Compounds > n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
Page last updated: 2024-12-05

n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone

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Description

N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NVP) is a colorless liquid monomer that is widely used in the production of polymers and copolymers. It is synthesized by the reaction of 2-pyrrolidinone with acetylene in the presence of a catalyst. NVP is known for its excellent adhesion properties, good chemical resistance, and high clarity. It is used in various applications, including adhesives, coatings, sealants, and fibers. NVP is also studied for its potential in biomedical applications, such as drug delivery and tissue engineering, due to its biocompatibility and ability to form hydrogels. The high reactivity of NVP allows for the production of a wide range of polymers with different properties, making it a versatile and valuable monomer in the chemical industry.'

N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID6917
CHEMBL ID1878943
CHEBI ID82551
SCHEMBL ID10869
MeSH IDM0125879

Synonyms (117)

Synonym
einecs 201-800-4
n-vinyl pyrrolidone
1-ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone
v-pyrol
brn 0110513
hsdb 7231
nsc 10222
nsc683040
n-vinylpyrrolidone-2
25249-54-1
vinylbutyrolactam
vinylpyrrolidinone
1-vinylpyrrolidinone
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
vinyl-2-pyrrolidone
wln: t5nvtj a1u1
nsc-10222
2-pyrrolidinone, 1-vinyl-
n-vinylpyrrolidone
1-vinylpyrrolidone
88-12-0
vinylpyrrolidone
1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone
2-pyrrolidinone, 1-ethenyl-
nsc10222
n-vinylpyrrolidinone
1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone
1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone, monomer
9003-39-8
nsc-114022
at 717
k 15
pvp-40
plasdone
143 rp
pvp 40
povidone
wln: /t5nvtj ay*1*/
k 25
mpk 90
k 115
pvpp
nsc114022
luviskol
PVP ,
k 90
1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one
inchi=1/c6h9no/c1-2-7-5-3-4-6(7)8/h2h,1,3-5h
nsc142693
nsc-142693
1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone, contains sodium hydroxide as inhibitor, >=99%
NCGC00166252-01
nsc-683040
1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one
FT-0655284
V0026
AKOS000119985
A843417
NCGC00166252-03
NCGC00166252-02
C19548
cas-88-12-0
dtxcid101440
dtxsid2021440 ,
NCGC00260011-01
tox21_202462
NCGC00254200-01
tox21_300073
A817742
ec 201-800-4
ccris 8581
unii-76h9g81541
76h9g81541 ,
FT-0608329
FT-0645144
1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone(stabilized with 200ppm ammonium hydroxide)
vinyl pyrrolidone (vp)
n-vinyl pyrrolidone [inci]
povidone monomer [mi]
2-pyrrolidinone, 1-ethenyl- [hsdb]
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone [iarc]
vinylbutylolactam
povidone monomer
n -vinylpyrrolidinone
1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon
n-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one
vinyl pyrrolidone
n-vinyl-pyrrolidin-2-one
pvp-k30
1-vinyl-pyrrolidin-2-one
n-vinyl pyrrolidin-2-one
n-vinyl-pyrrolidone
SCHEMBL10869
FG-0420
CHEBI:82551 ,
W-100417
CHEMBL1878943
F8881-5579
mfcd00003197
mfcd01076626
sr-01000944531
SR-01000944531-1
1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone, saj first grade, >=99.0%
1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (stabilized with n,n'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine)
1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
J-015891
Q420628
3-chloro-5,6-difluoro-1-benzothiophene-2-carbonylchloride
CS-W020981
AT18510
polyvinylpyrrolidone (mw ~40,000)
povidonepvp
crospovidone ~40,000
?n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone
EN300-19745
Z104475034

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The chemical, microbiologic, and toxic characteristics of povidone-iodine solution, a commonly used antiseptic agent, are addressed in a collective review of relevant works published from 1956 to the present."( Chemical and microbiologic characteristics and toxicity of povidone-iodine solutions.
Zamora, JL, 1986)		0.27
"Continuous povidone-iodine irrigation is frequently used to treat mediastinitis after median sternotomy and has been considered safe and effective."( Iodine toxicity in a patient treated by continuous povidone-iodine mediastinal irrigation.
Glick, PL; Guglielmo, BJ; Tranbaugh, RF; Turley, K, 1985)		0.27
"A drug registry was established at Southern California College of Optometry (SCCO) to study use rates and incidence of adverse side effects of the nine pharmaceutical agents in the California optometry law."( Use of diagnostic pharmaceutical agents and incidence of adverse effects.
Applebaum, M; Jaanus, SD, 1983)		0.27
" The results of this study support the conclusions of a long-term study indicating that povidone is a safe and suitable coating material for pacing leads."( Safety assessment and biodistribution of povidone as a coating material for cardiac pacing leads.
Digenis, GA; Jay, M, )		0.13
" No clinical signs indicative of an adverse effect of administration of formulated hIL-12 plasmid were observed."( Safety toxicity study of plasmid-based IL-12 therapy in Cynomolgus monkeys.
Coleman, M; French, M; Horner, MJ; Jenkins, M; Johnson, R; Loera, D; Pericle, F; Perrard, J; Quezada, A, 2002)		0.31
" No adverse in-life observations related to treatment were observed in either species."( Carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity of copovidone (Kollidon VA 64) in Wistar rats and Beagle dogs.
Deckardt, K; Gembardt, C; Hildebrand, B; Mellert, W; Schulte, S, 2004)		0.32
" In PDT, the Ce6-PVP compound was most toxic at the 1h drug-light interval at 200J/cm(2), while Ce6 alone was most toxic at a light dose of more that 50J/cm(2) at the 1 and 3h drug-light interval."( Fluorescence imaging and phototoxicity effects of new formulation of chlorin e6-polyvinylpyrrolidone.
Bhuvaneswari, R; Chin, WW; Heng, PW; Lau, WK; Olivo, M, 2006)		0.33
" Required amputations, lesion areas, adverse events occurrence and clinical laboratory parameters (hemoglobin, blood cell counts, glycosilated hemoglobin, total proteins, creatinine, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase) were determined during the treatment period."( Tolerability and safety of conventional therapy combination with DeMarco formula for infected ischemic diabetic foot.
Alvarez Duarte, H; Carretero, JH; Fors López, MM; García Mesa, M; Vilas, MM, 2010)		0.36
"94%) adverse events (mainly cutaneous rash) were reported."( Tolerability and safety of conventional therapy combination with DeMarco formula for infected ischemic diabetic foot.
Alvarez Duarte, H; Carretero, JH; Fors López, MM; García Mesa, M; Vilas, MM, 2010)		0.36
" While the mechanism(s) by which AgNPs are toxic are unclear, their increasing use raises the concern that release into the environment could lead to environmental toxicity."( Intracellular uptake and associated toxicity of silver nanoparticles in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Auffan, M; Badireddy, AR; Chilkoti, A; Lord, CA; Marinakos, SM; Meyer, JN; Turner, EA; Wiesner, MR; Yang, XY, 2010)		0.36
"No adverse events were reported during the study."( A multicenter, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled clinical study to examine the safety and efficacy of T-Clair SPHP700-3 in the management of mild to moderate dry eye in adults.
Baumane, K; Laganovska, G; Pirondini, C; Radecka, L; Ratiglia, R; Villani, E; Viola, F, 2011)		0.37
"SPHP700-3 preservative-free formulation showed to be safe and effective in mild to moderate dry eye, improving tear film stability, ocular surface lubrification, and patients' symptomatology."( A multicenter, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled clinical study to examine the safety and efficacy of T-Clair SPHP700-3 in the management of mild to moderate dry eye in adults.
Baumane, K; Laganovska, G; Pirondini, C; Radecka, L; Ratiglia, R; Villani, E; Viola, F, 2011)		0.37
" However, all AgNPs were about three to ten times less toxic than AgNO(3) when their toxicities were compared on a mass-concentration basis."( Uptake of silver nanoparticles and toxicity to early life stages of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes): effect of coating materials.
Auffan, M; Badireddy, AR; Chilkoti, A; Hinton, DE; Kwok, KW; Liu, J; Marinakos, SM; Nelson, CM; Wiesner, MR, 2012)		0.38
"The toxic effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP(PVP)) and ionic Ag, to Tisbe battagliai (Tb) and Ceramium tenuicorne (Ct) were investigated and the usefulness of standardised marine guidelines for ENP risk assessment were assessed."( Effects of salinity on the toxicity of ionic silver and Ag-PVP nanoparticles to Tisbe battagliai and Ceramium tenuicorne.
Byrne, HJ; Macken, A; Thomas, KV, 2012)		0.38
" of polyvinylpyrrolidone 10000 and 25000), C60-NO2-proline and C60-alanine had no toxic effect on HEp-2 cells."( [Study of cytotoxicity of fullerene C60 derivatives].
Bobylëv, AG; Bobylëva, LG; Fadeev, RS; Fadeeva, IS; Okuneva, AD; Poddubnaia, ZA; Salmov, NN, )		0.13
" However, several studies have associated these particles with toxic effects, such as inflammation and oxidative stress in vivo and cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in vitro."( Genotoxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles in BEAS 2B cells.
Birkedal, R; Catalán, J; Clausen, PA; Järventaus, H; Jensen, KA; Norppa, H; Nymark, P; Savolainen, K; Suhonen, S; Vippola, M, 2013)		0.39
" This paper studies the adverse effects of silver NPs to two aquatic crustaceans, Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus."( Toxicity of two types of silver nanoparticles to aquatic crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus.
Blinova, I; Kahru, A; Kajankari, P; Käkinen, A; Kanarbik, L; Niskanen, J; Penttinen, OP; Tenhu, H, 2013)		0.39
" Clobetasone butyrate, at low dosage, proved to be safe and effective in treating this condition."( Safety and efficacy of 0.1% clobetasone butyrate eyedrops in the treatment of dry eye in Sjögren syndrome.
Aragona, P; Postorino, E; Puzzolo, D; Rania, L; Roszkowska, AM; Sommario, MS; Spinella, R, )		0.13
" We found that MMWC was toxic for two parasite forms."( In vitro analysis regarding the safety of components used in a film-based therapeutic system loaded with meglumine antimoniate and its activity toward Leishmania major experimental infections: a preliminary study.
Barbosa, H; Delgado, G; Gutiérrez, J; Pinzón, J; Vallejo, B, 2013)		0.39
" Silver nanoparticles, one of the most toxic and well-studied nanomaterials, readily react with sulfide to form Ag(0)/Ag2S core-shell particles."( Sulfidation of silver nanoparticles: natural antidote to their toxicity.
Bernhardt, ES; Bone, AJ; Brown, GE; Colman, BP; Dale, AL; Di Giulio, RT; Hotze, EM; Levard, C; Lowry, GV; Meyer, JN; Tanguay, RL; Truong, L; Wiesner, MR; Yang, XY, 2013)		0.39
" These findings underscore the importance of understanding how nanoscale materials can interact with the components of surrounding fluids so that potential adverse effects of such interactions can be controlled."( Phosphate-enhanced cytotoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles and agglomerates.
Chen, WJ; Chern, C; Everett, WN; Hahn, MS; McMahon, RE; Sue, HJ; Sun, D; Zhang, X, 2014)		0.4
" When toxic effects were expressed as a function of each Ag-species, toxicity of the free Ag(+) was found to be much higher than that of the agglomerated particles."( Humic substances alleviate the aquatic toxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles to organisms of different trophic levels.
Peijnenburg, WJ; Quik, JT; Song, L; Van Den Brandhof, EJ; Wang, Z; Wouterse, M, 2015)		0.42
" This toxicological data could be useful in supporting the development of safe AgNPs for consumer products and drug delivery applications."( Demonstrating approaches to chemically modify the surface of Ag nanoparticles in order to influence their cytotoxicity and biodistribution after single dose acute intravenous administration.
Brunelli, A; Chen, C; Hristozov, D; Liang, J; Liu, Y; Marcomini, A; Pang, C; Semenzin, E; Tao, W; Wang, W; Zhao, B; Zhu, C, 2016)		0.43
" In mice, the induction of DNA damage was size and dose dependent, and surface functionalization with PVP reduced the toxic effects of CIT30 Au NP."( Surface capping and size-dependent toxicity of gold nanoparticles on different trophic levels.
Chandrasekaran, N; De, A; Iswarya, V; Johnson, JB; Kundu, R; Manivannan, J; Mukherjee, A; Paul, S; Roy, R, 2016)		0.43
" We hypothesised that the coated screws would not be toxic to the bone and that the likelihood of infection would be reduced since bacteria are not able to grow on these screws."( Cytotoxicity of a new antimicrobial coating for surgical screws: an in vivo study.
Bilsel, K; Elmadag, M; Güzel, Y; Tuncay, İ; Uzer, G; Yıldız, F, 2017)		0.46
"One of the biggest obstacles for the development of HIV vaccines is how to sufficiently trigger crucial anti-HIV immunities via a safe manner."( Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Poly(ethylene glycol) Modified Silver Nanorods Can Be a Safe, Noncarrier Adjuvant for HIV Vaccine.
Balachandran, YL; Jiang, X; Li, D; Liu, Y; Shao, Y, 2016)		0.43
" The results showed that longer AgNWs (20μm) were more toxic than shorter ones (10μm) to both algae and water fleas, but shorter AgNWs were accumulated more than longer ones in the body of the fish."( Toxicity and transfer of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanowires in an aquatic food chain consisting of algae, water fleas, and zebrafish.
An, YJ; Chae, Y, 2016)		0.43
" Relevant toxic effects (midzonal hepatocellular necrosis, gall bladder hemorrhage) were found in mice treated with 10 nm AgNPs, while in mice treated with 40 nm and 100 nm AgNPs lesions were milder or negligible, respectively."( Tissue distribution and acute toxicity of silver after single intravenous administration in mice: nano-specific and size-dependent effects.
Argentiere, S; Aureli, F; Bianchessi, S; Cella, C; Cubadda, F; D'Amato, M; De Maglie, M; Lenardi, C; Mattiello, S; Milani, P; Raggi, A; Recordati, C; Scanziani, E, 2016)		0.43
"SNA and SNP were cytotoxic to L929 in higher concentrations, with SNA significantly more toxic than SNP."( In Vitro and In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles Used in Endodontic Treatments.
Barbosa, DB; Bernabé, DG; Camargo, ER; Gomes-Filho, JE; Gorup, LF; Monteiro, DR; Oliveira, SH; Takamiya, AS, 2016)		0.43
" However, for safe clinical use, further studies establishing others points of its toxicologic profile are recommended."( In Vitro and In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles Used in Endodontic Treatments.
Barbosa, DB; Bernabé, DG; Camargo, ER; Gomes-Filho, JE; Gorup, LF; Monteiro, DR; Oliveira, SH; Takamiya, AS, 2016)		0.43
" Both coated AgNPs (primary size 8-12nm) were significantly more toxic than the uncoated (~85nm) AgNPs."( Profiling of the toxicity mechanisms of coated and uncoated silver nanoparticles to yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741 using a set of its 9 single-gene deletion mutants defective in oxidative stress response, cell wall or membrane integrity and endocyt
Kahru, A; Käosaar, S; Kasemets, K; Mantecca, P, 2016)		0.43
" Incidence of adverse events was low in both treatment groups."( Efficacy and safety of a cationic emulsion in the treatment of moderate to severe dry eye disease: a randomized controlled study.
Amrane, M; Baudouin, C; Cochener, B; Garrigue, JS; Ismail, D; Pisella, PJ; Robert, PY, 2016)		0.43
" In acute toxicity studies, LD50 and other toxicity indexes were evaluated, under which no deaths or treatment related complications were observed even in high concentration treatment for 14 days of experiment."( Amphiphilic poly-N-vynilpyrrolidone nanoparticles: Cytotoxicity and acute toxicity study.
Kulikov, PP; Kuskov, AN; Rakitskii, VN; Shtilman, MI; Tsatsakis, AM, 2016)		0.43
" In this work, the toxic effects of silver nanoparticles (35nm-average diameter and Polyvinyl-Pyrrolidone-coated) on biological systems of different levels of complexity was assessed in a comprehensive and comparatively way, through a variety of viability and toxicological assays."( Toxicity of silver nanoparticles in biological systems: Does the complexity of biological systems matter?
Bogdanchikova, N; Borrego, B; García-García, M; Huerta-Saquero, A; Juárez-Moreno, K; Mota Morales, JD; Vazquez-Muñoz, R, 2017)		0.46
" The polyethylene glycol grades (PEG) and carnauba wax showed the lowest adhesive potential and are predicted to support safe swallowing."( Polymer adhesion predictions for oral dosage forms to enhance drug administration safety. Part 2: In vitro approach using mechanical force methods.
Drumond, N; Stegemann, S, 2018)		0.48
" Concluding, mitochondria are apparently the target: considering that the toxic effect produced by PolyVinylPirrolidone coated Iron Oxide nanoparticles after 48 hours of exposure in a dose-time dependent manner was evident."( Toxicity Evaluation of Iron Oxide (Fe₃O₄) Nanoparticles on Human Neuroblastoma-Derived SH-SY5Y Cell Line.
Coccini, T; De Simone, U; Ramírez-Cando, LJ, 2017)		0.46
" AgNPs are increasingly used in consumer, commercial, and medical products for their antimicrobial properties and observations of Ag in adult and fetal brain following in vivo exposures to AgNPs have led to concerns about the potential for AgNPs to elicit adverse effects on neurodevelopment and neurological function."( Using primary organotypic mouse midbrain cultures to examine developmental neurotoxicity of silver nanoparticles across two genetic strains.
Dills, R; Faustman, EM; Griffith, WC; Hong, S; Kavanagh, TJ; Lee, JH; Park, JJ; Weldon, BA; Workman, T, 2018)		0.48
"Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in aquatic ecosystems are toxic to aquatic organisms."( Toxicity responses of different organs of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to silver nanoparticles with different particle sizes and surface coatings.
Hou, J; Liu, H; Wang, X; Wu, Y; Zhang, S; Zhou, N, 2019)		0.51
" To elucidate the differential toxic effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped AgNPs with different primary particle sizes (i."( Silver nanoparticles: Correlating particle size and ionic Ag release with cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and inflammatory responses in human cell lines.
Liu, Z; Sun, J; Tian, H; Wan, J; Wang, J; Xin, L; Zhai, X, 2021)		0.62
" Therefore, this study develops a safe strategy to modify LBP and provides basic information for ecological risk assessment of LBP based materials."( Environmental stability and cytotoxicity of layered black phosphorus modified with Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-67.
Chen, D; Tong, ZF; Xiong, Z; Zhang, S; Zhang, X; Zhao, Q, 2021)		0.62
" A growing body of scientific information confirms that the biodistribution of AgNPs and their toxic effects vary depending on the particle size, coating, and dose as well as on the route of administration and duration of exposure."( Sex affects the response of Wistar rats to polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)-coated silver nanoparticles in an oral 28 days repeated dose toxicity study.
Barbir, R; Božičević, L; Ćurlin, M; Dabelić, S; Goessler, W; Ljubojević, M; Micek, V; Pavić, M; Pavičić, I; Vinković Vrček, I; Žuntar, I, 2021)		0.62
" The toxic effects of the NPs vary with the presence of various surface modification agents."( The toxicity analysis of PVP, PVA and PEG surface functionalized ZnO nanoparticles on embryonic as well as adult Danio rerio.
Bahkali, AH; Elgorban, AM; Khan, SS; Kizhakkumpat, A; Syed, A, 2021)		0.62
" Hence, the designed interpenetrating polymeric network might turn out to be a safe and a potential carrier system for the delivery of LTZ in the treatment of breast cancer (BC)."( Preparation of smart PVP/HPMC based IPN hydrogel, its characterization and toxicity evaluation.
Barkat, K; Khalid, I; Mehmood, Y; Ullah Khan, I; Yousaf, H, 2021)		0.62
" Considering the increased daily use of AgNP, it is imperative to further explore the adverse outcomes and mechanistic pathways leading to AgNP-induced pro-inflammatory effects to deep insight into the molecular mechanism involved in this effect."( Silver nanoparticles exert toxic effects in human monocytes and macrophages associated with the disruption of Δψm and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Carvalho, F; Fernandes, E; Fernandes, R; Freitas, M; Malheiro, A; Rufino, AT; Sousa, A, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The mechanisms of modifications were examined by pharmacokinetic techniques."( [The pharmacokinetic modification of mutagenesis].
Bratslavskiĭ, VA; Revazova, IuA, 1993)		0.29
"Four derivatives of 4-isobutylphenyl-2-propionic acid (Ibuprofen), in which the drug was bound by ester linkages to poly(ethylene glycols) (PEG 2000-I), monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycols) (PEG 1900-I), poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidinone) (PVP-I) and poly(N-acryloyl morpholine) (PACM-I), all having approximatively the same number average molecular weight (Mn congruent equal to 2000), were prepared and tested for their pharmacokinetic properties after oral administration."( Synthesis and pharmacokinetic behaviour of ester derivatives of 4-isobutylphenyl-2-propionic acid (Ibuprofen) with end-hydroxylated poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidinone) and poly(N-acryloyl morpholine) oligomers.
Bernasconi, R; Ferruti, P; Latini, R; Peroni, I; Sartore, L, 1997)		0.3
" The SR formulation, by eliminating plasma peaks, allows a smoothing of the pharmacokinetic profile of indapamide."( Galenic development and pharmacokinetic profile of indapamide sustained release 1.5 mg.
Damien, G; Huet de Barochez, B; Schiavi, P, 1999)		0.3
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of these metabolites are not well established."( The pharmacokinetics of taurolidine metabolites in healthy volunteers.
Gong, L; Greenberg, HE; Kraft, WK; Perhach, JL; Waldman, SA, 2007)		0.34
" The medicated films were evaluated for physical properties, in vitro drug release studies, in vitro skin permeation studies, and pharmacodynamic studies."( Pharmacodynamics of a losartan transdermal system for the treatment of hypertension.
Alam, MI; Ali, A; Aqil, M; Shams, MS; Sultana, Y, 2010)		0.36
" The pharmacodynamic studies were carried out using tail cuff method in Wistar albino rats."( Pharmacodynamics of a losartan transdermal system for the treatment of hypertension.
Alam, MI; Ali, A; Aqil, M; Shams, MS; Sultana, Y, 2010)		0.36
"The two formulations presented different pharmacokinetic behaviour."( Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and anti-tumour efficacy of paclitaxel delivered by polyvinylpyrrolidone solid dispersion.
Chen, X; Liu, X; Scott, H; Sun, J; Wang, S; Zhang, Q; Zhang, X, 2012)		0.38
" Pharmacokinetic profiles of the NCTD group and PVP-NCTD-NP group, after oral and intravenous administration in rats, revealed that relative bioavailabilities were 173."( Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and metabolites of a polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated norcantharidin chitosan nanoparticle formulation in rats and mice, using LC-MS/MS.
Chen, WL; Ding, XY; Gu, ZL; Hong, CJ; Liu, Y; Shi, LS; Xing, KL; Zhang, Q; Zhang, XN; Zhu, AJ, 2012)		0.38
"To investigate the effect of dose on pharmacokinetic properties of brucine hydrogel patch."( [Preparation and pharmacokinetics of brucine hydrogel patch].
Cai, BC; Chen, J; Chen, ZP; Li, L; Qi, Y, 2012)		0.38
" After transdermal administration of different dose brucine hydrogel patch; Plasma concentration versus time profiles were determined and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by DAS program."( [Preparation and pharmacokinetics of brucine hydrogel patch].
Cai, BC; Chen, J; Chen, ZP; Li, L; Qi, Y, 2012)		0.38
"The pharmacokinetic properties of brucine do not vary with the dose of brucine hydrogel patch."( [Preparation and pharmacokinetics of brucine hydrogel patch].
Cai, BC; Chen, J; Chen, ZP; Li, L; Qi, Y, 2012)		0.38
" The pharmacokinetics of the coprecipitate capsules and the API capsules indicated that the mean values of Cmax were 127."( Dissolution and pharmacokinetics of baicalin-polyvinylpyrrolidone coprecipitate.
Guo, Y; He, M; Ji, P; Li, B; Li, F; Li, S; Li, W; Li, Y; Luo, Z; Wang, B; Zang, C, 2013)		0.39
"From these observations of improved dissolution and pharmacokinetic behaviours, a good relationship was found in vitro and in vivo, indicating that the coprecipitate could be a promising formulation strategy for insoluble baicalin."( Dissolution and pharmacokinetics of baicalin-polyvinylpyrrolidone coprecipitate.
Guo, Y; He, M; Ji, P; Li, B; Li, F; Li, S; Li, W; Li, Y; Luo, Z; Wang, B; Zang, C, 2013)		0.39
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of PVPOALs in rats were determined by UPLC-MS/MS following oral administration."( Preparation, characterization and in vivo pharmacokinetic study of PVP-modified oleanolic acid liposomes.
Gao, N; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Luo, X; Xu, X, 2017)		0.46
" The terminal half-life and mean resident time of Cyx nanosuspension had also increased compared to normal Cyx suspension."( Preparation, characterization and pharmacokinetics of cyadox nanosuspension.
Chen, D; Huang, L; Jiang, L; Liu, Z; Pan, Y; Sattar, A; Tao, Y; Xie, S; Yuan, Z, 2017)		0.46
" This study enriches the pharmacokinetic data of compound fenbendazole tablets using dogs as a model system."( Development and analytical characterization of a new antiparasitic fenbendazole compound tablet and pharmacokinetic investigations after its oral administration to dogs.
Dai, C; Guo, H; Hao, Z; Li, Y; Qu, S; Wang, C; Zhang, R; Zhao, L; Zhu, J, 2018)		0.48
" Pharmacokinetic interactions may be caused by modulation of efflux transporter proteins, intercellular tight junctions and/or metabolic enzyme amongst others."( Excipient-drug pharmacokinetic interactions: Effect of disintegrants on efflux across excised pig intestinal tissues.
Gerber, W; Hamman, JH; Steyn, JD, 2018)		0.48
" However, the RSA has several drawbacks: it is relatively low throughput, has high variance due to microscopy readout, and correlates poorly with the current benchmark for in vivo resistance, patient clearance half-life post-artemisinin treatment."( The extended recovery ring-stage survival assay provides a superior association with patient clearance half-life and increases throughput.
Anderson, TJC; Button-Simons, KA; Cassady, Z; Checkley, LA; Davis, SZ; Ferdig, MT; Foster, GJ; McDew-White, M; Nosten, FH; Shoue, DA; Sievert, MAC; Singh, PP; Vendrely, KM, 2020)		0.56
" Due to the large number of pyknotic and dying parasites at 66 h post-exposure (72 h sample), parasites were grown for an additional cell cycle (114 h post-exposure, 120 h sample), which drastically improved correlation with patient clearance half-life compared to the 66 h post-exposure sample."( The extended recovery ring-stage survival assay provides a superior association with patient clearance half-life and increases throughput.
Anderson, TJC; Button-Simons, KA; Cassady, Z; Checkley, LA; Davis, SZ; Ferdig, MT; Foster, GJ; McDew-White, M; Nosten, FH; Shoue, DA; Sievert, MAC; Singh, PP; Vendrely, KM, 2020)		0.56
" The dissolution and bioavailability evaluation were performed to investigate the feasibility of GBCCM NC-SD by in vitro dissolution and in vivo integrated pharmacokinetic models."( Study on Integrated Pharmacokinetics of the Component-Based Chinese Medicine of
Feng, Z; Kong, L; Li, F; Liang, H; Liu, Z; Sun, C; Wang, X; Yao, J; Yuan, X; Zhang, G; Zhu, F, 2022)		0.72
" Pharmacokinetic and anti-toxoplasma activity profiles of the printlets and compressed tablets were superimposable with no statistical difference (p > 0."( Pyrimethamine 3D printlets for pediatric toxoplasmosis: design, pharmacokinetics, and anti-toxoplasma activity.
Dharani, S; Kayalar, C; Khan, MA; Khuroo, T; Kuttolamadom, MA; Mohamed, EM; Rahman, Z; Sangaré, LO, 2023)		0.91
" Saturation solubility, dissolution profile, and in vivo pharmacokinetic data of the ASD formulation were generated in rats against its marketed tablet Rilutor."( Development and Evaluation of Amorphous Solid Dispersion of Riluzole with PBPK Model to Simulate the Pharmacokinetic Profile.
Bharti, K; Deepika, D; Jha, A; Kumar, M; Kumar, V; Mishra, B; Tiwari, V, 2023)		0.91

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"By developing a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, we estimated the blood concentrations of diclofenac in human volunteers administered with the transdermal patches prepared with povidone-ethylcellulose and oral diclofenac tablets."( HPLC detection of plasma concentrations of diclofenac in human volunteers administered with povidone-ethylcellulose-based experimental transdermal matrix-type patches.
Das, S; Dey, S; Mahapatra, S; Mukherjee, B; Roy, G, 2006)		0.33
" Five model drugs of different water solubility and ability to interact with the involved polymers were incorporated in hydrophilic polymer matrices, made of either hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) or polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)."( Polymer-drug interactions and wetting of solid dispersions.
Dahlberg, C; Furó, I; Millqvist-Fureby, A; Schuleit, M, 2010)		0.36
" Results indicated it was possible to prepare high-dose sustained-release NA pellets combined with little-dose immediate release SIM by spraying double EC polymer and SIM milled suspension on NA pellets in a bottom-spray fluidized bed coater, respectively."( Preparation and evaluation of nicotinic acid sustained-release pellets combined with immediate release simvastatin.
Guan, T; Hong, M; Li, G; Tang, X; Tao, X; Zhang, L; Zhao, X, 2010)		0.36
" Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) combined with EG on mouse oocyte survival and subsequent embryonic development as well as morphology of the spindle and chromosome alignment were also evaluated."( The effect of minimal concentration of ethylene glycol (EG) combined with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on mouse oocyte survival and subsequent embryonic development following vitrification.
Chian, RC; Di, W; Okitsu, O; Sun, Y; Wang, Y; Zhao, XM, 2014)		0.4
"Survival rate of oocytes increased significantly when 15 % EG was combined with 2 % PVP in vitrification solution (VS)."( The effect of minimal concentration of ethylene glycol (EG) combined with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on mouse oocyte survival and subsequent embryonic development following vitrification.
Chian, RC; Di, W; Okitsu, O; Sun, Y; Wang, Y; Zhao, XM, 2014)		0.4
" There are synergic effects of EG combined with PVP for oocyte vitrification, which may provide important information to the field in developing less cytotoxic VS."( The effect of minimal concentration of ethylene glycol (EG) combined with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on mouse oocyte survival and subsequent embryonic development following vitrification.
Chian, RC; Di, W; Okitsu, O; Sun, Y; Wang, Y; Zhao, XM, 2014)		0.4
"To explore the carcinostatic effects of platinum nanocolloid (Pt-nc) combined with gamma rays on human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC)."( Carcinostatic effects of platinum nanocolloid combined with gamma irradiation on human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Li, Q; Miwa, N; Saitoh, Y; Tanaka, H; Tanaka, Y, 2015)		0.42
" The carcinostatic effect of gamma rays at 7 Gy without Pt-nc was approximately equal to that when 3-Gy irradiation was combined with 100 ppm Pt-nc or that 5-Gy irradiation was combined with 50 ppm Pt-nc."( Carcinostatic effects of platinum nanocolloid combined with gamma irradiation on human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Li, Q; Miwa, N; Saitoh, Y; Tanaka, H; Tanaka, Y, 2015)		0.42
"Pt-nc in combination with gamma rays may exert a cooperative effect through platinum- or gamma ray-induced apoptosis resulting in the inhibition of growth of cancer cells, while concurrently enabling the lowering of the radiative dose."( Carcinostatic effects of platinum nanocolloid combined with gamma irradiation on human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Li, Q; Miwa, N; Saitoh, Y; Tanaka, H; Tanaka, Y, 2015)		0.42

