cecchetto, G; Cesaro, S; Cusinato, R; Pillon, M; Rigobello, L; Strugo, L; Zanesco, L, 2003)	0.57
" LNS-AmB yielded higher plasma concentrations of AmB than did Fungizone, a conventional intravenous dosage form of AmB, after intravenous administration to mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys."	( A novel delivery system for amphotericin B with lipid nano-sphere (LNS). Fukui, H; Koike, T; Saheki, A; Seki, J; Sonoke, S, 2003)	0.61
" Dosing is once daily and drug interactions are few."	( Echinocandin antifungal drugs. Denning, DW, 2003)	0.32
" However, to show their efficacy, they need to be administered at higher doses than the conventional dosage form, Fungizone."	( Comparison of LNS-AmB, a novel low-dose formulation of amphotericin B with lipid nano-sphere (LNS), with commercial lipid-based formulations. Fukui, H; Koike, T; Nakagawa, T; Saheki, A; Seki, J; Sonoke, S; Tomii, Y, 2003)	0.57
"Prophylactic dosage of antifungal agents (garlicin or low dosage fluconazole) can reduce the incidence of fungal infection in patients with SAP."	( Prevention and therapy of fungal infection in severe acute pancreatitis: A prospective clinical study. Ai, ZL; Chen, JW; He, YM; Jiang, CQ; Lei, DX; Liu, ZS; Lv, XS; Qian, Q; Sun, Q; Yuan, YF, 2003)	0.32
" This article reviews recent pertinent data with regard to dosing guidelines, efficacy, and toxicities of available systemic antifungal agents in the newborn."	( Antifungal pharmacotherapy for neonatal candidiasis. Bliss, JM; Gigliotti, F; Wellington, M, 2003)	0.32
"A total dosage of 24 mg/kg of liposomal amphotericin B administered in 6 doses within 10 days is safe and effective for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis and reduces the length of hospital stay."	( [Short course treatment for visceral leishmaniasis with liposomal amphotericin B in immunocompetent patients]. Asensi Botet, F; Ausín Aoiz, I; Canals Baeza, A; Figueras Nadal, MC; García de Miguel, MJ; Velasco Bernardo, R, 2003)	0.82
" Except for the kidneys, the mean concentrations of LNYS in liver, spleen, and lung 24 h after dosing were severalfold lower than those after administration of DAMB (P, <0."	( Comparative drug disposition, urinary pharmacokinetics, and renal effects of multilamellar liposomal nystatin and amphotericin B deoxycholate in rabbits. Alfaro, RM; Groll, AH; King, C; Mickiene, D; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Piscitelli, SC; Walsh, TJ, 2003)	0.53
" Dogs were treated twice weekly with an increasing dosage of amphotericin (0."	( Initial and long-term efficacy of a lipid emulsion of amphotericin B desoxycholate in the management of canine leishmaniasis. Cortadellas, O, )	0.38
" Extensive and aggressive surgical debridement, prompt and enough dosage of antifungal therapy intravenously, together with serious controlling of the underlying disease, all take important roles in the complete control of the disease."	( [Acute fulminant invasive fungal sinusitis]. Huang, Q; Liu, HC; Liu, M; Wang, YX; Zhang, SZ; Zhou, B, 2003)	0.32
" Ravuconazole showed linear plasma pharmacokinetics and a large volume of distribution while maintaining concentrations in plasma above the MIC throughout the dosing interval."	( Efficacy, safety, and plasma pharmacokinetics of escalating dosages of intravenously administered ravuconazole lysine phosphoester for treatment of experimental pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits. Armstrong, D; Avila, NA; Bacher, J; Groll, AH; Hemmings, M; Lyman, CA; Mickiene, D; Peter, J; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Roussillon, K; Walsh, TJ, 2004)	0.32
" The costs attributable to the prevention or treatment of adverse events were not different between the two treatments, and the economic outcome in this analysis was highly sensitive to the acquisition price and dosage of the lipid antifungal formulation."	( Pharmacoeconomic analysis of amphotericin B lipid complex versus liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of fungal infections. Capitano, B; Kotapati, S; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Williams, P, 2004)	0.61
" These support the use of these drugs in neonates, but because of their largely noncomparative nature they can not define the optimal dosage or duration of therapy."	( Antifungals in systemic neonatal candidiasis. Aranda, JV; Frattarelli, DA; Giacoia, GP; Reed, MD, 2004)	0.32
"Nasal amphotericin B spray in the described dosing and time schedule is ineffective and deteriorates patient symptoms."	( Topical antifungal treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Formanek, M; Podbielski, A; Polzehl, D; Riechelmann, H; Rimek, D; Weschta, M, 2004)	0.8
" Cumulative dosage, treatment duration, and dosing schedule as well as the combination of amphotericin with other nephrotoxic drugs, such as diuretics and cyclosporine, are important risk factors."	( Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity in children. Goldman, RD; Koren, G, 2004)	1.77
" Both had symptomatic relapses 3 months later, and recovered following re-treatment with AmBisome administered intravenously at a dosage of 3 mg/Kg for ten consecutive days."	( [Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent children. Report of two cases relapsed after specific therapy]. Colomba, C; Frasca Polara, V; Salsa, L; Scarlata, F; Titone, L, 2004)	0.32
"5 mg kg of body weight/day liposomal amphotericin B) was more efficient than a similar dosage of conventional amphotericin B (1 mg/kg of body weight/day) in the liver and similar or higher dosages of liposomal amphotericin B (1 or 5 mg/kg of body weight/day) in the kidneys."	( Combined effect of liposomal and conventional amphotericin B in a mouse model of systemic infection with Candida albicans. Bertsch, T; Kretschmar, M; Nichterlein, T, 2004)	0.85
" Further studies of efficacy, dosing and optimal regimens for antifungal combinations are warranted."	( Efficacy of voriconazole plus amphotericin B or micafungin in a guinea-pig model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Chandrasekar, PH; Cutright, JL; Manavathu, EK, 2004)	0.61
"This study was done to determine whether high dose AmBisome (4-20 mg/kg), given intermittently, could reduce the frequency of dosing needed to treat murine systemic candidiasis when compared with conventional daily treatment."	( Alternative dosing regimens of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) effective in treating murine systemic candidiasis. Adler-Moore, JP; Olson, JA; Proffitt, RT, 2004)	0.59
" The safety profile of each dosage was evaluated using serum creatinine concentration (S-Cr) and calculated creatinine clearance (CCcr)."	( Retrospective study of the renal effects of amphotericin B lipid complex when used at higher-than-recommended dosages and longer durations compared with lower dosages and shorter durations in patients with systemic fungal infections. Chu, A; Dominguez, EA; Gotz, V; Hooshmand-Rad, R; Morris, JA; Reed, MD; Weinberg, J, 2004)	0.58
" Ten were treated with meglumine antimonate (20 mg/kg/day for 21 days) and remained in hospital for 11-28 days (median 19 days), while 19 patients received liposomal amphotericin B at four different dosage schemes and were in hospital for 6-11 days (median 7 days)."	( Treatment of paediatric visceral leishmaniasis: amphotericin B or pentavalent antimony compounds? Delis, D; Kafetzis, DA; Liapi, G; Mavrikou, M; Stabouli, S; Velissariou, IM, 2005)	0.78
" oryzae in vivo and demonstrates an inverse dose-response effect."	( Caspofungin inhibits Rhizopus oryzae 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase, lowers burden in brain measured by quantitative PCR, and improves survival at a low but not a high dose during murine disseminated zygomycosis. Avanessian, V; Bowman, JC; Brown, K; Douglas, CM; Edwards, JE; Ibrahim, AS; Spellberg, B, 2005)	0.33
" Data gathered included demographic variables, underlying disease type, reasons for the use of amphotericin B lipid complex injection, dosing information, clinical response and renal effects."	( Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B lipid complex in 548 children and adolescents with invasive fungal infections. Seibel, NL; Walsh, TJ; Wiley, JM, 2005)	0.86
"Drug delivery technology has brought additional benefits to pharmaceuticals such as reduction in dosing frequency and side effects, as well as the extension of patient life."	( Drug delivery by lipid cochleates. Zarif, L, 2005)	0.33
" These data highlight the species-specific differences in antifungal pharmacodynamics between mold-active agents that could be relevant for the development of in vitro susceptibility breakpoints and antifungal dosing in vivo."	( In vitro pharmacodynamics of amphotericin B, itraconazole, and voriconazole against Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Scedosporium spp. Klepser, ME; Lewis, RE; Wiederhold, NP, 2005)	0.62
"We have reported previously that prolonged caspofungin (CAS) dosing enhances survival in a murine model of central nervous system aspergillosis."	( Efficacy of caspofungin against central nervous system Aspergillus fumigatus infection in mice determined by TaqMan PCR and CFU methods. Clemons, KV; Imai, J; Singh, G; Stevens, DA, 2005)	0.33
