Page last updated: 2024-12-07

efegatran

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

Efegatran is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable thrombin inhibitor that has been investigated for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases. Its mechanism of action involves directly binding to the active site of thrombin, thereby inhibiting its ability to convert fibrinogen into fibrin, a key step in blood clot formation. Efegatran has shown promising results in preclinical studies, demonstrating efficacy in preventing thrombosis and reducing clot size in animal models. It has been investigated in clinical trials for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes, atrial fibrillation, and venous thromboembolism. However, its development was discontinued due to concerns about potential safety issues, including an increased risk of bleeding. Despite its discontinuation, the research on efegatran has contributed valuable insights into the role of thrombin inhibition in thrombotic diseases, and the knowledge gained has informed the development of other thrombin inhibitors.'

efegatran: RN & structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd (D)-isomer [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID122267
CHEMBL ID273196
SCHEMBL ID635674
SCHEMBL ID635675
MeSH IDM0177134

Synonyms (23)

Synonym
ly-294468
efegatran [inn]
l-prolinamide, n-methyl-d-phenylalanyl-n-(4-((aminoiminomethyl)amino)-1-formylbutyl)-, (s)-
ly 294468
efegatran
(s)-1-((r)-2-methylamino-3-phenyl-propionyl)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid ((s)-1-formyl-4-guanidino-butyl)-amide
me-(d-phe)-pro-arg-cho
bdbm50228863
1-(2-methylamino-3-phenyl-propionyl)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (1-formyl-4-guanidino-butyl)-amide
5n-[4-amino(imino)methylamino-1-formyl-(1s)-butyl]-1-[2-methylamino-3-phenyl-(2r)-propanoyl]-(5s)-dihydro-1h-5-pyrrolecarboxamide
ly294468
CHEMBL273196 ,
(2s)-n-[(2s)-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]-1-[(2r)-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylpropanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
vt0vk2474k ,
105806-65-3
unii-vt0vk2474k
SCHEMBL635674
SCHEMBL635675
Q27292007
(s)-n-((s)-5-guanidino-1-oxopentan-2-yl)-1-(methyl-d-phenylalanyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
DTXSID20909748
n-(5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl)-1-(n-methylphenylalanyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboximidic acid
AKOS040746792

Research Excerpts

Overview

Efegatran is a new direct antithrombin. In experimental animals has been shown to enhance thrombolysis, reduce rate of reocclusion, and limit infarct size.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Efegatran is a new direct antithrombin, which in experimental animals has been shown to enhance thrombolysis, reduce rate of reocclusion, and limit infarct size."( Efegatran sulfate as an adjunct to streptokinase versus heparin as an adjunct to tissue plasminogen activator in patients with acute myocardial infarction. ESCALAT Investigators.
Cambier, PA; Every, NR; Fung, AY; Hallstrom, AP; Hansen, D; Lee, JJ; Lorch, G; Martin, JS; Scherer, J; Stock-Novack, D; Titus, BG; Weaver, WD, 1999
)
2.47

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Efegatran has been evaluated in phase I clinical studies and is currently under clinical investigation in phase II protocols as a new cardiovascular anticoagulant."( A family of arginal thrombin inhibitors related to efegatran.
Chirgadze, N; Coffman, WJ; Craft, TJ; Gifford, DS; Hermann, RB; Jackson, CV; Jones, ND; Kurz, KD; Roberts, E; Sandusky, GE; Shuman, RT; Smith, GF, 1996
)
1.27

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Thirdly, oral bioavailability has been achieved while maintaining selectivity and efficacy through the incorporation of progressively less basic P1 groups."( Thrombin inhibitor design.
Naylor-Olsen, AM; Sanderson, PE, 1998
)
0.3
" For example, 6e is an orally active inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase that entered human clinical studies, 52h is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of human chymase, and 82m is a FAAH inhibitor with in vivo endocannabinoid-enhancing activity."( Inhibitors of proteases and amide hydrolases that employ an alpha-ketoheterocycle as a key enabling functionality.