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Cumulative urinary excretion data from test capsule preparations showed that bioavailability was enhanced by the presence of PVP."( The influence of polyvinylpyrrolidone on the solution and bioavailability of hydrochlorothiazide.
Corrigan, OI; Timoney, RF; Whelan, MJ, 1976)		0.26
" Improved bioavailability of A32390A was accomplished when the antibiotic was combined with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) in a solid dispersion."( A32390A, a new biologically active metabolite. III. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity.
Butler, TF; Gordee, RS; Thakkar, AL; Turner, JR, 1978)		0.26
" In a human bioavailability study, the X-ray amorphous frusemide-PVP solid dispersion exhibited a significant reduction in the time for maximum effect in comparison to crystalline frusemide and a semi-crystalline solid dispersion."( The in-vitro pH-dissolution dependence and in-vivo bioavailability of frusemide-PVP solid dispersions.
Doherty, C; York, P, 1989)		0.28
"The choice of vehicle for patch test materials is important for the bioavailability and stability of the allergens."( Aspects of pharmaceutical and chemical standardization of patch test materials.
Hansen, J; Kreilgård, B, 1989)		0.28
"Hamsters were hypophysectomized on day 4 of pregnancy (day 1 = sperm in vaginal smear) and injected subcutaneously on days 4-7 with various combinations of 200 micrograms prolactin (Prl), 10 micrograms follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and 20 micrograms luteinizing hormone (LH) in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to decrease its rate of absorption or in saline."( Role of luteinizing hormone in luteotropic complex of pregnant hamster.
Greenwald, GS; Tamura, H, 1987)		0.27
" The duration of the lag period and the rate of absorption of the entrapped [14C]inulin are dependent on the degree of saturation and the transition temperature of the phospholipids used to prepare liposomes."( Intracellular digestion of saturated and unsaturated phospholipid liposomes by mucosal cells. Possible mechanism of transport of liposomally entrapped macromolecules across the isolated vascularly perfused rabbit ileum.
Patel, HM; Stevenson, RW; Tuzel, NS, 1985)		0.27
" The verification of the bioavailability of chlorpromazine from PVP-, MC- and HEC-containing tablets and of a macromoleculefree standard preparation on rabbits showed considerable differences among the plasma curves."( [Pharmaceutical and biologic availability of chlorpromazine from macromolecule-containing tablets].
Gulde, C; Voigt, R, 1983)		0.27
" We have developed interactive polymeric gene delivery systems that increase pDNA bioavailability to muscle cells by both protecting pDNA from nucleases and controlling the dispersion and retention of pDNA in muscle tissue."( Polyvinyl derivatives as novel interactive polymers for controlled gene delivery to muscle.
Anwer, K; Barron, MK; Duguid, JG; Mumper, RJ; Nitta, H; Rolland, AP, 1996)		0.29
"Coevaporates of warfarin sodium containing different weight fractions of polyvinylpyrrolidone (Kollidon s5 and 30) polymers of different molecular weights were prepared and their characterization, dissolution properties as well as their bioavailability in rabbits were assessed."( Improvement of the biological performance of oral anticoagulant drugs. 1. Warfarin.
Ammar, HO; el-Nahhas, SA; Ghorab, M; Makram, TS, 1997)		0.3
" However, disulfiram is hardly absorbed from the cornea and its bioavailability is extremely low."( Preparation and in vivo ocular absorption studies of disulfiram solid dispersion.
Cai, H; Hori, R; Ito, Y; Nabekura, T; Terao, M, 2000)		0.31
"The poor bioavailability of orally dosed furosemide (FUR) is due to the presence of a biological window in the upper gastrointestinal tract."( PVP solid dispersions for the controlled release of furosemide from a floating multiple-unit system.
Bernabei, MT; Coppi, G; Fontana, F; Iannuccelli, V; Leo, E, 2000)		0.31
"Solid dispersions of phenytoin in polyethylene glycol 6000 and polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 with different drug-to-carrier ratios were prepared by the solvent method with the aim of increasing dissolution rate and bioavailability of the drug."( Dissolution properties and anticonvulsant activity of phenytoin-polyethylene glycol 6000 and -polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 solid dispersions.
Biggio, G; Franco, M; Latrofa, A; Liso, G; Muggironi, M; Provenzano, MR; Serra, M; Trapani, G; Tullio, C, 2001)		0.31
"The effect of solubilization by complexation with povidone on the oral bioavailability of three anthelmintic benzimidazole carbamate drugs: mebendazole (MBZ), albendazole (ABZ) and ricobendazole (RBZ), was studied in mice."( The effect of solubilization on the oral bioavailability of three benzimidazole carbamate drugs.
Cuesta-Bandera, C; Daniel-Mwambete, K; Ponce-Gordo, F; Torrado, JJ; Torrado, S, 2004)		0.32
" This may aid in improving bioavailability and dose reduction of the drug."( Characterization of curcumin-PVP solid dispersion obtained by spray drying.
Ambike, AA; Jadhav, BK; Mahadik, KR; Paradkar, A, 2004)		0.32
"The water absorption rate of the material reached 1 100% with contact angle of 83-86."( [Biocompatibility evaluation of chitosan-g-polyvinylpyrrolidone].
Deng, ZX; Li, LH; Zhang, ZX; Zhou, CR, 2004)		0.32
"Oral solid rapidly-disintegrating dosage form has aroused general concern increasingly because of its characteristics about convenient taking, rapid absorption, high bioavailability and not serious adverse drug reaction."( [Research progress on the oral solid rapidly disintegrating dosage form].
Feng, Y; Lin, X; Shen, L; Xu, DS, 2005)		0.33
" However, both binary and ternary approaches were considered suitable techniques to improve the release rate and potentially the in vivo bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs that had previously exhibited slow or incomplete release from SR beads."( Effect of SBE7-beta-cyclodextrin complexation on carbamazepine release from sustained release beads.
Macrae, RJ; Smith, JS; Snowden, MJ, 2005)		0.33
" The water-insoluble drug's solubility and bioavailability can be increased by the alteration of their physicochemical properties."( [Investigation of solubility properties of nifluminic acid containing cyclodextrins and polyvidone].
Aigner, Z; Ambrus, R; Eros, I; Kata, M, 2005)		0.33
" To increase the bioavailability of insoluble troglitazone, troglitazone-polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP) solid dispersions (SDs) were prepared with water by a unique closed melting method."( Effects of water content in physical mixture and heating temperature on crystallinity of troglitazone-PVP K30 solid dispersions prepared by closed melting method.
Furuyama, N; Hamaura, T; Hasegawa, S; Kusai, A; Terada, K; Yonemochi, E, 2005)		0.33
" However, its poor water-solubility unfortunately results in poor bioavailability and hampers it from being studied and used for possible clinical application."( Evaluation of the in vitro activity and in vivo bioavailability of realgar nanoparticles prepared by cryo-grinding.
Ho, PC; Wu, JZ, 2006)		0.33
"Crystallization of drugs formulated in the amorphous form may lead to reduced apparent solubility, decreased rate of dissolution and bioavailability and compromise the physical integrity of the solid dosage form."( Theoretical and practical approaches for prediction of drug-polymer miscibility and solubility.
Marsac, PJ; Shamblin, SL; Taylor, LS, 2006)		0.33
"The solid dispersions with poloxamer 188 (P188) and solid solutions with polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVPK30) were evaluated and compared in an effort to improve aqueous solubility and bioavailability of a model hydrophobic drug."( Improving the dissolution rate of poorly water soluble drug by solid dispersion and solid solution: pros and cons.
Chokshi, RJ; Malick, WA; Sandhu, HK; Shah, NH; Zia, H, 2007)		0.34
" In vitro dissolution, which is considered as an estimate of bioavailability demonstrated an initial dissolution of CBZ significantly greater in the treated physical mixtures of PVP10k:CBZ than the initial dissolution of the corresponding untreated physical mixtures and pure untreated CBZ."( Effect of n-scCO(2) on crystalline to amorphous conversion of carbamazepine.
Needham, TE; Nunes, AC; Ugaonkar, S, 2007)		0.34
"Obtaining a stable formulation with high bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble drug often presents a challenge to the formulation scientist."( Characterization and physical stability of tolfenamic acid-PVP K30 solid dispersions.
Hovgaard, L; Kristensen, J; Thybo, P, 2007)		0.34
"The objective of present study was to improve the solubility, dissolution rate, micromeritic properties and bioavailability of aceclofenac (NSAID) by formulating its spherical agglomerates."( Improved bioavailability of aceclofenac from spherical agglomerates: development, in vitro and preclinical studies.
Muatlik, S; Pandey, S; Ranjith, AK; Reddy, MS; Usha, AN, 2007)		0.34
" It can be concluded that the present buccal formulation can be an ideal system to improve the bioavailability of the drug by avoiding hepatic first-pass metabolism."( Effect of hydrophilic polymers on buccoadhesive Eudragit patches of propranolol hydrochloride using factorial design.
Patel, MM; Patel, VM; Prajapati, BG, 2007)		0.34
" In conclusion, preparation of probucol nanoparticles by co-grinding with PVP K12 and SDS could be a promising method for bioavailability enhancement."( In vivo assessment of oral administration of probucol nanoparticles in rats.
Moribe, K; Pongpeerapat, A; Shudo, J; Wanawongthai, C; Yamamoto, K, 2008)		0.35
" So the rate of dissolution and therefore its bioavailability is less (bioavailability 42%)."( Immediate release tablets of telmisartan using superdisintegrant-formulation, evaluation and stability studies.
Chellan, VR; Sekar, V, 2008)		0.35
" The optimized formulation was evaluated for preclinical bioavailability and antihypertensive efficacy using albino rat model."( Transdermal therapeutic system of enalapril maleate using piperidine as penetration enhancer.
Ahmad, FJ; Ali, MM; Aqil, M; Chowdhary, I; Sultana, Y; Talegaonkar, S, 2008)		0.35
"The aim of this study was to improve the dissolution and, therefore, bioavailability of the poorly water-soluble and highly permeable drug nimodipine (NMD)."( Nimodipine semi-solid capsules containing solid dispersion for improving dissolution.
Rui, Y; Sun, Y; Tang, X; Wenliang, Z, 2008)		0.35
"The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of mucoadhesive excipients on systemic bioavailability of an inhaled drug and to evaluate the feasibility of using the pulmonary route for non-invasive systemic delivery of scutellarin, a poorly orally absorbed flavonoid glucuronide."( Pulmonary delivery of scutellarin solution and mucoadhesive particles in rats.
Deng, XL; Liao, YH; Liu, CY; Liu, XB; Quan, LH; Yang, M; Ye, JX, 2008)		0.35
" The bioavailability of acyclovir from nasal mucoadhesive gel was 60."( Acyclovir liposomes for intranasal systemic delivery: development and pharmacokinetics evaluation.
Alanazi, FK; Alsarra, IA; Hamed, AY, 2008)		0.35
" The reason for delay being slow rate of absorption due to poor aqueous solubility."( Solubility and dissolution improvement of Rofecoxib using solid dispersion technique.
Hv, G; Rahamathulla, M; Rathod, N, 2008)		0.35
" PCA processing could provide an effective pharmaceutical formulation technology to improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drug."( Formation and characterization of solid dispersions of piroxicam and polyvinylpyrrolidone using spray drying and precipitation with compressed antisolvent.
Li, J; Wang, W; Winstead, DA; Wu, K, 2009)		0.35
" At physiological salt concentrations the interactions did not appear to be strong enough to influence the in-vivo bioavailability of any of the drug molecules."( Physicochemical interactions between drugs and superdisintegrants.
Björk, E; Edsman, K; Fransén, N; Morin, M, 2008)		0.35
"BMS-488043 is an HIV-attachment inhibitor that exhibited suboptimal oral bioavailability upon using conventional dosage forms prepared utilizing micronized crystalline drug substance."( Enhancement of oral bioavailability of an HIV-attachment inhibitor by nanosizing and amorphous formulation approaches.
Brown, J; Desikan, S; Fakes, MG; Franchini, MK; Gandhi, RB; Hsieh, A; Lai, C; Qian, F; Toale, H; Vakkalagadda, BJ, 2009)		0.35
" The formulations were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies, and compared for solubility, dissolution and bioavailability in rats."( Cefuroxime axetil solid dispersion with polyglycolized glycerides for improved stability and bioavailability.
Aher, S; Biradar, SV; Dhumal, RS; Paradkar, AR, 2009)		0.35
" However, SDCAGA showed superior bioavailability compared to SDCAP, ACA and CA."( Cefuroxime axetil solid dispersion with polyglycolized glycerides for improved stability and bioavailability.
Aher, S; Biradar, SV; Dhumal, RS; Paradkar, AR, 2009)		0.35
"Improvement in physical stability of solid dispersions was attributed to hydrogen bonding, while improvement in bioavailability of SDCAGA compared to SDCAP, in spite of comparable solubility and dissolution profile, may be attributed to Gelucire, which utilizes intestinal esterase for lipolysis, protecting the prodrug from enzymatic degradation to its non-absorbable base form."( Cefuroxime axetil solid dispersion with polyglycolized glycerides for improved stability and bioavailability.
Aher, S; Biradar, SV; Dhumal, RS; Paradkar, AR, 2009)		0.35
" The relative bioavailability of brain tissues for Photolon was estimated as 82%, T(max)-30 min, mean residual time (MRT)-1."( Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of Photolon (Fotolon) in intact and tumor-bearing rats.
Isakau, HA; Istomin, YP; Shliakhtsin, SV; Trukhachova, TV, 2009)		0.35
"802 mg/ml showed about the same bioavailability (AUC(0-t)) in tear fluid as that of the puerarin eye drops."( Preparation and evaluation of a contact lens vehicle for puerarin delivery.
Li, X; Sun, F; Xu, J, 2010)		0.36
"The present study investigated the effect of co-grinding raloxifene HCL (RHCL) with different superdisintegrants, namely crospovidone (CP), croscarmellose sodium (CCS) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG), using a ball mill, in order to determine the potential effect on dissolution rate and bioavailability of raloxifene hydrochloride (RHCL)."( Enhanced dissolution and bioavailability of raloxifene hydrochloride by co-grinding with different superdisintegrants.
Jagadish, B; K, B; Maroju, S; Rao, VU; Tangi, H; Yelchuri, R, 2010)		0.36
" Thus, dissolution profiles suggested that combination of kappa-carrageenan and sodium starch glycolate resulted into fast-disintegrating, immediate-release pellets, overcoming the bioavailability problem of the poorly soluble drug, aceclofenac, and enteric coating of these pellets avoids the exposure of aceclofenac to ulcer-prone areas of the gastrointestinal tract."( Development and characterization of enteric-coated immediate-release pellets of aceclofenac by extrusion/spheronization technique using kappa-carrageenan as a pelletizing agent.
Awari, JG; Kilor, VA; Sapkal, NP; Shewale, BD, 2010)		0.36
" Its low dissolution rate leads to a poor absorption, distribution, and target organ delivery because the bioavailability of drugs with low aqueous solubility is limited by their dissolution rates."( Preparation and characterization of solid dispersion of simvastatin.
Arantes, VT; de Oliveira, RB; Resende, JA; Silva, TD; Speziali, NL; Vianna-Soares, CD, 2010)		0.36
"The preparation of SIM SD with PEG or PVP is a promising strategy to improve the bioavailability of the drug."( Preparation and characterization of solid dispersion of simvastatin.
Arantes, VT; de Oliveira, RB; Resende, JA; Silva, TD; Speziali, NL; Vianna-Soares, CD, 2010)		0.36
" The dissolution, bioavailability in rats and stability of solid dispersions were evaluated."( Development of novel itraconazole-loaded solid dispersion without crystalline change with improved bioavailability.
Balakrishnan, P; Choi, HG; Lee, MK; Oh, DH; Park, YJ; Xuan, JJ; Yang, HJ; Yeo, WH; Yong, CS, 2010)		0.36
" However, its typical formulations of salt or micronized crystals cannot satisfy the desired bioavailability requirements for appetite suppression due to low absorption and a short plasma half-life."( Lipoic acid nanoparticles: effect of polymeric stabilizer on appetite suppression.
Kim, HS; Koh, EH; Lee, J; Lee, KU; Park, CH; Park, JY, 2010)		0.36
" The in vivo studies on rats revealed that coground systems promoted a fivefold higher oral bioavailability enhancement in comparison to a commercial formulation (Vimpocetin 5mg Capsules, Pharma)."( Multidisciplinary approach on characterizing a mechanochemically activated composite of vinpocetine and crospovidone.
Bonifacio, A; Dall'Acqua, S; Franceschinis, E; Grassi, M; Hasa, D; Invernizzi, S; Perissutti, B; Plavec, J; Speh, M; Voinovich, D, 2011)		0.37
" These results suggest that this novel ocular drug delivery system appears to offer promise as a means to improving the bioavailability of drugs after ophthalmic applications."( Zn-Al-NO(3)-layered double hydroxides with intercalated diclofenac for ocular delivery.
Cao, F; Liao, Z; Ping, Q; Wang, Y, 2011)		0.37
" Relative to the SC-free formulation, the presence of SC in the formulation resulted in a significant increase in the in vivo absorption rate of OA while exerting no apparent impact on the extent of OA absorption."( Spray freeze drying with polyvinylpyrrolidone and sodium caprate for improved dissolution and oral bioavailability of oleanolic acid, a BCS Class IV compound.
Chan, HM; Chang, Q; Chow, AH; Du, Z; Lai, LC; Tong, HH; Wang, GN; Zheng, Y, 2011)		0.37
" Furthermore, the oral bioavailability was evaluated for the three formulations in fasted beagle dogs."( Strategies to improve dissolution and oral absorption of glimepiride tablets: solid dispersion versus micronization techniques.
Han, J; Han, X; He, Z; Ning, X; Sun, J; Wu, Y; Yan, Z, 2011)		0.37
"Formulations containing amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) present great potential to overcome problems of limited bioavailability of poorly soluble APIs."( A comparison of spray drying and milling in the production of amorphous dispersions of sulfathiazole/polyvinylpyrrolidone and sulfadimidine/polyvinylpyrrolidone.
Caron, V; Corrigan, OI; Healy, AM; Tajber, L, 2011)		0.37
"Solid dispersions have been used as a strategy to improve the solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability of poor water-soluble drugs."( Solid dispersions of imidazolidinedione by PEG and PVP polymers with potential antischistosomal activities.
de Lima, Mdo C; de Oliveira, BG; De Simone, CA; Galdino, SL; Guedes, FL; Hernandes, MZ; Neto, PJ; Pitta, IR; Veiga, FJ, 2011)		0.37
"Enhancing oral bioavailability of vinpocetine by forming its amorphous citrate salt through a solvent-free mechanochemical process, in presence of micronised crospovidone and citric acid."( Enhanced oral bioavailability of vinpocetine through mechanochemical salt formation: physico-chemical characterization and in vivo studies.
Bonifacio, A; Cepek, C; Chierotti, MR; Dall'Acqua, S; Gobetto, R; Grassi, M; Hasa, D; Invernizzi, S; Perissutti, B; Sergo, V; Voinovich, D, 2011)		0.37
" The best performing samples were characterized by employing a multidisciplinary approach, involving Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, Raman imaging/spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, porosimetry and in vivo studies on rats to ascertain the salt formation, their solid-state characteristics and oral bioavailability in comparison to vinpocetine citrate salt (Oxopocetine(®))."( Enhanced oral bioavailability of vinpocetine through mechanochemical salt formation: physico-chemical characterization and in vivo studies.
Bonifacio, A; Cepek, C; Chierotti, MR; Dall'Acqua, S; Gobetto, R; Grassi, M; Hasa, D; Invernizzi, S; Perissutti, B; Sergo, V; Voinovich, D, 2011)		0.37
"Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are widely utilized in the pharmaceutical industry for bioavailability enhancement of low solubility drugs."( Dissolution and precipitation behavior of amorphous solid dispersions.
Alonzo, DE; Gao, Y; Mo, H; Taylor, LS; Zhang, GGZ; Zhou, D, 2011)		0.37
"Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is a poorly water-soluble drug that displays low bioavailability after oral administration."( Improving the solubility and bioavailability of dihydroartemisinin by solid dispersions and inclusion complexes.
Ansari, MT; Batty, KT; Iqbal, I; Sunderland, VB, 2011)		0.37
"To study on the dispersion of daidzein with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and its effects on the aqueous solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability of daidzein."( Dispersion of daidzein with polyvinylpyrrolidone effects on dissolution rate and bioavailability.
Feng, BL; Li, HW; Lu, W; Zhou, MY, 2011)		0.37
" In addition,the bioavailability of free daidzein as well as its solid dispersion were studied in mice."( Dispersion of daidzein with polyvinylpyrrolidone effects on dissolution rate and bioavailability.
Feng, BL; Li, HW; Lu, W; Zhou, MY, 2011)		0.37
" The results of the bioavailability showed that both Cmax and AUC value of daidzein solid dispersion were about 5 times larger than unprocessed daidzein, implying that the rate-limiting step in daidzein absorption may be the dissolution process."( Dispersion of daidzein with polyvinylpyrrolidone effects on dissolution rate and bioavailability.
Feng, BL; Li, HW; Lu, W; Zhou, MY, 2011)		0.37
" Because docetaxel has a very low permeability and a very low aqueous solubility (biopharmaceutical classification system class IV), a pharmacokinetic booster was combined with a newly developed solid dispersion formulation to improve the oral bioavailability of docetaxel."( Pharmaceutical development and preliminary clinical testing of an oral solid dispersion formulation of docetaxel (ModraDoc001).
Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Koolen, SL; Moes, JJ; Nuijen, B; Schellens, JH, 2011)		0.37
"Formulation of an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is one of the methods commonly considered to increase the bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble small-molecule active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)."( Understanding the tendency of amorphous solid dispersions to undergo amorphous-amorphous phase separation in the presence of absorbed moisture.
Rumondor, AC; Taylor, LS; Van Eerdenbrugh, B; Wikström, H, 2011)		0.37
"The bioavailability of therapeutic agents from eye drops is usually limited due to corneal barrier functions and effective eye protective mechanisms."( Biodegradable ocular inserts for sustained delivery of brimonidine tartarate: preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation.
Aburahma, MH; Mahmoud, AA, 2011)		0.37
" In conclusion, the addition of poloxamer 188 to pellets containing PVP-based solid dispersions could achieve complete dissolution, accelerated absorption rate and superior oral bioavailability."( Novel Tanshinone II A ternary solid dispersion pellets prepared by a single-step technique: in vitro and in vivo evaluation.
Fan, YQ; Li, J; Liu, JP; Liu, P; Yang, JK; Zhang, WL, 2012)		0.38
" However, the poor solubility leads to the poor bioavailability and limits its development."( Comparison of different methods for preparation of a stable riccardin D formulation via nano-technology.
Duan, C; Jia, L; Jiao, Y; Liu, G; Liu, Y; Lou, H; Zhang, D; Zhang, Q; Zheng, D, 2012)		0.38
"The aim of this study was to improve the physicochemical properties and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble sirolimus via preparation of a solid dispersion of nanoparticles using a supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process."( Enhanced bioavailability of sirolimus via preparation of solid dispersion nanoparticles using a supercritical antisolvent process.
Cha, KH; Cho, WK; Hwang, SJ; Kim, JS; Kim, MS; Park, HJ, 2011)		0.37
" The improved supersaturation and dissolution of sirolimus as a solid dispersion of nanoparticles appeared to be well correlated with enhanced bioavailability of oral sirolimus in rats."( Enhanced bioavailability of sirolimus via preparation of solid dispersion nanoparticles using a supercritical antisolvent process.
Cha, KH; Cho, WK; Hwang, SJ; Kim, JS; Kim, MS; Park, HJ, 2011)		0.37
"The results of this study suggest that preparation of PVP K30-sirolimus-surfactant nanoparticles using the SAS process may be a promising approach for improving the bioavailability of sirolimus."( Enhanced bioavailability of sirolimus via preparation of solid dispersion nanoparticles using a supercritical antisolvent process.
Cha, KH; Cho, WK; Hwang, SJ; Kim, JS; Kim, MS; Park, HJ, 2011)		0.37
" In the present study we report upon the in vitro bioavailability improvement of Furosemide through particle size reduction as well as formation of solid dispersions (SDs) using the hydrophilic polymer Crospovidone."( Applications of supercritical fluids to enhance the dissolution behaviors of Furosemide by generation of microparticles and solid dispersions.
Bolger, MB; De Zordi, N; Del Rio Castillo, AE; Grassi, M; Kikic, I; Moneghini, M; Solinas, D, 2012)		0.38
" In vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats showed that immediate and complete release of repaglinide from the solid dispersion resulted in rapid absorption that significantly increased the bioavailability and the maximum plasma concentration over repaglinide raw material."( In vitro and in vivo studies on a novel solid dispersion of repaglinide using polyvinylpyrrolidone as the carrier.
Chen, XJ; Huang, SJ; Liu, QW; Yin, LF; Zhang, Q; Zhang, SH; Zhu, CL, 2012)		0.38
" In this study, a supersaturatable self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SMEDDS) was developed to improve the oral bioavailability of indirubin."( Improved oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble indirubin by a supersaturatable self-microemulsifying drug delivery system.
Chen, ZQ; Feng, NP; Liu, Y; Wang, L; Zhao, JH, 2012)		0.38
" The in vivo bioavailability of indirubin from S-SMEDDS and from SMEDDS was compared in rats."( Improved oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble indirubin by a supersaturatable self-microemulsifying drug delivery system.
Chen, ZQ; Feng, NP; Liu, Y; Wang, L; Zhao, JH, 2012)		0.38
" In vivo bioavailability analysis in rats indicated that improved oral absorption was achieved and that the relative bioavailability of S-SMEDDS was 129."( Improved oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble indirubin by a supersaturatable self-microemulsifying drug delivery system.
Chen, ZQ; Feng, NP; Liu, Y; Wang, L; Zhao, JH, 2012)		0.38
"The novel S-SMEDDS developed in this study increased the dissolution rate and improved the oral bioavailability of indirubin in rats."( Improved oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble indirubin by a supersaturatable self-microemulsifying drug delivery system.
Chen, ZQ; Feng, NP; Liu, Y; Wang, L; Zhao, JH, 2012)		0.38
" Biodistribution studies of (99m)Tc labeled TMX SNP in rats revealed no significant absorption however oral pharmacokinetics revealed enhanced oral bioavailability of TMX (165%) compared to TMX suspension."( Self nanoprecipitating preconcentrate of tamoxifen citrate for enhanced bioavailability.
Devarajan, PV; Gaikwad, RV; Kapse, SV; Samad, A, 2012)		0.38
" This work correlates the physical properties and the dissolution behavior of PZQ-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solid dispersion (SD) at the ratios of 1:1 and 3:7 with its oral bioavailability and its in vivo efficacy against Schistosoma mansoni (S."( Bioavailability and in vivo efficacy of a praziquantel-polyvinylpyrrolidone solid dispersion in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice.
El-Lakkany, N; Heikal, L; Seif El-Din, SH, 2012)		0.38
" The design of a lipid formulation for poorly water soluble drugs is a challenge because of the poor dissolution and potential bioavailability problems."( Taste masked lipid pellets with enhanced release of hydrophobic active ingredient.
Bartscher, K; Breitkreutz, J; Vaassen, J, 2012)		0.38
" A solid dispersion formulation incorporating two different polymers-HPMC and either PVP-VA or PVP-maintained increased T(g), physicochemical stability, solubility, and bioavailability of the solid dispresions owing to each polymer."( Polymer combination increased both physical stability and oral absorption of solid dispersions containing a low glass transition temperature drug: physicochemical characterization and in vivo study.
Maitani, Y; Sakai, T; Sako, K; Sakurai, A, 2012)		0.38
"Over the last decades the poor solubility of new drugs has become an important issue, with one of the main challenges being to develop oral dosage forms with acceptable bioavailability for such compounds."( Application of a ternary HP-β-CD-complex approach to improve the dissolution performance of a poorly soluble weak acid under biorelevant conditions.
Dressman, JB; Klein, S; Zoeller, T, 2012)		0.38
"Solid dispersion systems have been widely used to enhance dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs."( Spray coating as a powerful technique in preparation of solid dispersions with enhanced desloratadine dissolution rate.
Djuriš, J; Grujić, B; Homšek, I; Ibrić, S; Kachrimanis, K; Kolašinac, N, 2013)		0.39
"The aims of this research were to prepare highly bioavailable binary cogrounds (vincamine-AcDiSol(®) or PVP-Cl) by means of a mechanochemical process and to study the mediation of each polymer in the induction of physical transformations of the drug."( Mechanochemically induced disordered structures of vincamine: the different mediation of two cross-linked polymers.
Bonifacio, A; Chierotti, MR; Dall'Acqua, S; Gobetto, R; Grabnar, I; Hasa, D; Invernizzi, S; Perissutti, B; Voinovich, D, 2012)		0.38
" In ophthalmic formulations, cyclodextrins (CDs) are frequently used in recent years in order to increase water solubility, stability and bioavailability of an active substance and decrease an irritation to the eye."( Effect of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin on the solubility, stability and in-vitro release of ciprofloxacin for ocular drug delivery.
Basaran, B; Bozkir, A; Denli, ZF, )		0.13
" The relative bioavailability of the osmotic-pump tablets against the reference formulation in single and multiple dose regimens was 116."( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of novel osmotic pump tablets of isosorbide-5-mononitrate containing polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) for controlled release.
Chi, Q; Du, L; Jiang, Q; Li, X; Wang, C, 2012)		0.38
" This would present a potential of increasing oral bioavailability of Domperidone by increasing its dissolution rate and by inhibiting its pre-systemic metabolism by the presence of P188."( Preparation and characterization of domperidone solid dispersions.
Balata, GF; Essa, EA, 2012)		0.38
" We increased the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel by combining a pharmacokinetic booster, ritonavir, with a new oral solid dispersion formulation of paclitaxel."( Development of an oral solid dispersion formulation for use in low-dose metronomic chemotherapy of paclitaxel.
Beijnen, J; Huitema, A; Koolen, S; Moes, J; Nuijen, B; Schellens, J, 2013)		0.39
" In conclusion, extrusion/spheronization could be a suitable technique to prepare PC loaded pellets, which could effectively preserve the properties of PC to improve the permeability and bioavailability of highly water-soluble drug."( Bioavailability and foam cells permeability enhancement of Salvianolic acid B pellets based on drug-phospholipids complex technique.
Cui, Y; Fan, YQ; Kan, SL; Li, J; Liu, JP; Liu, P; Yang, JK; Zhang, WJ; Zhang, WL, 2013)		0.39
"In this study, amorphous solid dispersions containing dutasteride and various excipients, manufactured by spray-drying processes, were characterized to determine the effects on their ability to form supersaturated solutions and to identify the effects of supersaturation on increasing the bioavailability of dutasteride."( Improved supersaturation and oral absorption of dutasteride by amorphous solid dispersions.
Beak, IH; Kim, MS, 2012)		0.38
"The present study was undertaken to overcome the problems associated with solubility, dissolution and oral bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble ionizable drug, telmisartan (TMS)."( Fabrication and evaluation of pH-modulated solid dispersion for telmisartan by spray-drying technique.
Chi, SC; Cho, HJ; Choi, HG; Choi, YK; Kim, JO; Marasini, N; Poudel, BK; Tran, TH; Yong, CS, 2013)		0.39
"Solid dispersions have been used to improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs."( Effect of substrates on naproxen-polyvinylpyrrolidone solid dispersions formed via the drop printing technique.
Harris, MT; Hsu, HY; Simpson, GJ; Taylor, LS; Toth, SJ, 2013)		0.39
" The latest nanoparticle technology can help to improve the bioavailability of curcumin, which is affected by the final particle size and stability."( Highly stabilized curcumin nanoparticles tested in an in vitro blood-brain barrier model and in Alzheimer's disease Tg2576 mice.
Baum, L; Cheng, KK; Chow, AH; Chow, SF; Ho, SW; Yeung, CF, 2013)		0.39
" A good correlation between the dissolution profiles and bioavailability indicated a linear relationship between in vitro - in vivo data."( Modulation of drug release by utilizing pH-independent matrix system comprising water soluble drug verapamil hydrochloride.
Baviskar, D; Jain, D; Sharma, R, 2013)		0.39
"The aim of this study was to improve the physicochemical properties and bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble drug, raloxifene by solid dispersion (SD) nanoparticles using the spray-drying technique."( Preparation and evaluation of raloxifene-loaded solid dispersion nanoparticle by spray-drying technique without an organic solvent.
Chi, SC; Choi, HG; Kim, JO; Marasini, N; Poudel, BK; Tran, TH; Yong, CS, 2013)		0.39
"The purpose of this study was to develop NS of efavirenz (EFV) and to investigate its potential in enhancing the oral bioavailability of EFV."( Nanosuspension of efavirenz for improved oral bioavailability: formulation optimization, in vitro, in situ and in vivo evaluation.
Patel, GV; Patel, VB; Pathak, A; Rajput, SJ, 2014)		0.4
"Thus, it can be concluded that NS formulation of EFV can provide improved oral bioavailability due to enhanced solubility, dissolution velocity, permeability and hence absorption."( Nanosuspension of efavirenz for improved oral bioavailability: formulation optimization, in vitro, in situ and in vivo evaluation.
Patel, GV; Patel, VB; Pathak, A; Rajput, SJ, 2014)		0.4
" Subsequently, the bioavailability of magnolol pure compound, its physical mixture and solid dispersion were compared in rabbits."( Enhancing the bioavailability of magnolol in rabbits using melting solid dispersion with polyvinylpyrrolidone.
Hou, YC; Liao, TY; Lin, SP; Tsai, SY, 2014)		0.4
"Magnolol-loaded amorphous solid dispersion with PVP has demonstrated enhanced bioavailability of magnolol in rabbits."( Enhancing the bioavailability of magnolol in rabbits using melting solid dispersion with polyvinylpyrrolidone.
Hou, YC; Liao, TY; Lin, SP; Tsai, SY, 2014)		0.4
" Furthermore, the dose related bioavailability was determined by investigating the experimental saturation concentrations for different doses."( Dissolution testing of amorphous solid dispersions.
Jeeger, K; Kogermann, K; Naelapää, K; Penkina, A; Predbannikova, K; Rantanen, J; Veski, P, 2013)		0.39
" The mobility and bioavailability of AgNPs through the ingestion pathway will depend, in part, on properties such as particle size and the surface chemistries that will influence their physical and chemical reactivities during transit through the gastrointestinal tract."( Changes in silver nanoparticles exposed to human synthetic stomach fluid: effects of particle size and surface chemistry.
Bradham, K; El Badawy, AM; Ma, L; Mwilu, SK; Nelson, C; Rogers, KR; Scheckel, KG; Thomas, D; Tolaymat, T, 2013)		0.39
"The aim of this study was to improve the stability and bioavailability of pilocarpine in order to maintain an adequate concentration of the pilocarpine at the site of action for prolonged period of time."( Developing the potential ophthalmic applications of pilocarpine entrapped into polyvinylpyrrolidone-poly(acrylic acid) nanogel dispersions prepared by γ radiation.
Abd El-Rehim, HA; Hamed, AA; Hegazy, el-SA; Klingner, A; Swilem, AE, 2013)		0.39
" Therefore, these flurbiprofen-loaded nanoparticles can be convenient for distributing a poorly water-soluble flurbiprofen with improved bioavailability using uniform nano-sized particles."( Flurbiprofen-loaded nanoparticles prepared with polyvinylpyrrolidone using Shirasu porous glass membranes and a spray-drying technique: nano-sized formation and improved bioavailability.
Choi, HG; Din, FU; Kim, DW; Kim, JO; Oh, DH; Yong, CS, 2013)		0.39
"Cilnidipine (CN) is a novel dihydropyridine calcium antagonist that is practically insoluble in aqueous media and exhibits a low oral bioavailability or limited clinical efficacy."( Influence of different polymers on crystallization tendency and dissolution behavior of cilnidipine in solid dispersions.
Chen, C; Li, Y; Song, Y; Xie, X; Yan, Z; Yang, X; Zhou, C, 2014)		0.4
" For water-insoluble drugs, various formulation approaches are employed to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of lead compounds."( Preparation and evaluation of solid dispersions of a new antitumor compound based on early-stage preparation discovery concept.
Cai, Z; Cao, S; Hou, P; Lei, H; Ni, J; Tan, Q; Yu, F; Zhang, T, 2013)		0.39
" However, its poor water solubility and low bioavailability in vivo severely restrict the clinical application."( Solid dispersion tablets of breviscapine with polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 for improved dissolution and bioavailability to commercial breviscapine tablets in beagle dogs.
Cong, W; Feng, Y; Ruan, K; Shen, L; Xu, D; Zhao, L, 2014)		0.4
"In the last years a large variety of drug delivery systems have been developed to improve bioavailability of therapeutics in oral administration."( Polymer-filled microcontainers for oral delivery loaded using supercritical impregnation.
Boisen, A; Keller, SS; Marizza, P; Müllertz, A, 2014)		0.4
"Baicalin-polyvinylpyrrolidone coprecipitate was prepared with the aim of improving the dissolution and bioavailability of the baicalin."( Dissolution and pharmacokinetics of baicalin-polyvinylpyrrolidone coprecipitate.
Guo, Y; He, M; Ji, P; Li, B; Li, F; Li, S; Li, W; Li, Y; Luo, Z; Wang, B; Zang, C, 2013)		0.39
" Compared with the baicalin API capsules, the relative bioavailability of the coprecipitate capsules was 338."( Dissolution and pharmacokinetics of baicalin-polyvinylpyrrolidone coprecipitate.
Guo, Y; He, M; Ji, P; Li, B; Li, F; Li, S; Li, W; Li, Y; Luo, Z; Wang, B; Zang, C, 2013)		0.39
"To compare the properties of solid dispersions of felodipine for oral bioavailability enhancement using two different polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), by hot-melt extrusion (HME) and spray drying."( A comparative study of the effect of spray drying and hot-melt extrusion on the properties of amorphous solid dispersions containing felodipine.
Kelly, A; Mahmah, O; Paradkar, A; Tabbakh, R, 2014)		0.4
" The dissolution, contact angle and water absorption rate of these solid dispersions were measured to elucidate the relationship between wettability and dissolution."( Understanding the relationship between wettability and dissolution of solid dispersion.
Lian, R; Lu, Y; Qi, J; Tang, N; Wu, W, 2014)		0.4
"A surface-attached silymarin-loaded solid dispersion with improved dissolution profile and enhanced oral bioavailability was formulated using silymarin, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and Tween 80 in water."( A novel solid dispersion system for natural product-loaded medicine: silymarin-loaded solid dispersion with enhanced oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective activity.
Bae, ON; Cho, KH; Choi, HG; Choi, JY; Hwang, du H; Kim, DW; Kim, JO; Kim, YI; Poudel, BK; Shin, YJ; Yong, CS; Yousaf, AM, 2014)		0.4
" However, low solubility and low bioavailability prevented it from using on humans."( Polyvinylpyrrolidone oral films of enrofloxacin: film characterization and drug release.
Gupta, R; Kumar, GP; Manali, N; Phani, AR; Prabhakara, GS; Prasad, RG; Raju, DB; Rashmi, N; Salins, CP; Sandeep, K; Sanganal, JS, 2014)		0.4
" Researchers studied their impact on the bioavailability of active substances or on physical properties of tablets for many years."( [Influence of polymer type on the physical properties and the release study of papaverine hydrochloride from tablets].
Kasperek, R; Poleszak, E; Polski, A; Sobótka-Polska, K, )		0.13
" Celecoxib (CLX) is a poorly water soluble drug with its bioavailability being limited by its poor dissolution."( Comparing various techniques to produce micro/nanoparticles for enhancing the dissolution of celecoxib containing PVP.
Garekani, HA; Homayouni, A; Nokhodchi, A; Sadeghi, F; Varshosaz, J, 2014)		0.4
"Overcoming the low oral bioavailability of many drugs due to their poor aqueous solubility is one of the major challenges in the pharmaceutical industry."( Hydroxypropyl cellulose stabilizes amorphous solid dispersions of the poorly water soluble drug felodipine.
Cote, C; Malekar, SA; Sarode, AL; Worthen, DR, 2014)		0.4
" Moreover, SNPs bioavailability and uptake were assessed."( Bioavailability and biological effect of engineered silver nanoparticles in a forest soil.
Baffoni, L; Carbone, S; Di Gioia, D; Gaggia, F; Nannipieri, P; Vianello, G; Vittori Antisari, L, 2014)		0.4
"0-fold increase in bioavailability compared with unpulverized MEL."( Development of nanocrystal formulation of meloxicam with improved dissolution and pharmacokinetic behaviors.
Hashimoto, I; Hashimoto, N; Kawachi, T; Ochi, M; Onoue, S; Toita, E; Yuminoki, K, 2014)		0.4
"The aim of the present work was to design a pH-modified solid dispersion (pH(M)-SD) that can improve the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble weakly basic GT0918, a developing anti-prostate cancer drug."( Microenvironmental pH-modified solid dispersions to enhance the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble weakly basic GT0918, a developing anti-prostate cancer drug: preparation, characterization and evaluation in vivo.
Fan, Y; Gao, C; Ge, Z; Gong, W; He, S; Huang, X; Shan, L; Tong, Y; Wang, Y; Yang, M, 2014)		0.4
" It is also developed with the aim of improving bioavailability and patient compliance."( Disintegrants combination: development and optimization of a cefadroxil fast disintegrating tablet.
Bibi, R; Iffat, W; Muhammad, IN; Naqvi, SB; Rahim, N; Shakeel, S, 2014)		0.4
"The commercial and clinical success of amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) in overcoming the low bioavailability of poorly soluble molecules has generated momentum among pharmaceutical scientists to advance the fundamental understanding of these complex systems."( Impact of polymers on the crystallization and phase transition kinetics of amorphous nifedipine during dissolution in aqueous media.
Alonzo, DE; Gao, Y; Raina, SA; Taylor, LS; Zhang, GG, 2014)		0.4
"The objectives of the present study were to formulate and optimize different sized liquid and solid nanocrystalline formulations and evaluate their in vitro and in vivo performance to determine the effect of particle size on the oral bioavailability of solid nanocrystalline formulations."( In Vitro and In Vivo Performance of Different Sized Spray-Dried Crystalline Itraconazole.
Burgess, DJ; Jog, R; Kumar, S; Sadrieh, N; Shen, J; Zolnik, B, 2015)		0.42
" Milled GF with Povacoat® showed improved aqueous solubility and bioavailability compared with the other polymers."( Preparation and evaluation of high dispersion stable nanocrystal formulation of poorly water-soluble compounds by using povacoat.
Hashimoto, N; Horii, S; Nakada, Y; Seko, F; Takeuchi, H; Teramoto, K; Yuminoki, K, 2014)		0.4
" The in vivo test in beagle dogs demonstrated that the relative bioavailability of the novel system was 203."( Controlled delivery of carvedilol nanosuspension from osmotic pump capsule: in vitro and in vivo evaluation.
Bai, C; Ge, H; Liu, D; Lyu, C; Pan, W; Yang, X; Yu, S; Zhu, Z, 2014)		0.4
", polymers) to formulate an amorphous solid dispersion is a promising strategy to improve the oral bioavailability of the API."( Influence of copolymer composition on the phase behavior of solid dispersions.
Ji, Y; Kleetz, T; Korf, M; Prudic, A; Sadowski, G, 2014)		0.4
"Valsartan (VAL) shows poor oral bioavailability mainly as a result of its low water solubility at low pH."( In vitro dissolution and physicochemical characterizations of novel PVP-based solid dispersions containing valsartan prepared by a freeze-drying method.