" therapy with liposomal amphotericin B at a dosage of 3mg/kg/day for 5 days was started and then repeated on the 14th and 21st days, leading to a clear improvement in the clinical picture."	( Atypical multifocal cutaneous leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent patient treated by liposomal amphotericin B. Amerio, PL; Capizzi, R; De Simone, C; Feliciani, C; Paradisi, A; Proietti, I; Zampetti, A, 2005)	0.85
" Cure was not attained with any dosage combinations."	( Comparative efficacies of conventional amphotericin b, liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome), caspofungin, micafungin, and voriconazole alone and in combination against experimental murine central nervous system aspergillosis. Clemons, KV; Espiritu, M; Parmar, R; Stevens, DA, 2005)	0.6
" The NDC/HSPC MM formulation was found to have least hemolytic activity, MIC and mortality rate at all dosage levels."	( Development of novel lyophilized mixed micelle amphotericin B formulation for treatment of systemic fungal infection. Chougule, M; Misra, A; Naik, S; Padhi, BK, 2005)	0.59
"Recent open label studies have suggested that dosing amphotericin B (AMB) by continuous infusion (CI) may reduce drug-associated infusion reactions and nephrotoxicity."	( In vitro pharmacodynamics of rapid versus continuous infusion of amphotericin B deoxycholate against Candida species in the presence of human serum albumin. Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Wiederhold, NP, 2006)	0.82
" No substantial differences in the rate or extent of AMB killing were observed between rapid infusion or CI dosing and neither regimen produced fungicidal activity in the presence of HSA."	( In vitro pharmacodynamics of rapid versus continuous infusion of amphotericin B deoxycholate against Candida species in the presence of human serum albumin. Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Wiederhold, NP, 2006)	0.57
" In our model, CI and rapid infusion dosing of AMB exhibited similar activity when attempts were made to correct for protein binding that is likely to occur in vivo."	( In vitro pharmacodynamics of rapid versus continuous infusion of amphotericin B deoxycholate against Candida species in the presence of human serum albumin. Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Wiederhold, NP, 2006)	0.57
" Three dosage groups (0."	( Pharmacodynamic activity of amphotericin B deoxycholate is associated with peak plasma concentrations in a neutropenic murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Chi, J; Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Tam, VH; Wiederhold, NP, 2006)	0.63
" The relationship between the dose and the drug exposure expressed by the pharmacokinetics of the dosing regimens in serum and organ tissue were analyzed by using a maximum-effect model."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic comparison of amphotericin B (AMB) and two lipid-associated AMB preparations, liposomal AMB and AMB lipid complex, in murine candidiasis models. Andes, D; Conklin, R; Marchillo, K; Safdar, N, 2006)	0.59
" We performed a pharmacokinetic pilot study to determine whether once-weekly high-dose AmBisome administration would result in effective concentrations throughout the dosing interval."	( High-dose weekly AmBisome antifungal prophylaxis in pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a pharmacokinetic study. Davies, S; Fearing, D; Filipovich, A; Mehta, P; Sper, C; Vaughn, G; Vinks, A, 2006)	0.33
" Increasing the dosage of caspofungin to 2, 3 or 4 mg/kg/day resulted in a dose-dependent significant increase in efficacy."	( Caspofungin: antifungal activity in vitro, pharmacokinetics, and effects on fungal load and animal survival in neutropenic rats with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; de Marie, S; Mathot, RA; ten Kate, MT; van Vianen, W, 2006)	0.33
" The model has been evaluated and can be used in the design of rational dosing strategies for L-AmB antifungal therapy in this special population."	( Population pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B in pediatric patients with malignant diseases. Earl, JW; Hong, Y; McLachlan, AJ; Nath, CE; Shaw, PJ; Stephen, KR; Yadav, SP, 2006)	0.6
" major, displaying decreases in lesion size and parasite burden, particularly at the 5-mg/kg dosage level."	( Nanodisk-associated amphotericin B clears Leishmania major cutaneous infection in susceptible BALB/c mice. Bishop, JV; Nelson, KG; Ryan, RO; Titus, R, 2006)	0.66
" Further studies regarding the mechanisms of EDTA and its interactions with ABLC are warranted, and further studies are needed to more fully examine the safety, tolerance, and optimal dosing of EDTA in the treatment of this and other fungal infections."	( EDTA as an adjunct antifungal agent for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a rodent model. Bahna, P; Hachem, R; Hanna, H; Raad, I; Stephens, LC, 2006)	0.33
" Examination of high-dose rats following a recovery period of 28 days after completion of 31 days of dosing suggested that treatment-related changes were reversible."	( Safety evaluation of ABELCET, an amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC): toxicity studies in rats. Diener, RM; Lipman, JM; Zhang, Z, )	0.41
" The infected mice were treated for 24 hr with twelve dosing regimens of AmBisome administered at 8-, 12-, 24-hr dosing intervals."	( Evaluation of antifungal pharmacodynamic characteristics of AmBisome against Candida albicans. Takemoto, K; Ueda, Y; Yamamoto, Y, 2006)	0.33
" Echinocandins are poor substrates of the cytochrome P450 enzyme family and can be safely co-administered with most drugs without the need for dosage adaptation."	( The echinocandins: comparison of their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical applications. Graninger, W; Joukhadar, C; Presterl, E; Wagner, C, 2006)	0.33
"Amphotericin B nasal lavages in the described dosing and time schedule do not reduce clinical signs and symptoms in patients with CRS."	( Amphotericin B nasal lavages: not a solution for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Bachert, C; Badia, L; Cardesin, A; Dijkgraaf, MG; Ebbens, FA; Fokkens, WJ; Hellings, PW; Jorissen, M; Lund, V; Mullol, J; Scadding, GK; van Zele, TP, 2006)	3.22
"Amphotericin B nasal lavages in the described dosing and time schedule are ineffective and therefore not advised in the treatment of patients with CRS."	( Amphotericin B nasal lavages: not a solution for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Bachert, C; Badia, L; Cardesin, A; Dijkgraaf, MG; Ebbens, FA; Fokkens, WJ; Hellings, PW; Jorissen, M; Lund, V; Mullol, J; Scadding, GK; van Zele, TP, 2006)	3.22
" The consequences of a delay in the administration of amphotericin B, flucytosine, or micafungin were studied by defining dose-response relationships."	( Effect of neutropenia and treatment delay on the response to antifungal agents in experimental disseminated candidiasis. Denning, DW; Drusano, GL; Hope, WW; Louie, A; Moore, CB; Sharp, A; Walsh, TJ; Warn, PA, 2007)	0.59
" ITZ-IV at daily doses of 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg was as effective as the intraperitoneal administration of amphotericin B (AMPH) at a dosage of 1 mg/kg daily in improving survival."	( Efficacy of intravenous itraconazole against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic mice. Abe, S; Ishibashi, H; Ono, Y; Otani, H; Tansho, S; Torii, S; Yamaguchi, H, 2006)	0.55
" However, pharmacodynamic differences between the two formulations were less apparent when mice were dosed at 10 mg/kg/day."	( Comparative analysis of amphotericin B lipid complex and liposomal amphotericin B kinetics of lung accumulation and fungal clearance in a murine model of acute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Chamilos, G; Hou, J; Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Liao, G; Prince, RA, 2007)	0.65
" Accordingly, we made the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis and immediately started multiple anti fungal drugs with dosage modification according to her impaired renal function."	( [A case of cryptococcal meningitis with nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency under immunosuppressive therapy]. Ichikawa, D; Kimura, K; Sato, T; Shima, Y; Tsuchida, H; Yasuda, T, 2007)	0.34
"In this study, rational dosing guidelines for amphotericin B-deoxycholate (AmB) are proposed for children."	( Amphotericin B dose optimization in children with malignant diseases. Coakley, JC; Earl, JW; McLachlan, AJ; Nath, CE; Shaw, PJ, 2007)	2.04
" As illustrated in published reports, a higher dose of L-AmB may be prescribed in the case of unresponsiveness to treatment at normal dosage levels."	( Use of high-dose liposomal amphotericin B: efficacy and tolerance. Adam, A; Garbino, J, 2006)	0.63