Costanzo, MJ; Maryanoff, BE, 2008
)
0.35

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Dose-response relationships were determined with a thrombin active site inhibitor, N-methyl (GYKI 14,766); a thrombin exosite inhibitor, succinyl-Phe-Glu-Pro-Ile-Pro-Glu-Glu-Tyr-cyclohexylalanine-Gln (BMS 180,742); and heparin."( Comparison of thrombin active site and exosite inhibitors and heparin in experimental models of arterial and venous thrombosis and bleeding.
Heran, CL; Michel, IM; Ogletree, ML; Schumacher, WA; Seiler, SM; Steinbacher, TE, 1993
)
0.29
" The thrombin inhibitors were given intravenously, and complete concentration- and/or dose-response curves were constructed."( The importance of enzyme inhibition kinetics for the effect of thrombin inhibitors in a rat model of arterial thrombosis.
Deinum, J; Elg, M; Gustafsson, D, 1997
)
0.3
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (8)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
ProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.03510.00000.710710.0000AID210648; AID210653; AID210656; AID210667; AID210678; AID211543; AID241189; AID89963
ProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.01270.00000.78469.0000AID211215; AID211230; AID211774; AID238527; AID238705; AID321190
Prothrombin Bos taurus (cattle)IC50 (µMol)0.00890.00890.88576.0000AID213263
Coagulation factor XHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)2.00800.00030.593710.0000AID51478; AID51826
Coagulation factor XBos taurus (cattle)IC50 (µMol)7.60007.60007.60007.6000AID51331
PlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.30830.02503.628010.0000AID157803; AID157805; AID158154
Tissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)10.51700.03402.54256.6000AID210737; AID210922
Cationic trypsinBos taurus (cattle)IC50 (µMol)0.00650.00003.479210.0000AID215026; AID215027
Cationic trypsinBos taurus (cattle)Ki0.00650.00001.07539.0000AID215212; AID238405
Trypsin-1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00800.00351.532110.0000AID215719
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (59)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
positive regulation of protein phosphorylationProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
proteolysisProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
acute-phase responseProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
blood coagulationProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell shapeProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
response to woundingProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of platelet activationProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
platelet activationProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of blood coagulationProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood coagulationProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell growthProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretionProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of collagen biosynthetic processProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
fibrinolysisProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysisProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of astrocyte differentiationProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosolProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
cytolysis by host of symbiont cellsProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibrinolysisProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptideProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
neutrophil-mediated killing of gram-negative bacteriumProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of lipid kinase activityProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory responseProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein localization to nucleusProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated ion channel signaling pathwayProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
proteolysisProthrombin Bos taurus (cattle)
acute-phase responseProthrombin Bos taurus (cattle)
positive regulation of blood coagulationProthrombin Bos taurus (cattle)
protein polymerizationProthrombin Bos taurus (cattle)
proteolysisCoagulation factor XHomo sapiens (human)
blood coagulationCoagulation factor XHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migrationCoagulation factor XHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of TOR signalingCoagulation factor XHomo sapiens (human)
proteolysisCoagulation factor XBos taurus (cattle)
blood coagulationCoagulation factor XBos taurus (cattle)
proteolysisPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
blood coagulationPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell-substrate adhesionPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrix disassemblyPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
tissue regenerationPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
fibrinolysisPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migrationPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
myoblast differentiationPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
muscle cell cellular homeostasisPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
tissue remodelingPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
biological process involved in interaction with symbiontPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibrinolysisPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fibrinolysisPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
trophoblast giant cell differentiationPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
labyrinthine layer blood vessel developmentPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
mononuclear cell migrationPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
trans-synaptic signaling by BDNF, modulating synaptic transmissionPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherinPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
proteolysisTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
blood coagulationTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of plasminogen activationTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
plasminogen activationTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
protein modification processTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
fibrinolysisTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysisTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibrinolysisTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