Cao, QR; Cui, JH; Liu, Y; Shi, LL; Xu, WJ, 2014)		0.4
" The present study demonstrated that formulation of celecoxib-PVP-TPGS solid dispersion nanoparticles using the SAS process is a highly effective strategy for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble celecoxib."( Formulation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of celecoxib-PVP solid dispersion nanoparticles using supercritical antisolvent process.
Baek, IH; Choo, GH; Ha, ES; Kim, MS, 2014)		0.4
"The aim of this study was to prepare a disintegrating gastric floating tablet composed of floating pellets coated with acrylic resin to prolong the gastric residence time and increase the oral bioavailability of famotidine."( Tablets compressed with gastric floating pellets coated with acrylic resin for gastro retention and sustained release of famotidine: in-vitro and in-vivo study.
Jiang, Y; Qi, X; Wu, Z; Zhang, H, 2015)		0.42
"43 h ng/ml), while the relative bioavailability was 187."( Tablets compressed with gastric floating pellets coated with acrylic resin for gastro retention and sustained release of famotidine: in-vitro and in-vivo study.
Jiang, Y; Qi, X; Wu, Z; Zhang, H, 2015)		0.42
" In clinical trials, fenretinide has shown poor therapeutic efficacy following oral administration - attributed to its low bioavailability and solubility."( Preparation and in vitro evaluation of hydrophilic fenretinide nanoparticles.
Bostanian, LA; Glotser, EY; Graves, RA; Ledet, GA; Mandal, TK, 2015)		0.42
" It was concluded that the batch which was prepared by using combination of crosspovidone and sodium starch glycolate as a super disintegrant shows excellent disintegration time, enhance dissolution rate, taste masking and hence lead to improve efficacy and bioavailability of drug."( Novel approach of aceclofenac fast dissolving tablet.
Ali, N; Dave, V; Sharma, S; Vishwakarma, P; Yadav, S, 2015)		0.42
" To increase the aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability of TG, we prepared the solid dispersions of tectorigenin (TG-SD) using a simple solvent evaporation process with TG, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and PEG4000 at weight ratio of 7:54:9 after tested in several ratios."( Preparation, characterization and in vitro/vivo evaluation of tectorigenin solid dispersion with improved dissolution and bioavailability.
Huang, Q; Lan, K; Shuai, S; Wang, W; Yang, J; Ye, L; Yue, S, 2016)		0.43
" Here, we characterize the bioavailability of Ag from AgNO(3) and from AgNPs capped with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP AgNP) and thiolated polyethylene glycol (PEG AgNP) in the freshwater snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, after short waterborne exposures."( Influence of hardness on the bioavailability of silver to a freshwater snail after waterborne exposure to silver nitrate and silver nanoparticles.
Croteau, MN; Lead, JR; Luoma, SN; Römer, I; Stoiber, T; Tejamaya, M, 2015)		0.42
" The present study aimed to (i) characterize the bioaccumulation dynamics of PVP-, PEG-, and citrate-AgNPs, in comparison to dissolved Ag, in Daphnia magna and Lumbriculus variegatus; and (ii) investigate whether parameters of bioavailability and accumulation predict acute toxicity."( Accumulation dynamics and acute toxicity of silver nanoparticles to Daphnia magna and Lumbriculus variegatus: implications for metal modeling approaches.
Dybowska, AD; Fernandes, TF; Khan, FR; Lead, JR; Paul, KB; Stone, V; Valsami-Jones, E, 2015)		0.42
" Pharmacokinetics analysis in dogs showed a decrease in bioavailability of 74."( Comparison of the oral bioavailability of silymarin-loaded lipid nanoparticles with their artificial lipolysate counterparts: implications on the contribution of integral structure.
Lu, Y; Qi, J; Shangguan, M; Wu, W, 2015)		0.42
" The stabilising effect of PVP on ASSF, led to improved relative oral bioavailability in rats of 263%, when compared to the pure ASSF."( Stabilisation of amorphous furosemide increases the oral drug bioavailability in rats.
Müllertz, A; Nielsen, LH; Rades, T, 2015)		0.42
" There is a clear need for developing bio-enabling formulation approaches to improve oral bioavailability for PWSD, but also to establish a range of predictive in vitro and in silico biopharmaceutics based tools for guiding formulation design and forecasting in vivo effects."( Lipidic dispersion to reduce food dependent oral bioavailability of fenofibrate: In vitro, in vivo and in silico assessments.
Devine, KJ; Faisal, W; Griffin, BT; Kostewicz, ES; O'Driscoll, CM; O'Shea, JP; Ruane-O'Hora, T, 2015)		0.42
"Over the past few decades, nanocrystal formulations have evolved as promising drug delivery systems owing to their ability to enhance the bioavailability and maintain the stability of poorly water-soluble drugs."( Conjugation of Hot-Melt Extrusion with High-Pressure Homogenization: a Novel Method of Continuously Preparing Nanocrystal Solid Dispersions.
Feng, X; Gryczke, A; Kolter, K; Langley, N; Lu, J; Majumdar, S; Mishra, SR; Neupane, D; Patil, H; Repka, MA; Tiwari, RV; Ye, X, 2016)		0.43
" The dissolution and oral bioavailability of the nanoparticles were also evaluated in rats."( Development of megestrol acetate solid dispersion nanoparticles for enhanced oral delivery by using a supercritical antisolvent process.
Baek, IH; Ha, ES; Jung, Y; Kim, JS; Kim, MS; Moon, HR; Yoo, JW, 2015)		0.42
"The preparation of liquisolid systems (LSS) represents a promising method for enhancing a dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs."( The effect of superdisintegrants on the properties and dissolution profiles of liquisolid tablets containing rosuvastatin.
Doležel, P; Gajdziok, J; Vraníková, B, 2017)		0.46
"Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are of great interest as enabling formulations because of their ability to increase the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs."( Dissolution of Danazol Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Supersaturation and Phase Behavior as a Function of Drug Loading and Polymer Type.
Hussain, MA; Jackson, MJ; Kestur, US; Taylor, LS, 2016)		0.43
" In conclusion, this povidone-mixed micelle-based microparticle was successfully prepared to enhance the oral bioavailability of silybin."( In Vitro Release and Bioavailability of Silybin from Micelle-Templated Porous Calcium Phosphate Microparticles.
Omari-Siaw, E; Wang, M; Xu, X; Yu, J; Zeng, J; Zhang, Y; Zhu, Y, 2016)		0.43
" The pharmacokinetic study in rats demonstrated that the electrospinning fiber membrane had a higher Cmax and lower Tmax compared to the reference preparation, and the relative bioavailability of the fiber membrane was 151."( A novel application of electrospinning technique in sublingual membrane: characterization, permeation and in vivo study.
Chen, J; Cheng, B; Fan, J; Pan, W; Wang, X; Yang, X; Yu, S; Zhang, W, 2016)		0.43
" These promising results can lead to a great enhancement of the oral bioavailability of ABZ dosage forms."( A novel hot-melt extrusion formulation of albendazole for increasing dissolution properties.
Halbert, GW; Lamprou, DA; Martinez-Marcos, L; McBurney, RT, 2016)		0.43
"The purpose of the present research was to develop a novel electrosprayed nanospherule providing the most optimized aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability for poorly water-soluble fenofibrate."( Novel electrosprayed nanospherules for enhanced aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble fenofibrate.
Choi, HG; Jin, SG; Kim, DS; Kim, DW; Kim, JO; Kim, KS; Mustapha, O; Oh, YK; Yong, CS; Youn, YS; Yousaf, AM, 2016)		0.43
" Oral bioavailability in rats was also evaluated for the formulation of an optimized nanospherule in comparison with free drug and a conventional fenofibrate-loaded solid dispersion."( Novel electrosprayed nanospherules for enhanced aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble fenofibrate.
Choi, HG; Jin, SG; Kim, DS; Kim, DW; Kim, JO; Kim, KS; Mustapha, O; Oh, YK; Yong, CS; Youn, YS; Yousaf, AM, 2016)		0.43
"41 μg/mL), an excellent dissolution (~85% in 10 minutes), and an oral bioavailability ~2."( Novel electrosprayed nanospherules for enhanced aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble fenofibrate.
Choi, HG; Jin, SG; Kim, DS; Kim, DW; Kim, JO; Kim, KS; Mustapha, O; Oh, YK; Yong, CS; Youn, YS; Yousaf, AM, 2016)		0.43
" Consistent with the findings from the non-sink in vitro dissolution tests, the amorphous solid dispersions with the highest molecular weight PVPs (K30 and K60) resulted in significantly higher in vivo bioavailability (AUC0-24h) compared with pure amorphous and crystalline CCX."( Influence of polymer molecular weight on in vitro dissolution behavior and in vivo performance of celecoxib:PVP amorphous solid dispersions.
Becker, C; Francke, NM; Holm, P; Holm, R; Jørgensen, EB; Knopp, MM; Langguth, P; Mu, H; Nguyen, JH; Rades, T, 2016)		0.43
"This study investigates 3 amorphous technologies to improve the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of flubendazole (FLU)."( Evaluation of Three Amorphous Drug Delivery Technologies to Improve the Oral Absorption of Flubendazole.
Backx, K; Boeykens, P; Bone, S; Brewster, ME; Ceulemans, J; Hillewaert, V; Jager, C; Kesselaers, E; Lachau-Durand, S; Mackie, C; Meurs, G; Novoa de Armas, H; Psathas, P; Smulders, S; Van Geel, K; Van Hove, B; Van Speybroeck, M; Verheyen, L; Verreck, G; Vialpando, M; Vodak, D; Voets, M; Weuts, I, 2016)		0.43
" Overall, this study successfully generated OLZ loaded SMD films with improved in vitro dissolution rates which is highly likely to result in improved oral bioavailability in vivo."( Solid microcrystalline dispersion films as a new strategy to improve the dissolution rate of poorly water soluble drugs: A case study using olanzapine.
de Fátima Pina, M; Modica de Mohac, L; Raimi-Abraham, BT, 2016)		0.43
" It has been shown that upon dissolution of aZa, the concentration of ZA in solution is supersaturated with respect to its stable crystalline form (ZA monohydrate), and thus, in theory, the bioavailability increases upon amorphization of ZA."( Supersaturation of zafirlukast in fasted and fed state intestinal media with and without precipitation inhibitors.
Boyd, B; Madsen, CM; Müllertz, A; Rades, T, 2016)		0.43
"The objective of this study is to explore the influence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) quantity on the solubility, crystallinity and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble fenofibrate in solvent-evaporated microspheres."( Influence of polyvinylpyrrolidone quantity on the solubility, crystallinity and oral bioavailability of fenofibrate in solvent-evaporated microspheres.
Cho, KH; Choi, HG; Kim, DS; Kim, DW; Kim, JO; Yong, CS; Youn, YS; Yousaf, AM, 2016)		0.43
"These results demonstrated that increasing the bioavailability of piperine may be achieved as demonstrated by findings in this study."( Hot melt extrusion as an approach to improve solubility, permeability and oral absorption of a psychoactive natural product, piperine.
Alshehri, S; Alsheteli, A; Alsulays, B; Ashour, EA; Feng, X; Gryczke, A; Kolter, K; Langley, N; Majumdar, S; Repka, MA, 2016)		0.43
" Consequently, we suggest that the safe NAR NP can be used to reduce the dosage of NAR, improve its bioavailability and merits further investigation for therapeutic applications."( PVP- coated naringenin nanoparticles for biomedical applications - In vivo toxicological evaluations.
Abraham, A; Kumar, RP, 2016)		0.43
"The tri-component system curcumin/α-glucosyl stevia (Stevia-G)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was developed to improve the oral bioavailability and physicochemical properties of curcumin (CUR)."( Hybridization of polyvinylpyrrolidone to a binary composite of curcumin/α-glucosyl stevia improves both oral absorption and photochemical stability of curcumin.
Kadota, K; Okamoto, D; Onoue, S; Otsu, S; Sato, H; Tozuka, Y, 2016)		0.43
"The development of enabling formulations is a key stage when demonstrating the effectiveness of pharmaceutical cocrystals to maximize the oral bioavailability for poorly water soluble drugs."( Investigating the Influence of Polymers on Supersaturated Flufenamic Acid Cocrystal Solutions.
Guo, M; Hamill, N; Li, M; Lorimer, K; Wang, K, 2016)		0.43
"The aim of this study was to assess the effect of d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) on the physicochemical characterization and oral bioavailability of a novel l-sulpiride-loaded quaternary microcapsule (QMC)."( Development of a novel l-sulpiride-loaded quaternary microcapsule: Effect of TPGS as an absorption enhancer on physicochemical characterization and oral bioavailability.
Choi, HG; Choi, JS; Jin, SG; Kim, DS; Kim, DW; Kim, JO; Kim, KS; Oh, KT; Seo, YG; Yong, CS; Youn, YS, 2016)		0.43
"Curcumin with a vast number of pharmacological activities is a poorly water soluble drug which its oral bioavailability is profoundly limited by its dissolution or solubility in GI tract."( Antisolvent precipitation technique: A very promising approach to crystallize curcumin in presence of polyvinyl pyrrolidon for solubility and dissolution enhancement.
Abbaspour, M; Ashofteh, M; Garekani, HA; Homayouni, A; Nokhodchi, A; Sadeghi, F, 2016)		0.43
"We assessed the bioavailability of Ag from Ag nanoparticles (NPs), stabilized with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), to terrestrial isopods which were exposed to 10, 100 and 1000 μg Ag NPs/g of dry food."( The role of PVP in the bioavailability of Ag from the PVP-stabilized Ag nanoparticle suspension.
Drobne, D; Hočevar, SB; Jemec, A; Kos, M; Kralj, S; Makovec, D; Romih, T, 2016)		0.43
"The bioavailability of sulindac (SDC), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is low due to poor aqueous solubility and poor dissolution rate."( Effect of Sulindac Binary System on In Vitro and In Vivo Release Profiles: An Assessment of Polymer Type and Its Ratio.
Shazly, GA, 2016)		0.43
"The preparation of liquisolid systems presents a promising and innovative possibility for enhancing dissolution profiles and improving the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs."( Experimental Design for Determination of Effects of Superdisintegrant Combinations on Liquisolid System Properties.
Gajdziok, J; Pavloková, S; Vraníková, B, 2017)		0.46
" However, Q bioavailability is relatively low, due to its poor aqueous solubility and extensive phase-II metabolism."( Novel cellulose-based amorphous solid dispersions enhance quercetin solution concentrations in vitro.
Arca, HC; Edgar, KJ; Gilley, AD; Mosquera-Giraldo, LI; Neilson, AP; Nichols, BLB; Taylor, LS, 2017)		0.46
"Elacridar is highly demanded for proof-of-concept clinical trials that study the drug's suitability to boost brain penetration and bioavailability of numerous anticancer agents."( Pharmaceutical development of an amorphous solid dispersion formulation of elacridar hydrochloride for proof-of-concept clinical studies.
Beijnen, JH; Nuijen, B; Sawicki, E; Schellens, JH, 2017)		0.46
"The preparation of amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulations is a promising strategy to improve the bioavailability of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)."( Long-Term Physical Stability of PVP- and PVPVA-Amorphous Solid Dispersions.
Degenhardt, M; Heinzerling, O; Kyeremateng, SO; Lehmkemper, K; Sadowski, G, 2017)		0.46
"16-fold increase in the relative oral bioavailability of BCA-FS compared with raw BCA, indicating that the mixed micelles may promote absorption in the gastrointestinal tract."( Enhancing the oral bioavailability of biochanin A by encapsulation in mixed micelles containing Pluronic F127 and Plasdone S630.
Cui, L; Ge, W; Hou, J; Shao, T; Wang, J; Wu, W; Wu, X; Zhang, Z, 2017)		0.46
"The bioavailability of the anthelminthic flubendazole was remarkably enhanced in comparison with the pure crystalline drug by developing completely amorphous electrospun nanofibres with a matrix consisting of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and polyvinylpyrrolidone."( Oral bioavailability enhancement of flubendazole by developing nanofibrous solid dosage forms.
Balogh, A; Boeykens, P; Borbás, E; Démuth, B; Galata, DL; Mackie, C; Marosi, G; Nagy, ZK; Pataki, H; Psathas, P; Van Assche, I; Van Hove, B; Verreck, G; Vialpando, M; Vigh, T, 2017)		0.46
" It is of particular importance as poor dissolution profiles are considered to be the major limitation in bioavailability of the drug."( Planetary ball milling and supercritical fluid technology as a way to enhance dissolution of bicalutamide.
Antosik, A; Chmiel, K; Jachowicz, R; Knapik-Kowalczuk, J; Kurek, M; Paluch, M; Syrek, K; Szafraniec, J, 2017)		0.46
" These nanodroplets, present as a dispersed phase, can potentially enhance oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs by serving as a drug reservoir that efficiently feeds the continuous aqueous solution phase following absorption of drug."( Origin of Nanodroplet Formation Upon Dissolution of an Amorphous Solid Dispersion: A Mechanistic Isotope Scrambling Study.
Gao, Y; Indulkar, AS; Mo, H; Raina, SA; Taylor, LS; Waters, JE; Zhang, GGZ, 2017)		0.46
"An increase in number of newly developed synthetic drugs displays bioavailability constraints because of poor water solubility."( Preparation, characterization and pharmacokinetics of cyadox nanosuspension.
Chen, D; Huang, L; Jiang, L; Liu, Z; Pan, Y; Sattar, A; Tao, Y; Xie, S; Yuan, Z, 2017)		0.46
"L exhibited prominent higher oral bioavailability and more efficient sustained-release effect than the drug alone or the commercial tablet product."( Potential Use of Polyvinyl Acetate-Polyvinylpyrrolidone Mixture for the Development of Atenolol Sustained Release Matrix Tablets: Optimization of Formulation through in Vitro-in Vivo Assessment Study.
Abd El-Ghany, GM; Abu Hashim, II; Owayez, AS, 2017)		0.46
"Development of techniques to enhance bioavailability of drugs having poor water solubility is a big challenge for pharmaceutical industry."( Enhancing the Solubility of Fenofibrate by Nanocrystal Formation and Encapsulation.
Kumar, R; Siril, PF, 2018)		0.48
" The influence of PVPP on MPC's flowability, dissolution and oral bioavailability was investigated."( [Solidification of magnolol phospholipid complex with polyvingypyrrolidone].
Dai, YH; Ju, JM; Wang, M; Zhang, ZH, 2016)		0.43
"05) as compared to subcutaneous injection, with a relative bioavailability of 97%."( Dihydroergotamine mesylate-loaded dissolving microneedle patch made of polyvinylpyrrolidone for management of acute migraine therapy.
Banga, AK; Eangoor, P; Joyce, JC; Knaack, JS; Nguyen, HX; Prausnitz, MR; Tas, C, 2017)		0.46
"Food induced viscosity can delay disintegration and subsequent release of API from solid dosage form which may lead to severe reduction in the bioavailability of BCS type III compounds."( Formulation strategy towards minimizing viscosity mediated negative food effect on disintegration and dissolution of immediate release tablets.
Langguth, P; Zaheer, K, 2018)		0.48
" Solid dispersions (SDs) in water-soluble polymers have been reported to increase solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs like PZQ, generally due to the amorphous form stabilization."( Structural Elucidation of Poloxamer 237 and Poloxamer 237/Praziquantel Solid Dispersions: Impact of Poly(Vinylpyrrolidone) over Drug Recrystallization and Dissolution.
Diogo, HP; Leonardi, D; Nunes, TG; Orlandi, S; Priotti, J; Salomon, CJ, 2018)		0.48
" One of them is the close relationship of drug's bioavailability with solubility, dissolution rate and permeability."( Crystalline Ethylene Oxide and Propylene Oxide Triblock Copolymer Solid Dispersion Enhance Solubility, Stability and Promoting Time- Controllable Release of Curcumin.
Alves, TFR; Chaud, MV; da Silva Pontes, K; das Neves Lopes, FCC; Junior, JMO; Komatsu, D; Rebelo, MA; Santos, C; Severino, P; Souza, JF, 2018)		0.48
"Thus, these SDs, specifically CUR:P-407 1:2 w/w, can overcome the barriers of poor bioavailability to reap many beneficial properties."( Crystalline Ethylene Oxide and Propylene Oxide Triblock Copolymer Solid Dispersion Enhance Solubility, Stability and Promoting Time- Controllable Release of Curcumin.
Alves, TFR; Chaud, MV; da Silva Pontes, K; das Neves Lopes, FCC; Junior, JMO; Komatsu, D; Rebelo, MA; Santos, C; Severino, P; Souza, JF, 2018)		0.48
" There were no significant differences in the absorption rate of the drug, even at high concentrations on the apical side."( Investigation of supersaturation and in vitro permeation of the poorly water soluble drug ezetimibe.
Alhayali, A; Ehrhardt, C; Selo, MA; Velaga, S, 2018)		0.48
"The development of methods to increase the bioavailability of drugs is of great interest, especially for those which are poorly soluble or permeable."( Effect of vinylpyrrolidone polymers on the solubility and supersaturation of drugs; a study using the Cheqsol method.
Bosch, E; Box, K; Fornells, E; Fuguet, E; Mañé, M; Ràfols, C; Ruiz, R, 2018)		0.48
"Maintaining a supersaturated drug solution after the dissolution of the solid dispersions of water insoluble drugs continues to be a great challenge and is important to the oral bioavailability enhancement of hardly soluble drugs."( Tri-block polymer with interfacial layer formation ability and its use in maintaining supersaturated drug solution after dissolution of solid dispersions.
Fu, JJ; Liu, CC, 2018)		0.48
"The tri-block polymer was not only able to stabilize the supersaturated drug solution of solid dispersions to enhance the oral bioavailability of hardly soluble drugs, but is also a potential candidate to construct micelles for systemic administration, due to the good compatibility and organic solvents free micelle formation procedure."( Tri-block polymer with interfacial layer formation ability and its use in maintaining supersaturated drug solution after dissolution of solid dispersions.
Fu, JJ; Liu, CC, 2018)		0.48
" MD formulations are actually lessen the difficulties associated with solid swallowing with better bioavailability of especially poorly soluble drugs."( Effects of superdisintegrants in oral dissolving formulation of cinitapride tablets.
Alam, S; Ali, H; Ashfaq, M; Beg, AE; Bushra, R; Mustapha, O; Rehman, A; Shafique, S; Zafar, F, 2018)		0.48
"In this study, sustained release superabsorbent copolymer particles have been prepared and analyzed to increase bioavailability of orally administered risedronate sodium."( RELATIVE BIOAVAILABILITY OF RISEDRONATE SODIUM ADMINISTERED IN SUPERABSORBENT COPOLYMER PARTICLES VERSUS ORAL SOLUTION TO NORMAL HEALTHY RABBITS.
Abbas, N; Bukhari, NI; Hussain, T; Karim, S; Shahzad, MK, 2016)		0.43
" Thus, the present SD system has the advantage of presenting a fixed-dese combination of two synergistic antichagasic agents PCZ and BNZ together in amorphous form stabilized in the PVPVA matrix with enhanced dissolution, potentially improving their bioavailability and therapeutic activity in treating Chagas disease."( Enhanced delivery of fixed-dose combination of synergistic antichagasic agents posaconazole-benznidazole based on amorphous solid dispersions.
Figueirêdo, CBM; Lee, PI; Nadvorny, D; Rolim Neto, PJ; Schver, GCRM; Soares Sobrinho, JL; Soares, MFR; Vieira, ACQM, 2018)		0.48
" The findings of this study with GPZ as a model drug introduce lower molecular weight PEOX as a promising polymeric carrier toward better oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs."( Poly(2-Ethyl-2-Oxazoline) as an Alternative to Poly(Vinylpyrrolidone) in Solid Dispersions for Solubility and Dissolution Rate Enhancement of Drugs.
Demirel, AL; Fael, H; Ràfols, C, 2018)		0.48
"Itraconazole is a fungicide drug which has low bioavailability due to its poor water solubility."( Application of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as a protective agent against magnesium stearate induced crystallization of amorphous itraconazole.
Balogh, A; Démuth, B; Farkas, A; Galata, DL; Hirsch, E; Marosi, G; Mensch, J; Nagy, B; Nagy, ZK; Pataki, H; Szabó, E; Verreck, G; Vigh, T, 2018)		0.48
"The low bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs is currently one of the major focuses of pharmaceutical research."( Preparation of spray dried submicron particles: Part B - Particle recovery by electrostatic precipitation.
Dobrowolski, A; Nietfeld, J; Pieloth, D; Strob, R; Thommes, M; Wiggers, H, 2018)		0.48
" Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) increases the mechanical strength of microneedles and ameliorates drug bioavailability in vivo, suggesting that poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) can be a promising additive in the fabrication of peptide drug-encapsulated fully dissolving microneedles."( A comparative study of dissolving hyaluronic acid microneedles with trehalose and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) for efficient peptide drug delivery.
Jang, NK; Jeong, DH; Kim, HK; Kim, JD; Kim, SJ; Lee, BY; Lee, S; Lee, SH; Ryu, HY; Sung, CY, 2018)		0.48
" With the enhanced bioavailability of TA, we aimed to determine its effect on osteogenesis; TA at different concentrations (5, 10, and 20 μM) was loaded onto polycaprolactone (PCL)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) fibers by the electrospinning technique."( Fabrication of PCL/PVP Electrospun Fibers loaded with Trans-anethole for Bone Regeneration in vitro.
Balagangadharan, K; Balaji, H; PranavKumar Shadamarshan, R; Rao, HS; Selvamurugan, N; Viji Chandran, S, 2018)		0.48
"Praziquantel (PZQ), an antihelmintic agent commonly administered to humans and cattle, has low aqueous solubility, which compromises its bioavailability and efficacy."( Praziquantel systems with improved dissolution rate obtained by high pressure homogenization.
Gonzalez Vidal, NL; Gonzalez, MA; Ramírez Rigo, MV, 2018)		0.48
"Spray-dried dispersions (SDDs) are an important technology for enhancing the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs."( Mechanistic Study of Belinostat Oral Absorption From Spray-Dried Dispersions.
Goodwin, A; Morgen, M; Mudie, D; Pivette, P; Sarmiento, A; Stewart, A; Vodak, D; Winter, M; Yates, I, 2019)		0.51
"The objective of this study was to formulate aripiprazole (ARI)-loaded pH-modulated solid dispersions (SD) to enhance solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability via hot-melt extrusion (HME) technology."( Formulation of aripiprazole-loaded pH-modulated solid dispersions via hot-melt extrusion technology: In vitro and in vivo studies.
Bandari, S; Kim, DW; Kolter, K; Langley, N; McFall, H; Murthy, SN; Repka, MA; Sarabu, S; Shankar, V, 2019)		0.51
"The purpose of this study was to research a novel combination of Plasdone-S630 and HPMCAS-HF as hot-melt carrier used in ziprasidone hydrochloride for enhanced oral bioavailability and dismissed food effect."( A Combined Utilization of Plasdone-S630 and HPMCAS-HF in Ziprasidone Hydrochloride Solid Dispersion by Hot-Melt Extrusion to Enhance the Oral Bioavailability and No Food Effect.
Chen, G; Ren, L; Wang, J; Xu, X; Xue, X, 2019)		0.51
"How to improve the bioavailability of the Sanguis Draconis (SD) is an important problem in the potential clinical applications."( Orthogonal experimental preparation of Sanguis Draconis- Polyvinylpyrrolidone microfibers by electrospinning.
Cao, K; Hu, P; Huang, L; Liu, Y, 2019)		0.51
"Levodopa (LEVO) as the gold standard in the treatment of Parkinson's disease is usually administrated per os but its bioavailability is low."( Interaction Studies Between Levodopa and Different Excipients to Develop Coground Binary Mixtures for Intranasal Application.
Alapi, T; Ambrus, R; Bartos, C; Katona, G; Kiss, T; Szabó-Révész, P; Varga, G, 2019)		0.51
"Formation of amorphous solid dispersions is an effective way to enhance the bioavailability of drugs."( Kinetic stability of amorphous solid dispersions with high content of the drug: A fast scanning calorimetry investigation.
Gerasimov, AV; Lapuk, SE; Mukhametzyanov, TA; Schick, C; Ziganshin, MA; Zubaidullina, LS, 2019)		0.51
" To assess the mobility and bioavailability of AgNPs and to determine if their form is maintained during adsorption/desorption processes, loaded soils were submitted to leaching tests three weeks after batch adsorption studies."( Interaction of silver nanoparticles with mediterranean agricultural soils: Lab-controlled adsorption and desorption studies.
Hidalgo, M; Iglesias, M; Marguí, E; Queralt, I; Torrent, L, 2019)		0.51
"Silver nanoparticles (nAg) are often produced with different coatings that could influence bioavailability and toxicity in aquatic organisms."( The influence of surface coatings on the toxicity of silver nanoparticle in rainbow trout.
Auclair, J; Gagné, F; Gagnon, C; Peyrot, C; Turcotte, P; Wilkinson, KJ, 2019)		0.51
" Thus, the SD7 formulation is expected to show improved bioavailability and effectiveness in the treatment of aging-related and cardiovascular diseases."( Design of Coenzyme Q10 solid dispersion for improved solubilization and stability.
Choi, JS; Park, JS; Park, JW, 2019)		0.51
"The aim of this study was to develop a fast, effective, and material sparing screening method to design amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) of etravirine to drive more effectively the development process, leading to improved bioavailability (BA) and stability."( Five-Stage Approach for a Systematic Screening and Development of Etravirine Amorphous Solid Dispersions by Hot-Melt Extrusion.
Cadonau, S; Cardoso, S; Pereira, A; Pinto, RMA; Simões, MF; Simões, S; Werner, K, 2020)		0.56
"Previous studies have shown that curcumin (Cur) induced by ultrasound has protective effects on atherosclerosis even if low bioavailability of the Cur."( Sonodynamic therapy in atherosclerosis by curcumin nanosuspensions: Preparation design, efficacy evaluation, and mechanisms analysis.
Chen, Z; Hu, D; Jiang, J; Jiang, L; Lian, M; Liu, X; Peng, H; Wang, J; Wang, N; Zhang, C; Zhao, M, 2020)		0.56
" The drug exhibits low bioavailability (about 49%) which is ascribed to its dissolution rate-limited absorption."( Formulation and in vitro Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Febuxostat Using Co-Processed Excipients.
Gulati, M; Kaur, M; Kumar, R; Mittal, A; Sharma, D, 2020)		0.56
"The current work is aimed to provide a novel strategy to improve the dissolution profile and thus, the bioavailability of Febuxostat."( Formulation and in vitro Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Febuxostat Using Co-Processed Excipients.
Gulati, M; Kaur, M; Kumar, R; Mittal, A; Sharma, D, 2020)		0.56
" The construction of roadmaps revealed that superdisintegrants may be of low risk for the impact of excipients on oral drug performance based on drug solubility alone; superdisintegrants activity could still be a risk for oral bioavailability due to their effects on tablet disintegration."( Biopharmaceutical Understanding of Excipient Variability on Drug Apparent Solubility Based on Drug Physicochemical Properties. Case Study: Superdisintegrants.
Flanagan, T; Fotaki, N; Mann, J; Meehan, E; Zarmpi, P, 2020)		0.56
" These results indicated that nanocomplexes based on 17PF have great potential as novel nanoformulations to improve the ocular bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of poorly water-soluble agents such as NAR."( Nanocomplexes based polyvinylpyrrolidone K-17PF for ocular drug delivery of naringenin.
Li, Q; Li, X; Qu, R; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wu, X; Yang, H, 2020)		0.56
" This study revealed fundamental mechanisms of PVP/PC mixture effect on IND supersaturation and oral bioavailability, demonstrating that polymer/lipid mixture could be used as a promising carrier to alter supersaturation profile and oral bioavailability of SDDS products."( Polymer/lipid interplay in altering in vitro supersaturation and plasma concentration of a model poorly soluble drug.
He, L; Huang, J; Mao, Y; Peng, R; Wang, C; Wang, L; Wei, W; Wen, Y; Xia, T; Yang, J; Zhao, L, 2020)		0.56
"Bezafibrate is a BCS class II drug as it presents very low solubility in water; therefore, its bioavailability after oral administration is very poor."( Electrosprayed Polymeric Nanospheres for Enhanced Solubility, Dissolution Rate, Oral Bioavailability and Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Bezafibrate.
Anwer, K; Hussain, T; Khan, IU; Mehmood, Y; Mustapha, O; Shafique, S; Shahzad, Y; Shen, C; Sun, R; Yousaf, AM, 2020)		0.56
" Solubility, release rate, bioavailability in male Sprague Dawley rats, and lipid profile attributes in Wistar rats were assessed in comparison with bezafibrate plain powder."( Electrosprayed Polymeric Nanospheres for Enhanced Solubility, Dissolution Rate, Oral Bioavailability and Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Bezafibrate.
Anwer, K; Hussain, T; Khan, IU; Mehmood, Y; Mustapha, O; Shafique, S; Shahzad, Y; Shen, C; Sun, R; Yousaf, AM, 2020)		0.56
"5-fold higher oral bioavailability was achieved with the optimized formulation in comparison with bezafibrate plain powder."( Electrosprayed Polymeric Nanospheres for Enhanced Solubility, Dissolution Rate, Oral Bioavailability and Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Bezafibrate.
Anwer, K; Hussain, T; Khan, IU; Mehmood, Y; Mustapha, O; Shafique, S; Shahzad, Y; Shen, C; Sun, R; Yousaf, AM, 2020)		0.56
"5, w/w/w) might be a capable drug delivery system for orally administering poorly water-soluble bezafibrate with improved bioavailability and antihyperlipidemic effects."( Electrosprayed Polymeric Nanospheres for Enhanced Solubility, Dissolution Rate, Oral Bioavailability and Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Bezafibrate.
Anwer, K; Hussain, T; Khan, IU; Mehmood, Y; Mustapha, O; Shafique, S; Shahzad, Y; Shen, C; Sun, R; Yousaf, AM, 2020)		0.56
"Solid dispersion is a widely used method to improve the dissolution and oral bioavailability of water-insoluble drugs."( The use of amphiphilic copolymer in the solid dispersion formulation of nimodipine to inhibit drug crystallization in the release media: Combining nano-drug delivery system with solid preparations.
Chen, MY; Du, LR; Fu, JJ; Huang, YG; Lei, XP; Li, JX; Li, X; Liang, L; Lin, YL; Liu, JP; Miao, YL; Wei, MY; Yu, XY; Zhang, Y, 2020)		0.56
"Considering the low ocular bioavailability of conventional formulations used for ocular bacterial infection treatment, there is a need to design efficient novel drug delivery systems that may enhance precorneal retention time and corneal permeability."( Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride-Loaded Eudragit® RL 100 and Kollidon® SR Based Nanoparticles: Formulation, In vitro Characterization and Cytotoxicity.
Büyükköroğlu, G; Kırımlıoğlu, GY; Özer, S; Yazan, Y, 2021)		0.62
" Therefore, a metabolism inhibitor would be necessary to improve the oral bioavailability of emodin further."( Improved Solubility and Oral Absorption of Emodin-Nicotinamide Cocrystal Over Emodin with PVP as a Solubility Enhancer and Crystallization Inhibitor.
An, SH; Ban, E; Jung, BH; Kim, A; Park, B; Park, M; Yoon, NE, 2020)		0.56
" However, they can be oxidized due to external factors and their bioavailability is low due to their low water solubility."( Preparation, Characterization and Antioxidant Activities of Kelp Phlorotannin Nanoparticles.
Bai, Y; Gu, Y; Qi, H; Sun, Y; Yu, C; Zheng, J, 2020)		0.56
" In this review, PVP-related researches mainly in recent 10 years were collected, and its main pharmaceutical applications were summarized as follows: (i) improving the bioavailability and stability of drugs, (ii) improving the physicomechanical properties of preparations, (iii) adjusting the release rate of drugs, and (iv) prolonging the in vivo circulation time of liposomes."( Multifunctional Role of Polyvinylpyrrolidone in Pharmaceutical Formulations.
Hong, Y; Lin, X; Luo, Y; Shen, L; Wu, F, 2021)		0.62
" This study aimed to improve FX's stability and bioavailability via the nano-encapsulation of FX in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated FX@PVP nanoparticles (NPs)."( Fucoxanthin@Polyvinylpyrrolidone Nanoparticles Promoted Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Death in Caco-2 Human Colon Cancer Cells.
Gu, Y; Lu, Y; Qi, H; Sui, Y; Yu, C; Zheng, J, 2021)		0.62
" Being an essential step in the bioavailability cascade, disintegration is a fundamental quality attribute of immediate release tablets."( Advancing the understanding of the tablet disintegration phenomenon - An update on recent studies.
Abdel Rahim, S; Berardi, A; Bisharat, L; Cespi, M; Perinelli, DR; Quodbach, J, 2021)		0.62
"Amorphous Solid Dispersions (ASDs) are a major drug formulation technique to achieve higher bioavailability for poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients."( Precipitation from amorphous solid dispersions in biorelevant dissolution testing: The polymorphism of regorafenib.
Breitkreutz, J; Dulle, M; Egelhaaf, S; Fischer, B; Hoheisel, W; Müller, M; Platten, F; Serno, P, 2021)		0.62
"In the current study, co-crystals of naringenin-isonicotinamide (NGN-INT) were prepared, and effects of PVP or HPMC on precipitation rate, supersaturation, and bioavailability of NGN were explored."( HPMC improves protective effects of naringenin and isonicotinamide co-crystals against abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Anwaier, G; Di, C; Hu, R; Huang, Y; Qi, R; Wang, A; Wang, Q; Wang, Y; Yang, X; Zhang, X, 2022)		0.72
" The supersaturation-prolonging effect of HPMC further enhanced bioavailability and anti-AAA effects of NGN-INT."( HPMC improves protective effects of naringenin and isonicotinamide co-crystals against abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Anwaier, G; Di, C; Hu, R; Huang, Y; Qi, R; Wang, A; Wang, Q; Wang, Y; Yang, X; Zhang, X, 2022)		0.72
"Molecular dispersions are a highly effective method of increasing bioavailability for a poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and can be prepared on a large scale by hot melt extrusion (HME)."( Solvent-Assisted Hot Melt Extrusion of a Thermally Labile, High Melting Point Compound.
Alvarez-Nunez, F; Andrews, GP; Chung, J; Daurio, D; Huckle, JE; Katz, JM; Khorsand, B; Lagan, C, 2021)		0.62
"Incorporating the amorphous drug in polymeric components has been demonstrated as a feasible approach to enhance the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs."( Role of polymers in the physical and chemical stability of amorphous solid dispersion: A case study of carbamazepine.
Bu, T; Li, J; Li, T; Pan, H; Wang, H; Yu, D; Zhang, X; Zhou, W, 2022)		0.72
" Pharmacokinetic study showed that the oral bioavailability presented nearly 12-fold increment."( Study on the stability and oral bioavailability of curcumin loaded (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate/poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) nanoparticles based on hydrogen bonding-driven self-assembly.
Chen, Y; Hu, J; Lei, X; Ming, J; Rao, Z; Sun, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Q; Xu, Z; Zeng, K; Zhao, J, 2022)		0.72
" However, due to its poor water solubility, the bioavailability is low with limited clinical application."( Solubilization of luteolin in PVP40 solid dispersion improves inflammation-induced insulin resistance in mice.
Chen, J; Lin, Y; Liu, J; Wang, FB; Wang, L; Zhang, X; Zhang, ZX; Zhou, Z, 2022)		0.72
"Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) has been well known as a potential strategy to improve the bioavailability and dissolution performance of poorly water-soluble drugs."( Prediction and Construction of Drug-Polymer Binary System Thermodynamic Phase Diagram in Amorphous Solid Dispersions (ASDs).
Ashour, EA; Hu, Z; Repka, MA; Xu, P, 2022)		0.72
" It has been shown that both the dissolution rate (in vitro) and enhancement in bioavailability (in vivo) regarding poorly soluble active ingredients of natural or synthetic origin are possible using these matrix-forming polymers."( Kollidon® VA 64 and Soluplus® as modern polymeric carriers for amorphous solid dispersions.
Krupa, A; Strojewski, D, )		0.13
" Currently, the main drug treatment is antibiotic therapy; however, systemic antibiotic therapy still has various drawbacks such as bacterial resistance, low bioavailability and burst release."( Sustained release of chlorogenic acid-loaded nanomicelles alleviates bone loss in mouse periodontitis.
Fang, X; Hu, JF; Hu, QY; Li, H; Sun, ZJ; Xu, J; Xu, Z; Zhang, L, 2022)		0.72
" The dissolution and bioavailability evaluation were performed to investigate the feasibility of GBCCM NC-SD by in vitro dissolution and in vivo integrated pharmacokinetic models."( Study on Integrated Pharmacokinetics of the Component-Based Chinese Medicine of
Feng, Z; Kong, L; Li, F; Liang, H; Liu, Z; Sun, C; Wang, X; Yao, J; Yuan, X; Zhang, G; Zhu, F, 2022)		0.72
"This study demonstrated that novel GBCCM NC-SD was prepared using Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) and Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a synergetic stabilizer and also provided a feasible way to improve the dissolution and oral bioavailability of poorly soluble candidate antihypertensive drugs."( Study on Integrated Pharmacokinetics of the Component-Based Chinese Medicine of
Feng, Z; Kong, L; Li, F; Liang, H; Liu, Z; Sun, C; Wang, X; Yao, J; Yuan, X; Zhang, G; Zhu, F, 2022)		0.72
"The distribution of nanoparticles between aqueous and organic phases is universally considered as the starting point in predicting the fate and bioavailability of engineered nanoparticles in the environment."( Theoretical basis and experimental verification for evaluating the distribution of engineered nanoparticles in water-oil system.
Wang, X; Xiao, Y; Zhang, Z, 2023)		0.91
" NOM corona formation is closely related to the surface coatings and bioavailability of nanoparticles."( Insight into the formation and biological effects of natural organic matter corona on silver nanoparticles in water environment using biased cyclical electrical field-flow fractionation.
Gale, BK; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Pan, W; Rui, Y; Tan, Z; Xu, M; Yin, Y; Zhang, Q; Zhao, W, 2023)		0.91
" However, their systemic bioavailability may be considered a potential hazard."( Silver nanoparticles exert toxic effects in human monocytes and macrophages associated with the disruption of Δψm and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Carvalho, F; Fernandes, E; Fernandes, R; Freitas, M; Malheiro, A; Rufino, AT; Sousa, A, 2023)		0.91
" However, its low bioavailability and short half-life have restricted its use."( Design, development and evaluation of Resveratrol transdermal patches for breast cancer therapy.
Gadag, S; Garg, S; Narayan, R; Nayak, UY; Nayak, Y, 2023)		0.91
" However, their performance is limited by the low physical stability of the amorphous phase which can lead to recrystallization which in turn results in decreased solubility and bioavailability of the drug."( Polyvinylpyrrolidone as co-inhibitor of crystallization of nifedipine in paper tablets.
Castro-Camus, E; Heidrich, L; Keck, CM; Koch, M; Ornik, J, 2023)		0.91
" The drug has poor oral bioavailability and undergoes a significant first-pass metabolism."( Incorporating sodium deoxycholate endorsed the buccal administration of avanafil to heighten the bioavailability and duration of action.
Abd-Allah, FI; Ahmed, TA; Al-Hejaili, OD; Alhakamy, NA; El-Sawy, HS; El-Say, KM; Safo, MK, 2023)		0.91
" MRT has a low oral bioavailability (about 50%) due to its low water solubility (BCS class II)."( Design of mirtazapine solid dispersion with different carriers' systems: optimization, in vitro evaluation, and bioavailability assessment.
Aldeeb, RAE; El-Nahas, HM; Mahdy, MAE; Musallam, AA, 2023)		0.91
" This is a response to the circumvention of restrictions in the use of hesperidin due to its poor bioavailability resulting from low solubility and permeability."( Improving Solubility and Permeability of Hesperidin through Electrospun Orange-Peel-Extract-Loaded Nanofibers.
Cielecka-Piontek, J; Miklaszewski, A; Paczkowska-Walendowska, M, 2023)		0.91
"P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors, like zosuquidar, partly increase oral bioavailability of P-gp substrates, such as etoposide."( Increased bioavailability of a P-gp substrate: Co-release of etoposide and zosuquidar from amorphous solid dispersions.
Holm, R; Larsen, BS; Nielsen, CU; Nielsen, RB; Nielsen, UG; Pijpers, I; Snoeys, J; Tho, I, 2023)		0.91
" This allows to ensure the bioavailability of the medicinal product of combined action."( Composites of N-butyl-N-methyl-1-phenylpyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-3-carboxamide with Polymers: Effect of Crystallinity on Solubility and Stability.
Alekseev, KV; Blynskaya, EV; Marakhova, AI; Markeev, VB; Shishonin, AY; Tishkov, SV; Vetcher, AA, 2023)		0.91
" Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic studies in volunteers exhibited that the bioavailability of F5 and F10 was 95."( Design and evaluation of gastro-swelling/gastro-floating sustained-release tablets of brivaracetam for epilepsy therapy.
Cheng, X; Ding, J; Hou, Z; Li, Y; Lin, J; Zhang, H; Zhao, X, 2023)		0.91