"The conjugates were found to be non-hemolytic and mice withstood a dosage of 20 mg (AmB)/kg body weight of both conjugates."	( Amphotericin B-gum arabic conjugates: synthesis, toxicity, bioavailability, and activities against Leishmania and fungi. Anilkumar, TV; Antony, M; Jayakrishnan, A; Loiseau, PM; Mohanan, PV; Nishi, KK, 2007)	1.78
" A computer-controlled dosing pump compensated for the agent with the longer half-life."	( A new in-vitro kinetic model to study the pharmacodynamics of antifungal agents: inhibition of the fungicidal activity of amphotericin B against Candida albicans by voriconazole. Cars, O; Johansson, A; Lignell, A; Löwdin, E; Sjölin, J, 2007)	0.55
" Using a mouse model, we examined liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) biodistribution, cell localization and retention in kidneys, lungs, liver and spleen to evaluate effective dosing regimens for prophylaxis of Candida glabrata and Candida albicans infections."	( Effects of dosing regimen on accumulation, retention and prophylactic efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B. Adler-Moore, JP; Constable, D; Olson, JA; Proffitt, RT; Schwartz, J; Smith, PJ, 2007)	0.82
" Liposomal amphotericin B achieves maximum plasma levels at a dosage of 10 mg/kg per day, but clinical efficacy data for higher doses are lacking."	( Liposomal amphotericin B as initial therapy for invasive mold infection: a randomized trial comparing a high-loading dose regimen with standard dosing (AmBiLoad trial). Aoun, M; Boehme, A; Bouza, E; Bresnik, M; Cornely, OA; Ebrahimi, R; Herbrecht, R; Heussel, CP; Horst, HA; Krause, SW; Lortholary, O; Maertens, J; Olavarria, E; Reichert, D; Rieger, C; Ruhnke, M; Thiebaut, A; Ullmann, AJ; Vianelli, N, 2007)	1.13
"Successful outcome was due to early, specific antifungal therapy, at sufficiently high dosage which was prolonged for an adequate period of time."	( Absidia Corymbifera in an immune competent accident victim with multiple abdominal injuries: case report. Belfiori, R; Marchesini, L; Repetto, A; Terenzi, A, 2007)	0.34
"First-line antifungal treatment strategies with voriconazole were both more effective and less costly over first-line strategies employing liposomal amphotericin B at a dosage of 4 mg/kg/day."	( Economic evaluation of targeted treatments of invasive aspergillosis in adult haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients in the Netherlands: a modelling approach. Ament, AJ; de Groot, R; Donnelly, JP; Hübben, MW; Severens, JL; van 't Wout, J; Verweij, PE; Warris, A, 2007)	0.54
"While an AZ-based regimen is associated with increased cost, the reduced rate of nephrotoxicity and availability of oral dosage forms, suggests that azoles be used preferentially over AMB."	( Antifungal prophylaxis in chemotherapy-associated neutropenia: a retrospective, observational study. Choe, L; Guglielmo, BJ; Inciardi, J; Martin, T; Riedel, A; Yuen, C, 2007)	0.34
" Here, we bridge the results of an experimental pharmacodynamic study to humans and demonstrate that a 5FC dosage of 25 mg/kg of body weight/day in four divided doses in combination with amphotericin B produces near-maximal effect."	( Optimization of the dosage of flucytosine in combination with amphotericin B for disseminated candidiasis: a pharmacodynamic rationale for reduced dosing. Denning, DW; Drusano, GL; Hope, WW; Keevil, B; Louie, A; Reed, P; Sharp, A; Walsh, TJ; Warn, PA, 2007)	0.77
" It is widely recognized that the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are critical to determining an adequate dose-response relationship."	( CNS pharmacokinetics of antifungal agents. Andes, D; Kethireddy, S, 2007)	0.34
" A conventional intravenous dosage form of AmB, AmB- deoxycholate (Fungizone or D-AmB), is the most effective clinically available for treating fungal and parasitic (leishmaniasis) infections."	( Optimizing efficacy of amphotericin B through nanomodification. Gupta, S; Vyas, SP, 2006)	0.64
" On this basis, a randomized trial comparing a high-loading dose regimen with a standard dosing of L-AMB (AmBiLoad trial) for primary therapy of mold infections was initiated."	( Standard dosing regimen of liposomal amphotericin B is as effective as a high-loading dose for patients with invasive aspergillosis: AmBiLoad trial. Lass-Flörl, C, 2007)	0.61
" Information was requested on the prophylactic agents used, dosing schedules and duration of therapy."	( Antifungal prophylaxis for the prevention of neonatal candidiasis? Dempsey, EM; O'Grady, MJ, 2008)	0.35
" With two drugs tested, a computer-controlled dosing pump compensated for differences in the elimination rates."	( Characterization of the inhibitory effect of voriconazole on the fungicidal activity of amphotericin B against Candida albicans in an in vitro kinetic model. Cars, O; Lignell, A; Löwdin, E; Sjölin, J, 2008)	0.57
" These differences can affect the choice of formulation for a given infection, the time of initiation of treatment, and the dosing regimen."	( Amphotericin B lipid preparations: what are the differences? Adler-Moore, JP; Proffitt, RT, 2008)	1.79
" These early observations suggest the potential for intermittent high dosing of LAB for prophylaxis and management of invasive fungal infections, thus providing an alternative option to more frequent and expensive administration of LAB, and daily administration of azoles or candins."	( New dosing strategies for liposomal amphotericin B in high-risk patients. Ellis, M, 2008)	0.62
"05) were found between formulations and dosing regimens."	( Efficacy of alternative dosing regimens of poly-aggregated amphotericin B. Ballesteros, MP; Dea, MA; Espada, R; Molero, G; Torrado, JJ; Valdespina, S, 2008)	0.59
" However, issues arise regarding appropriate dosing and levels, drug interactions, and the importance of breakthrough infections caused by organisms that demonstrate microbiologic resistance."	( Primary antifungal prophylaxis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: clinical implications of recent studies. Marr, KA, 2008)	0.35
"In a neutropenic murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, prophylaxis with single doses of liposomal amphotericin B or micafungin at >or=5 mg/kg of body weight improved animal survival and suppressed the lung fungal burden for up to 7 days after infection, demonstrating the potential utility of infrequent dosing with these antifungals."	( Efficacy of single-dose liposomal amphotericin B or micafungin prophylaxis in a neutropenic murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Albert, ND; Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE, 2008)	0.84
" SAG was used at a dosage of 20 mg/kg given deep intramuscular injections in buttock for 28 days, amphotericin B (AMB) given at a dose of 1 mg/kg body wt daily for 20 days as a slow intravenous infusion in 5 per cent dextrose."	( Comparison of treatment regimens of kala-azar based on culture & sensitivity of amastigotes to sodium antimony gluconate. Narayan, S; Sinha, A; Thakur, CP; Thakur, S, 2008)	0.56
" A dosage of 24 mg/kg was required to achieve a significant effect in the spinal cord and choroid."	( Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan as surrogate markers for detection and monitoring of therapeutic response in experimental hematogenous Candida meningoencephalitis. Bacher, J; Cotton, MP; Hope, WW; Hughes, JE; Kelaher, AM; Mickiene, D; Murray, HA; Mya-San, C; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Walsh, TJ, 2008)	0.35
" We compared patients who received 50 mg of caspofungin per day in a double-blind trial that used fluconazole as the comparator with patients who received the corresponding dosage in 2 similar earlier studies that used amphotericin as the comparator."	( Double-blind active-control trials: beware the comparator you keep. Dinubile, MJ, 2008)	0.35
" The optimal dosing of AmB remains unclear."	( Treatment of acute cryptococcal meningitis in HIV infected adults, with an emphasis on resource-limited settings. Dedicoat, M; Dlamini, S; Paul, N; Sloan, D, 2008)	0.35
" At a dosage of 400 mg per day, fluconazole alone is much less rapidly fungicidal than amphotericin B and is associated with the development of secondary resistance."	( Managing cryptococcosis in the immunocompromised host. Dromer, F; Harrison, TS; Jarvis, JN; Lortholary, O, 2008)	0.57
" The dosage and the charge dosing were right in 92% and 80% of the cases respectively."	( [Clinical audit on the use of expensive systemic antifungals in the Besançon University Hospital]. Grenouillet, F; Henon, T; Hoen, B; Legrand, F; Leroy, J; Limat, S; Raymond, S; Woronoff-Lemsi, MC, 2009)	0.35
" Posaconazole and itraconazole were the most active in vitro with MICs falling well below the achievable serum levels typically observed with standard dosing regimens."	( Antifungal susceptibility testing of Exophiala spp.: a head-to-head comparison of amphotericin B, itraconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole. Fothergill, AW; Rinaldi, MG; Sutton, DA, 2009)	0.58