prevention of polyspermyTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
trans-synaptic signaling by BDNF, modulating synaptic transmissionTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathwayTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle cell migrationTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
proteolysisCationic trypsinBos taurus (cattle)
digestionCationic trypsinBos taurus (cattle)
digestionTrypsin-1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrix disassemblyTrypsin-1Homo sapiens (human)
proteolysisTrypsin-1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (22)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
lipopolysaccharide bindingProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase activityProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion bindingProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
growth factor activityProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
heparin bindingProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
thrombospondin receptor activityProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase activityProthrombin Bos taurus (cattle)
calcium ion bindingProthrombin Bos taurus (cattle)
protein bindingProthrombin Bos taurus (cattle)
fibrinogen bindingProthrombin Bos taurus (cattle)
serine-type endopeptidase activityCoagulation factor XHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion bindingCoagulation factor XHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCoagulation factor XHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid bindingCoagulation factor XHomo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase activityCoagulation factor XBos taurus (cattle)
calcium ion bindingCoagulation factor XBos taurus (cattle)
protease bindingPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
endopeptidase activityPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase activityPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
serine-type peptidase activityPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
kinase bindingPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
protein domain specific bindingPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
apolipoprotein bindingPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
protein antigen bindingPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase activityTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
phosphoprotein bindingTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
endopeptidase activityCationic trypsinBos taurus (cattle)
serine-type endopeptidase activityCationic trypsinBos taurus (cattle)
protein bindingCationic trypsinBos taurus (cattle)
metal ion bindingCationic trypsinBos taurus (cattle)
serpin family protein bindingCationic trypsinBos taurus (cattle)
serine-type endopeptidase activityTrypsin-1Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingTrypsin-1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (17)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
external side of plasma membraneProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
collagen-containing extracellular matrixProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum lumenProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi lumenProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
blood microparticleProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
collagen-containing extracellular matrixProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceProthrombinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionCoagulation factor XHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum lumenCoagulation factor XHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi lumenCoagulation factor XHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCoagulation factor XHomo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneCoagulation factor XHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceCoagulation factor XHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spacePlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membranePlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membranePlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfacePlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
platelet alpha granule lumenPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
collagen-containing extracellular matrixPlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomePlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
blood microparticlePlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapsePlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapsePlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spacePlasminogenHomo sapiens (human)
collagen-containing extracellular matrixTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
secretory granuleTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
apical part of cellTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
serine protease inhibitor complexTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapseTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceTissue-type plasminogen activatorHomo sapiens (human)
serine protease inhibitor complexCationic trypsinBos taurus (cattle)
extracellular regionTrypsin-1Homo sapiens (human)
collagen-containing extracellular matrixTrypsin-1Homo sapiens (human)
blood microparticleTrypsin-1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceTrypsin-1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (81)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID233591Ratio of IC50 towards Tissue Plasminogen activator to thrombin1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-27, Volume: 38, Issue:22
Structure-activity study of tripeptide thrombin inhibitors using alpha-alkyl amino acids and other conformationally constrained amino acid substitutions.
AID321190Inhibition of human alpha-thrombin2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 16, Issue:4
Inhibitors of proteases and amide hydrolases that employ an alpha-ketoheterocycle as a key enabling functionality.
AID211230Inhibition of human alpha-thrombin.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-02, Volume: 39, Issue:16
Potent thrombin inhibitors that probe the S1 subsite: tripeptide transition state analogues based on a heterocycle-activated carbonyl group.
AID233457Selectivity ratio of IC50 of factor Xa relative to IC50 of human alpha thrombin2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-07, Volume: 12, Issue:1
Molecular design and structure--activity relationships leading to the potent, selective, and orally active thrombin active site inhibitor BMS-189664.