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The dissolution tests revealed that PVP retards the initial dissolution from capsule dosage forms, probably by retarding deaggregation and dispersion of drug particles."( The influence of polyvinylpyrrolidone on the solution and bioavailability of hydrochlorothiazide.
Corrigan, OI; Timoney, RF; Whelan, MJ, 1976)		0.26
" While pilocarpine retained some residual hypotensive effect 12 hours after application, twice-daily dosage with the solutions tested gave inadequate control for clinical usefulness."( Intraocular pressure control with twice-daily pilocarpine in two vehicle solutions.
Pollack, IP; Quigley, HA, 1977)		0.26
" These results suggest that HP-beta-CyD is particularly useful in solving problems encountered on storage of amorphous nifedipine in solid dosage forms."( Inhibitory effect of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin on crystal-growth of nifedipine during storage: superior dissolution and oral bioavailability compared with polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30.
Hirayama, F; Horiuchi, Y; Ikegami, K; Uekama, K; Wang, Z, 1992)		0.28
" Zinc sulfate had no such stimulatory effect at any dosage or vehicle used."( Enhancement of re-epithelialization with topical zinc oxide in porcine partial-thickness wounds.
Agren, MS; Chvapil, M; Franzén, L, 1991)		0.28
"Water associated with amorphous solids is known to affect significantly the physical and chemical properties of dosage form ingredients."( The relationship between the glass transition temperature and water vapor absorption by poly(vinylpyrrolidone)
Oksanen, CA; Zografi, G, 1990)		0.28
" Dose-response studies of peritoneal and pleural mast cells purified with Percoll and Ficoll and stimulated by polymyxin B showed a decreased sensitivity and decreased maximum response of peritoneal cells when Percoll was used."( Difference in, and influence of the purification medium on, sensitivity and maximum response of peritoneal and pleural mast cells stimulated by certain polyamines.
Botana, LM; Eleno, N; Espinosa, J; Fernández-Otero, P; Segura, C, 1985)		0.27
" In order to determine if PVP-I is safe for treating corneal ulcers and conjunctivitis, we evaluated the ocular toxicity of frequent dosing in a rabbit model."( Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine: corneal toxicology and epithelial healing in a rabbit model.
Burstein, NL; Gaster, RN; Miller, S; York, KK, 1988)		0.27
" Occurrence of postoperative infections did not decrease as a result of the local treatment and dosage as described."( [Local metronidazole and PVP-iodine prevention before abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy].
Degenhardt, F; Kaulhausen, H; Lellé, RJ; Potel, J, 1986)		0.27
" In more severe cases the dosage of the medicine was greater without visible sequellae in the patients."( [Enteral detoxication of patients with peritonitis and acute intestinal obstruction].
Rukhliada, NV; Shtrapov, AA, 1986)		0.27
" CsA was found to have a significant and deleterious effect on survival at several dosage levels when administrated 48 and 24 hr before cecal ligation, and immediately before and 16 hr after cecal ligation."( Reversal of cyclosporine-induced mortality with a synthetic polymeric immunostimulant in a murine model of fecal peritonitis.
Clark, AG; Dalfen, R; Falk, M; Falk, RE; Gilas, T; Makowka, L; McDonell, M; Moffat, FL; Rotstein, LE; Teodorczyk-Injeyan, J, 1985)		0.27
" A significant increase of the liberation rate of propyphenazone (re-crystallized from various media) has been realized by direct pressing of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone and Heweten 40 as well as by gelatine solution granulation, with which the last method exhibits the advantage of an increased accuracy of dosage and a decreased friability."( [The increase in the liberation rate of propyphenazone from preoral solid dosage forms].
Götte, M; Thomas, G; Voigt, R, 1985)		0.27
" In addition, the in vitro spermicidal activity on human semen, antifertility effect on male rats, and the toxic reaction of male mice by taking large dosage were preliminarily studied."( Studies on fertility control-the formation and antifertility effect of polyvinyl-pyrolidone-gossypol complex.
Feng, XD; Gu, ZW; Jiang, Y, 1984)		0.27
" In terms of dose-response demecolcine was slightly more effective than colchicine, but both were considerably more active than trimethylcolchicinic acid."( The role of microtubules in pinocytosis. Inhibition of fluid-phase pinocytosis in the rat visceral yolk sac by mitoclasic and related agents.
Duncan, R; Lloyd, JB; Starling, D, 1983)		0.27
" In medium containing concentrations of added cadmium similar to those achieved in serum by intraperitoneal dosing of rats, the rate of pinocytosis in vitro was decreased by up to 55%."( Inhibition of rat yolk sac pinocytosis by cadmium and its reversal by zinc.
Dreosti, IE; Manuel, SJ; Record, IR, 1982)		0.26
" The x-ray dosage necessary to create each mammographic image was measured."( The relative radiolucencies of breast implant filler materials.
Destouet, J; Diehl, GJ; Eichling, J; Monsees, BS; Young, VL, 1993)		0.29
" The design and dosage used in preparing the tablet drug delivery system provide short- and long-term release of the spermicidal agents, which results in almost immediate and extended enhancement of their contraceptive properties."( Assessment of a tablet drug delivery system incorporating nonoxynol-9 coprecipitated with polyvinylpyrrolidone in preventing the onset of pregnancy in rabbits.
Correa, JR; Zarmakoupis-Zavos, PN; Zavos, PM, 1998)		0.3
" The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of the new dosage forms, in comparison to marketed, liquid-filled capsules."( Enhancement and modification of etoposide release from crospovidone particles loaded with oil-surfactant blends.
Boltri, L; Coceani, N; De Curto, D; Dobetti, L; Esposito, P, 1997)		0.3
" After optimisation, the chosen ratio of these 2 constituents allowed the release of more than 70% of the dosage over 16 hours in a very reproducible manner."( Galenic development and pharmacokinetic profile of indapamide sustained release 1.5 mg.
Damien, G; Huet de Barochez, B; Schiavi, P, 1999)		0.3
"For solid dosage forms, a better understanding of the fundamental properties of the binders helps in developing better formulations and products."( Investigating the fundamental effects of binders on pharmaceutical tablet performance.
Barnum, PE; Guo, JH; Harcum, WW; Joneja, SK; Skinner, GW, 1999)		0.3
"The poor bioavailability of orally dosed furosemide (FUR) is due to the presence of a biological window in the upper gastrointestinal tract."( PVP solid dispersions for the controlled release of furosemide from a floating multiple-unit system.
Bernabei, MT; Coppi, G; Fontana, F; Iannuccelli, V; Leo, E, 2000)		0.31
" The duration of the study and the frequency of dosing were designed to support clinical trials."( Safety toxicity study of plasmid-based IL-12 therapy in Cynomolgus monkeys.
Coleman, M; French, M; Horner, MJ; Jenkins, M; Johnson, R; Loera, D; Pericle, F; Perrard, J; Quezada, A, 2002)		0.31
" Despite having a molecular level structure akin to that of liquids, amorphous materials have macroscopic properties that are typical of solids and thus they may be presented to the patient in the form of a convenient solid dosage form."( Disordered drug delivery: destiny, dynamics and the Deborah number.
Hancock, BC, 2002)		0.31
" It was concluded that solid-dispersion formulations of Clofazimine can be used to design a solid dosage form of the drug, which would have significant advantages over the currently marketed soft gelatin capsule dosage form."( Evaluation of solid dispersions of Clofazimine.
Narang, AS; Srivastava, AK, 2002)		0.31
" Changing the capture antigen markedly influenced the dose-response lines."( Factors influencing the measurement of oestrone sulphate by dipstick particle capture immunoassay.
Henderson, K; Stewart, J, 2002)		0.31
" The structural changes associated with the physical ageing influence the physical stability of solid dosage forms containing this polymer."( [Influence of storage conditions on the physical aging of amorphous polyvinylpyrrolidone].
Süvegh, K; Zelkó, R, 2002)		0.31
"This work describes a new approach to prepare a fast-release dosage form for carbamazepine (CBZ), involving the use of melt granulation process in high shear mixer for the production of tablets."( Formulation design of carbamazepine fast-release tablets prepared by melt granulation technique.
Moneghini, M; Perissutti, B; Rubessa, F; Voinovich, D, 2003)		0.32
"A new dosage formulation of methotrexate (MTX-CH) was developed to control cancer growth by local administration."( Local administration of methotrexate bound to activated carbon particles (MTX-CH) for treating cancers in mice.
Fujiyama, J; Hagiwara, A; Ito, T; Kin, S; Nakase, Y; Shimomura, K; Sonoyama, Y; Takagi, T; Takemura, M; Toma, A; Yamagishi, H, )		0.13
" Thus, the direct-compression properties and antiulcerogenic activity, combined with the demonstrated solubilizing power and analgesic effect enhancer ability towards the drug, make chitosan particularly suitable for developing a reduced-dose fast-release solid oral dosage form of naproxen."( Comparison of the effect of chitosan and polyvinylpyrrolidone on dissolution properties and analgesic effect of naproxen.
Chemtob, C; Maestrelli, F; Mennini, N; Mura, P; Zerrouk, N, 2004)		0.32
" The practical benefit of these simulations is to optimize the geometry and dimensions of a controlled release device and reduce the number of experiments involved in the development of new controlled release dosage forms."( An investigation into the factors influencing drug release from hydrophilic matrix tablets based on novel carbomer polymers.
Durić, Z; Ibrić, S; Jovanović, M; Parojcić, J, )		0.13
"Formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs in the most stable dosage form for oral delivery perhaps presents the greatest challenge to pharmaceutical industry."( Stability study of amorphous valdecoxib.
Ambike, AA; Mahadik, KR; Paradkar, A, 2004)		0.32
"Oral solid rapidly-disintegrating dosage form has aroused general concern increasingly because of its characteristics about convenient taking, rapid absorption, high bioavailability and not serious adverse drug reaction."( [Research progress on the oral solid rapidly disintegrating dosage form].
Feng, Y; Lin, X; Shen, L; Xu, DS, 2005)		0.33
" The results of multiple linear regression analysis revealed that for obtaining a rapidly disintegrating dosage form, tablets should be prepared using an optimum concentration of camphor and a higher percentage of crospovidone."( Formulation design and optimization of mouth dissolve tablets of nimesulide using vacuum drying technique.
Agrawal, R; Amin, A; Bariya, N; Dave, R; Gohel, M; Patel, M, 2004)		0.32
"A significant problem with solid dispersion (SD) systems is the difficulty in preparing dosage forms."( Preparation, characterization, and tableting of a solid dispersion of indomethacin with crospovidone.
Fujii, M; Kondoh, M; Okada, H; Shibata, Y; Teramachi, H; Watanabe, Y, 2005)		0.33
" Positrons react to the structural changes of amorphous polymers very sensitively, so the method can be recommended as useful means for stability tests during the development phase of dosage forms containing such excipients."( Tracking of the physical ageing of amorphous pharmaceutical polymeric excipients by positron annihilation spectroscopy.
Orbán, A; Süvegh, K; Zelkó, R, 2006)		0.33
" The dosage forms were composed of an immediate release core and a release rate regulating shell, fabricated with an aqueous PEH and an ethanolic triethyl citrate (TEC) binder, respectively."( Development of near zero-order release dosage forms using three-dimensional printing (3-DP) technology.
Kay, JL; Monkhouse, DC; Pryor, TJ; Roach, WJ; Surprenant, HL; Tejwani Motwani, MR; Wang, CC; Yoo, J, 2006)		0.33
"Most of the polymeric excipients applied in pharmaceutical technology are amorphous, which, as a result of physical ageing, can lead to changes in the stability of these materials and dosage forms prepared from them."( [Physical ageing of amorphous polymeric excipients I. physicochemical principles].
Kiss, D; Zelkó, R, 2005)		0.33
"A multitier approach was successful in identifying a solid dosage form that minimizes the pH-dependent absorption of this drug candidate."( Formulation of solid dosage forms to overcome gastric pH interaction of the factor Xa inhibitor, BMS-561389.
Badawy, SI; Gray, DB; Hussain, MA; Schuster, AE; Sun, D; Zhao, F, 2006)		0.33
" This proposed method was successfully applied to the detection of troxerutin in pharmaceutical dosage forms and satisfying results had been obtained."( The electrochemical oxidation of troxerutin and its sensitive determination in pharmaceutical dosage forms at PVP modified carbon paste electrode.
Hu, S; Wang, F; Yang, X, 2006)		0.33
" Stability of optimized patches was performed in natural human saliva showed that both drug and dosage forms were stable in human saliva."( Physicochemical characterization and evaluation of buccal adhesive patches containing propranolol hydrochloride.
Patel, JK; Patel, MM; Patel, VM; Prajapati, BG, 2006)		0.33
"As there is strong interest in coating increasingly smaller particles or pellets for use in compacted dosage forms, there is a need for better small particle coating systems."( Use of swirling airflow to enhance coating performance of bottom spray fluid bed coaters.
Chan, LW; Heng, PW; Tang, ES, 2006)		0.33
"Crystallization of drugs formulated in the amorphous form may lead to reduced apparent solubility, decreased rate of dissolution and bioavailability and compromise the physical integrity of the solid dosage form."( Theoretical and practical approaches for prediction of drug-polymer miscibility and solubility.
Marsac, PJ; Shamblin, SL; Taylor, LS, 2006)		0.33
" This study was carried out to investigate the solid phase transformation of ciprofloxacin during conventional formulation processing that impacts the performance of solid dosage forms."( Investigation of excipient and processing on solid phase transformation and dissolution of ciprofloxacin.
Hu, Y; Li, X; Zhi, F, 2007)		0.34
" From oral dosing of rats, it was determined that the two extrudate formulations performed similarly in vivo as confirmed by their statistically equivalent AUC values."( Hot-melt extrusion for enhanced delivery of drug particles.
McConville, JT; McGinity, JW; Miller, DA; Williams, RO; Yang, W, 2007)		0.34
"Solid dispersion (SD) of indomethacin with crospovidone (CrosPVP) shows useful characteristics for preparation of dosage forms."( Effect of characteristics of compounds on maintenance of an amorphous state in solid dispersion with crospovidone.
Fujii, M; Kokudai, M; Kondoh, M; Noda, S; Okada, H; Shibata, Y; Watanabe, Y, 2007)		0.34
" In addition, for compounds with differences in regional absorption within the gastrointestinal tract a dosage form with a bi-modal release profile may be required, which is difficult to achieve with a simple dosage form."( Modulation of drug release kinetics from hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose matrix tablets using polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
Booth, SW; Byway, PV; Fitzpatrick, S; Hardy, IJ; Neri, C; Windberg-Baarup, A, 2007)		0.34
"With the different dosage of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) as the tablets frame matrix, uniform design and correlation analysis were used to optimize the best component proportions of formula, and to measure the dissolution of the tablets in vitro."( [Optimization of formulation matrix proportion and preparation technology of realgar floating tablets for gastric retention by uniform design and correlation analysis].
Chen, XL; Lin, YP; Qi, FY; Yang, CF; Zhong, YP, 2007)		0.34
" It is confirmed that the addition dosage of PVP is an important factor in the preparation of the LFLX-Tb3+ nanoparticles."( [Preparation of lomefloxacin-Tb3+ nanoparticles modified by PVP via microwave-assistance and its properties of fluorescence].
He, H; Liu, X; Ye, HY, 2007)		0.34
" Thus, the solubilizing power, dissolution-enhancing effect, and analgesic effect enhancer ability toward the drug make Tris particularly suitable for developing a reduced-dose, fast-release solid oral dosage form of nimesulide."( Comparison of the effect of tromethamine and polyvinylpyrrolidone on dissolution properties and analgesic effect of nimesulide.
Abdallah, OY; Abdelkader, H; Salem, HS, 2007)		0.34
" capsule) for initial time, one year and 2 two years, respectively) suggested that the dissolution profiles of the present three sustained-release oral dosage forms are similar and stable during two years under stability condition."( Subcoating with Kollidon VA 64 as water barrier in a new combined native dextran/HPMC-cetyl alcohol controlled release tablet.
Bataille, B; Castellanos Gil, E; Iraizoz Colarte, A; Lara Sampedro, JL, 2008)		0.35
" In so doing, oral dosage forms displaying enteric properties may be produced in a continuous, rapid process, providing significant advantages over traditional pharmaceutical coating technology."( The manufacture and characterisation of hot-melt extruded enteric tablets.
Andrews, GP; Diak, OA; Jones, DS; McCoy, CP; McGinity, JW; Watts, AB, 2008)		0.35
" It can be concluded that a combination of mannitol, erythritol, Glucidex 9, Kollidon CL, colloidal silicon dioxide and polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monooleate allowed the spray drying of highly dosed drug substances (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, cimetidine) in order to obtain 'ready-to-compress' powder mixtures on lab-scale and production-scale equipment."( Coprocessing via spray drying as a formulation platform to improve the compactability of various drugs.
Gonnissen, Y; Peeters, E; Remon, JP; Verhoeven, E; Vervaet, C, 2008)		0.35
" In the present study an attempt has been made to prepare immediate release tablets of telmisartan by using Polyplasdone XL-10 (Crosspovidone) at intragranular, extragranular and partly intra and extragranular level of addition to increase the rate of drug release from dosage form to increase the dissolution rate and hence its bioavailability."( Immediate release tablets of telmisartan using superdisintegrant-formulation, evaluation and stability studies.
Chellan, VR; Sekar, V, 2008)		0.35
"The release of propranolol hydrochloride from matrix tablets with hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K15M) or KollidonSR at different concentrations was investigated with a view to developing twice daily sustained release dosage form."( Comparative study of propranolol hydrochloride release from matrix tablets with KollidonSR or hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose.
Biswal, S; Mahapatra, AK; Murthy, PN; Sahoo, J; Sahoo, SK, 2008)		0.35
" During stability testing of CV solid dosage forms an unknown degradation product referred as UP, exceeded the identification thresholds of ICH Q3B guidelines."( HPLC analysis, isolation and identification of a new degradation product in carvedilol tablets.
Antoniadou-Vyza, E; Galanopoulou, O; Rozou, S, 2008)		0.35
"BMS-488043 is an HIV-attachment inhibitor that exhibited suboptimal oral bioavailability upon using conventional dosage forms prepared utilizing micronized crystalline drug substance."( Enhancement of oral bioavailability of an HIV-attachment inhibitor by nanosizing and amorphous formulation approaches.
Brown, J; Desikan, S; Fakes, MG; Franchini, MK; Gandhi, RB; Hsieh, A; Lai, C; Qian, F; Toale, H; Vakkalagadda, BJ, 2009)		0.35
"The release of verapamil hydrochloride from tablets with Eudragit RLPO or Kollidon SR with different drug-to-polymer ratios were investigated with a view to develop twice-daily sustained-release dosage form by solid dispersion (SD) technique."( Formulation of sustained-release dosage form of verapamil hydrochloride by solid dispersion technique using Eudragit RLPO or Kollidon SR.
Biswal, S; Murthy, PN; Sahoo, J, 2009)		0.35
" It is concluded that PEO in combination with PVP yields a non disintegrating type bioadhesive dosage form which is suitable for gastroretentive applications."( Evaluation of polyethylene oxide compacts as gastroretentive delivery systems.
Alfredson, T; Anne, P; Birudaraj, R; Jasti, B; Killion, R; Li, X; Mahalingam, R; Stefanidis, D, 2009)		0.35
" The systems studied in this work are kollidon SR microparticles, a biodegradable polymer classically used as excipient in the design of solid dosage forms, as vehicles for morphine."( Kollidon SR colloidal particles as vehicles for oral morphine delivery in pain treatment.
Arias, JL; Delgado, AV; Gómez-Gallo, A; Ruiz, MA, 2009)		0.35
" A vaginal dosage form of carbamazepine is not commercially available."( Design and in vitro evaluation of a novel vaginal drug delivery system based on gelucire.
Geeta, MP; Madhabhai, MP, 2009)		0.35
" In this study, a new dosage form, containing MET, was developed with the aim to realize vaginal mucoadhesive tablets by including bioadhesive polymers as chitosan (FG90C), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPK90) and polycarbophil (PCPAA1), blended in different ratios."( FG90 chitosan as a new polymer for metronidazole mucoadhesive tablets for vaginal administration.
Ambrogi, V; Pagano, C; Perioli, L; Rossi, C; Scuota, S, 2009)		0.35
"The use of solid dispersions for oral dosage forms can increase the dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs."( Anomalous properties of spray dried solid dispersions.
Al-Obaidi, H; Brocchini, S; Buckton, G, 2009)		0.35
" Data further indicated that the modified USP method provided for complete matrix hydration and swelling as the dosage form remained fully submerged, allowing for more reliable release mimicking the in-vivo conditions."( Application of a novel symmetrical shape factor to gastroretentive matrices as a measure of swelling synchronization and its impact on drug release kinetics under standard and modified dissolution conditions.
Fassihi, R; Liu, Q, 2009)		0.35
" The last one was reported on the 15th day of treatment and DMF dosing was discontinued by patient's request."( Tolerability and safety of conventional therapy combination with DeMarco formula for infected ischemic diabetic foot.
Alvarez Duarte, H; Carretero, JH; Fors López, MM; García Mesa, M; Vilas, MM, 2010)		0.36
" Thus, ABZ SDs would be more convenient for solid dosage form design and manufacture."( Improved albendazole dissolution rate in pluronic 188 solid dispersions.
Allemandi, DA; Bruni, SS; Castro, SG; Lanusse, CE; Palma, SD, 2010)		0.36
"The aim of the present work was to evaluate the feasibility to convert drug-loaded nanocapsule suspensions in a solid dosage form (tablets)."( Tablets containing drug-loaded polymeric nanocapsules: an innovative platform.
Bastos, MO; Beck, RC; Fontana, MC; Friedrich, RB; Ourique, AF, 2010)		0.36
"Poor dissolution performance is one of the challenges encountered in dosage form design of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs)."( Investigation of atypical dissolution behavior of an encapsulated amorphous solid dispersion.
Bansal, AK; Dantuluri, AK; Puri, V, 2011)		0.37
"A solid dispersion (SD) powder of indomethacin (IM) with crospovidone (CrosPVP) shows useful characteristics for manufacturing dosage forms."( Evaluation of the physicochemical characteristics of crospovidone that influence solid dispersion preparation.
Fujii, M; Koizumi, N; Nakanishi, S; Shibata, Y; Sugamura, Y; Suzuki, A; Watanabe, Y, 2011)		0.37
" In conclusion, the bioadhesive films formed from organic-inorganic hybrid gels possessed very good qualities for application on the skin and may provide a promising formulation for TDDS, especially when the patient acceptability from an aesthetic perspective of the dosage form is a prime consideration."( Bioadhesive film formed from a novel organic-inorganic hybrid gel for transdermal drug delivery system.
Deng, L; Dong, A; Du, X; Guo, R; Zhang, J; Zhang, R, 2011)		0.37
" As inkjet printing is an inherently scalable technology, this proof of principal work with single deposited micro-spot formulations demonstrates the potential of this approach to print practical dosage forms (e."( Inkjet printing as a novel medicine formulation technique.
Alexander, MR; Gellert, PR; Roberts, CJ; Scoutaris, N, 2011)		0.37
"For use in chronic oral chemotherapeutic regimens, the potent anticancer drug docetaxel needs a solid oral dosage form."( Pharmaceutical development and preliminary clinical testing of an oral solid dispersion formulation of docetaxel (ModraDoc001).
Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Koolen, SL; Moes, JJ; Nuijen, B; Schellens, JH, 2011)		0.37
"Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) may entail tailor-made dosage form design to exploit their solubility advantage."( Barrier coated drug layered particles for enhanced performance of amorphous solid dispersion dosage form.
Bansal, AK; Dantuluri, AK; Puri, V, 2012)		0.38
"Conventional dosage form is nowadays mostly replaced by sustained release formulation in order to increase drug efficacy and patient compliance."( Preparation and in-vitro in-vivo evaluation of sustained release matrix diclofenac sodium tablets using PVP-K90 and natural gums.
Iqbal, Z; Khan, A; Khan, JA; Khan, R; Nasir, F; Rashid, A, 2011)		0.37
" This could be attributed to the disintegration of this type of dosage forms when exceeding a specific minimal device diameter."( Drug release from extruded solid lipid matrices: theoretical predictions and independent experiments.
Güres, S; Kleinebudde, P; Siepmann, F; Siepmann, J, 2012)		0.38
" Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that systemic exposure of CsA after intratracheal administration of the DE/CsA-RP at a pharmacologically effective dose (100 μg-CsA/rat) was 50-fold less than that of the oral CsA dosage form at a toxic dose (10 mg/kg)."( Inhalable dry-emulsion formulation of cyclosporine A with improved anti-inflammatory effects in experimental asthma/COPD-model rats.
Aoki, Y; Kawabata, Y; Kojo, Y; Mizumoto, T; Ogawa, K; Onoue, S; Sato, H; Wada, K; Yamada, S, 2012)		0.38
" In addition, a subgroup of animals was dosed for 13 weeks."( N-vinylpyrrolidone dimer (VPD), a novel excipient for oral drugs: repeat-dose oral toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Blaich, G; Bury, D; Du Vall, M; Halm, S; Weber, S; Whitney, K, 2012)		0.38
" Despite significant sulfidation of the AgNPs, a fraction of the added Ag resided in the terrestrial plant biomass (~3 wt % for the terrestrially dosed mesocosm), and relatively high body burdens of Ag (0."( Long-term transformation and fate of manufactured ag nanoparticles in a simulated large scale freshwater emergent wetland.
Badireddy, AR; Bernhardt, ES; Bone, AJ; Bryant, LD; Chae, S; Colman, BP; Deonarine, A; Espinasse, BP; Hsu-Kim, H; Lowry, GV; Matson, CW; Reinsch, BC; Richardson, CJ; Therezien, M; Wiesner, MR, 2012)		0.38
"Solid lipid extrusion is a suitable technique to produce oral dosage forms with improved taste properties."( Taste masked lipid pellets with enhanced release of hydrophobic active ingredient.
Bartscher, K; Breitkreutz, J; Vaassen, J, 2012)		0.38
"Hydrogen-bonded interpolymer complexes can be used for development of novel dosage forms."( Diffusion and binding of 5-fluorouracil in non-ionic hydrogels with interpolymer complexation.
Dong, J; Ji, C; Lu, P; Sun, L; Zhou, W, 2012)		0.38
" Warfarin subcutaneous dosage forms were administered to rabbits."( Evaluation of subcutaneous forms in the improvement of pharmacokinetic profile of warfarin.
Bonneaux, F; Camargo, JA; Javot, L; Lecompte, T; Maincent, P; Sapin, A; Scala-Bertola, J, 2012)		0.38
"Over the last decades the poor solubility of new drugs has become an important issue, with one of the main challenges being to develop oral dosage forms with acceptable bioavailability for such compounds."( Application of a ternary HP-β-CD-complex approach to improve the dissolution performance of a poorly soluble weak acid under biorelevant conditions.
Dressman, JB; Klein, S; Zoeller, T, 2012)		0.38
"Hydrophobic drugs present a challenge due to: (i) adhesion and agglomeration; hence the choice of the suitable processing technique to have the drugs into orally administered dosage forms is critical."( In situ lyophilisation of nifedipine directly in hard gelatine capsules.
Crum, M; Elkordy, AA; Elkordy, EA; Zarara, M, )		0.13
"To determine the effect of chitosan, starch powder, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Avicel PH 101 powder, Avicel PH 102 granules as a function of different concentrations on the solubility, disintegration and hence dissolution of furosemide from immediate release tablet dosage forms."( Impact of chitosan as a disintegrant on the bioavailability of furosemide tablets: in vitro evaluation and in vivo simulation of novel formulations.
Fahmy, SA; Galeel, OW; Rasool, BK, 2012)		0.38
" In addition to this, the favorable pharmaceutical characteristics, for example, neutral taste, dosing accuracy, and the 2-year ambient shelf life, make the ModraPac001 10mg capsule an attractive candidate for oral paclitaxel chemotherapy."( Development of an oral solid dispersion formulation for use in low-dose metronomic chemotherapy of paclitaxel.
Beijnen, J; Huitema, A; Koolen, S; Moes, J; Nuijen, B; Schellens, J, 2013)		0.39
" Nozzle dimension and spray conditions for oral dosing were carefully selected to reflect manufacturing and small (1/10) scale process conditions."( Evaluation of models for predicting spray mist diameter for scaling-up of the fluidized bed granulation process.
Dohi, M; Fujiwara, M; Otsuka, T; Sako, K; Yamashita, K, 2012)		0.38
" Normoxic N-vinylpyrrolidone based polymer gel (VIPET) phantoms were produced and used in order to perform three main sets of experiments: a) dose-response evaluation and reproducibility experiments, b) experiments for the evaluation of sensitivity of dose characteristics on 'gel manufacture - irradiation' time interval and c) experiments for the evaluation of sensitivity of dose characteristics on 'irradiation - MRscanning' time interval."( Dosimetric characteristics of a new polymer gel and their dependence on post-preparation and post-irradiation time: effect on X-ray beam profile measurements.
Damilakis, J; Maris, TG; Papadakis, AE; Papoutsaki, MV; Pappas, E, 2013)		0.39
" A promising solution to this problem is offered by the use of nitric oxide (NO) gas dosing during sputtering to reduce molecular cross-linking."( Improving secondary ion mass spectrometry C60(n+) sputter depth profiling of challenging polymers with nitric oxide gas dosing.
Bailey, J; Delcorte, A; Gilmore, IS; Havelund, R; Lee, JL; Licciardello, A; Mouhib, T; Sapuppo, D; Sharp, JS; Tuccitto, N, 2013)		0.39
" In this case, properly designed dosage forms were needed to break up this plug to optimize the dissolution profiles."( Evaluation of different screening methods to understand the dissolution behaviors of amorphous solid dispersions.
Boersen, NA; Hui, HW; Lee, TW; Yang, G, 2014)		0.4
" Itraconazole (ITZ) was selected as the model compound for the development of an oral dosage form for enhanced release."( Agglomeration of mesoporous silica by melt and steam granulation. part II: screening of steam granulation process variables using a factorial design.
Albertini, B; Martens, JA; Passerini, N; Rombaut, P; Van Den Mooter, G; Vander Heyden, Y; Vialpando, M, 2013)		0.39
" The poorly water-soluble compound, itraconazole (ITZ), was selected for the development of an immediate-release oral dosage form."( Agglomeration of mesoporous silica by melt and steam granulation. Part I: a comparison between disordered and ordered mesoporous silica.
Albertini, B; Bergers, D; Martens, JA; Passerini, N; Rombaut, P; Van Den Mooter, G; Vialpando, M, 2013)		0.39
" There are few works which optimize the drug loading step and often therapeutics are dosed in the microdevices through laborious and time consuming procedures."( Polymer-filled microcontainers for oral delivery loaded using supercritical impregnation.
Boisen, A; Keller, SS; Marizza, P; Müllertz, A, 2014)		0.4
"An oral extended-release (ER) formulation of capecitabine was developed for twice daily dosing, theoretically providing a continuous exposure to capecitabine, thus avoiding the undesirable in-between dosing gap inherent to the dosing schedule of the marketed capecitabine immediate-release formulation (Xeloda(®))."( Development of an extended-release formulation of capecitabine making use of in vitro-in vivo correlation modelling.
Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Keizer, RJ; Meulenaar, J; Nuijen, B; Schellens, JH, 2014)		0.4
" Both particle dosage and size have been shown to impact the cytotoxic effects of ZnO NPs, so doses ranging from 5 to 50 μg/mL were examined and agglomerate size effects were investigated by using the bioinert amphiphilic polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to generate water-soluble ZnO ranging from individually dispersed 4 nm NPs up to micron-sized agglomerates."( Phosphate-enhanced cytotoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles and agglomerates.
Chen, WJ; Chern, C; Everett, WN; Hahn, MS; McMahon, RE; Sue, HJ; Sun, D; Zhang, X, 2014)		0.4
" While solid dosage forms like films and tablets increase retention, they often require more than 15 min to fully dissolve, potentially increasing the risk of inducing epithelial abrasions during sex."( Electrospun solid dispersions of Maraviroc for rapid intravaginal preexposure prophylaxis of HIV.
Ball, C; Woodrow, KA, 2014)		0.4
" The loaded gel was administered in different doses and dosing regimens to Parkinsonian rats, and the catalepsy score and striatal DA levels were assessed."( Potential efficacy of dopamine loaded-PVP/PAA nanogel in experimental models of Parkinsonism: possible disease modifying activity.
Abd El-Rehim, HA; El-Ghazaly, MA; Rashed, ER, 2015)		0.42
"Fast Disintegrating Tablets (FDTs) is a rapidly growing dosage form preferred for special population (pediatric, geriatric and psychotic patients)."( Disintegrants combination: development and optimization of a cefadroxil fast disintegrating tablet.
Bibi, R; Iffat, W; Muhammad, IN; Naqvi, SB; Rahim, N; Shakeel, S, 2014)		0.4
"To determine the optimum dosage and instillation time for water-soluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-hypericin for photodynamic diagnosis of bladder cancer and to monitor its use in regard to patient safety."( A phase IIA dose-finding study of PVP-hypericin fluorescence cystoscopy for detection of nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer.
Abrahamsberg, C; Gschwend, JE; Horn, T; Russ, D; Straub, M, 2015)		0.42
" Different combinations of PVP-hypericin dosage (225 μg and 75 μg and instillation time (120, 60, 30, 15 min) were used to evaluate the optimal conditions."( A phase IIA dose-finding study of PVP-hypericin fluorescence cystoscopy for detection of nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer.
Abrahamsberg, C; Gschwend, JE; Horn, T; Russ, D; Straub, M, 2015)		0.42
"The optimum combination of dosage of PVP-hypericin and its instillation time was established and will be used to determine sensitivity and specificity of PVP-hypericin cystoscopy in a larger multicenter phase IIB study."( A phase IIA dose-finding study of PVP-hypericin fluorescence cystoscopy for detection of nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer.
Abrahamsberg, C; Gschwend, JE; Horn, T; Russ, D; Straub, M, 2015)		0.42
"The application of high-speed rotary spinning can offer a useful mean for either preparation of fibrous intermediate for conventional dosage forms or drug delivery systems."( Micro- and macrostructural characterization of polyvinylpirrolidone rotary-spun fibers.
Kállai-Szabó, B; Kovács, KN; Sebe, I; Szabadi, E; Zelkó, R, 2015)		0.42
" The results suggest that these mats may be a good candidate for fast dissolving drug delivery systems of bitter drugs to increase the palatability of dosage forms."( Fast releasing oral electrospun PVP/CD nanofiber mats of taste-masked meloxicam.
Akkaramongkolporn, P; Kaomongkolgit, R; Ngawhirunpat, T; Opanasopit, P; Rojanarata, T; Samprasit, W, 2015)		0.42
"The assessment of the solid-state stability of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and/or excipients in solid dosage forms during manufacturing and storage is mandatory for safeguarding quality of the final products."( Monitoring of multiple solid-state transformations at tablet surfaces using multi-series near-infrared hyperspectral imaging and multivariate curve resolution.
Alexandrino, GL; Amigo, JM; Khorasani, MR; Poppi, RJ; Rantanen, J, 2015)		0.42
" It was investigated if PVP was able to stabilise ASSF during storage and dissolution and whether this influenced the in vivo performance of the glass solution after oral dosing to rats."( Stabilisation of amorphous furosemide increases the oral drug bioavailability in rats.
Müllertz, A; Nielsen, LH; Rades, T, 2015)		0.42
" In the present study, we investigated the persistence, transformations and distribution of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and citrate (CT) coated AgNPs in boreal lake mesocosms dosed either with a 6-week chronic regimen or a one-time pulse treatment at environmentally relevant dosing levels."( Environmental Fate of Silver Nanoparticles in Boreal Lake Ecosystems.
Frost, PC; Furtado, LM; Hintelmann, H; Metcalfe, CD; Norman, BC; Xenopoulos, MA, 2015)		0.42
"Mesoporous silica-based dosage forms offer the potential for improving the absorption of poorly soluble drugs after oral administration."( Mesoporous silica-based dosage forms improve release characteristics of poorly soluble drugs: case example fenofibrate.
Birk, G; Dressman, JB; Herbert, E; Lubda, D; Saal, C; Wieber, A, 2016)		0.43
"Hypromellose is a hydrophilic polymer widely used in immediate- and modified-release oral pharmaceutical dosage forms."( A New Extrudable Form of Hypromellose: AFFINISOL™ HPMC HME.
Huang, S; Keen, JM; McGinity, JW; O'Donnell, KP; Rickard, MA; Williams, RO, 2016)		0.43
" While most amorphous drug products contain a single drug substance, there is a growing trend towards co-formulating compounds in the same dosage form to improve patient compliance."( Dissolution performance of binary amorphous drug combinations--Impact of a second drug on the maximum achievable supersaturation.
Taylor, LS; Trasi, NS, 2015)		0.42
" Multi unit dosage forms showed in addition release for the incorporated insulin and nasal safety as to results of ciliary beat frequency studies (CBF)."( In vitro characterization of insulin containing thiomeric microparticles as nasal drug delivery system.
Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Deutel, B; Laffleur, F; Palmberger, T; Saxer, A; Thaler, M, 2016)		0.43
" We evaluated murine gut microbial communities using culture-independent sequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments following 28 days of repeated oral dosing of well-characterized AgNPs of two different sizes (20 and 110 nm) and coatings (PVP and Citrate)."( Repeated dose (28-day) administration of silver nanoparticles of varied size and coating does not significantly alter the indigenous murine gut microbiome.
Bassis, CM; Bergin, IL; Hashway, S; Leroueil, PR; Maynard, AD; Morishita, M; Philbert, MA; Walacavage, K; Wilding, LA, 2016)		0.43
" With this, one of the focuses of the pharmaceutical research scientist involves investigating possible metastable forms of a given drug to be incorporated into solid dosage forms."( Amorphous Sulfadoxine: A Physical Stability and Crystallization Kinetics Study.
Aucamp, M; Liebenberg, W; Milne, M, 2016)		0.43
" The design was employed to understand the influence of the critical excipient combinations on the production of OD-mini-tablets and thus guarantee the feasibility of obtaining products with dosage form uniformity."( Risperidone oral disintegrating mini-tablets: A robust-product for pediatrics.
Abdelbary, MF; Ahmed, TA; Ali, BE; Aljaeid, BM; El-Say, KM; Zidan, AS, 2015)		0.42
"This study aimed to design a fixed-dose combination dosage form which provides a sustained release profile for both the freely water-soluble metformin HCl and the poorly soluble gliclazide, two antidiabetic compounds used to treat diabetes mellitus."( Co-extrusion as a processing technique to manufacture a dual sustained release fixed-dose combination product.
Remon, JP; Vervaet, C; Voorspoels, J; Vynckier, AK, 2016)		0.43
" A coat layer, containing at least 30% CAPA(®) 6506 as a hydrophobic polymer, was necessary to adequately sustain the release of the highly dosed freely soluble drug from the 70% metformin HCl-loaded CAPA(®) 6506 core of the co-extrudate."( Co-extrusion as a processing technique to manufacture a dual sustained release fixed-dose combination product.
Remon, JP; Vervaet, C; Voorspoels, J; Vynckier, AK, 2016)		0.43
"Both active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), which have different physicochemical characteristics, were formulated in a single dosage form, using co-extrusion."( Co-extrusion as a processing technique to manufacture a dual sustained release fixed-dose combination product.
Remon, JP; Vervaet, C; Voorspoels, J; Vynckier, AK, 2016)		0.43
" These promising results can lead to a great enhancement of the oral bioavailability of ABZ dosage forms."( A novel hot-melt extrusion formulation of albendazole for increasing dissolution properties.
Halbert, GW; Lamprou, DA; Martinez-Marcos, L; McBurney, RT, 2016)		0.43
" These results suggest that the developed platform has great potential to enhance the efficacy for implants in cases where the cell dosage is critical for efficacy, such as islet transplantation and ischemic tissues."( Improvement of islet engrafts by enhanced angiogenesis and microparticle-mediated oxygenation.
Ashtiani, MK; Baharvand, H; Bonakdar, S; Hajizadeh-Saffar, E; Hojjati-Emami, S; Montazeri, L; Najar-Asl, M; Noori-Keshtkar, M; Tahamtani, Y, 2016)		0.43
"The capsule is one of the most important solid dosage forms in the pharmaceutical industry."( Influence of Polymer Type on the Physical Properties and Release Profile of Papaverine Hydrochloride From Hard Gelatin Capsules.
Iwaniak, K; Kasperek, R; Modrzewska, J; Poleszak, E; Polski, A; Sobótka-Polska, K; Sławińska, K, )		0.13
" All formulations were dosed to rats at 20 mg/kg in suspension."( Evaluation of Three Amorphous Drug Delivery Technologies to Improve the Oral Absorption of Flubendazole.
Backx, K; Boeykens, P; Bone, S; Brewster, ME; Ceulemans, J; Hillewaert, V; Jager, C; Kesselaers, E; Lachau-Durand, S; Mackie, C; Meurs, G; Novoa de Armas, H; Psathas, P; Smulders, S; Van Geel, K; Van Hove, B; Van Speybroeck, M; Verheyen, L; Verreck, G; Vialpando, M; Vodak, D; Voets, M; Weuts, I, 2016)		0.43
" Consequently, we suggest that the safe NAR NP can be used to reduce the dosage of NAR, improve its bioavailability and merits further investigation for therapeutic applications."( PVP- coated naringenin nanoparticles for biomedical applications - In vivo toxicological evaluations.
Abraham, A; Kumar, RP, 2016)		0.43
" Notably, low dosage of core-shell DOX-loaded Ag/polymeric nanocarriers (NCs) exhibited a synergic anticancer activity, with DOX-Ag/PVP being the most cytotoxic."( Core-Shell Silver/Polymeric Nanoparticles-Based Combinatorial Therapy against Breast Cancer In-vitro.
Elbaz, NM; Mamdouh, W; Siam, R; Ziko, L, 2016)		0.43
"The fabrication of ready-to-use immediate release tablets via 3D printing provides a powerful tool to on-demand individualization of dosage form."( A Lower Temperature FDM 3D Printing for the Manufacture of Patient-Specific Immediate Release Tablets.
Alhnan, MA; Arafat, B; Isreb, A; Okwuosa, TC; Stefaniak, D; Wan, KW, 2016)		0.43
"Combining the advantages of PVP as an impeding polymer with FDM 3D printing at low temperatures, this approach holds a potential in expanding the spectrum of drugs that could be used in FDM 3D printing for on demand manufacturing of individualised dosage forms."( A Lower Temperature FDM 3D Printing for the Manufacture of Patient-Specific Immediate Release Tablets.
Alhnan, MA; Arafat, B; Isreb, A; Okwuosa, TC; Stefaniak, D; Wan, KW, 2016)		0.43
"Pharmaceutical film dosage forms have recently become of interest to pharmaceutical formulation development, particularly for patients who experience difficulty in swallowing tablets or capsules."( ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging to study the drying and dissolution of pharmaceutical polymer-based films.
Ewing, AV; Hifumi, H; Kazarian, SG, 2016)		0.43
"Adsorption of lipid-based formulations, which are usually liquid, onto silicas has been extensively investigated in the past decade to convert them into solid dosage forms."( Development of solid SEDDS, VI: Effect of precoating of Neusilin
Freire, BOS; Gumaste, SG; Serajuddin, ATM, 2017)		0.46
" Since the microstructure can affect solid dosage form performance such as mechanical properties, a second objective was to study the influence of the type of adsorbent and of the presence of an amorphous compound on extrudate hardness."( Multifractal and mechanical analysis of amorphous solid dispersions.
Adler, C; Kuentz, M; Teleki, A, 2017)		0.46
"One of the most important challenges of the modern technology of solid oral dosage forms is to increase the effectiveness of the drug, reduce side effects and improve the comfort of use."( [Application of synthetic and semisynthetic polymers (Kollidon K30 and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) as carriers of ketoprofen in solid oral prolonged-release dosage forms].
Kot, M; Kołodziejczyk, M; Linka, W, )		0.13
"The aim of the study was to investigate the suitability of polymers (synthetic - Kollidon K30 and semisynthetic - hydroxypropyl methylcellulose), and calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate - as an inorganic insoluble filler - in the construction of the matrices of the solid oral dosage forms containing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)."( [Application of synthetic and semisynthetic polymers (Kollidon K30 and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) as carriers of ketoprofen in solid oral prolonged-release dosage forms].
Kot, M; Kołodziejczyk, M; Linka, W, )		0.13
"Lipid-based self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) are usually liquids, and they can be converted into solid dosage forms by adsorbing onto silicates."( Development of solid SEDDS, VII: Effect of pore size of silica on drug release from adsorbed self-emulsifying lipid-based formulations.
Gumaste, SG; Serajuddin, ATM, 2017)		0.46
"In formulation development, certain excipients, even though used in small quantities, can have a significant impact on the processability and performance of the dosage form."( The Impact of Disintegrant Type, Surfactant, and API Properties on the Processability and Performance of Roller Compacted Formulations of Acetaminophen and Aspirin.
Koo, O; Marin, A; Morkhade, D; Pan, D; Rana, S; Saha, P; Wu, Y; Zhao, J, 2017)		0.46
"Multiple-unit pellet systems (MUPS) provide several pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic advantages over single-unit dosage forms, however, compression of pellets into MUPS tablets present certain challenges."( Development of multiple-unit pellet system tablets by employing the SeDeM expert diagram system I: pellets with different sizes.
Hamman, H; Hamman, J; Scholtz, J; Steenekamp, JH; Wessels, A, 2018)		0.48
"For final solid dosage forms, aqueous liquid nanosuspensions need to be solidified, whereas spray drying is a large-scale cost-effective industrial process."( Solidification of hesperidin nanosuspension by spray drying optimized by design of experiment (DoE).
Keck, CM; Müller, RH; Wei, Q, 2018)		0.48
"Food induced viscosity can delay disintegration and subsequent release of API from solid dosage form which may lead to severe reduction in the bioavailability of BCS type III compounds."( Formulation strategy towards minimizing viscosity mediated negative food effect on disintegration and dissolution of immediate release tablets.
Langguth, P; Zaheer, K, 2018)		0.48
" These results suggest that electospun films from EtOH system may be a good candidate for fast-dissolving drug delivery systems to increase palatability of dosage forms."( Cyclodextrin-based oral dissolving films formulation of taste-masked meloxicam.
Akkaramongkolporn, P; Kaomongkolgit, R; Opanasopit, P; Samprasit, W, 2018)		0.48
"We demonstrated that mPEG-modified AuNPs at a therapeutic dosage showed lower cytostatic effects and were less detrimental to vasodilator function than PVP-modified AuNPs, indicating greater potential as agents for diagnostic imaging and therapy."( Polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated gold nanoparticles inhibit endothelial cell viability, proliferation, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and reduce the magnitude of endothelial-independent dilator responses in isolated aortic vessels.
Azzawi, M; Farooq, A; Matou-Nasri, S; Mohamed, T; Whitehead, D, 2017)		0.46
"Solid oral dosage forms (SODF) are drug vehicles commonly prescribed by physicists in primary and secondary cares, as they are the most convenient for the patient and facilitate therapy management."( Polymer adhesion predictions for oral dosage forms to enhance drug administration safety. Part 1: In vitro approach using particle interaction methods.
Drumond, N; Stegemann, S, 2018)		0.48
"Predicting the potential for unintended adhesion of solid oral dosage forms (SODF) to mucosal tissue is an important aspect that should be considered during drug product development."( Polymer adhesion predictions for oral dosage forms to enhance drug administration safety. Part 2: In vitro approach using mechanical force methods.
Drumond, N; Stegemann, S, 2018)		0.48
" In the case of a solid oral dosage formulation containing the salt form of a weakly ionizable drug, excipient selection is critical, as some excipients are known to cause salt disproportionation (conversion of salt to the free form)."( Effect of excipient properties, water activity, and water content on the disproportionation of a pharmaceutical salt.
Arora, KK; Krzyzaniak, JF; Luthra, S; Patel, MA; Shamblin, SL; Taylor, LS, 2018)		0.48
" time, concentration, adsorbent dosage and pH."( Polymeric nanocomposites for the removal of Acid red 52 dye from aqueous solutions: Synthesis, characterization, kinetic and isotherm studies.
Azarudeen, RS; Gnanaprakasam, A; Gouthaman, A; Sivakumar, VM; Thirumarimurugan, M, 2018)		0.48
"Complex hydrogels formed with chitosan (CS) and ring-opened polyvinyl pyrrolidone (roPVP) as a swellable mucoadhesive gastroretentive drug dosage form (smGRDDF) were prepared and characterized."( Complex Hydrogels Composed of Chitosan with Ring-opened Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone as a Gastroretentive Drug Dosage Form to Enhance the Bioavailability of Bisphosphonates.
Chao, FC; Chen, YC; Ho, HO; Liu, DZ; Sheu, MT; Su, CY; Yu, YT, 2018)		0.48
"A simple method to rapidly customize and to also mass produce oral dosage forms is arguably a current bottleneck in the development of modern personalized medicine."( Three-Dimensional Electrohydrodynamic Printing and Spinning of Flexible Composite Structures for Oral Multidrug Forms.
Chang, MW; Li, JS; Mai, J; Wu, S, 2018)		0.48
" Accordingly, ML-SNEP coated with Kollicoat Smartseal 30D and/or silicon dioxide could be an excellent dosage form that combine dual enhancement of CN solubilization and stabilization."( Stabilization benefits of single and multi-layer self-nanoemulsifying pellets: A poorly-water soluble model drug with hydrolytic susceptibility.
Abdel-Rahman, SI; Alanazi, FK; Shahba, AA, 2018)		0.48
" In vivo results in beagle dogs indicated that the optimized formulations are suitable as once-daily dosage forms, and dose proportionality was observed in doses ranging from 75 to 300 mg."( Preparation and evaluation of non-effervescent gastroretentive tablets containing pregabalin for once-daily administration and dose proportional pharmacokinetics.
Hwang, KM; Kim, S; Nguyen, TT; Park, ES; Park, YS, 2018)		0.48
"The amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) technique has been employed to formulate poorly-soluble drugs, however, development of solid dosage forms with ASD is challenging due to the high propensity of amorphous drug to precipitate upon dissolution."( Development of controlled release amorphous solid dispersions (CRASD) using polyvinyl acetate-based release retarding materials: Effect of dosage form design.
Chen, K; Ghaffari, A; Kane, A; Lugtu-Pe, JA; Wu, XY, 2018)		0.48
"Co-amorphous mixtures have rarely been formulated as oral dosage forms, even though they have been shown to stabilize amorphous drugs in the solid state and enhance the dissolution properties of poorly soluble drugs."( Preparation and characterization of multi-component tablets containing co-amorphous salts: Combining multimodal non-linear optical imaging with established analytical methods.
Korhonen, O; Laitinen, R; Ojarinta, R; Saarinen, J; Strachan, CJ, 2018)		0.48
"The aim of this study was to demonstrate the usefulness of the time domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR) method to characterize the crystalline state of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) containing solid dosage forms."(
Hayashi, Y; Hirai, D; Kosugi, A; Kumada, S; Okada, K; Onuki, Y, 2019)		0.51
" High drug loadings may allow decreasing the pill burden and/or reducing dosage size, which both increase the therapeutic compliance."( Chemically identical but physically different: A comparison of spray drying, hot melt extrusion and cryo-milling for the formulation of high drug loaded amorphous solid dispersions of naproxen.
Dedroog, S; Huygens, C; Van den Mooter, G, 2019)		0.51
"The manufacture of oral dosage form may induce changes in the physical form of an active pharmaceutical ingredient."( Effect of processing conditions and excipients on dehydration kinetics of sodium naproxen hydrate in formulation.
Garcia-Barriocanal, J; Thakral, NK; Thakral, S, 2019)		0.51
" More studies are now needed to verify the importance of the "ethanol effect" on disintegration of commercial dosage forms."( The influence of ethanol on superdisintegrants and on tablets disintegration.
AlKhatib, HS; Berardi, A; Bisharat, L; Blaibleh, A; Cespi, M; Muhaissen, S; Quodbach, J, 2019)		0.51
"Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) attract a great attention as this easy swallowing dosage form often improves patient compliance."( Application of Texture Analysis Technique in Formulation Development of Lyophilized Orally Disintegrating Tablets Containing Mannitol, Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Amino Acids.
Ermolina, I; Hackl, E, 2019)		0.51
"This work aimed to develop a new solid dosage formulation of vinpocetine (VPN) in the form of buccal freeze-dried pullulan-based tablets (lyoplant-tabs) loaded with physically modified drug binary system."( Formulation and clinical investigation of optimized vinpocetine lyoplant-tabs: new strategy in development of buccal solid dosage form.
Ahmed, TA, 2019)		0.51
" The SD-PVP fiber prepared in this study showed much higher solubility than the original drug in vitro, which has great significance for the development of new dosage forms for the clinical application of SD, and it has a useful reference for the study of similar bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs."( Orthogonal experimental preparation of Sanguis Draconis- Polyvinylpyrrolidone microfibers by electrospinning.
Cao, K; Hu, P; Huang, L; Liu, Y, 2019)		0.51
" The process provides significant potential advantages for producing solid oral dosage forms or tablets, including a reduction in the number of manufacturing steps as well as the ability to tailor a unique dosage regime to an individual patient."( Water-based 3D inkjet printing of an oral pharmaceutical dosage form.
Alexander, MR; Cader, HK; Gonçalves, AD; Rance, GA; Roberts, CJ; Tuck, CJ; Wildman, RD, 2019)		0.51
" Thus, Loratadine nanofibers can be considered as an alternative dosage form with improved physicochemical properties."( 3D-printed electrospinning setup for the preparation of loratadine nanofibers with enhanced physicochemical properties.
Alshweiat, A; Ambrus, R; Csóka, I; Esmail, A; Ovari, G; Radacsi, N, 2019)		0.51
"Fabrication of personalized dosage oral pharmaceuticals using additive manufacturing (AM) provides patients with customizable, locally manufactured, and cost-efficient tablets, while reducing the probability of side effects."( Comparison of Linear and 4-Arm Star Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) for Aqueous Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing of Personalized Dosage Tablets.
Bai, Y; Long, TE; Ma, D; Williams, CB; Wilts, EM, 2019)		0.51
" The integrated experimental, theoretical, modeling and data-driven AI methodology is also able to be used for future formulation development of other dosage forms."( Predicting physical stability of solid dispersions by machine learning techniques.
Han, R; Huang, T; Jing, Q; Lu, J; Ouyang, D; Pan, H; Ren, F; Xiong, H; Yang, Y; Ye, Z, 2019)		0.51
" After dissolution of the PVP interlayer, the capsule separates in two, with inner and outer capsules for continuous drug dosing and targeting."( Precision Printing of Customized Cylindrical Capsules with Multifunctional Layers for Oral Drug Delivery.
Chang, MW; Chen, X; Li, X; Mai, J; Wu, S; Zhang, C, 2019)		0.51
"In this study, we investigate the viability of three-dimensional (3D) inkjet printing with UV curing to produce solid dosage forms containing a known poorly soluble drug, carvedilol."( Making tablets for delivery of poorly soluble drugs using photoinitiated 3D inkjet printing.
Alexander, MR; Clark, EA; Irvine, DJ; Roberts, CJ; Wallace, MJ; Wildman, RD; Yoo, J, 2020)		0.56
"Formulation of a cocrystal into a solid pharmaceutical dosage form entails numerous processing steps during which there is risk of dissociation."( Formation of Indomethacin-Saccharin Cocrystals during Wet Granulation: Role of Polymeric Excipients.
Duggirala, NK; Hattori, Y; Otsuka, M; Suryanarayanan, R; Tanaka, R, 2020)		0.56
" As physical and chemical interactions affect the performance of the formulation, this study intended to unveil the drug and excipients interactions which would later help in development of a robust solid dosage form."( Update on compatibility assessment of empagliflozin with the selected pharmaceutical excipients employed in solid dosage forms by thermal, spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques.
Kalia, K; Kate, AS; Niguram, P; Polaka, SN; Rathod, R, 2020)		0.56
" The main objective of this study is to develop a patient complaint tablet dosage form which is sugar free, chewable and easy to use."( Formulation development of sugar free antacid chewable tablets for diabetes induced acidity in patients.
Ayaz, S; Khan, M; Naveed, S; Owais, A; Qamar, F; Rehman, H; Sana, A, 2019)		0.51
"The presence of different excipient types/brands in solid oral dosage forms may affect product performance and drug bioavailability."( Biopharmaceutical Understanding of Excipient Variability on Drug Apparent Solubility Based on Drug Physicochemical Properties. Case Study: Superdisintegrants.
Flanagan, T; Fotaki, N; Mann, J; Meehan, E; Zarmpi, P, 2020)		0.56
"In solid dosage formulations, probing intermolecular interactions between active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and polymeric excipients, which have a mechanistic impact on physical stability as well as bioavailability, remains a challenge."( Understanding Molecular Interactions in Rafoxanide-Povidone Amorphous Solid Dispersions from Ultrafast Magic Angle Spinning NMR.
Amoureux, JP; Li, M; Lu, X; Meng, F; Su, Y; Tsutsumi, Y; Xu, W; Zhang, F, 2020)		0.56
" Spurred by topical advancement in polymer chemistry and drug delivery, hydrogels that release a drug in temporal, spatial and dosage controlled fashion have been trendy."( Inflammation targeted chitosan-based hydrogel for controlled release of diclofenac sodium.
Butt, MTZ; Butt, OM; Gull, N; Islam, A; Jabeen, S; Khan, A; Khan, RU; Khan, SM; Khan, SU; Shah, A, 2020)		0.56
"Three-dimensional printing could serve as a platform to fabricate individualized medicines and complex-structured solid dosage forms."( Hot melt extrusion paired fused deposition modeling 3D printing to develop hydroxypropyl cellulose based floating tablets of cinnarizine.
Bandari, S; Nyavanandi, D; Repka, MA; Vo, AQ; Zhang, J, 2020)		0.56
" These findings may apply to drugs administered as a single dosage form or in separate dosage forms and hence need to be well controlled to assure effective treatments and patient safety."( Insights into Dissolution and Solution Chemistry of Multidrug Formulations of Antihypertensive Drugs.
Alhalaweh, A; Bergström, CAS; El Sayed, M, 2020)		0.56
"Coaxial NFs of GDD as a core with PVP K90 and HP-β-CyD and ES 100 as a shell were stable and efficient as oral imaging dosage form for the intestine."( New Oral Coaxial Nanofibers for Gadodiamide-Prospective Intestinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Theranostic.
Darwesh, AY; El-Dahhan, MS; Meshali, MM, 2020)		0.56
"Recently, functional polymers have attracted significant attention in the areas of pharmaceuticals and biomedical applications, so it is important to develop simple techniques to analyze functional polymers in their pharmaceutical dosage forms."( Spectrophotometric Determination of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone in Pure and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form.
Al-Afify, NK; El-Kosasy, AM; Magdy, N; Trabik, YA, 2021)		0.62
" The developed methods were applied to the analysis of the investigated drugs in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms."( Spectrophotometric Determination of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone in Pure and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form.
Al-Afify, NK; El-Kosasy, AM; Magdy, N; Trabik, YA, 2021)		0.62
"The proposed methods are of great value, improving the efficiency of routine analysis of PVP and BZ in their pharmaceutical dosage forms."( Spectrophotometric Determination of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone in Pure and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form.
Al-Afify, NK; El-Kosasy, AM; Magdy, N; Trabik, YA, 2021)		0.62
"A new Raman subtechnique, spatially offset low-frequency Raman spectroscopy (SOLFRS), is demonstrated via an analysis of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms."( A New Frontier for Nondestructive Spatial Analysis of Pharmaceutical Solid Dosage Forms: Spatially Offset Low-Frequency Raman Spectroscopy.
Be Rziņš, KR; Fraser-Miller, SJ; Gordon, KC, 2021)		0.62
" Selective laser sintering and binder jetting 3D printing processes have gained much attention in pharmaceutical dosage form manufacturing in recent times."( Synergistic application of twin-screw granulation and selective laser sintering 3D printing for the development of pharmaceutical dosage forms with enhanced dissolution rates and physical properties.
Maniruzzaman, M; Thakkar, R; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2021)		0.62
" Traditional rectal dosage formulations have historically been used for localised treatments, including laxatives, hemorrhoid therapy and antipyretics."( Achievements in Thermosensitive Gelling Systems for Rectal Administration.
Bialik, M; Kuras, M; Oledzka, E; Sobczak, M, 2021)		0.62
" SeDeM Expert System provides useful insight into liquisolid system processability and comparative evaluation and it may facilitate final solid dosage form development."( Investigation into liquisolid system processability based on the SeDeM Expert System approach.
Aleksić, I; Mirković, M; Nenadović, S; Parojčić, J; Turković, E; Vasiljević, I; Zimmer, A, 2021)		0.62
", drug amorphization inside the final dosage form."( The Effect of the Molecular Weight of Polyvinylpyrrolidone and the Model Drug on Laser-Induced In Situ Amorphization.
Berthelsen, R; Hansen, AK; Hempel, NJ; Knopp, MM; Löbmann, K; Merkl, P; Sotiriou, GA; Teleki, A, 2021)		0.62
"Liquisolid compact is a novel dosage form in which a liquid medication (liquid drug, drug solution/dispersion in non-volatile solvent/solvent system) is converted to a dry, free flowing powder and compressed."( Evaluation of the effect of carrier material on modification of release characteristics of poor water soluble drug from liquisolid compacts.
Ali, B; Alyami, HS; Badshah, M; Khan, A; Naz, A; Ullah, M; Wahab, A, 2021)		0.62
" Increasing the inulin content led to increased water uptake and dry mass loss rates, resulting in accelerated drug release from the dosage forms, irrespective of the type of polymer blend."( Injection-molded capsule bodies and caps based on polymer blends for controlled drug delivery.
Benzine, Y; Danede, F; Francois Willart, J; Karrout, Y; Neut, C; Siepmann, F; Siepmann, J, 2021)		0.62
"Poor aqueous solubility is a major limiting factor during the development of BCS Class II drug candidates in a solid oral dosage form."( Tailoring Release Profiles of BCS Class II Drugs Using Controlled Release Amorphous Solid Dispersion Beads with Membrane-Reservoir Design: Effect of Pore Former and Coating Levels.
Chen, K; Ghaffari, A; Kane, A; Lin, BY; Lugtu-Pe, JA; Wu, XY, 2021)		0.62
"Poor solubility of drug candidates is a well-known and thoroughly studied challenge in the development of oral dosage forms."( Impact of co-administered stabilizers on the biopharmaceutical performance of regorafenib amorphous solid dispersions.
Breitkreutz, J; Hoheisel, W; Müller, M; Serno, P; Wiedey, R, 2021)		0.62
" However, this dosage form must overcome the major disadvantage of ASDs, which is limited stability upon storage."( Kollidon® VA 64 and Soluplus® as modern polymeric carriers for amorphous solid dispersions.
Krupa, A; Strojewski, D, )		0.13
"Poor solubility is a global issue of copious pharmaceutical industries as large number of drugs in development stage as well as already marketed products are poorly soluble which results in low dissolution and ultimately dosage increase."( Polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30-Based Crosslinked Fast Swelling Nanogels: An Impeccable Approach for Drug's Solubility Improvement.
Arafat, M; Badshah, SF; Barkat, K; Basit, A; Khan, KU; Minhas, MU; Munir, A; Sarfraz, M, 2022)		0.72
" amorphisation within the final dosage form by microwave irradiation."( Development of a multiparticulate drug delivery system for in situ amorphisation.
Berthelsen, R; Boyd, BJ; Holm, TP; Knopp, MM; Kokott, M; Löbmann, K; Quodbach, J, 2022)		0.72
"Mini-tablets are considered a promising solid dosage form in the pharmaceutical industry due to advantages such as dosing accuracy, efficiency as a drug delivery system, and alleged improvement in mechanical properties."( Finite Element Modeling of Powder Compaction: Mini-Tablets in Comparison with Conventionally Sized Tablets.
De Beer, T; Kumar, A; Naranjo Gómez, LN, 2022)		0.72
" Finally, a spatially segmented antisolvent dosing method was also evaluated."( Improvement of drug processability in a connected continuous crystallizer system using formulation additive.
Galata, DL; Gyürkés, M; Marosi, G; Nagy, B; Nagy, ZK; Pataki, H; Pusztai, É; Stoffán, G; Szilágyi, B; Tacsi, K, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (12 Product(s))