"The D-AMB-coated PLGA-DMSA nanoparticle showed antifungal efficacy, fewer undesirable effects and a favourable extended dosing interval."	( Amphotericin B in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) nanoparticles against paracoccidioidomycosis. Amaral, AC; Bentes, R; Bocca, AL; Felipe, MS; Lacava, ZG; Morais, PC; Nunes, J; Peixoto, DL; Primo, FL; Ribeiro, AM; Simioni, AR; Tedesco, AC; Titze-de-Almeida, R, 2009)	1.8
" We determined the in vivo dose-response relationships of 1 day and 7 day treatment of AmB, Ambisome (AmBi) and Abelcet (ABLC) in a non-neutropenic murine model of invasive aspergillosis by using survival as an endpoint."	( Dose-response relationships of three amphotericin B formulations in a non-neutropenic murine model of invasive aspergillosis. Meis, JF; Mouton, JW; te Dorsthorst, DT; Verweij, PE, 2009)	0.63
"A total of 275 cycles of ABLC (mean dosage 930."	( Prospective audit of the effectiveness of hydrocortisone premedication on drug delivery reactions following amphotericin B lipid complex *. Borley, A; O'Connor, N, 2009)	0.57
" There appeared to be little benefit in using the 15-mg/kg dosage of either formulation."	( Comparative efficacies of lipid-complexed amphotericin B and liposomal amphotericin B against coccidioidal meningitis in rabbits. Capilla, J; Clemons, KV; Martinez, M; Sobel, RA; Stevens, DA; Tong, AJ, 2009)	0.62
" Data from animal studies suggested that higher dosages of liposomal amphotericin B might improve efficacy; however, in the AmBiLoad trial in patients with invasive mould infection, there was no statistical difference in efficacy between the standard dosage of liposomal amphotericin B 3 mg/kg/day and a higher 10 mg/kg/day dosage, although the standard dosage was better tolerated."	( Liposomal amphotericin B: a review of its use as empirical therapy in febrile neutropenia and in the treatment of invasive fungal infections. Lyseng-Williamson, KA; Moen, MD; Scott, LJ, 2009)	0.99
" The optimal dosing regimens have not been established for infants."	( Hepatitis associated with micafungin use in a preterm infant. Edwards, MS; King, KY; Word, BM, 2009)	0.35
"7 mg/kg plus fluconazole 800 mg (the high-dosage combination) administered daily for 14 days, followed by fluconazole alone at the randomized dosage (400 or 800 mg per day) for 56 days."	( A phase II randomized trial of amphotericin B alone or combined with fluconazole in the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Anekthananon, T; Chetchotisakd, P; Filler, SG; Johnson, P; Kendrick, AS; Larsen, RA; Manosuthi, W; Morris, MI; Nolen, TL; Pappas, PG; Sobel, JD; Sungkanuparph, S; Supparatpinyo, K; Zimmer, LO, 2009)	0.64
"AmB plus fluconazole administered at a dosage of 800 mg for 14 days, followed by fluconazole administered at a dosage of 800 mg daily for 56 days, is well-tolerated and efficacious among HIV-positive patients with central nervous system cryptococcosis."	( A phase II randomized trial of amphotericin B alone or combined with fluconazole in the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Anekthananon, T; Chetchotisakd, P; Filler, SG; Johnson, P; Kendrick, AS; Larsen, RA; Manosuthi, W; Morris, MI; Nolen, TL; Pappas, PG; Sobel, JD; Sungkanuparph, S; Supparatpinyo, K; Zimmer, LO, 2009)	0.64
"The pharmacokinetics and safety of extended-interval dosing of prophylactic liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) in peripheral stem cell transplant recipients were evaluated."	( Pharmacokinetics and buccal mucosal concentrations of a 15 milligram per kilogram of body weight total dose of liposomal amphotericin B administered as a single dose (15 mg/kg), weekly dose (7.5 mg/kg), or daily dose (1 mg/kg) in peripheral stem cell tran Amsden, JR; Anaissie, EJ; Gubbins, PO; McConnell, SA, 2009)	0.78
" Sensitivity analyses included dosage forms of amphotericin B and fluconazole compared to other azoles."	( Antifungal treatment for invasive Candida infections: a mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis. Cooper, C; Mills, EJ; Nachega, JB; Perri, D; Phillips, P; Tleyjeh, I; Wu, P, 2009)	0.61
"A high intermittent dose regimen (group A: 10 mg kg(-1) on day 1, 5 mg kg(-1) on days 3 and 6) was compared with standard dosing (group B: 3 mg kg(-1) per day for 14 days) of liposomal amphotericin B (LAB) for empirical treatment of persistent febrile neutropenia."	( A safety and feasibility study comparing an intermittent high dose with a daily standard dose of liposomal amphotericin B for persistent neutropenic fever. A Stevens, D; Al-Essa, A; Ali-Zadeh, H; Bernsen, R; Bresnik, M; Ellis, M; Hedström, U; Kristensen, J; Poughias, L, 2009)	0.76
"This study was conducted to characterize blood and urinary biochemistry, and renal morphology, after single or 1-week repeated dosing of mice with the polyene macrolide antibiotic, amphotericin B (AMB)."	( Amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity: characterization of blood and urinary biochemistry and renal morphology in mice. Baba, T; Itoh, A; Kondo, C; Tonomura, Y; Tsuchiya, N; Uehara, T; Yamamoto, E, 2009)	1.99
", pediatric dosing guidelines, and an adult indication for echinocandin use in candidal peritonitis, there are no reports of echinocandin use for fungal peritonitis in pediatric patients."	( Neonatal peritoneal candidiasis successfully treated with anidulafungin add-on therapy. Benner, KW; Prabhakaran, P; Varisco, BM, 2009)	0.35
" Increasing the standard dosing regimen may have some effect and may be clinically useful if no alternatives are available."	( Efficacy of posaconazole against three clinical Aspergillus fumigatus isolates with mutations in the cyp51A gene. Brüggemann, RJ; Mavridou, E; Melchers, WJ; Mouton, JW; Verweij, PE, 2010)	0.36
"High fluconazole dosage (800 mg/day) for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis was associated with high serum and CSF fluconazole concentration."	( Monitoring and impact of fluconazole serum and cerebrospinal fluid concentration in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis-infected patients. Andes, D; Anekthananon, T; Chetchotisakd, P; Filler, SG; Larsen, RA; Manosuthi, W; Nolen, TL; Pappas, PG; Sungkanuparph, S; Supparatpinyo, K; Wallace, D, 2010)	0.36
" In the persistently neutropenic model with A1163, aminocandin, CAS and micafungin (2-10mg/kg) were all effective at prolonging survival, with some impact on reducing culture burdens, even with alternate-day dosing (4mg/kg)."	( Activity of aminocandin (IP960; HMR3270) compared with amphotericin B, itraconazole, caspofungin and micafungin in neutropenic murine models of disseminated infection caused by itraconazole-susceptible and -resistant strains of Aspergillus fumigatus. Denning, DW; Morrissey, G; Sharp, A; Warn, PA, 2010)	0.61
" When ABLC was dosed at 5 mg/kg/day, the ABLC-treated animals had significantly higher AMB lung concentrations than the L-AMB treated animals at 24 h (6."	( Comparative pharmacodynamics of amphotericin B lipid complex and liposomal amphotericin B in a murine model of pulmonary mucormycosis. Albert, ND; Hou, J; Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Liao, G; Prince, RA, 2010)	0.64
" Any potential problems regarding the liposome formulation remain unknown because it is a new dosage form."	( [Utility and improvement of liposome injections AmBisome for clinical use]. Kudo, K; Sadzuka, Y; Sugiyama, I; Takahashi, K, 2010)	0.36
"Readers will gain an understanding of the pharmacokinetic properties of antiretroviral and antifungal agents, and insight into significant drug-drug interactions which may require dosage adjustments or a change in therapy."	( Interactions between antifungal and antiretroviral agents. Foisy, M; Hughes, CA; Tseng, A, 2010)	0.36
" Significantly fewer patients who received the 3 mg/kg/day dosage of liposomal amphotericin B developed nephrotoxicity, indicated by a doubling of the serum creatinine value, compared with recipients of conventional amphotericin B (P = ."	( Comparison of 2 doses of liposomal amphotericin B and conventional amphotericin B deoxycholate for treatment of AIDS-associated acute cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Barker, DE; El-Sadr, W; Graybill, JR; Hamill, RJ; Javaly, K; Johnson, PC; Sobel, JD, 2010)	0.87
"Hyperphosphatemia is not an expected consequence of dosing with amphotericin B formulations."	( Erroneous determination of hyperphosphatemia ('pseudohyperphosphatemia') in sera of patients that have been treated with liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome). Bunch, TH; Jensen, GM; Laybourne, S; Wolf, S, 2010)	0.8
" Our findings indicate that the 20 mg/kg body weight treatment dosage is effective and safe under routine program conditions."	( Effectiveness and safety of liposomal amphotericin B for visceral leishmaniasis under routine program conditions in Bihar, India. Balasegaram, M; Gupta, J; Kociejowski, A; Kumar, N; Lima, MA; Mitra, G; Palma, PP; Pandey, K; Parreño, F; Rabi Das, VN; Roddy, P; Saint-Sauveur, JF; Seena, S; Sinha, PK, 2010)	0.63
" First-line therapy was meglumine antimoniate for all patients, given at the standard Sb(v) dosage of 20 mg/kg/day for 21 to 28 days."	( Pediatric visceral leishmaniasis in Albania: a retrospective analysis of 1,210 consecutive hospitalized patients (1995-2009). Foto, E; Gradoni, L; Kuneshka, L; Petrela, R; Zavalani, F, 2010)	0.36