AID242977Ki ratio of human alpha thrombin to activated protein C2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
In-depth study of tripeptide-based alpha-ketoheterocycles as inhibitors of thrombin. Effective utilization of the S1' subsite and its implications to structure-based drug design.
AID51478Concentration required to inhibit Coagulation factor X was determined2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-04, Volume: 12, Issue:21
Retro-binding thrombin active site inhibitors: identification of an orally active inhibitor of thrombin catalytic activity.
AID210653Compound was tested for inhibition of gel-filtered platelet (GFP) aggregation induced by alpha-thrombin2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 47, Issue:4
Inhibitors of serine proteases as potential therapeutic agents: the road from thrombin to tryptase to cathepsin G.
AID59843In vivo antithrombotic activity using canine thrombosis model2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 47, Issue:4
Inhibitors of serine proteases as potential therapeutic agents: the road from thrombin to tryptase to cathepsin G.
AID232970Ratio between enzyme selectivity of trypsin inhibitor/thrombin inhibitor2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-07, Volume: 12, Issue:1
Thrombin active site inhibitors: chemical synthesis, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of a novel and selective agent BMS-189090 and analogues.
AID232967Ratio between enzyme selectivity of factor Xa inhibitor/thrombin inhibitor2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-07, Volume: 12, Issue:1
Thrombin active site inhibitors: chemical synthesis, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of a novel and selective agent BMS-189090 and analogues.
AID210922Concentration required to inhibit Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) was determined2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-04, Volume: 12, Issue:21
Retro-binding thrombin active site inhibitors: identification of an orally active inhibitor of thrombin catalytic activity.
AID242965Ki ratio of human alpha thrombin to streptokinase2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
In-depth study of tripeptide-based alpha-ketoheterocycles as inhibitors of thrombin. Effective utilization of the S1' subsite and its implications to structure-based drug design.
AID215212Inhibition of bovine trypsin1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-02, Volume: 39, Issue:16
Potent thrombin inhibitors that probe the S1 subsite: tripeptide transition state analogues based on a heterocycle-activated carbonyl group.
AID249482Cardiovascular safety ratio ratiod (ED-25:ED50) estimation, which is based on a comparison of the hypotensive response in anesthetized guinea pigs to the anticoagulant / antithrombotic response in dogs2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
In-depth study of tripeptide-based alpha-ketoheterocycles as inhibitors of thrombin. Effective utilization of the S1' subsite and its implications to structure-based drug design.
AID132400Efficacy required to inhibit thrombin was determined after 10 min of intravenous administration in the mouse thrombin challenge model2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-04, Volume: 12, Issue:21
Retro-binding thrombin active site inhibitors: identification of an orally active inhibitor of thrombin catalytic activity.
AID232968Ratio between enzyme selectivity of plasmin inhibitor/thrombin inhibitor2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-07, Volume: 12, Issue:1
Thrombin active site inhibitors: chemical synthesis, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of a novel and selective agent BMS-189090 and analogues.
AID228477Anticoagulant activity for the compound by determining the concentration required to double the thrombin time.1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-20, Volume: 9, Issue:18
The design of potent, selective, non-covalent, peptide thrombin inhibitors utilizing imidazole as a S1 binding element.
AID242951Ki ratio of human alpha thrombin to plasmin2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
In-depth study of tripeptide-based alpha-ketoheterocycles as inhibitors of thrombin. Effective utilization of the S1' subsite and its implications to structure-based drug design.
AID89963In vitro inhibition of thrombin catalytic activity using s-2238 substrate at 10 uM was measured at rt after 3 min incubation with compound2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-07, Volume: 12, Issue:1
Thrombin active site inhibitors: chemical synthesis, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of a novel and selective agent BMS-189090 and analogues.
AID243048Ki ratio of human alpha thrombin to two chain urokinase type plasminogen activator2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
In-depth study of tripeptide-based alpha-ketoheterocycles as inhibitors of thrombin. Effective utilization of the S1' subsite and its implications to structure-based drug design.