Product Categories

Product CategoryProducts
Beauty & Personal Care9
Baby & Kids Products1
Herbs, Botanicals & Homeopathy1
Vitamins & Supplements1

Products

ProductBrandCategoryCompounds Matched from IngredientsDate Retrieved
Babe Original 4 Real Mascara -- 0.29 ozBabe OriginalBeauty & Personal Careaminomethyl propanediol, citric acid, citric acid, tocopherol, ethylhexylglycerin, tocopherol, glyceryl stearate, glycerin, PVP, phenoxyethanol, phytic acid, VP, stearic acid2024-11-29 10:47:42
Babe Original Intensifying Lash Primer -- 0.21 ozBabe OriginalBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, aminomethyl propanol, panthenol, ethylhexylglycerin, glyceryl stearate, glycerin, pvp, octyldodecanol, phenoxyethanol, stearic acid2024-11-29 10:47:42
Babe Original Lash Enriching Liquid Eyeliner -- 1.5 mLBabe OriginalBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, butylene glycol, benzoic acid, disodium EDTA, ethylhexylglycerin, glycerin, glyceryl caprylate, pvp, phenoxyethanol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Beauty Without Cruelty Full Volume Mascara Black -- 0.28 fl ozBeauty Without CrueltyBeauty & Personal Carebenzyl alcohol, gluconolactone, tocopherol, panthenol, tocopherol, PVP, vitamin B3, oleyl alcohol, ceresin, retinyl palmitate, sodium benzoate, stearic acid, triethanolamine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Derma E Alba Ramos Clean Curls 2-in-1 Defining Curl Cream + Leave-In Treatment -- 8 fl ozDerma EBeauty & Personal Carecetearyl alcohol, panthenol, glycerin, PVP, sodium benzoate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Fairy Tales Curly-Q Styling Spray Gel -- 8 fl ozFairy TalesBaby & Kids Productsbenzyl alcohol, dehydroacetic acid, panthenol, PVP, retinyl palmitate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Giovanni 2chic Ultra-Sleek Hair Styling Wax with Brazilian Keratin and Argan Oil -- 2 ozGiovanniBeauty & Personal Carebenzyl alcohol, dehydroacetic acid, panthenol, pro-vitamin B5, glycerin, PVP, phenoxyethanol, sodium hydroxide, titanium dioxide2024-11-29 10:47:42
Natrol Turmeric Extra Strength -- 60 CapsulesNatrolHerbs, Botanicals & Homeopathy Povidone2024-11-29 10:47:42
Osteo Bi-Flex One Per Day Glucosamine HCI and Vitamin D3 -- 30 CapletsOsteo Bi-FlexVitamins & SupplementsCellulose, povidone2024-11-29 10:47:42
SECURE Cleansing Tablets -- 32 TabletsSECUREBeauty & Personal CarePVP, trisodium phosphate, potassium monopersulphate, Sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate, sulfamic acid2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitabath Men Pomade - Lime & Cedarleaf -- 2 ozVitabathBeauty & Personal Carebutylene glycol, benzoic acid, cetyl alcohol, dehydroacetic acid, behenyl alcohol, ethylhexylglycerin, PVP, stearyl alcohol, triethanolamine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zimba Teeth Whitening Pen -- 2 mLZimbaBeauty & Personal Carecarbomer, glycerol, menthol, PVP, propylene glycol2024-11-29 10:47:42

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
pyrrolidin-2-onesA pyrrolidinone in which the oxo group is at position 2 of the pyrrolidine ring.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (13)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency2.43370.006038.004119,952.5996AID1159521
GLI family zinc finger 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.33960.000714.592883.7951AID1259369
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)Homo sapiens (human)Potency5.70070.000657.913322,387.1992AID1259394
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency27.77230.003041.611522,387.1992AID1159552; AID1159555
retinoid X nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency23.20680.000817.505159.3239AID1159527; AID1159531
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency30.26440.001530.607315,848.9004AID1224841
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency76.95880.005428.02631,258.9301AID1346982
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.38900.000229.305416,493.5996AID743075
aryl hydrocarbon receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency76.02060.000723.06741,258.9301AID743085
activating transcription factor 6Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.97700.143427.612159.8106AID1159516
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency26.97310.000323.4451159.6830AID743065
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency37.68580.031622.3146100.0000AID588579
Cellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.15170.002319.595674.0614AID651631
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (124)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ER overload responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
somitogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation involved in immune responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
B cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-excision repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
autophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrestCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transductionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
gastrulationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein localizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA replicationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespanCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
rRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substanceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-rayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
viral processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signalingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomeraseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tissue remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UVCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeabilityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiodCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial DNA repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibioticCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
circadian behaviorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
bone marrow developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic organ developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of helicase activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome organizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic stem cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
type II interferon-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac septum morphogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell deathCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
necroptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-CCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to actinomycin DCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative stress-induced premature senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA processingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shuntCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (34)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
TFIID-class transcription factor complex bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protease bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
p53 bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase regulator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (19)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
nuclear bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replication forkCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
centrosomeCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
PML bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand breakCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
germ cell nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Research

Studies (7,046)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19903017 (42.82)18.7374
1990's651 (9.24)18.2507
2000's1015 (14.41)29.6817
2010's1848 (26.23)24.3611
2020's515 (7.31)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 46.99