"In spite of high dosage and prolonged treatment schedule of sodium antimony gluconate, unresponsiveness and relapse ranging from 25 to 40% has been reported."	( Amphotericin B--fat emulsion in treatment of visceral leishmaniasis--a cost effective substitute for liposomal amphotericin B. Priyadarshy, V; Saxena, RK; Singh, GP, 2010)	1.8
" Therapeutic effect of Amp B on mice with the disseminated disease was dose-dependent, but dosage of Amp B (0."	( Efficacy of combination immunotherapy of IgM MAb B6.1 and amphotericin B against disseminated candidiasis. Han, Y, 2010)	0.6
" Although the optimum dosing regimen is undefined and the cost and toxicity may limit widespread use, liposomal amphotericin B is a viable treatment alternative for cutaneous leishmaniasis."	( Lipsosomal amphotericin B for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Fraser, S; Hartzell, J; Magill, A; Pierson, J; Ressner, R; Weintrob, A; Wortmann, G; Zapor, M, 2010)	0.96
" Micafungin is an echinocandin lacking in relevant interactions and consequently its dosage requires no adjustment in any of its indications."	( [Drug interactions in critically-ill patients. An important factor in the use of micafungin?]. Garnacho-Montero, J; Jiménez Parrilla, F, 2011)	0.37
" After AmB/PEG-b-PHSA or AmB for injection, United States Pharmacopeia (USP), was dosed intravenously in rats (0."	( Pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B-incorporated poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(N-hexyl stearate l-aspartamide) micelles. Davies, NM; Diezi, TA; Kwon, GS; Takemoto, JK, 2011)	0.64
" After treatment with an increasing drug dosage for 7 days, acute renal injury was evident as indicated by increased serum creatinine and urea nitrogen."	( Case report: Acute renal injury as a result of liposomal amphotericin B treatment in sodium stibogluconate unresponsive visceral leishmaniasis. Li, L; Mao, Q; Zhang, D; Zhao, S, 2011)	0.61
" Study results are integral to the design of optimal dosing strategies, prevention of toxicity, development and interpretation of susceptibility break points, and prevention and recognition of drug resistance."	( Antifungal PK/PD considerations in fungal pulmonary infections. Andes, DR; Lepak, AJ, 2011)	0.37
" This finding may be related to inadequate penetration of amphotericin B lipid products into the kidneys, inappropriate dosing in premature infants, or unknown differences in acuity of illness in infants treated with amphotericin B lipid products."	( Antifungal therapy and outcomes in infants with invasive Candida infections. Ascher, SB; Benjamin, DK; Clark, RH; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Moran, C; Smith, PB; Watt, K, 2012)	0.62
" Optimization of the dose and dosing frequency of ABIP dose may help to further enhance the anti-Aspergillus activity of this novel amphotericin B formulation."	( Prophylactic efficacy of single dose pulmonary administration of amphotericin B inhalation powder in a guinea pig model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Bocanegra, R; Kirkpatrick, WR; Kugler, AR; Najvar, LK; Patterson, TF; Perkins, K; Pfeiffer, J; Sweeney, TD; Vallor, AC; Wiederhold, NP, 2012)	0.82
" In 10-day studies dosing uninfected mice, minor renal tubular changes occurred after AmBisome or Abelcet at 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg with or without cyclophosphamide treatment; nephrosis occurred only with Abelcet in cyclophosphamide-treated mice."	( Experimental central nervous system aspergillosis therapy: efficacy, drug levels and localization, immunohistopathology, and toxicity. Clemons, KV; Schwartz, JA; Stevens, DA, 2012)	0.38
" These drugs were incorporated in conventional dosage forms or loaded in lipid nanocarries, which have been used mainly for improved skin delivery and antileishmanial activity."	( Drug delivery systems for the topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Aguiar, MG; Carneiro, G; Fernandes, AP; Ferreira, LA, 2012)	0.38
" Insights into the most promising delivery strategies to improve treatment of CL with PA and AmB using conventional dosage forms, lipid nanocarriers, and combined therapy are presented and discussed."	( Drug delivery systems for the topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Aguiar, MG; Carneiro, G; Fernandes, AP; Ferreira, LA, 2012)	0.38
" Our data may be useful in optimizing dosing regimens for these agents and their combinations, although further studies are needed to explore the clinical usefulness of our results."	( Postantifungal effect of the combination of caspofungin with voriconazole and amphotericin B against clinical Candida krusei isolates. Dag, I; Kiraz, N; Kiremitci, A; Metintas, S; Oz, Y, 2013)	0.62
"5 mg/kg) were less than the clinical dosage (≤5 mg/kg)."	( Influence of fungicidal activity against Candida tropicalis on the efficacy of micafungin and liposomal amphotericin B in a neutropenic murine lethal infection model. Kanazawa, K; Nakayama, T; Takemoto, K; Ueda, Y, 2012)	0.59
" The standard dosage of ABCD is probably adequate for patients with CSLD."	( Pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in critically ill patients with cholestatic liver disease. Bellmann, R; Dunzendorfer, S; Joannidis, M; Schöfmann, J; Stienecke, E; Überlacher, E; Weiler, S, 2012)	0.7
" Little is known, however, about the most appropriate dosage and schedule of administration."	( Population pharmacokinetics of conventional and intermittent dosing of liposomal amphotericin B in adults: a first critical step for rational design of innovative regimens. Ellis, M; Felton, TW; Goodwin, J; Hope, WW; Stevens, DA, 2012)	0.61
"The aim of this work was to evaluate water-lecithin-dispersions (WLDs) as carriers for amphotericin B (AmB) and to compare the drug solubility in WLDs and O/W lecithin-based submicron emulsions (SMEs) in order to evaluate the influence of lecithin content on the dosage form solubilization of the active compound."	( Solubility of amphotericin B in water-lecithin-dispersions and lecithin-based submicron emulsions. Bregni, C; Carlucci, A; Monteagudo, E; Perez, S; Salerno, C, 2013)	0.97
"The dosing differences between nonliposomal and liposomal preparations of amphotericin B can be as high as 50-fold."	( Survival after amphotericin B overdose treated with plasmapheresis. Banerji, S; Heard, KJ; Roussil, TK; Wang, GS, 2013)	0.97
" A dose-response relationship was observed independent of the azole resistance mechanism."	( Pharmacodynamics and dose-response relationships of liposomal amphotericin B against different azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus isolates in a murine model of disseminated aspergillosis. Melchers, WJ; Mouton, JW; Seyedmousavi, S; Verweij, PE, 2013)	0.63
" The optimal dosage of liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) alone or in combination with flucytosine is not known."	( Pharmacodynamics of liposomal amphotericin B and flucytosine for cryptococcal meningoencephalitis: safe and effective regimens for immunocompromised patients. Felton, TW; Goodwin, J; Gregson, L; Harrison, TS; Hope, WW; Howard, SJ; Livermore, J; Neely, MN; O'Connor, L; Perfect, JR; Schwartz, JA; Sharp, AD, 2013)	0.96
" Bridging studies suggested that a human dosage of LAmB 3 mg/kg/d resulted in a submaximal antifungal effect."	( Pharmacodynamics of liposomal amphotericin B and flucytosine for cryptococcal meningoencephalitis: safe and effective regimens for immunocompromised patients. Felton, TW; Goodwin, J; Gregson, L; Harrison, TS; Hope, WW; Howard, SJ; Livermore, J; Neely, MN; O'Connor, L; Perfect, JR; Schwartz, JA; Sharp, AD, 2013)	0.68
" Indications and dosage described in the Summary of Product Characteristics were taken as reference."	( [Analysis of the use of liposomal amphotericin B]. Baldominos Utrilla, G; Fernández Martínez, MN; González Martínez, M; Mariño Martínez, C, )	0.41
" For this, AMB nanoencapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) nanoparticles (Nano-D-AMB) has been developed, and its efficacy was evaluated in the treatment of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in C57BL/6 mice, to test if our nano-drug delivery system could favor the reduction of the dose frequency required to achieve the same therapeutic level of free D-AMB, and so, an extended dosing interval."	( Leishmanicidal activity of amphotericin B encapsulated in PLGA-DMSA nanoparticles to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in C57BL/6 mice. Báo, SN; Cintra e Silva, Dde O; de Carvalho, RF; de Souza Filho, J; Lacava, ZG; Martins, OP; Miranda-Vilela, AL; Ribeiro, IF; Sampaio, RN; Tedesco, AC, 2013)	0.69
" As Leishmania species are obligate intracellular parasites of antigen presenting cells (APC), an immunopotentiating APC-specific AmB nanocarrier would be ideally suited to reduce the drug dosage and regimen requirements in leishmaniasis treatment."	( A targeted and adjuvanted nanocarrier lowers the effective dose of liposomal amphotericin B and enhances adaptive immunity in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. Ager, AL; Alberola, J; Blackwelder, P; Boodoo, R; Daftarian, PM; Daunert, S; Deo, S; Dikici, E; Duffort, S; Kovalski, L; Kumar, M; Lemmon, V; Perez, VL; Rodríguez-Cortés, A; Serafini, P; Stone, GW; Urbieta, M; Vosoughi, A, 2013)	0.62