AID233221Compound was tested for inhibition of activated protein C. selectivity with respect to thrombin1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-02, Volume: 39, Issue:16
Potent thrombin inhibitors that probe the S1 subsite: tripeptide transition state analogues based on a heterocycle-activated carbonyl group.
AID130477ID50 is the dose required for 50% mice survival2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-07, Volume: 12, Issue:1
Molecular design and structure--activity relationships leading to the potent, selective, and orally active thrombin active site inhibitor BMS-189664.
AID233225Inhibition of trypsin, selectivity with respect to thrombin1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-02, Volume: 39, Issue:16
Potent thrombin inhibitors that probe the S1 subsite: tripeptide transition state analogues based on a heterocycle-activated carbonyl group.
AID238527Binding affinity determined against human alpha thrombin2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
In-depth study of tripeptide-based alpha-ketoheterocycles as inhibitors of thrombin. Effective utilization of the S1' subsite and its implications to structure-based drug design.
AID233459Selectivity ratio of IC50 of human trypsin relative to IC50 of human alpha thrombin2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-07, Volume: 12, Issue:1
Molecular design and structure--activity relationships leading to the potent, selective, and orally active thrombin active site inhibitor BMS-189664.
AID215661Inhibitory activity against the human urokinase1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-20, Volume: 9, Issue:18
The design of potent, selective, non-covalent, peptide thrombin inhibitors utilizing imidazole as a S1 binding element.
AID215405Inhibitory activity against the human trypsin1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-20, Volume: 9, Issue:18
The design of potent, selective, non-covalent, peptide thrombin inhibitors utilizing imidazole as a S1 binding element.
AID210573Inhibitory activity against the human tissue plasminogen activator1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-20, Volume: 9, Issue:18
The design of potent, selective, non-covalent, peptide thrombin inhibitors utilizing imidazole as a S1 binding element.
AID112433In vivo potency for thrombin induced lethality model in anesthetized mice through peroral administration2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-07, Volume: 12, Issue:1
Thrombin active site inhibitors: chemical synthesis, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of a novel and selective agent BMS-189090 and analogues.
AID241189Inhibitory concentration against human alpha thrombin2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
In-depth study of tripeptide-based alpha-ketoheterocycles as inhibitors of thrombin. Effective utilization of the S1' subsite and its implications to structure-based drug design.
AID210851Inhibitory activity against the human alpha-thrombin1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-20, Volume: 9, Issue:18
The design of potent, selective, non-covalent, peptide thrombin inhibitors utilizing imidazole as a S1 binding element.
AID157968Inhibitory activity against the human plasmin1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-20, Volume: 9, Issue:18
The design of potent, selective, non-covalent, peptide thrombin inhibitors utilizing imidazole as a S1 binding element.
AID211774Binding inhibition against thrombin was measured by nonlinear regression analysis using Morrison's equation for tight-binding inhibition1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-08, Volume: 9, Issue:5
Dibasic benzo[b]thiophene derivatives as a novel class of active site directed thrombin inhibitors: 2. Sidechain optimization and demonstration of in vivo efficacy.
AID248645Inhibitory concentration against gel filtered platelet aggregation induced by alpha thrombin2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
In-depth study of tripeptide-based alpha-ketoheterocycles as inhibitors of thrombin. Effective utilization of the S1' subsite and its implications to structure-based drug design.
AID228476Anticoagulant activity for the compound by determining the concentration required to double the prothrombin time.1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-20, Volume: 9, Issue:18
The design of potent, selective, non-covalent, peptide thrombin inhibitors utilizing imidazole as a S1 binding element.
AID242972Ki ratio of human alpha thrombin to activated factor X2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
In-depth study of tripeptide-based alpha-ketoheterocycles as inhibitors of thrombin. Effective utilization of the S1' subsite and its implications to structure-based drug design.