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index46.99 (24.57)
Research Supply Index8.96 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.69 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index77.68 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (46.99)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials228 (3.03%)5.53%
Reviews125 (1.66%)6.00%
Case Studies188 (2.50%)4.05%
Observational2 (0.03%)0.25%
Other6,990 (92.79%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.6930amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		2.48204-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		4.66270ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.9840monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		2.6530aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		1.9610acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		3.95130ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		4.38806-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adipic acid
adipic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.		2.110alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		food acidity regulator;
human xenobiotic metabolite
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		4.790azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		1.9610acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzene
[no description available]		5.5651aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.3720benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.3820benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		2.7630amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		3.1250halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		2.730alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
carbamates
[no description available]		5.79122amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		2.6830carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.420monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
carnitine
[no description available]		1.9710amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		2.2110catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		4.64240alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
levoplast
Levoplast: mixture of acetamide, 2,2-dichloro-N-(2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl)-, (R-(R*,R*))-, castor oil, celluloidin, collodion & tannins		2.0210C-nitro compound
choline
[no description available]		3.4680cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		5.47580tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		4.26190halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		3.2360chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.420coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		3.690monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.7830trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
octanoic acid
octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.		2.2110medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		1.9410gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol
4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.		2.5820aminophenolallergen;
metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		2.7830(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
2-aminoadipic acid
2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.		1.9710amino dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.		2.93402-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		2.7130amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		3.0550glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
cytosine
[no description available]		1.9410aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.672702-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethylamine
[no description available]		2.610methylamines;
secondary aliphatic amine		metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		7.69870sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
ethanolamine
[no description available]		1.9610ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		5.66150aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide
formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.		2.1510carboximidic acid;
formamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		solvent
glutaric acid
glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.		2.110alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		3.5890alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		8.18900alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom		2.610hydracid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
poison
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		4.84110carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		5.48220aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		7.52920elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		1.9810benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
imidazole
imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.		2.0810imidazole
indoleacetic acid
indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.		2.0710indole-3-acetic acids;
monocarboxylic acid		auxin;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		14.415715diatomic iodinenutrient
itaconic acid
itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		3.1750dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid;
olefinic compound		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		2.1110hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
pipecolic acid
pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.		1.9710piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		2.4920dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		4.47220alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		2.9140inositol phosphate
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		3.0650cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		3.2350acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		6.46131metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		3.3970pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		3.2260pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		340monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitroxyl
nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.		4.811nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.730monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
n,n-dimethylaniline
N,N-dimethylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dimethylaniline : A methylaniline carrying at least two methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylaniline : A tertiary amine that is aniline in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.0410dimethylaniline;
tertiary amine
oxaloacetic acid
Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.		2.1110C4-dicarboxylic acid;
oxo dicarboxylic acid		geroprotector;
metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.5320alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		1.9310aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		3.04404-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid
triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4110acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid
parathion
[no description available]		1.9310C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		3.3870phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid
phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.		2.2110benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenylacetic acids		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
auxin;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
toxin
phosphoenolpyruvate
Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.		1.9410carboxyalkyl phosphate;
monocarboxylic acid		fundamental metabolite
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		3.1510phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phthalic acid
phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.		210benzenedicarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
porphobilinogen
[no description available]		2.110aralkylamino compound;
dicarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		3.92120glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		6.21133propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		2.4720saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
putrescine
[no description available]		1.9510alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		2.1110monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		2.0210azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal
[no description available]		1.9510hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol
benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.		1.9810benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		plant metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		2.91402-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		3.260divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		2.0710N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		2.6630divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
spermine
[no description available]		2.3520polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		5.7551alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		2.830sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		2.5120sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
taurine
[no description available]		4.9891amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		3.1450primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		1.9410pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		5.3941methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		2.0210pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		7.0491uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		8.35332isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		2.5120benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		2.0310xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanilmandelic acid
Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.		2.25102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
phenols		human metabolite
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		2.0510p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
mandelic acid
SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer		1.93102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
benzenes		antibacterial agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		1.9510aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		2.6920bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		2.7230chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		2.8840dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		3.68100alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		2.3520ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
phenytoin
[no description available]		6.11150imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		3.3211indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		1.9610monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		6.56600acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		2.6530monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea
beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.		1.9410
albendazole
[no description available]		6.7592aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		3.1550phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		5.21121acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		3.4520dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		2.3520N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
ampyrone
Ampyrone: A metabolite of AMINOPYRINE with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols. Ampyrone stimulates LIVER MICROSOMES and is also used to measure extracellular water.		2.1110primary amino compound;
pyrazolone		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
theophylline
[no description available]		4.8320dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		1.96101-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		2.7130carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		2.1710dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		2.940pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.4110acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		5.37190benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.2510benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.5520ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
baclofen
[no description available]		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		2.0510benzamides
benzethonium
Benzethonium: Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade.		2.420alkylbenzene
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		3.0350ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.6630benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
berberine
[no description available]		2.7230alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
diminazene
Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.		1.9310carboxamidine;
triazene derivative		antiparasitic agent;
trypanocidal drug
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		3.250(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.0510biphenyls;
imidazoles
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		2.1510secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
caffeine
[no description available]		4.48230purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		2.4720aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
metrizoate
Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.		3.0750monocarboxylic acidradioopaque medium
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
candesartan cilexetil
candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects		2.1710biphenyls
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		4.67260dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbazochrome
carbazochrome: a hemostatic which increases capillary resistance & activates platelet factors, Note: Adona is a multimeaning tradename		1.9910
carmofur
[no description available]		2.4920organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
carvedilol
[no description available]		3.6280carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.		1.9910hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
ionophore
cefuroxime
Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.		2.4720carbamate ester;
cephalosporin
celecoxib
[no description available]		5.03360organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		2.0610ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion
Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.		4.29180quaternary ammonium ion
cetyl alcohol
cetyl alcohol: has been used for eczema, skin irritations; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexadecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of sixteen carbon atoms.. hexadecan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexadecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.4520hexadecanol;
long-chain primary fatty alcohol		algal metabolite;
flavouring agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
cetylpyridinium
Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.		3.7730pyridinium ion
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		1.9310aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		6.3671aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		3.7620monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		3.1250monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		3.0450organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		2.940monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.05101,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cilostazol
[no description available]		2.5120lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		3.0850aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol
[no description available]		2.0610
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		5.35121aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cirazoline
cirazoline: posseses agonist properties at alpha-adrenoreceptor sites; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810aromatic ether
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.4420monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		1.9610aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clotrimazole
[no description available]		2.7830conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclopentolate
Cyclopentolate: A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia.. cyclopentolate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (1-hydroxycyclopentyl)(phenyl)acetic acid with N,N-dimethylethanolamine. A tertiary amine antimuscarinic with actions similar to atropine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt to produce mydriasis (excessive dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye) for opthalmic diagnostic procedures. It acts more quickly than atropine and has a shorter duration of action.		2.3620carboxylic ester;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		diagnostic agent;
muscarinic antagonist;
mydriatic agent;
parasympatholytic
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		1.9410piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate
dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate: structure		2.1310diester;
methyl ester
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		1.9710indolesfluorochrome
decanoic acid
decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		2.5520medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		210acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
dequalinium
Dequalinium: A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.. dequalinium : A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.		1.9910quinolinium ionantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiseptic drug;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
nonivamide
nonivamide: has effect on sensory neurons. nonivamide : A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.		2.0710capsaicinoid;
phenols		lachrymator
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		1.9710primary amine
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		2.69301,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		210benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibucaine
Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.		2.3820aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		topical anaesthetic
dibutyl phthalate
Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.		2.0210diester;
phthalate ester		EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		6.41212amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		1.9410benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		2.110pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		2.0110monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		1.9310dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		3.0750ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
benzophenone
benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.		2.0210benzophenonesphotosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		4.83100piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disulfiram
[no description available]		2.9440organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		2.9340branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		2.4920benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		2.7730oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		1.9710dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		2.5320trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endosulfan
Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.		2.0410cyclic sulfite ester;
cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		210ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		4.45230
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		2.6530aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ethenzamide
ethenzamide: structure		2.0810organic molecular entity
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		2.6830ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
ethylenediamine
ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.		2.4920alkane-alpha,omega-diamineGABA agonist
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		3.44701,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		5.67280dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenbendazole
Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.		2.1710aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug
fenbufen
fenbufen: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.05104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
biphenyls		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		3.6580aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.0410resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.4420anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		2.0510piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.7830conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		3.4270aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		4.31180nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		4.6761fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		2.7430(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
furazolidone
Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.		1.9410nitrofuran antibiotic;
oxazolidines		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		3.71100chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		2.0310gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		7.03172
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		3.250N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		2.7830sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.7530aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		4.98120dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		3.4670monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate
glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).		2.5320glycine derivative;
phosphonic acid		agrochemical;
EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
herbicide
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		3.5990
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.5180methoxybenzenes
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		2.3720carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		3.560aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		5.41151bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
hexamethonium
Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.		2.6230quaternary ammonium salt
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		1.9610organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		4.0331barbiturates
hexylresorcinol
[no description available]		1.9410resorcinols
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		2.6830phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.8740benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		2.3620benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
p-hydroxyamphetamine
p-Hydroxyamphetamine: Amphetamine metabolite with sympathomimetic effects. It is sometimes called alpha-methyltyramine, which may also refer to the meta isomer, gepefrine.		1.9610amphetamines
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		2.3110aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		1.9610one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hypericin
[no description available]		4.8471
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		7.23502monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		3.2760benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		2.0410dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		4.0640indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		6.99910aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		3.2760organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		4140benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopanoic acid
Iopanoic Acid: Radiopaque medium used as diagnostic aid.		2.0610monocarboxylic acid
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.1110dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		4.5830organic molecular entity
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		2.4920azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		1.97103-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		2.420organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		3.0850carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		4.9681secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
propyphenazone
propyphenazone: structure. propyphenazone : A pyrazolone derivative that is antipyrine substituted at C-4 by an isopropyl group.		1.9610pyrazolonenon-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		4.4470catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		2.0810benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		1.9410aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		3.79100dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		4.48210benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		2.4520amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		1.9510furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
kinetin
Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.		2.47206-aminopurines;
furans		cytokinin;
geroprotector
lamotrigine
[no description available]		2.04101,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		2.1510benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.1710benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lauric acid
dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.		2.0610medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
letrozole
[no description available]		2.3110nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		2.0310fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.0210monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		2.8230benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		2.0610benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		2.0510biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		210dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
mafenide
Mafenide: A sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme CARBONIC ANHYDRASE and is used as a topical anti-bacterial agent, especially in burn therapy.		3.7630aromatic amine
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		3.3260aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mebeverine
mebeverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4620methoxybenzoic acid
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		2.110nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclofenoxate
Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.		2.3520monocarboxylic acid
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.520aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.03101,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		1.9410ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		1.9910piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
merbromin
Merbromin: A once-popular mercury containing topical antiseptic.. merbromin : An organic sodium salt that is 2,7-dibromo-4-hydroxymercurifluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		1.9510
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		2.4520amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mescaline
Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.		1.9310methoxybenzenes;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
primary amino compound		hallucinogen
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		1.9410aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		7.39121guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methacrylic acid
methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.		3.6890alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		2.730benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methenamine
Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.		4.2611polyazaalkane;
polycyclic cage;
tetramine		antibacterial drug
nocodazole
[no description available]		1.9910aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		2.3110benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		2.0510benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		2.1510organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		3.0340aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		7.47217C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		3.4520aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.1310dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		2.610dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		2.610benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		2.5920monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		2.0310methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
naftopidil
[no description available]		2.2110piperazines
activins
Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.		2.4120
niclosamide
Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.		3.7721benzamides;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
salicylanilides;
secondary carboxamide		anthelminthic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
molluscicide;
piscicide;
STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		5.04390C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0210aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nilvadipine
[no description available]		2.7130dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester;
nitrile
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		3.1550aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		3.48702-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.5220C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		2.9640C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		3.260nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		2.4220fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
octopamine
Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.		1.9410phenylethanolamines;
tyramines		neurotransmitter
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		5.29313-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		2.4110carbazoles
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		1.95101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		3.4211amino acid amide
benoxinate
benoxinate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. oxybuprocaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.		2.3620amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
topical anaesthetic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		4.14140acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		3.0450aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		1.9610benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.3420barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		5.5492oxopurine
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		2.4820N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		3.150acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenindione
Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)		2.6630aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone		anticoagulant
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		3.98140barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		1.9510aromatic amine
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		3.7330pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		2.0110pyridines
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		2.6620aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
piperazine
[no description available]		2.610azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		4.86110inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
potassium iodide
Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.		4.8681potassium saltexpectorant;
radical scavenger
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.2510pyridochromene
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		3.3460isoquinolines
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		1.9510amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		3.6690dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		8.1303benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		2.3920phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
proxymetacaine
proxymetacaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.6630benzoate ester
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.9340phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		3.74100naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
propyl gallate
Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.		2.0710trihydroxybenzoic acid
protoporphyrin ix
protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.		2.0610
pyridinolcarbamate
Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)		1.9610pyridines
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		5.4331aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
opc 12759
rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase		2.1510secondary carboxamide
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		2.610benzothiazoles
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		2.11101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.7330butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		2.73301,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		1.9410barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		4.8681pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		5.7361fluoride saltmutagen
sodium iodide
Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.		2.7230inorganic sodium salt;
iodide salt
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		2.1310pyridines
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		4.92340long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		1.9410quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulfacetamide
Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.		2.3520N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
substituted aniline		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.110pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.4680pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		1.9510sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		1.9610isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		2.3420substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		1.9510
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.22601,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.8740isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		3.04102-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		2.1310benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		3.0440sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.8840naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		210benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		4.811imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.4220diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		2.8740benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		2.0110quaternary ammonium ion
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		2.3110phthalimides;
piperidones
2,4-thiazolidinedione
thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.		2.610thiazolidenedione
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		1.9810aziridines
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		1.9510N-acyl-amino acid
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		2.940N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		2.0110aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		2.1510amino acid
trapidil
Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.		2.0310triazolopyrimidines
triacetin
Triacetin: A triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent.. triacetin : A triglyceride obtained by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol. It has fungistatic properties (based on release of acetic acid) and has been used in the topical treatment of minor dermatophyte infections.		210triglycerideadjuvant;
antifungal drug;
food additive carrier;
food emulsifier;
food humectant;
fuel additive;
plant metabolite;
solvent
triclosan
[no description available]		5.1731aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		4.6821aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tripelennamine
Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.		1.9510aromatic amine
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		2.7330chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tropicamide
Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.		2.3620acetamides
tyramine
[no description available]		210monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
urethane
[no description available]		1.9410carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
vesamicol
vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9910piperidines
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.1310carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.4620nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zomepirac
zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0110aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		cardiovascular drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		2.1110monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.3920cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		2.730mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		4.7510011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		4.2218011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		2.8640alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		4.9533beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		5.82300glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thymidine
[no description available]		4.2180pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triethylenemelamine
Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.		1.96101,3,5-triazinesalkylating agent;
insect sterilant
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		2.87404-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		4.42202-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		1.94101-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		3.09503-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aldosterone
[no description available]		2.352011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		3.236011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		2.011017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
paramethasone
Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)		2.3620fluorinated steroid
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		3.041017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
adrenochrome
Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.		1.9910indoles
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		2.8540penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
idoxuridine
[no description available]		2.3520organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
metaraminol
Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.		1.9510phenylethanolaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		5.62102pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.3720organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		3.751102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		5.69112guanidines
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.8940chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.940alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.2110L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		3.91130C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.3920aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		5.1731amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		5.25121aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		3.3570pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
chlorobutanol
[no description available]		4.6690tertiary alcohol
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		2.4620carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		8.711340glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.773017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		1.9410bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		1.9510ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		2.8640pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
puromycin aminonucleoside
3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.		2.36203'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		3.3570adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.8740azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
uridine
[no description available]		2.8640uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		2.6730kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		210pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		2.940D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.7930monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.3620phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		2.6320amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		6.23351ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		2.6930benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		6.5891amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		2.2510amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		3.9620amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		1.9510adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		2.6530penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		3.460organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		3.93130amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aniline
[no description available]		2.0110anilines;
primary arylamine
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		2.610nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		2.412017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		7.131100lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.3570aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		2.7130
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		4.3160amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		1.961020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		3.3470alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		2.3820antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
thiamine hydrochloride
thiamine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining thiamine chloride with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.2510hydrochloride;
vitamin B1		insect repellent
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		3.0750diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
barbituric acid
barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.		3.0350barbituratesallergen;
xenobiotic
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		3.3770chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide
Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.		2.031011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
sodium citrate, anhydrous
Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.		3.1950organic sodium saltanticoagulant;
flavouring agent
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		3.4980formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		4.8681beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		7.17690mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		1.9910beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.		2.1110nitrobenzoic acid;
organic disulfide		indicator
dinitrofluorobenzene
Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		1.9610C-nitro compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
allergen;
chromatographic reagent;
EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor;
protein-sequencing agent;
spectrophotometric reagent
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		3.4170amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		21020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		2.7330L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0210amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methaqualone
Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.		1.9510quinazolinesGABA agonist;
sedative
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		4.3260erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		1.9510aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		3.3870arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
acetylene
[no description available]		3.4820alkyne;
gas molecular entity;
terminal acetylenic compound
boranes
Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.		2.0810boranes;
mononuclear parent hydride
propane
Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.		2.2510alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.7330aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		3.5580chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
ethylene oxide
Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.		3.1640gas molecular entity;
oxacycle;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		allergen;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
propylene oxide
propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.5820epoxide
tetramethylammonium
tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.		2.4120quaternary ammonium ion
tert-butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		2.0310tertiary alcoholhuman xenobiotic metabolite
methanesulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.5120alkanesulfonic acid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite
dichlorodimethylsilane
[no description available]		1.9910
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.3520monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		5.013111beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		6.8681benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
divinyl sulfone
divinyl sulfone: cross-linking reagent for agarose gels. divinyl sulfone : A sulfone compound having two S-vinyl substituents.		2.1710sulfonecross-linking reagent
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		4.3160primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
2-acetyltributylcitrate
[no description available]		2.1110organooxygen compound
ethyl citrate
ethyl citrate: structure		2.4720carbonyl compound
tetraethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.4820
linalool
linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.		2.0110monoterpenoid;
tertiary alcohol		antimicrobial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
isopentane
[no description available]		2.0710alkanerefrigerant
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		4.1750alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		2.3920chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
acrylamide
[no description available]		8.5380acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		9.09462alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
methacrylamide
[no description available]		2.0410acrylamides;
primary carboxamide
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		2.8840pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		4.1540bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
methylmethacrylate
Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.		3.6390enoate ester;
methyl ester		allergen;
polymerisation monomer
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		1.991012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		2.7730amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
rhodamine b
rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.		5.8861organic chloride salt;
xanthene dye		fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
quinophthalone
quinophthalone: found in hair preparations; causes contact dermatitis. quinoline yellow : A quinoline derivative with a 1,3-dioxoindan-2-yl substituent at C-2.		2.1110aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone;
quinolines		dye
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		2.87406-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		3.0750organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone
dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone: request from searcher		2.0410
acetrizoic acid
Acetrizoic Acid: An iodinated radiographic contrast medium used as acetrizoate sodium in HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY.		3.3311aminobenzoic acid
phthalic anhydride
phthalic anhydride : The cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the anhydride of phthalic acid.		3.13102-benzofurans;
cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride		allergen
propoxycaine
Propoxycaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a rapid onset of action and a longer duration of action than procaine hydrochloride. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1017)		2.6630benzoate ester
carbazole
carbazole: structure in first source		2.0610carbazole
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		4.1631glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
xylitol
xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.		2.830
picric acid
picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.2110C-nitro compoundantiseptic drug;
explosive;
fixative
thymol
Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.		2.0110monoterpenoid;
phenols		volatile oil component
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0510phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		4.5251mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
3,3'-diaminobenzidine
3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.		2.3520biphenyls;
substituted aniline		histological dye
tolonium chloride
Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.		1.9610
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.730xanthene
veratric acid
veratric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3.		2.2510benzoic acidsallergen;
plant metabolite
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		3.0550benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
dilactide
dilactide: structure given in first source		2.0710dioxanes
1,3-dimethylurea
N,N'-dimethylurea : A member of the class of ureas that is urea substituted by methyl groups at positions 1 and 3.		2.1110ureas
methyl acrylate
[no description available]		2.0510enoate ester
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.6930butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
butyl methacrylate
[no description available]		2.4520enoate ester
ethylene dimethacrylate
ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.		3.470enoate esterallergen;
cross-linking reagent;
polymerisation monomer
furaldehyde
Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.		2.5720aldehyde;
furans		Maillard reaction product;
metabolite
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		3.18105-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
benzoyl chloride
benzoyl chloride: potential carcinogens in manufacturing process. benzoyl chloride : An acyl chloride consisting of benzene in which a hydrogen is replaced by an acyl chloride group. It is an important chemical intermediate for the manufacture of other chemicals, dyes, perfumes, herbicides and pharmaceuticals.		2.0510acyl chloride;
benzenes		carcinogenic agent
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		4.71280trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sym-trinitrobenzene
Trinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene : A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.		2.6630trinitrobenzeneexplosive
gamma-terpinene
gamma-terpinene: RN given refers to gamma-terpinene; structure. gamma-terpinene : One of three isomeric monoterpenes differing in the positions of their two double bonds (alpha- and beta-terpinene being the others). In gamma-terpinene the double bonds are at the 1- and 4-positions of the p-menthane skeleton.		2.0110cyclohexadiene;
monoterpene		antioxidant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
4-cymene
4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.		2.0110monoterpene;
toluenes		human urinary metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
dimethyl-4-toluidine
[no description available]		2.1110
2-diethylaminoethanol
2-diethylaminoethanol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. 2-diethylaminoethanol : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is aminoethanol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by ethyl groups.		2.0710ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
ethylbenzene
[no description available]		4.811alkylbenzene
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		2.4620styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
4-cyanopyridine
4-cyanopyridine: spectroscopic probe for cytochrome P450 BM3		2.0810
phenylhydrazine
[no description available]		1.9710phenylhydrazinesxenobiotic
triclocarban
triclocarban: bacteriostat; antiseptic in soaps & other cleansing solns; germicide; structure. triclocarban : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively.		2.4820dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas		antimicrobial agent;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		2.0810pyridinium salt
triethanolamine
triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		2.4420amino alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
triol		buffer;
surfactant
nonoxynol
Nonoxynol: Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.		3.3870
caprolactam
Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		4.8471caprolactamshuman blood serum metabolite
epichlorohydrin
Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.		2.2510epoxide;
organochlorine compound
glycidyl methacrylate
glycidyl methacrylate: RN given refers to monomer. glycidyl methacrylate : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methacrylic acid with the hydroxy group of glycidol.		3.3360enoate ester;
epoxide
1,3-butadiene
buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.		2.1710butadienecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
acrolein
[no description available]		2.6830enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
acrylonitrile
[no description available]		4.2750aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
carcinogenic agent;
fungal metabolite;
mutagen;
polar aprotic solvent
allyl alcohol
allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.		1.9810primary allylic alcohol;
propenol		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
herbicide;
insecticide;
plant metabolite
sarin
Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.		2.5220fluorine molecular entity;
phosphinic ester
hydroxycitronellal
hydroxycitronellal : The tertiary alcohol arising from addition of water across the C=C double bond of citronellal.		1.9710tertiary alcoholallergen;
fragrance
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		2.730alkane
1,3-butylene glycol
1,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-1,3-diol : A butanediol compound having two hydroxy groups in the 1- and 3-positions.		210butanediol;
glycol
vinyl acetate
[no description available]		4.75270acetate ester
succinic anhydride
[no description available]		2.0210cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
tetrahydrofurandione
maleic anhydride
Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.		4.5880cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
furans		allergen
melamine
melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.		2.110triamino-1,3,5-triazinexenobiotic metabolite
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		2.0610cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
dibutyl sebacate
dibutyl sebacate: used in retail packaging of foods		2.4420fatty acid ester
pentane
Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.		2.7730alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
vinyl ether
vinyl ether: major descriptor (65-85); on-line search VINYL COMPOUNDS (66-85); Index Medicus search VINYL ETHER (65-85)		2.3520ether
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		3.5780pyrrole;
secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran
oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.		2.0510cyclic ether;
oxolanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		2.0810mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
n,n,n',n'-tetramethylethylenediamine
N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine : An ethylenediamine derivative in which each nitrogen carries two methyl substituents. It is widely employed both as a ligand for metal ions and as a catalyst in organic polymerisation.		1.9810ethylenediamine derivativecatalyst;
chelator
n,n'-methylenebisacrylamide
[no description available]		3.2860
isopropyl myristate
isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure		2.0510fatty acid ester
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		2.0510alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
succinonitrile
succinonitrile: structure		2.0610
cyclohexane
Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.		2.3620cycloalkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
piperidine
[no description available]		2.0410azacycloalkane;
piperidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
secondary amine		base;
catalyst;
human metabolite;
non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
protic solvent;
reagent
morpholine
[no description available]		1.9610morpholines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		NMR chemical shift reference compound
1-hexanol
1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.4320hexanol;
primary alcohol		alarm pheromone;
antibacterial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite
diethanolamine
diethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethanolamine : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethanolamine having a N-hydroxyethyl substituent.		2.420ethanolamineshuman xenobiotic metabolite
diethylene glycol
glycol ether : A hydroxyether which contains both an ether and alcohol functional groups. It is one of the most versatile classes of organic solvents which are commonly used in paints, cleaners, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.		2.110hydroxyether
octadecyltrichlorosilane
[no description available]		2.2110
dodecanol
Dodecanol: A saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral odor and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). dodecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twelve carbon atoms.. dodecan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is dodecane in which a hydrogen from one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is registered for use in apple and pear orchards as a Lepidopteran pheromone/sex attractant, used to disrupt the mating behaviour of certain moths whose larvae destroy crops.		2.0510dodecanol;
primary alcohol		bacterial metabolite;
cosmetic;
insect attractant;
insecticide;
pheromone;
plant metabolite
dodecylmercaptan
dodecylmercaptan: used in polymerization of neoprenes; structure		2.0810
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		1.9410peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		3.0410biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
propylene
propylene: structure		1.9910alkene;
gas molecular entity		refrigerant;
xenobiotic
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		2.2110trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		7.94142aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
benzoin
[no description available]		2.0310benzoins;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
anthracene
acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.		2.1110acene;
anthracenes;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		2.2510methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
iodoantipyrine
[no description available]		210
diatrizoate meglumine
Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.		2.8940monocarboxylic acid anionradioopaque medium
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		3.360hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
iodohippuric acid
Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.		1.9410benzamides;
N-acylglycine;
organoiodine compound
indolebutyric acid
indolebutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. indole-3-butyric acid : A indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is butanoic acid carrying a 1H-indol-3-yl substituent at position 1.		2.0710indol-3-yl carboxylic acidauxin;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
nitrilotriacetic acid
Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)		2.0310NTA;
tricarboxylic acid		carcinogenic agent;
nephrotoxic agent
nithiamide
[no description available]		1.9910acetamides;
aromatic amide
ethyl acrylate
[no description available]		2.4420enoate ester
n-butyl acrylate
butyl acrylate : An acrylate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol with the carboxy group of acrylic acid.		2.1110acrylate ester
n-heptane
Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).		2.0510alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite
tetraphenylborate
Tetraphenylborate: An anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays.		2.1110
20-alpha-dihydroprogesterone
20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 20-alpha-reduced metabolite of PROGESTERONE. It is converted from progesterone to 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by the 20-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE in the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA.		1.951020-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-onehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		210dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		3.75100catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate
Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.		2.3420organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		4.8471ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.4820azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		2.6530acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		4.811indazole
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		2.1510adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		3.4170isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2.67301,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		6.982211,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		2.5820diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
nitroblue tetrazolium
Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.		2.420organic cation
calcium gluconate
[no description available]		2.4320calcium saltnutraceutical
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		5.3641phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		5.3531azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		1.9310organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		3.4420mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
tetrapropylammonium
tetrapropylammonium: more than 12 salts of above cpd in Chemline. tetrapropylammonium : A quarternary ammonium cation with four propyl substituents around the central nitrogen.		2.0110quaternary ammonium ion
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		1.9310benzenes;
sulfonamide
perflexane
perfluorohexane : A fluoroalkane that is hexane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		2.0310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
radioopaque medium
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		2.1510benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		2.3820steroid ester
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		1.9610ergoline alkaloid
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		2.884011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
fluorometholone
Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.		1.991011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		2.663017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
4-methylcatechol
[no description available]		2.1110methylcatecholantioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		5.7161imidazolidine-2,4-dione
3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol
[no description available]		1.9810
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		1.93101-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		3.4470calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		2.3820
indirubin
[no description available]		2.0710
cepharanthine
cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.		2.2510bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
osthol
osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source		2.0510botanical anti-fungal agent;
coumarins		metabolite
ninhydrin
Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.		2.4720aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone;
indanones;
ketone hydrate		colour indicator;
human metabolite
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		2.1310benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
indole-3-carbaldehyde
indole-3-carbaldehyde: metabolite of tryptophan; structure. indole-3-carbaldehyde : A heteroarenecarbaldehyde that is indole in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a formyl group.		2.4110heteroarenecarbaldehyde;
indole alkaloid;
indoles		bacterial metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.0110amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
sodium carbonate
sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure		3.1850carbonate salt;
organic sodium salt
isomaltose
[no description available]		2.0210
carvacrol
carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).		2.4520botanical anti-fungal agent;
p-menthane monoterpenoid;
phenols		agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
flavouring agent;
TRPA1 channel agonist;
volatile oil component
dipicolinic acid
dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.4820pyridinedicarboxylic acidbacterial metabolite
caprolactone
hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.7430epsilon-lactone
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		2.5820thiazolidine
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		3.3460hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		2.1510ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
triphenylmethane
triphenylmethane : A triarylmethane in which the three aryl groups are phenyl. It forms the basic skeleton of several synthetic dyes.		2.0510triarylmethaneenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.84303'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		1.9710
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		4.0231organic molecular entity
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		2.7830C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
cellobiose
beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.		210cellobioseepitope
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.		1.9510carbodiimideATP synthase inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
peptide coupling reagent
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.1710dialdehydebiomarker
n-hexadecane
n-hexadecane: structure. hexadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper.		1.9610long-chain alkanenon-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.3720arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		2.7130organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
lucanthone hydrochloride
Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.		2.9740
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.3820organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
resazurin
resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure		2.5420phenoxazine
trimellitic anhydride
trimellitic anhydride: structure. trimellitic anhydride : A 2-benzofuran compound having oxo groups at the 1- and 3-positions and a carboxy substituent at the 5-position; the cyclic anhydride formed from the carboxy groups at the 1- and 2-positions of trimellitic acid.		3.13102-benzofurans;
cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
dioxo monocarboxylic acid		allergen;
epitope;
hapten
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		1.9810
neutral red
Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.		2.730hydrochlorideacid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
4,4'-bipyridyl
4,4'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.		2.0510bipyridine
tristearin
tristearoylglycerol : A triglyceride that is glycerol in which all three hydroxy groups have been formally esterified with stearic acid.		2.2110triacylglycerol 54:0Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzylhydrazine
benzylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.2510
silver acetate
silver acetate: RN refers to acetic acid, silver (1+) salt		2.520
malachite green
malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.		2.1110organic chloride saltantibacterial agent;
antifungal drug;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
teratogenic agent
congo red
Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.		2.6430bis(azo) compound
docusate
Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.		3.0240diester;
organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		2.5820flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
potassium carbonate
potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.		2.0410carbonate salt;
potassium salt		catalyst;
fertilizer;
flame retardant
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.482020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
2-pyrrolidone
2-pyrrolidone: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidin-2-one : The simplest member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones, consisting of pyrrolidine in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. The lactam arising by the formal intramolecular condensation of the amino and carboxy groups of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).		2.9140pyrrolidin-2-onesmetabolite;
polar solvent
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		3.6530acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		2.6930
triphenyltin chloride
triphenyltin chloride: see also triphenyltin acetate, triphenyltin hydroxide. fentin chloride : An organotin compound that is triphenylstannane in which the hydrogen attached to tin is replaced by a chloro group. A fungicide used to control blights on potatoes, leaf spot diseases on sugar beet and anthracnose on beans.		1.9710chlorine molecular entity;
organotin compound		antifungal agrochemical;
immunosuppressive agent
benzydamine
Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.		4.1431aromatic ether;
indazoles;
tertiary amino compound		analgesic;
central nervous system stimulant;
hallucinogen;
local anaesthetic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		3.0650cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
perfluoropentane
perfluoropentane: inert expander of tissue spaces, liquid at room temperature, but gaseous at body temperatures; used in experimental eye surgery; structure. perfluoropentane : A fluorocarbon that is pentane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		2.7230fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon		radioopaque medium;
ultrasound contrast agent
methylnitrosourea
Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.		1.9710N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		5.675117beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
calcium lactate
[no description available]		2.0610
2-hydroxyethyl acrylate
[no description available]		210
hydroxyethyl methacrylate
hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.		4.6250enoate esterallergen;
polymerisation monomer
vinylene carbonate
[no description available]		1.9610
n-methylpyrrolidone
1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one: structure in first source. N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one : A member of the class of pyrrolidine-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group.		3.4470lactam;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		polar aprotic solvent
n-methylolacrylamide
N-methylolacrylamide: bifunctional monomer possessing both vinyl & hydroxymethyl groups; used in adhesives, binders, surface coatings & resins; toxicity equals that of acrylamide		2.0510secondary carboxamide
2-phenylindole
alpha-phenylindole: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1310phenylindole
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		2.3920pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine
[no description available]		1.9410pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyadenosine
2'-deoxyformycin A: RN not in Chemline 9/85; RN and structure given in first source		3.3711purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylestrenol
Ethylestrenol: An anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect.. ethylestrenol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is estrane containing a double bond between positions 4 and 5 and substituted by an ethyl group and a hydroxy group at the 17alpha and 17beta positions, respectively. It is an anabolic steroid that has little androgenic effect and only slight progestational activity. It has been used to promote growth in boys with delayed bone growth.		3.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent
rhodamine 6g
rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl		3.1850
methyltrimethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.110
carmine
Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.		2.7230
calcium peroxide
[no description available]		5.221calcium oxides
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		5.63220
cadmium sulfide
[no description available]		3.6280cadmium molecular entity
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.1250alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide
[no description available]		4.811manganese molecular entity;
metal oxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		9.11301zinc molecular entity
thorium dioxide
Thorium Dioxide: Thorium oxide (ThO2). A radiographic contrast agent that was used in the early 1930s through about 1954. High rates of mortality have been linked to its use and it has been shown to cause liver cancer.		1.9410thorium molecular entity
molybdenum disulfide
[no description available]		2.5520sulfide salt
ferrous sulfide
ferrous sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-S; mackinawite & troilite both have MF Fe-S		2.2110
cupric sulfide
copper(II) sulfide : A copper sulfide in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.		2.5220
monolaurin
monolaurin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified monolaurin locant. 1-monolauroylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride with dodecanoyl (lauroyl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monolauroylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-lauroyl-sn-glycerol and 3-lauroyl-sn-glycerol		2.21101-monoglyceride;
dodecanoate ester;
rac-1-monoacylglycerol
hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.		2.3110hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		NMR chemical shift reference compound
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		2.9540glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		5.39220alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
isonicotinamide
isonicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is the monocarboxylic acid amide derivative of isonicotinic acid.		2.4110pyridinecarboxamide
vincamine
Vincamine: A major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders.		2.4820alkaloid ester;
hemiaminal;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
vinca alkaloid		antihypertensive agent;
metabolite;
vasodilator agent
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		1.9610cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		1.9710tertiary amine
tetrabutylammonium
tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110quaternary ammonium ion
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		3.260benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		1.9610aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		2.0510benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
betamethasone valerate
Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
n-isopropylacrylamide
N-isopropylacrylamide: can polymerize with glycidyl acrylate to form reactive water-soluble polymer that can react with the amino groups of enzymes-proteins or other ligands		3.3360
troclosene
[no description available]		1.9810
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		5.52822-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
dodine
dodine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-dodecylguanidine acetate : An acetate salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of 1-dodecylguanidine and acetic acid. It is used as a fungicide to control black spot and foliar diseases on apples, pears, peaches, nectarines and strawberries.		1.9510acetate salt;
aliphatic nitrogen antifungal agent		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		2.1310pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
nitrohydroxyiodophenylacetate