" The median half-lives calculated during the dosage interval (t(1/2int)) were 30."	( Pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B lipid complex in critically ill patients undergoing continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration. Corrigan, OI; D'Arcy, DM; Donnelly, M; Gowing, C; Kavanagh, PV; Malone, ME, 2013)	0.71
" However, concerns exist in regards to the feasibility of fixed dosing regimens of echinocandins in all of the different patient populations and in regards to the effectiveness of echinocandin monotherapy in some clinical settings."	( Current pharmacological concepts for wise use of echinocandins in the treatment of Candida infections in septic critically ill patients. Pea, F, 2013)	0.39
" In this review, we describe (i) the changing epidemiology of early- and late-onset neonatal sepsis; (ii) the pharmacologic considerations that influence the safety and efficacy of antibacterials, antifungals, and immunomodulatory adjuvants; and (iii) the recommended dosing regimens for pharmacologic agents commonly used in the treatment and prevention of neonatal sepsis."	( Considerations in the pharmacologic treatment and prevention of neonatal sepsis. Campbell, SC; Constance, JE; Courter, JD; Olson, J; Sherwin, CM; Spigarelli, MG; Stockmann, C; Thorell, EA, 2014)	0.4
" The second group was treated with amphotericin B intravenously at a dosage of 3 mg/kg on days 1-5, 10 and 21 (a cumulative dose of 21 mg/kg/day)."	( Liposomal amphotericin B versus pentavalent antimony salts for visceral Leishmania in children. Apa, H; Bayram, N; Cartı, ÖU; Demir-Özek, G; Deveci, R; Devrim, İ, )	0.81
" In vivo antifungal results showed that AmB, loaded in GMO cubosomes, could significantly enhance oral efficacy, compared against Fungizone, and that during a 2 day course of dosage 10 mg/kg the drug reached effective therapeutic concentrations in renal tissue for treating fungal infections."	( Evaluating the potential of cubosomal nanoparticles for oral delivery of amphotericin B in treating fungal infection. Chen, J; Chen, M; Fang, W; Xu, P; Yang, M; Yang, Z, 2014)	0.63
" Further pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of the drug in children could also provide information for rational dosing regimens designed to decrease nephrotoxicity."	( Deoxycholate amphotericin B and nephrotoxicity in the pediatric setting. Arrizurieta, E; Bes, DF; Rosanova, MT; Sberna, N, 2014)	0.77
" Of 4 children requiring prolonged amphotericin B and fluconazole at a dosage above 12 mg/kg/d, 3 presented with meningitis and 1 with fever."	( Complicated and protracted cryptococcal disease in HIV-infected children. Cotton, MF; Hassan, H; Rabie, H, 2015)	0.69
" Between June 2011 and June 2012, one hundred patients with various haematological malignancies at risk for invasive fungal disease received primary antifungal prophylaxis with intravenous micafungin at a daily dosage of 50 mg during neutropenia."	( Primary antifungal prophylaxis with micafungin in patients with haematological malignancies: real-life data from a retrospective single-centre observational study. Angelova, O; Auberger, J; Ditlbacher, A; Lackner, M; Lass-Flörl, C; Nachbaur, D; Orth-Höller, D, 2015)	0.42
" The secondary objective was to compare rates of pseudohyperphosphatemia at the higher and lower amphotericin B dosage levels."	( Pseudohyperphosphatemia in children treated with liposomal amphotericin B. Carter, SM; Hagemann, TM; Johnson, PN; Miller, JL; Miller, MM, 2014)	0.86
" Although no factors were found to predict pseudohyperphosphatemia, on average, patients who developed the abnormality were significantly older and heavier and received a significantly higher absolute initial dosage of amphotericin B liposome than those who did not develop the condition."	( Pseudohyperphosphatemia in children treated with liposomal amphotericin B. Carter, SM; Hagemann, TM; Johnson, PN; Miller, JL; Miller, MM, 2014)	0.83
" However, it is well known that low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) are not always predictive of response to therapy despite a correct dosage schedule."	( Treatment of Aspergillus terreus infections: a clinical problem not yet resolved. Guarro, J; Pastor, FJ, 2014)	0.4
" Fewer than one-half of the patients (n=371) received a TDD within the dosing range recommended in the current guidelines."	( Systemic antifungal prescribing in neonates and children: outcomes from the Antibiotic Resistance and Prescribing in European Children (ARPEC) Study. Bielicki, J; Doerholt, K; Goossens, H; Lestner, JM; Roilides, E; Sharland, M; Versporten, A; Warris, A, 2015)	0.42
" Lbn was also more toxic than AmBi based on the RBC potassium release assay and intravenous dosing in uninfected mice given a single 50 mg/kg dose (80% mortality for Lbn vs."	( Toxicity and efficacy differences between liposomal amphotericin B formulations in uninfected and Aspergillus fumigatus infected mice. Adler-Moore, JP; Bunch, T; Hahka, D; Jensen, GM; Nguyen, N; Olson, JA; Schwartz, JA, 2015)	0.67
" Data were collected on age, sex, origin, method of diagnosis, adverse effects of drugs, duration of hospitalization, duration of treatment and dosage up to the onset of adverse effects."	( Historical series of patients with visceral leishmaniasis treated with meglumine antimoniate in a hospital for tropical diseases, Maceió-AL, Brazil. Pedrosa, CM; Ribeiro, SA; Rocha, TJ; Silveira, LJ, )	0.13
" The dosage and duration of treatment with Glucantime were consistent with that advocated by the Ministry of Health."	( Historical series of patients with visceral leishmaniasis treated with meglumine antimoniate in a hospital for tropical diseases, Maceió-AL, Brazil. Pedrosa, CM; Ribeiro, SA; Rocha, TJ; Silveira, LJ, )	0.13
"IFIs in neonates and children present substantial differences from adults in respect to their epidemiology, pharmacokinetics of antifungal agents and dosing as well as absence of interventional Phase III and IV clinical trials for guidance of evidence-based decisions."	( Therapeutic strategies for invasive fungal infections in neonatal and pediatric patients: an update. Kougia, V; Pana, ZD; Roilides, E, 2015)	0.42
" Advances in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of antimicrobial medications have led to improved dosing guidance for neonates."	( New antifungal and antiviral dosing. Monk, HM; Wade, KC, 2015)	0.42
" A clinical dosage of liposomal amphotericin B of 3 mg/kg/day is predicted to cause complete suppression of galactomannan and (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan levels in the majority of patients."	( Pharmacodynamics of amphotericin B deoxycholate, amphotericin B lipid complex, and liposomal amphotericin B against Aspergillus fumigatus. Al-Nakeeb, Z; Goodwin, J; Hope, WW; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Walsh, TJ, 2015)	1.02
" Amphotericin B dosing regimens with the drug administered every 24 h (q24h) were combined with voriconazole q12h dosing regimens."	( Optimization of polyene-azole combination therapy against aspergillosis using an in vitro pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. Meletiadis, J; Siafakas, N; Siopi, M; Vourli, S; Zerva, L, 2015)	1.33
" DL is a difficult to cure disease and pentavalent antimony (Sb(v)) is used as standard treatment, its highest dosage being 20 mg/kg/day, for 30 days."	( Treatment of Disseminated Leishmaniasis With Liposomal Amphotericin B. Carvalho, EM; Guimarães, LH; Machado, PR; Prates, FV; Queiroz, A; Rosa, ME; Schriefer, A, 2015)	0.66
" Self-medication and poor adherence to dosage recommendations were noted in the patient's medical history."	( [Oral hairy leukoplakia induced by topical steroids]. Boulanger, M; Fricain, JC; Projetti, F; Sibaud, V; Vigarios, E, 2015)	0.42
" Combination of Azole with amphotericin B is efficacious, safe and economic treatment option considering efficacy, survival rate, cost and dosage form."	( [Combination antifungal therapy for invasive fungal disease in children with hematologic disease]. Chen, C; Deng, L; Fang, J; Guo, H; Huang, K; Li, Y; Qiu, K; Xu, H; Xue, H; Zhou, D, 2015)	0.71
" Based on currently available data, some antifungals should be dosed based on total body weight (i."	( Dosing of antifungal agents in obese people. Hall, RG; Payne, KD, 2016)	0.43
" In vitro, experimental animal models and human clinical trial data are summarized, and novel routes of administration and dosing schedules are discussed."	( Liposomal Amphotericin B (AmBisome(®)): A Review of the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Clinical Experience and Future Directions. Bicanic, T; Hope, W; Salim, R; Stone, NR, 2016)	0.84