AID112432In vivo potency for thrombin induced lethality model in anesthetized mice through intraperitoneal administration2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-07, Volume: 12, Issue:1
Thrombin active site inhibitors: chemical synthesis, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of a novel and selective agent BMS-189090 and analogues.
AID251305Percent change in blood pressure in guinea pig at 10 mg/kg dose2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
In-depth study of tripeptide-based alpha-ketoheterocycles as inhibitors of thrombin. Effective utilization of the S1' subsite and its implications to structure-based drug design.
AID232969Ratio between enzyme selectivity of tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor/thrombin inhibitor2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-07, Volume: 12, Issue:1
Thrombin active site inhibitors: chemical synthesis, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of a novel and selective agent BMS-189090 and analogues.
AID132401Efficacy required to inhibit thrombin was determined after 1 hr of intravenous administration in the mouse thrombin challenge model2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-04, Volume: 12, Issue:21
Retro-binding thrombin active site inhibitors: identification of an orally active inhibitor of thrombin catalytic activity.
AID215026Concentration required to inhibit Trypsin was determined2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-04, Volume: 12, Issue:21
Retro-binding thrombin active site inhibitors: identification of an orally active inhibitor of thrombin catalytic activity.
AID213263In vitro Enzyme Inhibitory activity measured against Thrombin1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-27, Volume: 38, Issue:22
Structure-activity study of tripeptide thrombin inhibitors using alpha-alkyl amino acids and other conformationally constrained amino acid substitutions.
AID210648Compound was evaluated for the inhibition of thrombin using the synthetic substrate chromozym TH1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-19, Volume: 8, Issue:10
1,2-disubstituted cyclohexane derived tripeptide aldehydes as novel selective thrombin inhibitors.
AID132402Efficacy required to inhibit thrombin was determined after 1 hr of oral administration in the mouse thrombin challenge model2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-04, Volume: 12, Issue:21
Retro-binding thrombin active site inhibitors: identification of an orally active inhibitor of thrombin catalytic activity.
AID210843Binding to human thrombin was measured using the inhibition of thrombin hydrolysis of Bz-Phe-Val-Arg-pNA1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-08, Volume: 9, Issue:5
Dibasic benzo[b]thiophene derivatives as a novel class of active site directed thrombin inhibitors: 2. Sidechain optimization and demonstration of in vivo efficacy.
AID247095In vivo effective intravenous dose for that reduces thrombus weight accumulation on a silk fiber by 50% was determined in Rabbit deep vein thrombosis model2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
In-depth study of tripeptide-based alpha-ketoheterocycles as inhibitors of thrombin. Effective utilization of the S1' subsite and its implications to structure-based drug design.
AID89188Anticoagulant activity measured in human plasma through activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) assay1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-08, Volume: 9, Issue:5
Dibasic benzo[b]thiophene derivatives as a novel class of active site directed thrombin inhibitors: 2. Sidechain optimization and demonstration of in vivo efficacy.
AID233590Ratio of IC50 towards Plasmin to thrombin1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-27, Volume: 38, Issue:22
Structure-activity study of tripeptide thrombin inhibitors using alpha-alkyl amino acids and other conformationally constrained amino acid substitutions.
AID210678Inhibitory activity against thrombin induced platelet aggregation1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-02, Volume: 39, Issue:16
Potent thrombin inhibitors that probe the S1 subsite: tripeptide transition state analogues based on a heterocycle-activated carbonyl group.
AID51331In vitro Enzyme Inhibitory activity measured against Coagulation factor X1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-27, Volume: 38, Issue:22
Structure-activity study of tripeptide thrombin inhibitors using alpha-alkyl amino acids and other conformationally constrained amino acid substitutions.
AID211215Inhibitory constant of thrombin catalytic activity was determined2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-04, Volume: 12, Issue:21
Retro-binding thrombin active site inhibitors: identification of an orally active inhibitor of thrombin catalytic activity.