Nitrohydroxyiodophenylacetate: Also called 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetate. A haptenic determinant that can be radiolabeled and used as salts and derivatives for investigations of immunogenic specificity studies.. (4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenyl)acetic acid : A member of the class of phenylacetic acids that is phenylacetic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted by iodo, hydroxy and nitro groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively.		2.65302-nitrophenols;
organoiodine compound;
phenylacetic acids		antigen
n,n-dimethylacrylamide
[no description available]		2.5420
n-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone
N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone: structure in first source		2.110N-alkylpyrrolidine
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate: reducing agent; structure given in first source		2.5520
squaric acid
[no description available]		2.0810alicyclic ketone;
carbon oxoacid		metabolite
copper(ii) nitrate
copper(II) nitrate : An inorganic nitrate salt having copper(2+) as the couterion.		2.0310inorganic nitrate salt
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		3.83110fluorescein isothiocyanate
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		3.0650D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
trimethylcolchicinic acid
[no description available]		1.9610cyclic ketone
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		3.09501,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
chlorophacinone
chlorophacinone: structure		2.0610beta-triketone;
diarylmethane
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		1.95102-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin
[no description available]		6.64101antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		4.06150carbon oxoanion
acetylthiocholine
Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.		2.1110
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		2.8740penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate
Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.		1.9410
diadenosine tetraphosphate
P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate : A diadenosyl tetraphosphate compound having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.		1.9710diadenosyl tetraphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		4.2611N-acylglycine
limonene
Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.		2.0610cycloalkene;
p-menthadiene		human metabolite
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		1.9810amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
trimethaphan
Trimethaphan: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery.. trimethaphan : A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.		1.9310sulfonium compoundanaesthesia adjuvant;
antihypertensive agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
p-azobenzenearsonate
p-Azobenzenearsonate: A hapten capable of eliciting both antibody formation and delayed hypersensitivity when bound to aromatic amino acids, polypeptides or proteins. It is used as an immunologic research tool.. 4,4'-azodibenzenearsonic acid : The monoazo compound formed from arsanilic acid. It is used as an immunologic research tool.		1.9910
hepes
[no description available]		210HEPES;
organosulfonic acid
iridium
Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.		2.8330cobalt group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
lanthanum
[no description available]		1.9710f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		5.8261elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		5.8471elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		5.8571chromium group element atommicronutrient
neodymium
Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.		2.1710f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
niobium
Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.		440vanadium group element atom
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		3.93120metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		4.39190elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		3.2660manganese group element atom
rhodium
Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.		2.7330cobalt group element atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		2.5220iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		11.032362copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		5.41151manganese group element atom
terbium
Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.		2.4220f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		7.28291titanium group element atom
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		2.930chromium group element atommicronutrient
argon
Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.		2.9940monoatomic argon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom		food packaging gas;
neuroprotective agent
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		2.6830cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		4.8371f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		3.260chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
erbium
Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.		2.4820f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		3.3260f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		2.4620f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		8.28821copper group element atom;
elemental gold
helium
Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.		2.0310monoatomic helium;
noble gas atom;
s-block element atom		food packaging gas
ytterbium
Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.		2.4820f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
yttrium
Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.		3.3160d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		4.5670titanium group element atom
cupric chloride
cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.		2.4720copper molecular entity;
inorganic chloride		EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		1.9510magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		2.3520mercury coordination entitysensitiser
selenium disulfide
[no description available]		1.9710sulfide salt
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		2.0310N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		4.9521D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		2.3720sodium phosphate
sodium nitrate
sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.		2.1110inorganic nitrate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		fertilizer;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
stannic chloride
[no description available]		2.3720
cesium chloride
cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.		1.9710inorganic caesium salt;
inorganic chloride		phase-transfer catalyst;
vasoconstrictor agent
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		2.3720chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
nickel chloride
nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.		2.0610nickel coordination entitycalcium channel blocker;
hapten
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		2.4420iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		2.3920diatomic bromine
potassium persulfate
[no description available]		2.3110
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		1.9310barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		6.8641metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		2.110inorganic sodium salt
sodium sulfite
[no description available]		2.0710inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		food preservative;
reducing agent
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite		2.7430calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05		2.0110calcium phosphatefertilizer
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		7.63261calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride
ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410iron coordination entity
chromates
Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.		1.9410chromium oxoanion;
divalent inorganic anion		oxidising agent
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		2.0110metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		4.9320inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.3520inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
calcium sulfate
Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.		2.3720calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt
zinc nitrate
[no description available]		2.110
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		3.4520dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		3.1350diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		5.9881diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
silver chloride
[no description available]		2.830inorganic chloride;
silver salt
silver perchlorate
[no description available]		2.0210
silver iodide
silver iodide: RN given refers to silver iodide [1:1]		2.0610
nickel sulfate
nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.		1.9610metal sulfateallergen
deuterium oxide
Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.		2.1510deuterated compound;
water		NMR solvent
glycerol 1-stearate
glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.		2.45201-acylglycerol 18:0;
rac-1-monoacylglycerol		algal metabolite;
Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		2.6530
poloxalene
Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).		2.420epoxide
hexamethyldisiloxane
dimethicone: a linear silicone; an ingredient of SIMETHICONE; lotion of dimeticone in a volatile silicone base has been used to treat LICE		2.1310organosiloxane
hexadimethrine bromide
Hexadimethrine Bromide: A synthetic polymer which agglutinates red blood cells. It is used as a heparin antagonist.		3.4620
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		2.5320elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		2.0210cadmium coordination entity
calcium nitrate
calcium nitrate: an amylopsin activator. calcium nitrate : Inorganic nitrate salt of calcium.		2.1110calcium salt;
inorganic nitrate salt		fertilizer
cobaltous nitrate
cobaltous nitrate: RN given refers to Co(+2) salt. cobalt dinitrate : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is nitrate.		2.110cobalt salt;
inorganic nitrate salt
chlormerodrin
Chlormerodrin: A mercurial compound that has been used as a diuretic but is now superseded by more potent and less toxic drugs. The radiolabeled form has been used as a diagnostic and research tool.. chlormerodrin : Urea in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 3-chloromercury-2-methoxyprop-1-yl group. It was formerly used as a diuretic, but more potent and less toxic drugs are now available. Its radiolabelled ((197)Hg, (203)Hg) forms were used in diagnostic aids in renal imaging and brain scans.		2.3420organomercury compound;
ureas		diagnostic agent;
diuretic
magnesium nitrate
magnesium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of magnesium.		2.1110inorganic nitrate salt;
magnesium salt		fertilizer
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		2.3420
rhamnose
[no description available]		1.9410L-rhamnose
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		3.0650ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
ammonium sulfide
[no description available]		2.0210
tricalcium silicate
tricalcium silicate: might be used as injectable bioactive cement		2.1510
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		7.07231titanium oxidesfood colouring
mopidamol
Mopidamol: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor which inhibits platelet aggregation. Formerly used as an antineoplastic.		1.9710dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		3.06506-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.1310monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pizotyline
Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.		210benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		3.8521glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		3.0850acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.5220C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
gold tetrachloride, acid
gold tetrachloride, acid: used in root canal therapy; RN given refers to (SP-4-1)		2.0510
fluorides
[no description available]		4.250halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		3.36017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
dioxidine
dioxidine: Russian drug; structure		2.4420
stannic oxide
tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.		2.7830tin oxide
chromium
chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen		2.0810chromium cation;
monoatomic hexacation
taurolidine
[no description available]		4.6361thiadiazinane
iodine
[no description available]		4.3200halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		2.4220aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
ethonium
Ethonium: Russian drug; RN given refers to dichloride		1.9610
cetalkonium chloride
cetalkonium chloride: Note: Bonjela is a multimeaning drug name.		2.110
triethyl phosphite
triethyl phosphite: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9810
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		4.46230benzenes;
phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		1.9310chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
pyrrolidine
[no description available]		2.6230azacycloalkane;
pyrrolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
1,4-dioxane
1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.		2.7830dioxane;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
non-polar solvent
methiodal
methiodal: major descriptor (66-86); on-line search METHANESULFONATES (74-86), ALKYL SULFONATES (73), SULFONIC ACIDS (66-72); INDEX MEDICUS search METHIODAL (66-86)		1.9410organosulfonic acid
dimethylacetamide
hallucinogen : Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.. N,N-dimethylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.		1.9610acetamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		1.941011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.4220bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rafoxanide
Rafoxanide: Veterinary anthelmintic for grazing animals; used to treat fluke, hookworm and other infestations.		2.5920
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		2.7830C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		2.67303',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		2.8940
alkenes
[no description available]		3.150
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		1.9710organic calcium salt
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		4.4870glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.3820beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
torpedo
Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.		1.9910
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		2.9440inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		4.6990pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		2.0610penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		2.4820timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		2.13102-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		2.1710azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
flubendazole
flubendazole: the p-fluoro analog of mebendazole. flubendazole : A member of the class of mebendazole in which the benzoyl group is replaced by a p-fluorobenzoyl group. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.		2.7730aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound		antinematodal drug;
teratogenic agent
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		4.2741amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		4.9681taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		3.1550beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		1.9710peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
halofantrine
halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria		2.0310phenanthrenes
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		2.2510alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		2.3620beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
n-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide
Duxon: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.0610
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.0610L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.2510aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		4.92815-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		1.9810alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine
T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor		2.6920
kathon cg
Kathon 886: industrial biocide & cosmetic preservative formulation; contains methylcholoro-isothiazolinone and methylcholoroisothiazolinone		1.9710
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		2.1510aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		2.0810aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		210organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
laurocapram
laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source		2.0410
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		2.0210conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefotiam
Cefotiam: One of the CEPHALOSPORINS that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotiam : A cephalosporin with ({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl and (2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. A third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, it is active against a broad spectrum of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.		3.3611beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
domiodol
domiodol: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified stereochemistry		2.2510dioxolane
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		2.9540alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		2.3820acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.110cephalosporinantibacterial drug
octenidine
[no description available]		2.4520dihydropyridine
flurofamide
flurofamide: structure given in first source		1.9910carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		2.0310delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		3.4670delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.1710dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		2.9640hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		4.57230aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		4.811naphthoic acid
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		2.05103-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.7930imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
mk 458
MK 458: a sustained release formulation of a naphthoxazine compoud with selective D-2 dopamine receptor agonism. naxagolide hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of naxagolide.		3.2560hydrochlorideanticonvulsant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.2510fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		2.3110methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		2.830aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
atorvastatin
[no description available]		3.2350aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		2.0410monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		2.520biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		2.21101,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		2.0610oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0591
MK 0591: structure given in first source; MK 0591 was previously L-686,708; inhibits leukotriene biosynthesis by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase activating protein		210
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		2.110carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		4.9121adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
gadolinium chloride
gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone		210gadolinium coordination entityTRP channel blocker
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		2.7230trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
acridine orange
Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.		3.0850aminoacridines;
aromatic amine;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
benzylaminopurine
benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.		2.07106-aminopurinescytokinin;
plant metabolite
isothiocyanic acid
[no description available]		2.0210hydracid;
one-carbon compound
ammonium peroxydisulfate
ammonium persulfate : An inorganic ammonium salt in which two of the terminal hydroxy groups of peroxydisulfuric acid are deprotonated and associated with ammonium ions as counter-cations.		2.110
potassium phosphate
potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.		2.0610inorganic phosphate salt;
inorganic potassium salt
caloreen
caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.		1.9610
octyl glucoside
octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.		210beta-D-glucosideplant metabolite
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.9340hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
beclomethasone 17-monopropionate
beclomethasone 17-monopropionate: ester of beclomethasone		2.0410
dioxopromethazine
dioxopromethazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9610
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.3560acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		7.01132D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
ursolic acid
[no description available]		2.610hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		geroprotector;
plant metabolite
meglumine antimoniate
Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.		2.5520
iodonitrotetrazolium
iodonitrotetrazolium chloride : An organic chloride salt having iodonitrotetrazolium as the counterion.. iodonitrotetrazolium : An organic cation that is the cationic component of iodonitrotetrazolium violet.		210organic chloride salthistological dye
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		3.4570organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.0410hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
baicalin
[no description available]		2.4820dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		2.2510acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
diacetylfluorescein
[no description available]		2.3920
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		2.4110flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
thiocholesterol
[no description available]		2.110
chlorin
chlorin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chlorin : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is obtained by formal hydrogenation across the 2,3-double bond of porphyrin.		2.1710
nile red
nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.		2.7930aromatic amine;
cyclic ketone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
metaperiodate
Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.		2.4120iodine oxoacid
lissamine rhodamine b
lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt		2.6320
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		1.9610glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination
fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination: combination drug containing fanasil & pyrimethamine		2.1310
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		2.6630cephalosporinfungal metabolite
iomeglamic acid
iomeglamic acid: structure		1.9610anilide
fotrin
fotrin: ethyleneamine derivative; antineoplastic; Russian drug; structure		1.9810
repaglinide
[no description available]		2.7930piperidines
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		3.1850benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
iridium radioisotopes
Iridium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of iridium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ir atoms with atomic weights 182-190, 192, and 194-198 are radioactive iridium isotopes.		210
divinyl benzene
[no description available]		3.9821styrenes
benzeneboronic acid
[no description available]		2.6920boronic acids
chromotropic acid
chromotropic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. chromotropic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 5.		1.9910naphthalenediols;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		indicator
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		3.71901,2,3-triazole
apaflurane
[no description available]		2.9640
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		1.9410anthocyanidin chloride
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		4.8112-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
pumitepa
pumitepa: structure; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		1.9810
pirlindole
pirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812		1.9610carbazoles
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		3.1850organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
cinitapride
[no description available]		2.1710aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound
artemether
Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0510artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
organic peroxide;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial
4-benzoylbenzoic acid
4-carboxybenzophenone: a photosensitizer agent		2.420
tricaprin
tricaprin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by capric (decanoic) acid.		3.4411decanoate ester;
triglyceride
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		2.110cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
tyloxapol
tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.		1.9610
tocophersolan
tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.95120tocol
bay i 7433
copovithane: structure given in first source		5.4182
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		3.0240conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
aceclofenac
[no description available]		2.9840amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rilopirox
rilopirox: structure given in first source		1.9810
2-carboxythiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
2-carboxythiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: hepatoprotective drug; structure given in first source		2.0810organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
hesperetin
[no description available]		2.05103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
monomethoxyflavanone;
trihydroxyflavanone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
magnolol
[no description available]		2.5220biphenyls
leupeptin
[no description available]		2.3620aldehyde;
tripeptide		bacterial metabolite;
calpain inhibitor;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
trypan red
[no description available]		2.3320
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.5220bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
beta-amyrin
beta-amyrin: alpha-amyrin is also available; a 5 ring triterpene derived from oleanane that differs from alpha-amyrin in having the 29-carbon at the 20 position; RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer. beta-amyrin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane substituted at the 3beta-position by a hydroxy group and containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13. It is one of the most commonly occurring triterpenoids in higher plants.		2.1510pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
plant metabolite
nicosulfuron
nicosulfuron: inhibits ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; Accent is DuPont brand name. nicosulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.		2.1110N-sulfonylurea;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		2.3720carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
ceric oxide
ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.		3.2250cerium molecular entity;
metal oxide
hdta
HDTA: structure given in first source		2.3820
acetylthiocholine iodide
acetylthiocholine iodide: structure in first source		2.1110
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		2.2510hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
2-cresolphthalexon
2-cresolphthalexon: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9510
2-aminoethylmethacrylate
aminoethyl methacrylate: cell-adhesive dextran hydrogel		2.110enoate ester
6-carboxyfluorescein
6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein		2.7230monocarboxylic acid
furfuryl methacrylate
furfuryl methacrylate: a hydrophobic monomer; can be prepared from vegetable residues such as corn husks and sugar cane		1.9810
ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate
ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate: RN given refers to monomer		2.3820
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylamine
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylamine: reagent for making polymers; structure in first source		2.0710
albendazole sulfoxide
albendazole sulfoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.4620sulfoxide
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		2.0210organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		2.4520macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
bromates
Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.		2.1110bromine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
cp094
1,2-diethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one: structure given in first source		210
coenzyme a
[no description available]		2.3520adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphatecoenzyme;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		2.38203-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		9.35412iditolfungal metabolite
3,4-(dichloro)-5-hydroxy-2(5h)-furanone
3,4-(dichloro)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone: structure given in first source		2.1710
cadmium telluride
cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device		2.2510
tris-(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite
tris-(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite: structure given in first source		2.0510alkylbenzene
rac-glycerol 1-monodecanoate
rac-glycerol 1-monodecanoate: a monoglyceride of capric acid. 1-monodecanoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has decanoyl (capryl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monodecanoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-decanoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-decanoyl-sn-glycerol.		2.0110rac-1-monoacylglycerol
norcantharidin
norcantharidin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpds without isomeric designation		2.0710furofuran
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		210
melamine cyanurate
melamine cyanurate: structure given in first source. melamine cyanurate : A crystalline complex formed from a 1:1 mixture of melamine and cyanuric (isocyanuric) acid, held together by an extensive two-dimensional network of hydrogen bonds between the two compounds.		2.0810
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		6.24170D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
ethylenimine quinone
2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.		1.95101,4-benzoquinones;
aziridines		alkylating agent;
mutagen
4-mercaptobenzoate
4-mercaptobenzoate: substrate for 4-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase		2.7830
trimeperidine
Promedol: A narcotic analgesic similar to MEPERIDINE; it exists in four stereoisomers, two of which, the beta (isopromedol) and the gamma (trimeperidine) are active.		2.3720
taurineamide
taurineamide: structure in first source		2.420
octaethylporphyrin
octaethylporphyrin: structure in first source		2.110
n,n'-(1,2-dihydroxyethylene)bisacrylamide
[no description available]		2.0610
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		3.75100cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine
p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.		4.84110aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		metabolite
chlorates
Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.		2.6530chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system		2.1710oligopeptide
eudragit rl
[no description available]		2.4520
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)		2.9430calcium salt;
hydrate
cremophor el
cremophor EL: solvent for Althesin & Propanidid implicated as possible cause of similar adverse effects polyethoxylated castor oil; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also records for cremophor & cremophor A		2.9440
s-nitrosoglutathione
[no description available]		2.7430glutathione derivative;
nitrosothio compound		bronchodilator agent;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
signalling molecule
eudragit rs
Eudragit RS: copolymer of acrylic & methacrylic acid esters & quaternary ammonium groups; used for microcapsules		3.5480
fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether
fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether: structure CF2=C(CF3)OCH2F; a vinyl ether		210organofluorine compound
cyanates
Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).		7.2113
eudragit-e
Eudragit-E: a cationic polymer, used as a embolic material for arteriovenous malformations and as a taste masker		3.4770
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		2.7230proanthocyanidin
phosphites
Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.		2.4120phosphite ion;
trivalent inorganic anion
quinaprilat
quinaprilat: metabolite of quinapril. quinaprilat : A dicarboxylic acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group of quinapril to give the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. The active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) of the prodrug quinapril.		2.1710dicarboxylic acid;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		2.38202-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
tadalafil
[no description available]		2.8220benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
precirol
precirol: octadecanoic acid esters; 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester mixed with 3-hydroxy-2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)propyl octadienoate & 2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)-1,3-propanediol; auxiliary in tableting; alpha glycerol palmitostearate		2.0410
homoorientin
homoorientin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source		4.811flavone C-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
radical scavenger
florfenicol
florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.		2.1310organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent
tanshinone
tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent		2.7830abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
listerine
Listerine: hydroalcohol solution containing thymol, menthol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate & alcohol		4.8721
bw 245c
BW 245C: a selective DP receptor agonist. BW 245C : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,4S)- and (3S,4R)-BW 245C. A hydantoin-based prostglandin analogue.. 7-[3-(3-cyclohexyl-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-4-yl]heptanoic acid : A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is 7-(2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-4-yl)heptanoic acid in which the imidazoline ring as substituted at position 3 by a 3-(3-cyclohexyl-3-hydroxypropyl) group.		1.9610imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol
elacridar
Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source		2.1510
nitroflurbiprofen
nitroflurbiprofen: a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. nitroflurbiprofen : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of flurbiprofen with the free hydroxy group of 4-(nitrooxy)butanol. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent showing inhibitory effects against the cyclooxygenases COX1 and COX2.		2.0310biphenyls;
carboxylic ester;
nitrate ester;
organofluorine compound		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
vasodilator agent
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		2.3820fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.1350isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carboxypolymethylene
carbomer: high molecular polyanionic substance		3.511
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate: structure given in first source		6.01380
emoxypine succinate
emoxypine succinate: has antihypoxic effects		2.1310
fullerene c60
Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.		6.83191fullerenegeroprotector
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		2.2510methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mk 0663
[no description available]		3.4470bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib
[no description available]		2.2110aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n-(n-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine
N-(N-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine: inhibits calcium-activated neutral protease; see also record for E-64; RN given refers to (2-S-(2alpha,3beta)(R*)-isomer)		1.9710leucine derivative
polytrimethylene carbonate
trimethylene carbonate: structure in first source		2.4720
htr composite
HTR composite: biocampatible composite of patented technology combining polymethylmethacrylate & polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate without addition of catalysts, inducers or impurities		2.0210
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.		2.3720dichlorobenzene;
differentiation-inducing factor;
monomethoxybenzene;
resorcinols		eukaryotic metabolite;
signalling molecule
tyrosyl-isoleucyl-glycyl-seryl-arginine
tyrosyl-isoleucyl-glycyl-seryl-arginine: a synthetic laminin pentapeptide		210
glabridin
[no description available]		2.1310hydroxyisoflavansantiplasmodial drug
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		2.5120benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
methotrexate
[no description available]		5.5661dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
kca 098
KCA 098: an inhibitor of bone resorption; has no estrogenic activity; structure given in first source		210
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		2.1110amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
benzoic acid, malic acid, propylene glycol, salicylic acid drug combination
[no description available]		4.0431
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		1.9810amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		2.59201,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
aspartame
[no description available]		2.4420carboxylic acid;
dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide;
methyl ester		apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		3.0550D-xylose
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.3720amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dipfluzine
dipfluzine: structure given in first source		2.0710
4-methyl-4-aza-3-oxopregnane-20-carboxylate
[no description available]		1.9710
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.1631secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		4.39319-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		3.0740azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate
[no description available]		2.0110
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		2.6320aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
azulene sn
azulene SN: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.420
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		4.78290methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.8830oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
yttria
yttria: molecular formula Y2-O3		2.0410
lead titanate zirconate
[no description available]		2.2110
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		3.1850chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
silver phosphate
silver phosphate: for chloride analysis in cystic fibrosis patch test		2.0710
peroxymonosulfate
peroxymonosulfate: oxidizing agent in prevention of tooth discoloration; RN given refers to ion(2-)		2.0110sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
miltirone
miltirone: from Salvis miltiorrhiza Bunge; central benzodiazepine receptor ligand; structure given in first source		2.1110abietane diterpenoid
cryptotanshinone
cryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhiza		2.4920abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols		2.6320
lycorenine
lycorenine: from Lycoris radiata Herb. (Liliaceae); has vasodepressor effect; RN from 9th CI; RN given refers to (7alpha)-isomer		2.1510alkaloid
homolycorine
homolycorine: irritant isolated from daffodils (Narcissus pseudonarcissus L., Amaryllidaceae); structure given in first source		2.1510
allysine
L-allysine : An optically active form of allysine having L-configuration.		1.9710allysine;
amino acid zwitterion;
aminoadipate semialdehyde;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylsulfonioacetate
dimethylthetin: synthetic analog of glycine betaine; structure in first source		2.1110sulfonium betaine
ampelopsin
ampelopsin: hepatoprotective agent; isolated from Hovenia dulcis; RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-dihydromyricetin : An optically active form of dihydromyricetin having (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.0210dihydromyricetin;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
an-69
AN-69: copolymer of acrylonitrile & sodium methallylsulfonate used in hemodialysis		3.1610
decamethoxine
decamethoxine: structure		1.9910quaternary ammonium salt
calcium pyrophosphate
[no description available]		2.0110
tartrazine
Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.		1.9610
diadenosine triphosphate
[no description available]		1.9710diadenosyl triphosphatemouse metabolite
gossypol beta-aminoethyl sodium sulfate
gossypol beta-aminoethyl sodium sulfate: don't confuse with MEGACINS		2.0710
metaperiodate
metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.		2.4120iodine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
perfilcon a
perfilcon A: consists of 26% terpolymer of 2-hydroxymethylmethacrylate, vinylpyrrolidone & other methacrylates; used as hydrogel lenticular implant		2.8740
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.4120biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		5.761amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		2.9240
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		3.770
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		4.811divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
psyllium
Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.		2.3920very long-chain fatty acid
scutellarin
scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.		2.4720glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		2.4720aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
7-aminocoumarin
7-amino coumarin: structure in first source		2.0410
etravirine
[no description available]		2.2510aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
razaxaban
razaxaban: structure in first source		2.0310
lapatinib
[no description available]		2.1110furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		2.5320carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
dapivirine
Dapivirine: effectively prevented human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in cocultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T cells, representing primary targets in sexual transmission		2.0510
dabigatran
Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.		2.1310aromatic amide;
benzimidazoles;
beta-alanine derivative;
carboxamidine;
pyridines		anticoagulant;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
sorafenib
[no description available]		3.1640(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		4.811aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
demecolcine
Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.		1.9610alkaloid;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		2.422012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
erythritol
[no description available]		2.8610butane-1,2,3,4-tetrolantioxidant;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		3.0850bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
cortisone
[no description available]		4.7410011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
gossypol acetic acid
[no description available]		2.6530
cellulose triacetate
cellulose triacetate: for hemodialysis filtration		2.5520
5-hydroxymethylfurfural
5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.		2.5720arenecarbaldehyde;
furans;
primary alcohol		indicator;
Maillard reaction product
sodium sulfide
sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae		2.0710
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.0810
potassium bromide
potassium bromide : A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.7630potassium salt
sodium bromide
sodium bromide: RN given refers to parent cpd. sodium bromide : An inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.		2.0510bromide salt;
inorganic sodium salt
bortezomib
[no description available]		4.811amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		5.231011,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		2.7930
povidone-iodine
Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.		19.67546103
nsc 141537
diacetoxyscirpenol: mycotoxin belonging to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; structure		1.9610trichothecene
leupeptins
Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.		2.3620
tetrachloropalladium
tetrachloropalladium: RN given refers to ion(2-); see also record for palladium chloride RN: 7647-10-1		2.4620
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.1710inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		2.8740
sorbose
sorbopyranose : The pyranose form of sorbose.. L-sorbopyranose : The L-stereoisomer of sorbopyranose.		1.9410L-sorbose;
sorbopyranose
arabinose
[no description available]		1.9410L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
mannose-6-phosphate
beta-D-mannose 6-phosphate : A D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.4320D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		4.4570peptide
bradykinin
[no description available]		3.4520oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
amylopectin
Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.		2.4620
elastin
[no description available]		2.3110oligopeptide
raffinose
Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.		2.9240raffinose family oligosaccharide;
trisaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		3.2550(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		1.9710heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		1.9610myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		3.26011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
puromycin
[no description available]		3.3370puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
taxifolin
(+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.0510taxifolinmetabolite
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		2.830tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
monoiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.		2.6430amino acid zwitterion;
L-tyrosine derivative;
monoiodotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
inositol 3-phosphate
inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer		3.4620
leucocyanidin
leucocyanidin: derived from dihydro-quercetin and a precursor to cyanidin; for treatment of hemorroids		2.8810(2R,3S,4S)-leucoanthocyanidin;
leucocyanidin
arbutin
hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.5220beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.8130cellotriose
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		2.3820monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		2.0510cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		4.392001-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		2.3920beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		1.9510cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		2.0810L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		1.9610
phalloidine
Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.		1.9510homodetic cyclic peptide
indican
[no description available]		4.541beta-D-glucoside;
exopolysaccharide;
indolyl carbohydrate
brucine
brucine: was heading 1991-94 (see under STRYCHNINE 1975-90); DIMETHOXYSTRYCHNINE was see BRUCINE 1975-94; use STRYCHNINE to search BRUCINE 1975-94; very toxic alkaloid from Nux vomica similar to strychnine; used as reagent in analytical chemistry; was MH 1991-94		2.0710monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound
stevioside
stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar. stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.. diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid.		2.2110beta-D-glucoside;
bridged compound;
diterpene glycoside;
ent-kaurane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sweetening agent
genipin
[no description available]		2.1110iridoid monoterpenoidanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
hepatotoxic agent;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin
[no description available]		2.2510(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
ochratoxin a
ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.		3.2450isochromanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine;
organochlorine compound;
phenylalanine derivative		Aspergillus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
mycotoxin;
nephrotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.5220
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		2.3720tripeptide
metrizamide
Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.		3.76110amino sugar
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.8540cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
vinpocetine
vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		3.0240alkaloidgeroprotector
tibolone
tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.		2.472017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		bone density conservation agent;
hormone agonist
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		6.85601cyclodextrin
maleic acid
maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.		2.1110butenedioic acidalgal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		2.110cinnamic acidplant metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.5320retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
alpha-cyclodextrin
alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		2.2110cyclodextrin
fumaric acid
fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.4620butenedioic acidfood acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		3.5670resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		2.3720retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.9540octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		2.9910macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		2.8330ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		4.9110D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.420benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		4.0531
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		2.2510macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		2.3720olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
imidazolidines
[no description available]		2.0510azacycloalkane;
imidazolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
aclarubicin
Aclarubicin: An anthracycline produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity.. aclacinomycin A : An anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces galilaeus and also has potent antineoplastic activity.		1.9810aminoglycoside;
anthracycline;
methyl ester;
phenols;
polyketide;
tetracenequinones;
trisaccharide derivative;
zwitterion		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		2.1110
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		2.0310cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		2.8640actinomycinmutagen
arsphenamine
Arsphenamine: An organoarsenic compound that was commonly used for treating SYPHILIS and other diseases.		2.3420
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		2.0210L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
posaconazole
[no description available]		2.4520aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
8-prenylnaringenin
8-prenylnaringenin: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. sophoraflavanone B : A trihydroxyflavanone that is (S)-naringenin having a prenyl group at position 8.		2.0310(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
trihydroxyflavanone		plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.3770flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
bms-488043
BMS-488043: anti-HIV agent		2.4520
bx 471
BX 471: a CC chemokine receptor-1 antagonist; structure in first source		2.7230
o,o-diacetyl tartaric acid anhydride
O,O-diacetyl tartaric acid anhydride: RN given refers to (3R-trans)-isomer; used to monitor propranolol in human plasma; structure given in first source		1.9810
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		5.11101one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
sodium chlorate
sodium chlorate : An inorganic sodium salt that has chlorate as the counter-ion. An oxidising agent, it is used for bleaching paper and as a herbicide. It is also used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives and matches.		2.0310chlorate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		herbicide
potassium acetate
Potassium Acetate: A potassium salt used to replenish ELECTROLYTES, for restoration of WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. Formerly, it was used in DIURETICS and EXPECTORANTS.. potassium acetate : A potassium salt comprising equal numbers of potassium and acetate ions		2.0410potassium saltfood acidity regulator
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		2.4420organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
zn(ii)-phthalocyanine
[no description available]		2.110metallophthalocyanine;
zinc tetrapyrrole		fluorochrome
3-mercaptohexanol
3-mercaptohexanol: structure in first source. 3-mercaptohexanol : An alkanethiol that is hexane substituted at positions 1 and 3 by hydroxy and sulfanyl groups respectively.		2.2110alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		flavouring agent;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.3820organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
potassium fluoride
potassium fluoride : A fluoride salt having K+ as the counterion.		2.0810fluoride salt;
potassium salt		NMR chemical shift reference compound;
poison
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		3.11502-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole
1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole: structure in first source		2.1310
tolfenamic acid
tolfenamic acid: structure. tolfenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.		2.0310aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cinnamaldehyde
3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.		1.97103-phenylprop-2-enal;
cinnamaldehydes		antifungal agent;
EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sensitiser;
vasodilator agent
anethole
anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.		2.1710anetholeflavouring agent
geraniol
[no description available]		1.97103,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol;
monoterpenoid;
primary alcohol		allergen;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
glycosides
[no description available]		1.9410
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		2.9740isomethyleugenol
piperine
piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.		2.5420benzodioxoles;
N-acylpiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary carboxamide		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		3.3760stilbene
xanthohumol
xanthohumol: from hop plant, Humulus lupulus. xanthohumol : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells.		2.0510aromatic ether;
chalcones;
polyphenol		anti-HIV-1 agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.3.1.20 (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor;
metabolite
sorbic acid
Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.		210alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
sorbic acid
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.3110olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
buprenorphine
Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.		2.7830morphinane alkaloiddelta-opioid receptor antagonist;
kappa-opioid receptor antagonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		2.3620diphosphate ion
n-octyl-beta-d-thioglucopyranoside
n-octyl-beta-D-thioglucopyranoside: new non-ionic detergent that is more stable than n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside		210S-glycosyl compound
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		3.5180
methylthiouracil
Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		1.9610pyrimidone
isoeugenol
trans-isoeugenol : The trans-stereoisomer of isoeugenol.		1.9710isoeugenolplant metabolite
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		2.0110diarylmethane
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		5.09380aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
thiohydantoins
Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.		5.0521
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		1.97101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		3.4460diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		2.4420monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		3.0140capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene
Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.		1.9710
terbinafine
[no description available]		210acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
drotaverin
drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9610isoquinolines
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		5.1931cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		2102-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		5.9581one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
safranine t
safranin O : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is commonly used for staining Gram negative bacteria.		1.9610organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
histological dye
indigo carmine
Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.		1.9210
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		3.78110cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.420thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
unithiol
Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.		1.9510
sodium decylsulfonate
[no description available]		2.0310
ferric ferrocyanide
ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure		3.460
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		1.9610cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
tamoxifen
[no description available]		2.5220stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin
[no description available]		2.0510
nadp
[no description available]		3.0450
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		3.0340
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.111011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
tetrachlorodecaoxide
tetrachlorodecaoxide: stimulates wound healing; consists of chlorine, oxygen complexes		3.3511
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		4.0331carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		1.9310barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
uc-781
[no description available]		2.4220
estrone sulfate
estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.011017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		3.8521C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
maraviroc
[no description available]		2.5220tropane alkaloid
laccase
Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.		2.5720
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		3.5990alkali metal atom
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		1.9910steroidestrogen
indium oxine
indium oxine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric indication for indium		1.9610
iodonaphthylazide
iodonaphthylazide: hydrophobic photoactive cpd; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		1.9610
cystine
[no description available]		2.3820
ly335979
[no description available]		2.2510carbopolycyclic compound
diethylstilbestrol monophosphate
[no description available]		2.610
levomecol
levomecol: used to treat maxillofacial phlegmons; contains levomycetin & methyluracil in a polyethylene glycol base		2.0210
silicon nitride
[no description available]		2.0310
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		6.89210
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		7.24502organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
galactomannan
galactomannan: a galectin inhibitor. galactomannan : A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.		1.9910oligosaccharide
dimethyldithiocarbamate
Dimethyldithiocarbamate: A chemical that acts as a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. Its salts are agricultural fungicides. It is inferior to diethyldithiocarbamate as a chelating agent.. dimethyldithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamate anions resulting from the removal of the proton from the dithiocarbamic acid moiety of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. The major species at pH 7.3.		2.2510dithiocarbamate anions
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		3.4580
niobium carbide
niobium carbide: found in some gypsum-bonded dental investments		2.6320
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		2.4620
sodium borohydride
sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4120inorganic sodium salt;
metal tetrahydridoborate
hydroxyethylcellulose
hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.		5.82122
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.1710organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
4-cresol sulfate
p-cresol sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is p-cresol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a sulfo group.		4.0221aryl sulfategut flora metabolite;
human metabolite;
uremic toxin
noxythiolin
Noxythiolin: Local antibacterial that probably acts by releasing formaldehyde in aqueous solutions. It is used for THERAPEUTIC IRRIGATION of infected body cavities - bladder, peritoneum, etc. and as a spray for burns.		2.8740thioureas
quercetin
[no description available]		4.431907-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		3.95140biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.8940prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		2.3920monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
biochanin a
[no description available]		2.15104'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.0410trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		5.25213'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.0210octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		1.9510
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		2.1510carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.		210dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4
Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.		1.9910leukotrienebronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		2.6730disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		2.53207-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		3.5480antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		2.151011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.1310carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
fucoxanthin
fucoxanthin: RN given refers to (3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6S,6'R)-isomer. fucoxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.		2.3110
lutein
Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.		2.5220carotenolfood colouring;
plant metabolite
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		5.5451alpha-humulene
zearalenone
Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.		210macrolide;
resorcinols		fungal metabolite;
mycoestrogen
baicalein
[no description available]		2.1510trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
mangiferin
shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source		2.0510C-glycosyl compound;
xanthones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
mangostin
mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.		2.1710aromatic ether;
phenols;
xanthones		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
coumestrol
Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.		210coumestans;
delta-lactone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		2.41207-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		2.1710alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
acteoside
acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.		3.5111catechols;
cinnamate ester;
disaccharide derivative;
glycoside;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antileishmanial agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
tectorigenin
tectorigenin: tectoridin is glycosylated form. tectorigenin : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4' respectively.		2.13107-hydroxyisoflavones;
methoxyisoflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
plant metabolite
ellagic acid
[no description available]		2.3110catechols;
cyclic ketone;
lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol		antioxidant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		2.4620ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
cilnidipine
[no description available]		2.49202-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		2.2510
olopatadine hydrochloride
Olopatadine Hydrochloride: An antihistamine with mast-cell stabilizing properties used as eye drops in the treatment of ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS.		2.2510dibenzooxazepine
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		2.610N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol
Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.		2.74301-acylglycerol 18:1;
monooleoylglycerol		plant metabolite
codeine
[no description available]		1.9410morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		1.9610hydrochloride
acrivastine
acrivastine: a second generation antihistamine. acrivastine : A member of the class of pyridines that is (pyridin-2-yl)acrylic acid substituted at position 6 by a [(1E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a non-sedating antihistamine used for treatment of hayfever, urticaria, and rhinitis.		2.610alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
diminazene aceturate
diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.		1.9310N-acetylglycinate saltantiparasitic agent;
trypanocidal drug
granisetron
Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.		2.1710aromatic amide;
indazoles
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		2.0110morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
iodopyracet
Iodopyracet: An ionic monomeric contrast medium that was formerly used for a variety of diagnostic procedures. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). diodone : A 4-pyridone in which the pyridone is iodo-substituted at C-3 and -5 and has a carboxymethyl substituent on nitrogen; used as a radiocontrast agent urography.		2.3420
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		1.9510
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		2.0610antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		2.5220cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone
3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone: from Streptomyces sp OH-1049; structure given in first source. 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone : A 7-hydroxyisoflavone that is daidzein substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3'.		2.17107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
metabolite
gamma-cyclodextrin
gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		2.7230cyclodextrin
brefeldin a
[no description available]		210macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		2.7930monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		4.661morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		5.122111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
kallidin
Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.		1.9410peptide
lacidipine
[no description available]		2.1310cinnamate ester;
tert-butyl ester
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		2.66301-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
magnesium trisilicate
magnesium trisilicate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.420
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		3.3570cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.0810phenylalanine derivative
calyculin a
calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R*(1S*,3S*,4S*,5R*,6R*,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R*),7beta(E(S*)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer		1.9910
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		1.9910phosphatidylcholine(1+)
cannabigerol
cannabigerol: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. cannabigerol : A member of the class of resorcinols that is resorcinol which is substituted by a (2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl group at position 2 and by a pentyl group at position 5. It is a natural product found in Cannabis sativa and Helichrysum species.		2.3110phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antioxidant;
appetite enhancer;
cannabinoid receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
cinnamyl alcohol
cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).		1.9710cinnamyl alcoholplant metabolite
tazettine
tazettine: from Amaryllidaceae		2.1510indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid
su 11248
[no description available]		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		2.7530carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
tin
[no description available]		2.6530carbon group element atom;
elemental tin;
metal atom		micronutrient
diamide
Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.		1.99101,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		4.341metalloid atom;
pnictogen
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		2.3920alkali metal atom
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		2.7430alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		2.4920alkali metal atom
ethyl fumarate
[no description available]		2.7630
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		3.0950boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		5.121alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		6.1391metal atom;
pnictogen
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.2160metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		3.5890boron group element atom
lasalocid
Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.		2.1110beta-hydroxy ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
oxanes;
oxolanes;
polyether antibiotic;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		bacterial metabolite;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		2.3820boron group element atom
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		2.1710azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		5.8571chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
glyceryl behenate
1-behenoylglycerol : A fatty acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at position-1 of glycerol with the carboxy group of docosanoic acid.		2.78301-monoglyceride;
fatty acid ester		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
puerarin
[no description available]		3.0640C-glycosyl compound;
isoflavonoid
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		2.4420dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		2.3620
sinomenine
sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic		2.2510morphinane alkaloid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		2.42201,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		4.28180butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium
Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.		1.9410alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental beryllium;
metal allergen		adjuvant;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope
acetyl acetonate
[no description available]		2.110
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		4.03140cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		3.5280carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		3.2860monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		2.4110boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		3.0640
phytochlorin
phytochlorin: RN given refers to (2S-trans)-isomer; structure given in the first source		4.76290
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.3110dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
lespenefril
lespenefril: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. kaempferol 3,7-di-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is kaempferol attached to alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residues at positions 3 and 7 respectively via glycosidic linkages. It has been isolated from the aerial parts of Vicia faba and Lotus edulis.		1.9810alpha-L-rhamnoside;
dihydroxyflavone;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bone density conservation agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
troxerutin
troxerutin: used in treatment of venous disorders; structure; venoruton & oxerutin is a mixture of hydroxyethyl rutinosides		2.0310
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		2.6120gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
valyl-tyrosyl-prolyl-asparaginyl-glycyl-alanine
valyl-tyrosyl-prolyl-asparaginyl-glycyl-alanine: a fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone		2.0110
chlorin p6
chlorin p6: structure given in first source; a new photosensitizer for treatment of glioma tumors		2.0210
lk 423
N-(2-(2-phthalimidoethoxy)acetyl)-L-alanyl-D-glutamic acid: RN & structure in first source		2.0410
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.0710monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
triolein
Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.		2.3420triglycerideCaenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
plant metabolite
methylbenzethonium chloride
[no description available]		1.9910alkylbenzene
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		2.01101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		2.7430ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
bisabolol
bisabolol: monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol with strong bacteriocidal effects, especilly against M. Tuberc.; isolated from seed plant Populus tacamacaha; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric desigation		2.0410
ajmaline
Ajmaline: An alkaloid found in the root of RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA, among other plant sources. It is a class 1-A antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials.. ajmaline : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that consists of ajmalan substituted at positions 17 and 21 by hydroxy groups.		2.3620
barium titanate(iv)
barium titanate(IV): RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
estradiol-6-(o-carboxymethyl)oxime
[no description available]		2.0110
coomassie brilliant blue
[no description available]		2.3820
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		4.0231acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		3.2460chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		2.2510chalcogen;
metalloid atom
radium
Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.		1.9310alkaline earth metal atom
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		2.3520
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.		2.4820(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester
5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester: structure in first source		2.0610organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
himbacine
himbacine: muscarine receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha,3aalpha,4beta(1E,2(2R*,6S*)),4abeta,8aalpha,9aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source. himbacine : A piperidine alkaloid that is decahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a 2-[(2R,6S)-1,6-dimethylpiperidin-2-yl]ethenyl group at position 4. It has been isolated from the bark of Australian magnolias.		210gamma-lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
piperidine alkaloid		muscarinic antagonist
comfrey
Comfrey: Perennial herb Symphytum officinale, in the family Boraginaceae, used topically for wound healing. It contains ALLANTOIN, carotene, essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE); GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, resin, SAPONINS; TANNINS; triterpenoids, VITAMIN B12, and ZINC. Comfrey also contains PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS and is hepatotoxic if ingested.		2.0510