" PI(4,5)P2 levels increased in a dose-response manner at caspofungin concentrations of ≤4× MIC and progressively decreased at concentrations of ≥8× MIC."	( Highly Dynamic and Specific Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate, Septin, and Cell Wall Integrity Pathway Responses Correlate with Caspofungin Activity against Candida albicans. Badrane, H; Clancy, CJ; Nguyen, MH, 2016)	0.43
" The immune response developed was evaluated by the production of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 and GM-CSF cytokines, as well as by antileishmanial nitrite dosage and antibodies production."	( Treatment of murine visceral leishmaniasis using an 8-hydroxyquinoline-containing polymeric micelle system. Alves, RJ; Barichello, JM; Carvalho, AM; Coelho, EA; Duarte, MC; Lage, DP; Lage, LM; Martins, VT; Menezes-Souza, D; Roatt, BM; Tavares, CA, 2016)	0.43
" Allometric dosing of miltefosine in children needs to be evaluated."	( Efficacy and Safety of AmBisome in Combination with Sodium Stibogluconate or Miltefosine and Miltefosine Monotherapy for African Visceral Leishmaniasis: Phase II Randomized Trial. Alexander, N; Ali, MH; Alves, F; Balasegaram, M; Dorlo, TP; Edwards, T; Elamin, MY; Ellis, S; Hailu, A; Juma, R; Khalil, EA; Kimutai, R; Kip, AE; Kirigi, G; Musa, A; Musa, B; Njenga, S; Olobo, J; Omollo, R; Schoone, GJ; Strub Wourgaft, N; Wasunna, M; Wells, S, 2016)	0.43
" There are relatively limited pharmacokinetic (PK) data to inform optimal dosing in children that achieves systemic drug exposures comparable to those of adults."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Liposomal Amphotericin B in Immunocompromised Children. Aljayyoussi, G; Gonzalez, C; Groll, AH; Hope, WW; Jarosinski, PF; Lestner, JM; Seibel, NL; Shad, A; Walsh, TJ; Wood, LV, 2016)	0.7
" While the use of IT AmBd is well described in many articles, few discuss the actual methods behind preparation, titration, and dosing strategies utilized."	( Intrathecal Amphotericin B: A 60-Year Experience in Treating Coccidioidal Meningitis. Fowler, P; Heidari, A; Ho, J; Johnson, RH, 2017)	0.83
" Toxicity was examined by an in vitro blood hemolysis assay, and in vivo nephrotoxicity after single and multiple dosing for a week by blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and plasma creatinine (PCr) measurements."	( Oral administration of amphotericin B nanoparticles: antifungal activity, bioavailability and toxicity in rats. AlQuadeib, BT; Horrocks, B; Radwan, MA; Šiller, L; Wright, MC, 2017)	0.77
"5mg/kg regimen may be considered instead of the higher dosage however safer treatments remain critical for PKDL treatment."	( To evaluate efficacy and safety of amphotericin B in two different doses in the treatment of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Das, P; Kumar, A; Kumar, D; Lal, CS; Pal, B; Pandey, K; Rabi Das, VN; Siddiqui, NA; Verma, N; Verma, RB, 2017)	0.73
" Although side effects were more frequent with the 2-day regimen, the difference with regard to toxicity between dosing regimens was not significant."	( Short-course Regimens of Liposomal Amphotericin B for the Treatment of Mediterranean Visceral Leishmaniasis in Children: An 11-year Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Care Center. Argyri, I; Krepi, A; Krepis, P; Spyridis, N; Syrmou, A; Tsolia, M, 2017)	0.73
" Dosage was appropriate in 69%, debatable in 8%, and inappropriate in 23%."	( Assessment of high-priced systemic antifungal prescriptions. Bachellier, P; Bru, V; Gourieux, B; Herbrecht, R; Launoy, A; Levêque, D; Lutun, P; Nivoix, Y; Poulat, C; Rohr, S; Woehl, ML, 2017)	0.46
" Nevertheless, costly antifungal prescriptions need to be optimized in particular for empirical therapy, dosage adjustment, and potential de-escalation to fluconazole."	( Assessment of high-priced systemic antifungal prescriptions. Bachellier, P; Bru, V; Gourieux, B; Herbrecht, R; Launoy, A; Levêque, D; Lutun, P; Nivoix, Y; Poulat, C; Rohr, S; Woehl, ML, 2017)	0.46
" The long-term tissue retention of bioactive L-AmBis in different organs suggests that for some indications, prophylactic and intermittent drug dosing would be efficacious reducing the cost and possible toxic side-effects."	( Tissue pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of AmBisome® (L-AmBis) in uninfected and infected animals and their effects on dosing regimens. Adler-Moore, JP; Jensen, GM; Olson, JA; Proffitt, RT, 2017)	0.46
" Recommendations regarding dosage and duration of treatment are not very precise."	( [Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: Evaluation of a maintenance therapy with nebulized Ambisome Bergeron, A; Brun, AL; Cadranel, J; Couturaud, F; Godet, C; Laurent, F; Ragot, S, 2017)	0.46
" The findings of this study indicate that cryptococcosis should be considered during the differential diagnosis of infection in patients receiving tocilizumab, especially in the presence of other risk factors for infections or a short tocilizumab dosing interval."	( Disseminated cryptococcosis in a patient taking tocilizumab for Castleman's disease. Kamei, H; Nishioka, H; Takegawa, H, 2018)	0.48
" Approximately 40% of the adverse events were improved at 30days after L-AMB termination and there was no significant association between these adverse events improvement and L-AMB dosage or infusion volume."	( Occurrence and improvement of renal dysfunction and serum potassium abnormality during administration of liposomal amphotericin B in patients with hematological disorders: A retrospective analysis. Aoki, K; Kondo, T; Takaori-Kondo, A; Yamashita, K; Yamazaki, H, 2018)	0.69
" The presented findings reflect a lack of consensus on the optimal treatment dosage and on the schedule of application."	( Liposomal amphotericin B treatment of Old World cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis: A literature review. Blum, J; Mosimann, V; Neumayr, A; Paris, DH, 2018)	0.88
" Liposomal AMB (L-AMB) is a lipid dosage form which reduces the side effects and toxicity of the drug."	( Bioanalysis of free and liposomal Amphotericin B in rat plasma using solid phase extraction and protein precipitation followed by LC-MS/MS. Fawcett, JP; Gu, J; Su, C; Sun, D; Sun, H; Yang, H, 2018)	0.76
"Amphotericin B (AmB), a potent antifungal drug, presents physicochemical characteristics that impair the development of suitable dosage forms."	( Getting the Jump on the Development of Bullfrog Oil Microemulsions: a Nanocarrier for Amphotericin B Intended for Antifungal Treatment. Alencar, EN; Amaral-Machado, L; Chaves, GM; Egito, EST; Fernandes-Pedrosa, MF; Genre, J; Gondim, AD; Marcelino, HR; Oliveira, WN; Silva-Rocha, WP, 2018)	2.15
" When VT-1598 was dosed in the survival study, no VT-1598-treated animal succumbed to the infection."	( The novel fungal CYP51 inhibitor VT-1598 is efficacious alone and in combination with liposomal amphotericin B in a murine model of cryptococcal meningitis. Garvey, EP; Schotzinger, RJ; Sharp, AD; Warn, PA; Yates, CM, 2018)	0.7
" Minimal fungicidal concentrations, in vitro dose-response and time-kill patterns were determined."	( Antifungal activity and killing kinetics of anidulafungin, caspofungin and amphotericin B against Candida auris. Berrio, I; Dudiuk, C; Gamarra, S; Garcia-Effron, G; Leonardelli, F; Macedo, D; Marin, A; Morales-Lopez, S; Salcedo, S; Theill, L; Yesid-Rodriguez, J, 2019)	0.74
" As these compounds are available as intravenous formulations only, there is growing interest in extended dosing regimens."	( Extended Dosing Regimens for Fungal Prophylaxis. Bochennek, K; Gastine, S; Groll, AH; Hempel, G; Klingebiel, T; Lehrnbecher, T, 2019)	0.51
" This case illustrates the importance of timely diagnosis of pulmonary blastomycosis and appropriate dosing of antifungal therapy."	( Treatment of pulmonary blastomycosis with high-dose liposomal amphotericin B in a patient receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ammar, MA; Gurnani, PK; Servais, R, 2019)	0.75
"Careful consideration of drug-circuit interactions during continuous renal replacement therapy is essential for appropriate drug dosing in critically ill children."	( Antimicrobial Disposition During Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Using an Ex Vivo Model. Drover, DR; Elkomy, MH; Frymoyer, A; Hammer, GB; Purohit, PJ; Su, F; Sutherland, SM, 2019)	0.51
" Renal and hepatic markers were raised for Fungizone®-like formulation-treated rats but not for AmB-SDCS formulations following 7 days of regular dosing by intratracheal instillation."	( Biodistribution and histopathology studies of amphotericin B sodium deoxycholate sulfate formulation following intratracheal instillation in rat models. Javed, I; Nopparat, J; Srichana, T; Usman, F, 2020)	0.82
" Ensuring the optimized effective dosing of antimicrobials on ECMO remains a challenge."	( Altered Pharmacokinetics and Dosing of Liposomal Amphotericin B and Isavuconazole during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Barreto, EF; Seelhammer, TG; Wilson, JW; Zhao, Y, 2020)	0.81