AID157805In vitro Enzyme Inhibitory activity measured against Plasmin1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-27, Volume: 38, Issue:22
Structure-activity study of tripeptide thrombin inhibitors using alpha-alkyl amino acids and other conformationally constrained amino acid substitutions.
AID177704In vivo potency defined as the infusion dose that reduces the clot weight by 50% in rat arterial-venous shunt model of thrombosis1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-08, Volume: 9, Issue:5
Dibasic benzo[b]thiophene derivatives as a novel class of active site directed thrombin inhibitors: 2. Sidechain optimization and demonstration of in vivo efficacy.
AID233458Selectivity ratio of IC50 of human plasmin relative to IC50 of human alpha thrombin2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-07, Volume: 12, Issue:1
Molecular design and structure--activity relationships leading to the potent, selective, and orally active thrombin active site inhibitor BMS-189664.
AID238705Inhibition constant against human alpha thrombin2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
In-depth study of tripeptide-based alpha-ketoheterocycles as inhibitors of thrombin. Effective utilization of the S1' subsite and its implications to structure-based drug design.
AID246819In vivo effective intravenous dose for eliciting a 25% decrease in blood pressure in anesthetized Guinea pig2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
In-depth study of tripeptide-based alpha-ketoheterocycles as inhibitors of thrombin. Effective utilization of the S1' subsite and its implications to structure-based drug design.
AID233222Compound was tested for inhibition of plasmin, selectivity with respect to thrombin1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-02, Volume: 39, Issue:16
Potent thrombin inhibitors that probe the S1 subsite: tripeptide transition state analogues based on a heterocycle-activated carbonyl group.
AID157803Concentration required to inhibit Plasmin was determined2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-04, Volume: 12, Issue:21
Retro-binding thrombin active site inhibitors: identification of an orally active inhibitor of thrombin catalytic activity.
AID210656Concentration required to inhibit thrombin was determined2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-04, Volume: 12, Issue:21
Retro-binding thrombin active site inhibitors: identification of an orally active inhibitor of thrombin catalytic activity.
AID243040Ki ratio of human alpha thrombin to two chain tissue type plasminogen activator2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
In-depth study of tripeptide-based alpha-ketoheterocycles as inhibitors of thrombin. Effective utilization of the S1' subsite and its implications to structure-based drug design.
AID233460Selectivity ratio of IC50 of tissue plasminogen activator relative to IC50 of human alpha thrombin2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-07, Volume: 12, Issue:1
Molecular design and structure--activity relationships leading to the potent, selective, and orally active thrombin active site inhibitor BMS-189664.
AID233224Compound was tested for inhibition of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tissue plasminogen activator), selectivity with respect to thrombin1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-02, Volume: 39, Issue:16
Potent thrombin inhibitors that probe the S1 subsite: tripeptide transition state analogues based on a heterocycle-activated carbonyl group.
AID228475Anticoagulant activity for the compound by determining the concentration required to double the activated partial thromboplastin time.1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-20, Volume: 9, Issue:18
The design of potent, selective, non-covalent, peptide thrombin inhibitors utilizing imidazole as a S1 binding element.
AID249484Cardiovascular safety ratio ratiod (ED-25:ED50) estimation, which is based on a comparison of the hypotensive response in anesthetized guinea pigs to the anticoagulant / antithrombotic response in rabbit2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
In-depth study of tripeptide-based alpha-ketoheterocycles as inhibitors of thrombin. Effective utilization of the S1' subsite and its implications to structure-based drug design.
AID210667In vitro inhibitory activity against hydrolysis of human alpha thrombin2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-07, Volume: 12, Issue:1
Molecular design and structure--activity relationships leading to the potent, selective, and orally active thrombin active site inhibitor BMS-189664.
AID233057Compound was evaluated for IC50 ratio between human plasmin and thrombin1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-19, Volume: 8, Issue:10
1,2-disubstituted cyclohexane derived tripeptide aldehydes as novel selective thrombin inhibitors.