" The long terminal half-life of LAmB suggests that intermittent dosing could be effective, making the application of outpatient antifungal therapy (OPAT) possible."	( Outpatient parenteral antifungal therapy (OPAT) for invasive fungal infections with intermittent dosing of liposomal amphotericin B. Brüggemann, RJ; de Boer, MGJ; Hendriks, BJC; Rijnders, BJA; Schauwvlieghe, A; Spriet, I; Van Daele, R; van de Peppel, RJ; Van't Wout, JW, 2020)	0.77
" The available treatments are hampered by issues such as toxicity, variable efficacy, and unsuitable dosing options."	( Identification and Optimization of a Series of 8-Hydroxy Naphthyridines with Potent De Rycker, M; Epemolu, O; Fiandor, JM; Gilbert, IH; Manthri, S; Marco, M; Miles, TJ; Naylor, C; Norval, S; Osuna-Cabello, M; Patterson, S; Read, KD; Riley, J; Simeons, FRC; Spinks, D; Stojanovski, L; Thomas, J; Thomas, MG; Thompson, S; Wall, RJ; Wyatt, PG; Wyllie, S, 2020)	0.56
" Antifungal agents are available in various forms, each with differing indications, dosing regimens, adverse effects, and drug interactions."	( Fungal infections in dentistry: Clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment alternatives. Lombardi, A; Ouanounou, A, 2020)	0.56
" After propensity score matching, the average daily and cumulative dose, treatment duration, and dosing interval for L-AMB were not significantly different between patients receiving and not receiving RRT."	( The clinical usage of liposomal amphotericin B in patients receiving renal replacement therapy in Japan: a nationwide observational study. Izumikawa, K; Miyazaki, T; Nishino, T; Obata, Y; Ota, Y; Sato, K; Takahashi, A; Takazono, T; Tashiro, M; Wakamura, T, 2021)	0.9
" For proper dosing of intracavitary amphotericin B deoxycholate, we devised a formula which can be theoretically applied for all intracavitary therapies."	( A unique case of Bailey, J; Doub, JB; Greenfield, A; Olexa, J; Sansur, CA; Wessell, AP, 2023)	1.19
" Liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) is a lipid dosage form, which has a significantly improved toxicity profile compared with conventional amphotericin B deoxycholate (DAmB)."	( Gender differences in acute toxicity, toxicokinetic and tissue distribution of amphotericin B liposomes in rats. Huang, RY; Ju, JX; Qi, JL; Wang, D; Wang, LJ; Xu, YF; Zhang, HL; Zhang, W, 2021)	1.24
" Although the clinical practices of nebulised parenteral amphotericin B and voriconazole formulations (off-label use) are reported to show promising therapeutic effects with few adverse effects, there is no consensus about the dosage regimen (e."	( Inhaled Antifungal Agents for the Treatment and Prophylaxis of Pulmonary Mycoses. Lam, JKW; Liao, Q, 2021)	0.87
" However, a larger randomized controlled trial is needed to determine the best dosing regimen for nebulized amphotericin B as a fungal prophylaxis after lung transplant."	( Nebulized Amphotericin B Dosing Regimen for Aspergillus Prevention After Lung Transplant. Al Begami, N; Al Muraybidh, R; Al Shamrani, A; Alangari, N; Alissa, D; AlMaghrabi, R; Bin Huwaimel, S; Korayem, GB; Nizami, I; Saleh, A, 2021)	1.24
" Preclinical studies on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-infective agents, such as anti-bacterials and anti-fungals, have provided valuable information in the development and dosing of these agents."	( Pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic relationships of liposomal amphotericin B and miltefosine in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Angulo-Barturen, I; Coteron-Lopez, JM; Croft, SL; Ferrer-Bazaga, S; Harris, A; Seifert, K; Voak, AA, 2021)	0.86
"Using a PK/PD approach we propose optimal dosing strategies for AmBisome."	( Pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic relationships of liposomal amphotericin B and miltefosine in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Angulo-Barturen, I; Coteron-Lopez, JM; Croft, SL; Ferrer-Bazaga, S; Harris, A; Seifert, K; Voak, AA, 2021)	0.86
"Liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) is used for various fungal infections, but it is unclear which dosing weight to use in obese patients."	( Evaluation of Total Body Weight versus Adjusted Body Weight Liposomal Amphotericin B Dosing in Obese Patients. Krekel, T; Micek, ST; Ritchie, DJ; Spec, A; Ting, MH, 2021)	1.26
" CCAB dosing was guided by TDM."	( Nephrotoxicity of continuous amphotericin B in critically ill patients with abdominal sepsis: a retrospective analysis with propensity score matching. den Reijer, M; Franssen, EJF; Geersing, TH; Spronk, PE; van der Voort, PHJ; van Kan, HJM, 2021)	0.91
" A high PTA (>90%) was achieved at MIC ≤2 mg/L for the dosing regimen of ABCD 3 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg for MIC ≤4 mg/L."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Single-Dose Amphotericin B Colloidal Dispersion in Healthy Chinese Subjects and Population Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis to Inform Clinical Efficacy in Invasive Infections Caused by Candida albicans. Cao, GY; Chen, YC; Chen, YJ; Dai, JY; He, JJ; Huang, ZW; Li, CL; Wang, JJ; Wang, K; Wu, JF; Wu, XJ; Xu, FY; Yang, HJ; Yu, JC; Yuan, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, JY; Zhang, W, 2021)	0.88
" Regarding anticoagulants, both warfarin and new oral anticoagulants have potential nephrotoxicity, and dosage should be reduced if renal pathology exam proves renal injury."	( Nephrotoxins and acute kidney injury - The consensus of the Taiwan acute kidney injury Task Force. Chen, CH; Chen, YC; Chen, YT; Huang, WC; Lai, TS; Lee, KH; Shao, SC; Su, CH; Sung, JM; Wang, MT, 2022)	0.72
"7%) and dosage (24%)."	( Antifungal prescription practices and consumption in a tertiary care hospital of a developing country. Agarwal, R; Biswal, M; Chakrabarti, A; Dhaliwal, N; Ghosh, A; Ghoshal, S; Jain, S; Kaur, H; Krishnamoorthi, S; Malhotra, P; Muthu, V; Rudramurthy, SM; Samujh, R; Singh, S, 2022)	0.72
" So it is imperative to find the drugs that can both reduce the dosage and enhance the antifungal efficacy of AmB."	( Nicotinamide potentiates amphotericin B activity against Cao, Y; Liao, Z; Shen, J; Yan, Y; Zhu, Z, 2022)	1.02
" The aim of this study was to describe population PK of AmBisome and conduct a meta-analysis of the available studies to suggest the optimal dosing for cryptococcal meningoencephalitis."	( Population pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B in adults with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Ahmadu, A; Bidwell, G; Changalucha, J; Chasweka, M; Chimang'anga, W; Chofle, A; Gondwe, E; Harrison, TS; Hope, W; Jarvis, JN; Jimenez-Valverde, A; Kajanga, C; Lalloo, DG; Lawrence, DS; Leeme, TB; Märtson, AG; Molefi, M; Moyo, M; Mwandumba, HC; Stott, KE; Unsworth, J, 2022)	0.99
" Data for the meta-analysis were insufficient to suggest optimal dosing of AmBisome for cryptococcal meningoencephalitis."	( Population pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B in adults with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Ahmadu, A; Bidwell, G; Changalucha, J; Chasweka, M; Chimang'anga, W; Chofle, A; Gondwe, E; Harrison, TS; Hope, W; Jarvis, JN; Jimenez-Valverde, A; Kajanga, C; Lalloo, DG; Lawrence, DS; Leeme, TB; Märtson, AG; Molefi, M; Moyo, M; Mwandumba, HC; Stott, KE; Unsworth, J, 2022)	0.99
" However, significant gaps remain in determining optimal dosing regimens for LAmB in pregnancy."	( Dosing implications for liposomal amphotericin B in pregnancy. Azar, MM; Briggs, N; Davis, MW; McManus, D; O'Grady, N; Topal, J, 2023)	1.19
" To standardize the clinical application of AmBd, well-known experts in this field were invited to reach a consensus on the antifungal properties, pharmacokinetic characteristics, dosage regimen, clinical application, prevention and treatment of adverse reactions of AmBd."	( [Expert consensus on rational clinical application of amphotericin B deoxycholate (2022)]. , 2023)	1.16
" A different dosing schedule or nebulized liposomal amphotericin B may still need evaluation."	( Treatment of pulmonary mucormycosis with adjunctive nebulized amphotericin B (MUCONAB trial): Results of an open-label randomized controlled trial. Agarwal, R; Aggarwal, AN; Chakrabarti, A; Dhooria, S; Garg, M; Gogineni, RR; Muthu, V; Prasad, KT; Rudramurthy, SM; Sehgal, IS; Singh, H, 2023)	1.4
" Of the 19 dogs that developed AKI, 16 (84%) continued treatment after a pause in the planned dosing protocol."	( Incidence of acute kidney injury in dogs with systemic mycotic infections treated with amphotericin B (1996-2020). Chan, JC; Dear, J; Palm, C; Reagan, K, )	0.35
" More research using different dosing regimens is required."	( Nebulized amphotericin B for preventing exacerbations in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Agarwal, R; Aggarwal, AN; Chakrabarti, A; Dhooria, S; Muthu, V; Prasad, KT; Rudramurthy, SM; Sehgal, IS, 2023)	1.31
" Liposomal AMB is a lipid dosage form, available as AmBisome, which reduces the toxicity of the drug."	( Validated HPLC-UV method for amphotericin B quantification in a critical patient receiving AmBisome and treated with extracorporeal replacement therapies. Aguilar, G; Alos-Almiñana, M; Ezquer-Garin, C; Ferriols-Lisart, R, 2023)	1.2