AID215719In vitro activity against trypsin was determined1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-08, Volume: 37, Issue:14
Retro-binding tripeptide thrombin active-site inhibitors: discovery, synthesis, and molecular modeling.
AID167464In vivo antithrombotic activity using rabbit thrombosis model2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 47, Issue:4
Inhibitors of serine proteases as potential therapeutic agents: the road from thrombin to tryptase to cathepsin G.
AID89183Anticoagulant activity measured in human plasma through prothrombin time (PT) assay1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-08, Volume: 9, Issue:5
Dibasic benzo[b]thiophene derivatives as a novel class of active site directed thrombin inhibitors: 2. Sidechain optimization and demonstration of in vivo efficacy.
AID233059Compound was evaluated for IC50 ratio between human trypsin and thrombin1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-19, Volume: 8, Issue:10
1,2-disubstituted cyclohexane derived tripeptide aldehydes as novel selective thrombin inhibitors.
AID211543In vitro activity against thrombin was determined1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-08, Volume: 37, Issue:14
Retro-binding tripeptide thrombin active-site inhibitors: discovery, synthesis, and molecular modeling.
AID238405Binding affinity against bovine trypsin2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
In-depth study of tripeptide-based alpha-ketoheterocycles as inhibitors of thrombin. Effective utilization of the S1' subsite and its implications to structure-based drug design.
AID210737In vitro Enzyme Inhibitory activity against t-PA(Tissue plasminogen activator).1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-27, Volume: 38, Issue:22
Structure-activity study of tripeptide thrombin inhibitors using alpha-alkyl amino acids and other conformationally constrained amino acid substitutions.
AID89186Anticoagulant activity measured in human plasma through thrombin time (TT) assay1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-08, Volume: 9, Issue:5
Dibasic benzo[b]thiophene derivatives as a novel class of active site directed thrombin inhibitors: 2. Sidechain optimization and demonstration of in vivo efficacy.
AID247088In vivo effective intravenous dose for that reduces thrombus weight accumulation on a silk fiber by 50% was determined in Dog arteriovenous shunt model2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
In-depth study of tripeptide-based alpha-ketoheterocycles as inhibitors of thrombin. Effective utilization of the S1' subsite and its implications to structure-based drug design.
AID233223Compound was tested for inhibition of streptokinase (SK). selectivity with respect to thrombin1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-02, Volume: 39, Issue:16
Potent thrombin inhibitors that probe the S1 subsite: tripeptide transition state analogues based on a heterocycle-activated carbonyl group.
AID158154In vitro activity against plasmid was determined1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-08, Volume: 37, Issue:14
Retro-binding tripeptide thrombin active-site inhibitors: discovery, synthesis, and molecular modeling.
AID242952Ki ratio of human alpha thrombin to trypsin2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
In-depth study of tripeptide-based alpha-ketoheterocycles as inhibitors of thrombin. Effective utilization of the S1' subsite and its implications to structure-based drug design.
AID51826In vitro activity against Factor Xa was determined1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-08, Volume: 37, Issue:14
Retro-binding tripeptide thrombin active-site inhibitors: discovery, synthesis, and molecular modeling.
AID30722Inhibitory activity against the activated human protein C1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-20, Volume: 9, Issue:18
The design of potent, selective, non-covalent, peptide thrombin inhibitors utilizing imidazole as a S1 binding element.
AID215027In vitro Enzyme Inhibitory activity measured against Trypsin1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-27, Volume: 38, Issue:22
Structure-activity study of tripeptide thrombin inhibitors using alpha-alkyl amino acids and other conformationally constrained amino acid substitutions.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (43)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's32 (74.42)18.2507
2000's11 (25.58)29.6817
2010's0 (0.00)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 18.00

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index18.00 (24.57)
Research Supply Index3.85 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.22 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index15.26 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (18.00)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials3 (6.98%)5.53%
Reviews7 (16.28%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other33 (76.74%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]