bifenthrin
bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.		2.0410carboxylic ester;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
salvianolic acid B
salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza		2.08101-benzofurans;
catechols;
dicarboxylic acid;
enoate ester;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
osteogenesis regulator;
plant metabolite
rilpivirine
[no description available]		2.1310aminopyrimidine;
nitrile		EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
beta-escin
Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.		1.9510triterpenoid saponin
beta-escin
[no description available]		2.8740
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		2.8840imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
shellac
shellac: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.5920
gadolinium dtpa
Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)		2.5220gadolinium coordination entityMRI contrast agent
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		2.2510isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
anordrin
anordrin: RN given refers to (2beta,5alpha,17alpha)-isomer; structure		1.9710
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		2.4920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.3110amino acid amide
belinostat
[no description available]		2.2110hydroxamic acid;
olefinic compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
rebaudioside a
rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.		2.5520beta-D-glucoside;
rebaudioside;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		sweetening agent
hypericum
Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.		2.0110penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		2.3520phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		12.365116biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
s 1743
Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.		2.0410magnesium saltanti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
disilver oxide
[no description available]		2.520
pradofloxacin
pradofloxacin: veterinary fluoroquinolone; structure in first source		2.0310
bay 58-2667
BAY 58-2667: activates guanylyl cyclase; structure in first source. cinaciguat : A benzoic acid that is 4-(aminomethyl)benzoic acid in which the amino group is substituted by 4-carboxybutyl and 2-(2-{[4-(2-phenylethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)ethyl groups. It is a soluble guanylate cyclase activator, used for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure.		2.1510aromatic ether;
benzoic acids;
dicarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
ucb 34714
brivaracetam: A pyrrolidinone compound that is used to treat partial onset seizures in adult patients; structure in first source.. brivaracetam : A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative that is butanamide in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl. Used for treatment of partial onset seizures related to epilepsy.		2.610gamma-lactam;
non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative		anticonvulsant
solufenum
solufenum: water-soluble salt of ibuprofen; structure in fourth source		3.4111
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		2.0310organic molecular entity
ibuprofen arginine
ibuprofen arginine: trade name Spedifen		2.1710
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		3.6190aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
avanafil
[no description available]		2.610aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
prolinols;
pyrimidines		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		2.4110aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
zeolites
[no description available]		3.4870
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		5.8361
besifloxacin
[no description available]		2.1710quinolines
bibw 2992
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
enamide;
furans;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
fluorapatite
fluorapatite: RN refers to fluorapatite [Ca5F(PO4)3]). apatite : A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl.. fluorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F.		2.0410
artenimol
artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)		2.9940
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		2.0410
angiotensin amide
Angiotensin Amide: The octapeptide amide of bovine angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction.		1.9310oligopeptide
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		2.9540
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		2.7130alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
regorafenib
[no description available]		3.1740(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
brimonidine tartrate
Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.0610
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.0750nystatins
pirarubicin
[no description available]		2.0110anthracycline
buagafuran
buagafuran: a potential antianxiety drug; structure in first souce		2.0410
2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate
2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate: structure in first source		2.1710
amlodipine, valsartan drug combination
Amlodipine, Valsartan Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of amlodipine and valsartan that is used for the treatment of HYPERTENSION.		2.1710
Dihydrotanshinone I
dihydrotanshinone I: extracted from Radix Salviae		2.1110abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
carfilzomib
[no description available]		4.811epoxide;
morpholines;
tetrapeptide		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
apremilast
[no description available]		2.3110aromatic ether;
N-acetylarylamine;
phthalimides;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
lysol
[no description available]		1.9310amino alcohol
veratridine
Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.		1.9910
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		2.3820
empagliflozin
[no description available]		5.1721aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
tetrahydrofuryl ether		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		3.3670benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		2.4820
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		3.6290
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		2.58201,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		1.9410
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		3.4480
dihydrotachysterol
Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.		1.9410
rifamycins
[no description available]		4.9952
helicide
helicide: structure given in first source		2.0510glycoside
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		4.03150
bleomycetin
bleomycetin: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
riccardin d
riccardin D: antifungal agent isolated from Dumortiera hirsute; structure in first source		2.0710
pyrromethene 597
pyrromethene 597: structure in first source		2.110
zinc silicate
zinc silicate: RN given refers to Zn[1:2] salt		2.1710
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		4.360organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
magnesium diboride
magnesium boride: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF		2.2110
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		3.0740
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		2.3920
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		1.9710polypeptide
oenothein b
oenothein B: from Oenothera erythrosepala Bordas; exhibits strong antitumor activity against MM2 ascites tumors & inhibits the growth of Meth-A solid-type tumors in mice; 5 alpha reductase testosterone inhibitor		2.3110
aprotinin
gordox: Drugs having as their active substance aprotinin (trasylol, gordox); gordox and contrycal are distinct molecules that both act as kallikrenin protease inhibitors		3.7621
fullerene c70
[no description available]		3.5320fullerene
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		2.3720
gramicidin a
Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.		1.9910
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		3.3470peptide hormone
mast cell degranulating peptide
mast cell degranulating peptide: isolated from bee venoms; made up of 22 amino acids; has 2 disulfide bridges		1.9610
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		5.48250
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.8930
ristocetin
Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.		2.0710glycopeptide;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
tetrasaccharide derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		13.422457glycoside
sodium borate
borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.		2.0310
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		3.991401,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.		2.964021-hydroxy steroid
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		2.3820chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
vendex
Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.		2.4620organotin acaricide
thimerosal
Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.		1.9510alkylmercury compoundantifungal drug;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
drug allergen
hoe 33342
bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye		1.9910
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		2.8640organic molecular entity
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		2.4620
cilastatin, imipenem drug combination
Cilastatin, Imipenem Drug Combination: Combination of imipenem and cilastatin that is used in the treatment of bacterial infections; cilastatin inhibits renal dehydropeptidase I to prolong the half-life and increase the tissue penetration of imipenem, enhancing its efficacy as an anti-bacterial agent.		2.2510
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		2.4110
lucifer yellow
lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt		2.3820organic lithium saltfluorochrome
menotropins
Menotropins: Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.		2.6730
chitosan
[no description available]		7890
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		2.88403',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sodium stearyl fumarate
sodium stearyl fumarate: an excipient		2.0810
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		3.3970inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
urografin 76
urovision: urovision contains a mixture of sodium & meglumine salts of diatrizoic acid in the ratio of 50:18 in aqueous solution used in urography		2.3620
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.		2.0610inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
sarkosyl
sarkosyl: RN given is for sarkosyl L, the parent cpd; structure		2.0710
potassium bromate
potassium bromate: used as bread improver		2.1110bromate salt;
potassium salt		flour treatment agent
methyl orange
methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds		2.7730
stearates
Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.		2.3820
lymphoprep
lymphoprep: combination of above cpds		2.6730
sodium glutamate
Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.		2.3620monosodium glutamateflavouring agent
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		3.3511
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m
Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.		2.3820
neoarsphenamine
neoarsphenamine: was MH 1963-92; NEOARSENOBENZOL & NOVARSENOBENZENE were see NEOARSPHENAMINE 1976-92; use ARSENICALS to search NEOARSPHENAMINE 1966-92; very toxic former antisyphilitic agent still used occasionally for infections, including those in animals; it produces skin sensitization & has become a tool in the study of immunologic tolerance as a hapten		2.3420
mersalyl
Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.		2.6230
arginine
Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.		2.1110
canagliflozin
canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.		2.610C-glycosyl compound;
organofluorine compound;
thiophenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
ethyl cellulose
[no description available]		7.03402glycoside
arabinogalactan
[no description available]		1.9610
niraparib
niraparib: structure in first source. niraparib : A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.		4.8112-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamideantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
egg white
Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		4.3920
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene
[no description available]		2.1510BODIPY compound
quetiapine fumarate
Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		2.3110fumarate salt
chlorin e4
chlorin e4: RN given for (2S-trans)-isomer; structure in first source		2.2110
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		2.6430
mannans
[no description available]		4.7161
peptones
Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)		3.4580
plx4032
[no description available]		4.811aromatic ketone;
difluorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrrolopyridine;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
urushiol
[no description available]		2.610
glycolipids
[no description available]		1.9610
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		6.61151
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		3.360
apatinib
apatinib: reverses multidrug resistance by inhibiting the efflux function of multiple ATP-binding cassette transporters; structure in first source		2.2510
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.3420
glpg0634
[no description available]		2.1710
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		12.572114
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		2.8840
chondroitin
Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		4.83110
tuftsin
Tuftsin: N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule.		1.9610peptide
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		5.59280ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		1.9410carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		5.62181
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		210
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		4.09160
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		3.3611
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		7.3192monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		2.3620hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		3.99130benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		3.69901,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		210heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		4.06150benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		1.9710hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
citrinin
Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.		2.0810
4-hydroxycoumarin
2-hydroxychromone: structure		1.9710hydroxycoumarin
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		3.3411
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.5320heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
byl719
[no description available]		4.811proline derivative
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		3.1150
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		4.4570aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		3.5770
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		4.0730
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		1.9910ketal
sybr green i
SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.		2.2510benzothiazolium ion;
cyanine dye;
quinolines;
tertiary amine		fluorescent dye
gt0918
proxalutamide: has antineoplastic activity		2.110
pyrethrins
[no description available]		2.0410
cefuroxime axetil
[no description available]		2.4720
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		4.5580
glutaminase
[no description available]		1.9610
contraceptives, postcoital
Contraceptives, Postcoital: Contraceptive substances to be used after COITUS. These agents include high doses of estrogenic drugs; progesterone-receptor blockers; ANTIMETABOLITES; ALKALOIDS, and PROSTAGLANDINS.		1.9710
alcohol oxidase
[no description available]		1.9910
sorbitan monolaurate
sorbitan monolaurate: span type materials are artificial esters of the common fatty acids & hexitol anhydrides derived from sorbitol		2.0510
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		5.15150
ellagitannin
ellagitannin: structure; precoxin A/ praecoxin A is a purified ellagitannin. ellagitannin : A form of hydrolysable tannin produced from ellagic acid. Ellagitannins are glucosides which are readily hydrolysed by water to regenerate ellagic acid when the plants are eaten.		2.3110
phthalocyanine
phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.		2.610phthalocyanines;
tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
carubicin
Carubicin: A very toxic anthracycline-type antineoplastic related to DAUNORUBICIN, obtained from Actinomadura carminata.. carminomycin(1+) : An anthracyline cation that is the conjugate acid of carminomycin, obtained by protonation of the amino group.		1.9710anthracycline cation
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		3.3870
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		2.0410angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		3.260
carbopol 941
Carbopol 981: high molecular mucoadhesive polymer substance		2.7530
t-2 toxin
T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.		1.9610
peoniflorin
peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa		2.0310
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		3.9130
as 1411
AGRO 100: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB activation; base sequence in first source		2.2110
nickel ferrite
nickel ferrite : A mixed metal oxide with formula Fe2NiO4.		2.5220
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		2.7330
silybin
Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.		2.4920
cytochalasin d
Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.		1.9710
antipain
Antipain: An oligopeptide produced by various bacteria which acts as a protease inhibitor.		2.0710
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		1.9710
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		2.8840
2,5-diaziridinyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
2,5-diaziridinyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone: structure in first source		2.0110
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		7.48890
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		210
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		5.96251
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		3.4880
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		3.16502-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.3720guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		1.94102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		3.6290folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		1.9710nucleoside triphosphate analogue
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		2.6730cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		2.4320benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
ganciclovir
[no description available]		2.31102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		3.0340benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		3.0950nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
guanylyl imidodiphosphate
Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).		1.9610nucleoside triphosphate analogue
cyadox
cyadox: structure		2.1510
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		3.921citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		2.1310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		4.75100
2-naphthol orange
2-naphthol orange: structure; see also record for C.I. Solvent Orange 2		2.0510
alcian blue
Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.		2.4320
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		2.6430
eye
[no description available]		4.91140
maltodextrin
maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.		3.6490
acetylcellulose
acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.		3.9110
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		3.83120
trypsinogen
Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)		1.9410
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		210
dinitrobenzenes
Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.		3.4620
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		4.811
aluminum magnesium silicate
aluminum magnesium silicate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified composition		3.2550
filipin
Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.		1.9710
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.9940
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		06.16121
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		06.16121
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		012.4569
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		03.4680
Rift Valley Fever
An acute infection caused by the RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS, an RNA arthropod-borne virus, affecting domestic animals and humans. In animals, symptoms include HEPATITIS; abortion (ABORTION, VETERINARY); and DEATH. In humans, symptoms range from those of a flu-like disease to hemorrhagic fever, ENCEPHALITIS, or BLINDNESS.		02.3110
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		09.19274
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		09.19274
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		07.88242
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		07.88242
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		05.6451
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		05.6451
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		02.4320
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		02.4320
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		03.6290
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		09.68384
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		09.68384
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		05.94251
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		02.6630
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		02.6630
Mandibular Fractures
Fractures of the lower jaw.		02.1110
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		05.5561
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		05.5561
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		05.78350
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		06.46173
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		06.46173
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		05.5861
Hypopharyngeal Cancer
[description not available]		02.1310
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		05.5861
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.		02.1310
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		09.79674
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		09.79674
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		02.1310
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.8940
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		02.8940
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.64280
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		06.26331
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		05.8471
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		02.6620
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.3820
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3820
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		05.62102
Blood Clot
[description not available]		04.68110
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		04.68110
Allergy, Latex
[description not available]		02.0610
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		02.6530
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		02.8740
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		02.8940
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.		02.0110
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		04.05150
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		03.2860
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		05.2141
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		05.2141
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		03.2260
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		03.75110
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		03.2260
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		03.75110
Haemophilus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.		03.7621
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		04.08160
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		04.08160
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.6830
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		02.3620
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		01.9610
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		02.3620
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		06.22131
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		06.22131
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.4110
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.4110
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		08.33104
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		08.33104
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		03.71100
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		03.71100
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid
[description not available]		02.3110
Dry Eye
[description not available]		07.26148
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		02.3110
Macular Edema
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)		02.3110
Dry Eye Syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.		07.26148
Surgical Incision
[description not available]		02.3110
Bleeding
[description not available]		06.81151
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		06.81151
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		03.72100
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		05.4482
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		03.72100
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		05.4482
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		02.3110
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		02.6620
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		02.6620
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		05.0552
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		05.0552
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		05.2972
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		08.65245
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		05.2972
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.4110
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		02.9830
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		02.730
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		02.9830
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.4110
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		02.610
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		02.610
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		04.2631
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		04.2631
Impotence
[description not available]		02.4110
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		02.4110
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.4110
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		05.3441
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		02.4110
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		05.3441
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		013.7416011
Pericementitis
[description not available]		05.5761
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		05.5761
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		010.74514
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		05.5761
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		05.5761
Anasarca
[description not available]		05.73340
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		05.73340
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		06.1101
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		06.1101
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		05.5763
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		07.97115
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		05.5763
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		07.97115
Mucositis
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).		04.9221
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		02.610
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		02.610
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		02.4120
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		02.4120
Injuries, Eye
[description not available]		03.2160
Eye Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.		03.2160
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		03.0740
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		03.0740
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		08.96114
Endomyometritis
Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.		05.2441
Endometritis
Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.		05.2441
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.8740
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		02.8740
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		07.93137
Pink Eye
[description not available]		0450
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		0450
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		02.610
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		02.610
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		04.4951
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		02.4120
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		04.9591
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		02.6630
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		02.6630
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		02.2110
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		02.2110
Candida Infection
[description not available]		02.6630
Eye Infections, Fungal
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.		02.2110
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.6630
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		05.2141
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		02.7730
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		05.2141
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		02.2510
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		02.2510
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		03.2760
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		03.2760
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.7330
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		02.7430
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		05.99101
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.1650
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		03.0140
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		03.0140
Allergic Conjunctivitis
[description not available]		02.4820
Conjunctivitis, Allergic
Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.		02.4820
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		07.9474
Pyrosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Heartburn
Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.		02.2110
Dermatoses
[description not available]		05.64191
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		05.64191
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.3770
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		03.3770
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.9340
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		04.4851
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		04.4851
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		05.07101
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		05.1931
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		02.2510
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		05.07101
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		05.1931
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		02.2510
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		06.1351
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		06.1351
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		06.1351
Colitis-Associated Cancer
[description not available]		02.2510
Viral Conjunctivitis
[description not available]		03.9721
Eye Infections, Viral
Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.		04.1431
Conjunctivitis, Viral
Inflammation, often mild, of the conjunctiva caused by a variety of viral agents. Conjunctival involvement may be part of a systemic infection.		03.9721
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		04.7371
Leishmania Infection
[description not available]		02.2510
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).		02.2510
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		07.7454
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		04.921
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		08.36224
Attachment Loss, Periodontal
[description not available]		04.6211
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		04.8521
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		04.6211
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		04.7221
Liver Abscess, Pyogenic
Single or multiple areas of PUS due to bacterial infection within the hepatic parenchyma. It can be caused by a variety of BACTERIA, local or disseminated from infections elsewhere such as in APPENDICITIS; CHOLECYSTITIS; PERITONITIS; and after LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.		04.6211
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		08.29114
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		07.7444
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		05.5861
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		04.6211
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.		04.8821
Ancylostomiasis
Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.		04.6211
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		04.6211
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		06.5392
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic
[description not available]		05.6132
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		08.43134
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		05.0531
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		04.8821
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		04.7121
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		05.8991
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		0531
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		04.6921
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		04.6211
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		04.6211
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		08.0974
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		05.3751
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		07.11192
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		05.6571
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		04.6921
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		04.9631
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		04.9631
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		07.9974
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		04.6211
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		07.2895
Pocket, Periodontal
[description not available]		05.2441
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		012.577113
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		04.6211
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		05.8551
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		04.6211
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		04.7921
Linear Skull Fracture
[description not available]		04.6921
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		010.311610
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		04.6211
Zoonoses
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.		04.6211
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		04.6211
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		07.7444
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		04.6211
Shoulder Injuries
Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.		04.6211
Hemorrhage, Gingival
[description not available]		04.6211
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		05.2941
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		04.6211
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		06.4152
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		06.5392
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.		05.6132
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		08.43134
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		05.0531
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		07.7664
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		04.8821
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		08.36224
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		04.7121
Gingival Hemorrhage
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.		04.6211
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		04.6211
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		04.6211
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		08.0974
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		06.5773
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		07.2231
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		05.3751
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		07.11192
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		05.6571
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		04.6921
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		04.9631
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		04.9631
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		04.6211
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		07.2895
Periodontal Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.		05.2441
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		012.577113
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		04.6211
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		05.8551
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		04.6211
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		04.7921
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		010.311610
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		04.6211
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		04.6211
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		04.6211
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		07.7444
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		04.8521
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		04.6211
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		04.7221
Lipid Metabolism Disorders
Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.		04.6211
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		08.29114
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		05.5861
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		04.6211
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		04.04150
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		04.04150
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		03.4980
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.4620
Tracheal Stenosis
A pathological narrowing of the TRACHEA.		02.420
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		03.4980
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.4620
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		05.81220
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		05.81220
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		04.4341
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.4341
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		03.4880
Eperythrozoonosis
[description not available]		02.2510
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		02.8830
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		02.8830
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		05.15111
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		05.15111
Keratoconjunctivitis
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.		05.9374
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		07.87134
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		03.2260
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		07.87134
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		03.2260
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		05.28120
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		05.28120
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		02.420
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		03.84120
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		02.420
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		05.37141
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		08.54223
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		08.54223
Toxoplasmosis, Animal
Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.		02.4420
Bed Sores
[description not available]		07.3692
Pressure Ulcer
An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.		07.3692
Cancer of Salivary Gland
[description not available]		02.1510
Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.		02.1510
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar
[description not available]		02.1510
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar
A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.1510
Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis
[description not available]		02.1510
Neonatal Sepsis
Blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. Late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age.		02.1510
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.1710
Bertielliasis
[description not available]		03.7721
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		05.0452
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		02.4820
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.4820
Acute Pain
Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.		02.1510
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		03.4880
Ache
[description not available]		06.66112
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		06.66112
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		05.41150
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		08.4374
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		08.4374
Acoustic Trauma
Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.		02.1710
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.		02.1710
Infections, Nematode
[description not available]		03.7921
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.		03.7921
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		02.5420
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.5420
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		06.05470
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		06.05470
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		03.5611
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.9140
Harelip
[description not available]		02.1710
Cleft Palate, Isolated
[description not available]		02.1710
Cleft Lip
Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.		02.1710
Cleft Palate
Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.		02.1710
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		02.1710
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		02.1710
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		09.41387
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		09.41387
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		02.940
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		02.940
Tooth Erosion
Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)		02.7830
Urinary Incontinence, Stress
Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.		04.7521
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.2110
Brain Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.2110
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		04.1260
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		04.1260
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		02.2110
Incisional Hernia
Protrusion of tissue at or near the site of an incision from a previous surgery.		03.6411
Ventral Hernia
[description not available]		03.6411
Hernia, Ventral
A hernia caused by weakness of the anterior ABDOMINAL WALL due to midline defects, previous incisions, or increased intra-abdominal pressure. Ventral hernias include UMBILICAL HERNIA, incisional, epigastric, and spigelian hernias.		03.6411
Myelopathy
[description not available]		02.2110
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		02.2110
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		09.03724
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		03.4580
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		02.3720
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		05.53120
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		02.3720
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		02.7730
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		02.6930
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		03.3470
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		03.3470
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		04.1660
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		04.1660
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.6930
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		02.6930
Brain Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.110
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		02.4920
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.110
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		02.3720
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		02.110
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		02.3720
Intracranial Hemorrhages
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.		02.110
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		02.4920
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		04.5351
Gas Gangrene
A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases.		01.9310
Moniliasis, Oral
[description not available]		02.7430
Candidiasis, Oral
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.7430
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		04.7771
E coli Infections
[description not available]		06.28141
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		06.28141
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		03.3470
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		03.1250
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		03.1250
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.1110
Anochlesia
[description not available]		02.1110
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.1110
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		02.6430
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		05.38240
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		02.6430
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		05.38240
Recrudescence
[description not available]		04.9791
Bronchospasm
[description not available]		02.110
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		03.3670
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.8740
Hives
[description not available]		02.9140
Bronchial Spasm
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.		02.110
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		03.3670
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		02.9140
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.4920
Metastase
[description not available]		03.2260
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		02.1110
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.4920
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		03.2260
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		02.6730
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		02.8840
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		02.8840
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		015.3212444
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		03.82120
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		03.82120
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.8740
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.8740
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		08.69231
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		08.69231
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.7130
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.7130
Stomatitis, Denture
Inflammation of the mouth due to denture irritation.		02.4420
Gall Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		02.1310
Musculoskeletal Pain
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.		02.1310
Infections, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		02.1310
Soft Tissue Infections
Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)		02.1310
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		03.5111
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		03.5111
Cardiovirus Infections
Infections caused by viruses of the genus CARDIOVIRUS, family PICORNAVIRIDAE.		02.1310
Infectious Endophthalmitis
Infectious condition of the internal eye.		06.1341
Endophthalmitis
Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.		06.1341
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		03.260
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		03.260
HPV Infection
[description not available]		02.4920
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		02.4920
Dentin Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.1510
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		03.0550
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		05.8891
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		05.8891
Angiosarcoma
[description not available]		02.4420
Hemangiosarcoma
A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4420
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		02.6730
Isospora Infection
[description not available]		02.0410
Biliary Calculi
[description not available]		03.4311
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic
[description not available]		04.0631
Gallstones
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.		03.4311
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		05.241
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		07.41461
Abdominal Hernia
[description not available]		02.0510
Nearsightedness
[description not available]		02.4220
Myopia
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.		02.4220
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		02.4320
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		04.4751
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		02.4320
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		04.4751
Anoxemia
[description not available]		03.0550
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		03.0550
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		08.07264
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		08.07264
Carcinosarcoma
A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0510
Cystic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.6630
Kidney Diseases, Cystic
A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).		02.6630
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.4120
Haemonchiasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.		02.4520
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		05.0533
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		05.0533
Airway Remodeling
The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.		02.9710
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		05.02160
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		04.1360
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		05.02160
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		04.1360
Foreign-Body Granuloma
[description not available]		02.0510
Asialia
[description not available]		03.8321
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		03.8321
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		05.5732
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		05.5732
Cervix Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.0510
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia
Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		02.0510
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		02.4120
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.4120
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		02.4420
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		02.4420
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial
[description not available]		02.4620
Carcinoma in Situ
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.		02.4620
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		02.7430
Coronary Restenosis
Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.		02.0610
HbS Disease
[description not available]		02.3920
Sickle Cell Trait
The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.		02.0610
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		02.3920
Joint Pain
[description not available]		02.9810
Malnourishment
[description not available]		02.9810
Itching
[description not available]		03.5730
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		03.3520
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		03.5730
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		02.9810
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		02.9810
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		02.3820
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		02.0710
Craniofacial Pain
[description not available]		03.4511
Facial Pain
Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.		03.4511
Newcastle Disease
An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.		02.0710
Degenerative Disc Disease
[description not available]		02.0710
Femoral Fractures
Fractures of the femur.		02.9140
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		04.55260
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone
[description not available]		02.0710
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.0710
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		04.55260
Osteonecrosis
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.		02.0710
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.0710
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.		02.0710
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		02.0710
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		02.0710
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
[description not available]		02.6630
Transfusion Reaction
Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.		02.6630
Schistosoma mansoni Infection
[description not available]		02.0710
Schistosomiasis mansoni
Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.		02.0710
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		02.420
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		02.420
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating
[description not available]		02.6830
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		06.05111
Hypospermatogenesis
[description not available]		03.4980
Atrophy of Gingiva
[description not available]		02.0610
Aggressive Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.		02.0610
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		04.8542
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		04.8542
Cancer of Nose
[description not available]		02.0710
Cancer of Paranasal Sinus
[description not available]		02.0710
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		02.0710
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		02.4220
Amyloid Deposits
[description not available]		02.0810
Parodontosis
[description not available]		05.5461
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		05.5461
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		02.6730
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		02.6730
Prosthesis Durability
[description not available]		02.420
Contracture
Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.		02.3820
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		02.0110
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		02.0110
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		02.6530
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		02.6530
Insect Bites
[description not available]		02.0110
Insect Bites and Stings
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.		02.0110
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		04.73120
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		04.73120
Peritoneal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.		05.35141
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		02.0110
Hypocapnia
Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		02.0110
Aneuploid
[description not available]		02.420
E chaffeensis Infection
[description not available]		02.0110
Neoplasms, Otorhinolaryngologic
[description not available]		02.0110
Pyrexia
[description not available]		02.6330
Infections, Rickettsia
[description not available]		01.9310
Brill Disease
[description not available]		01.9310
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		02.6330
Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne
The classic form of typhus, caused by RICKETTSIA PROWAZEKII, which is transmitted from man to man by the louse Pediculus humanus corporis. This disease is characterized by the sudden onset of intense headache, malaise, and generalized myalgia followed by the formation of a macular skin eruption and vascular and neurologic disturbances.		01.9310
Infant Malnutrition
Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.		03.1860
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		03.0350
Encephalitis, Polio
[description not available]		01.9310
Poliomyelitis
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)		01.9310
Clostridium tetani Infection
[description not available]		03.94140
Tetanus
A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.		03.94140
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		02.3320
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		02.3320
Myxedema
A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.		02.3420
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		03.0350
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		03.0350
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		03.3370
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		03.8120
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		03.5590
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		03.5590
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		03.4480
Organophosphorus Poisoning
[description not available]		01.9310
Organophosphate Poisoning
Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.		01.9310
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
[description not available]		03.5490
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		02.8540
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		02.8540
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		02.6530
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		02.6530
Ectopic Ossification
[description not available]		01.9310
Hepatitis, Infectious
[description not available]		03.1960
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		03.1960
Hepatitis A
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.		03.1960
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		04.5861
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		06.2385
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		06.2385
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		05.48161
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		02.3620
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		05.48161
Biliary or Urinary Stones
[description not available]		02.6230
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		02.8540
Rhabdomyosarcoma 2
[description not available]		01.9310
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar
A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA occurring mainly in adolescents and young adults, affecting muscles of the extremities, trunk, orbital region, etc. It is extremely malignant, metastasizing widely at an early stage. Few cures have been achieved and the prognosis is poor. Alveolar refers to its microscopic appearance simulating the cells of the respiratory alveolus. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)		01.9310
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		02.6230
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		02.3420
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.6330
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.6330
Embolus
[description not available]		01.9310
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		01.9310
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection
[description not available]		03.63100
Enteric Fever
[description not available]		02.3420
Diphtheria
A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.		03.63100
Typhoid Fever
An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.		02.3420
Shock, Surgical
A type of shock that occurs as a result of a surgical procedure.		02.8540
Focal Infection
An infection at a specific location that may spread to another region of the body.		02.6330
Adrenal Cortex Diseases
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		01.9310
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		02.3420
Psychoses
[description not available]		02.3320
Psychoses, Alcoholic
A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.		03.9650
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		02.3420
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		02.3320
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		01.9310
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		01.9310
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		03.4580
Icterus
[description not available]		03.73110
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum
[description not available]		03.1960
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		03.73110
Jaundice, Neonatal
Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.		03.1960
Petechiae
Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.		02.3420
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		02.3520
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		01.9310
Purpura, Thrombopenic
[description not available]		02.3420
Purpura
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is		02.3420
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic
Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.		02.3420
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		02.3520
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		01.9310
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		02.3520
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		02.3620
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		03.0550
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		02.3520
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		02.3620
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		03.0550
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		02.6230
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		02.8640
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		02.8640
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		03.96140
Leanness
[description not available]		01.9310
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		03.5530
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		03.5530
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		08.99223
Dysentery
Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.		03.3270
Emesis
[description not available]		02.3420
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		02.3420
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		02.3420
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.6330
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		02.3420
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		01.9310
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		01.9310
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		02.3420
Eclampsia
Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).		01.9310
Dermatitis Exfoliativa
[description not available]		01.9310
Dermatitis, Exfoliative
The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9310
Dermatophytoses
[description not available]		02.6430
Tinea
Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.		02.6430
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		03.7421
Esophageal Stricture
[description not available]		01.9310
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		03.7421
Esophageal Stenosis
A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.		01.9310
Silicosis
A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.		04.56100
Apraxia
[description not available]		01.9310
Apraxias
A group of cognitive disorders characterized by the inability to perform previously learned skills that cannot be attributed to deficits of motor or sensory function. The two major subtypes of this condition are ideomotor (see APRAXIA, IDEOMOTOR) and ideational apraxia, which refers to loss of the ability to mentally formulate the processes involved with performing an action. For example, dressing apraxia may result from an inability to mentally formulate the act of placing clothes on the body. Apraxias are generally associated with lesions of the dominant PARIETAL LOBE and supramarginal gyrus. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp56-7)		01.9310
Mastitis
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.		01.9310
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		01.9310
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		03.260
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		02.3420
Rheumatism
[description not available]		02.6330
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		02.3420
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		02.6330
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		02.3420
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		02.3420
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		03.3370
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy
[description not available]		01.9310
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous
A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.		01.9310
Black Death
[description not available]		01.9310
Plague
An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.		01.9310
Ectopic Pregnancy
[description not available]		01.9310
Pregnancy, Ectopic
A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (		01.9310
Enteropathy, Exudative
[description not available]		08.25491
Protein-Losing Enteropathies
Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.		08.25491
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		04.1160
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		01.9310
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		01.9310
Dermatitis Seborrheica
[description not available]		01.9310
Pyoderma
Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).		02.6430
Dermatitis, Seborrheic
A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.		01.9310
Acute Radiation Syndrome
A condition caused by a brief whole body exposure to more than one sievert dose equivalent of radiation. Acute radiation syndrome is initially characterized by ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; VOMITING; but can progress to hematological, gastrointestinal, neurological, pulmonary, and other major organ dysfunction.		01.9310
Hypoalbuminemia
A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).		01.9310
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		03.1960
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		03.0450
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		03.0450
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		02.6330
Bilirubin Encephalopathy
[description not available]		01.9310
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		02.6330
Kernicterus
A term used pathologically to describe BILIRUBIN staining of the BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Clinical features include athetosis, MUSCLE SPASTICITY or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and DEAFNESS. Nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (e.g., SEPSIS). This condition occurs primarily in neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN), but may rarely occur in adults. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p613)		01.9310
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		02.6430
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		02.6430
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		03.73110
Infectious Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.6530
Skin Diseases, Infectious
Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.		02.6530
Hypoproteinemia
A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.		04.08160
Stasis Ulcer
[description not available]		02.6430
Varicose Ulcer
Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.		02.6430
Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.		05.35141
Botulism, Infantile
[description not available]		02.8540
Botulism
A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)		02.8540
ENT Diseases
[description not available]		01.9310
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		03.5530
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		03.5530
Sore Throat
[description not available]		02.3720
Aphthae
[description not available]		01.9310
Acute Membranous Gingivitis
[description not available]		01.9310
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		02.3720
Stomatitis, Aphthous
A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)		01.9310
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		03.1960
Candidiasis, Genital
[description not available]		02.8640
Trichomoniasis, Human
[description not available]		03.0550
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal
Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.		02.8640
Trichomonas Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.		03.0550
Vulvovaginitis
Inflammation of the VULVA and the VAGINA, characterized by discharge, burning, and PRURITUS.		01.9310
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		03.1960
Megacolon
Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.		01.9310
Deficiency, Protein
[description not available]		03.9650
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		03.1960
Blood Protein Disorders
Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.		03.3270
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		02.6330
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.8640
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		02.3720
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9310
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		02.6330
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		02.8640
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		02.3720
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		01.9310
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		02.6530
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		01.9310
Infection, Puerperal
[description not available]		02.3520
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		03.3370
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.3620
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		01.9310
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		03.3370
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		08.1167
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection
[description not available]		01.9410
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		04.1160
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		02.3420
Histoplasmosis
Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.		01.9410
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		03.9650
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		02.3420
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		01.9310
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		02.6330
Anemia, Sideroblastic
Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.		01.9310
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		01.9310
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		01.9310
Abetalipoproteinemia
An autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism. It is caused by mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that catalyzes the transport of lipids (TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS) and is required in the secretion of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL). Features include defective intestinal lipid absorption, very low serum cholesterol level, and near absent LDL.		01.9310
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		04.0231
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		04.0231
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		04.8381
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		04.0231
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		02.3520
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		02.3520
Shock, Traumatic
Shock produced as a result of trauma.		04.5860
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		03.4680
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		03.4680
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		02.8640
Infantile Diarrhea
[description not available]		01.9410
Amebiasis, Intestinal
[description not available]		01.9410
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		02.8640
Diarrhea, Infantile
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.		01.9410
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		01.9410
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		02.8640
Anuria
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.		01.9410
Renal Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		02.3420
Renal Artery Obstruction
Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).		02.3420
Postgastrectomy Syndromes
Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.		01.9410
Child Behavior Disorders
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.		01.9310
Hypernatremia
Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3520
Hypogammaglobulinemia
[description not available]		02.3420
Agammaglobulinemia
An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.		02.3420
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		04.0231
Neoplasms, Bronchial
[description not available]		03.2720
Carcinoma, Bronchial
[description not available]		01.9410
Asbestosis
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.		01.9410
Bronchial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.		03.2720
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.		01.9410
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		04.0331
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		01.9410
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		01.9410
Acne
[description not available]		04.5861
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		04.5861
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.6330
Infection
[description not available]		03.0650
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		03.0650
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		03.4580
Alkalosis
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.		01.9410
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		01.9410
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		03.0450
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		01.9410
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		02.3520
Parasite Infections
[description not available]		03.2620
Dental Focal Infection
[description not available]		02.6430
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		01.9410
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		01.9310
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		01.9310
Lymphangiomyomatosis
[description not available]		02.4320
Chylothorax
The presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4320
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
A disease characterized by the progressive invasion of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS into the LYMPHATIC VESSELS, and the BLOOD VESSELS. The majority of the cases occur in the LUNGS of women of child-bearing age, eventually blocking the flow of air, blood, and lymph. The common symptom is shortness of breath (DYSPNEA).		02.4320
Phlegmon
[description not available]		02.420
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		02.420
Day Blindness
[description not available]		03.411
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change
[description not available]		02.3420
Nephrosis, Lipoid
A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.		02.3420
Cane-Cutter Fever
[description not available]		01.9210
Jaundice, Spirochetal
[description not available]		01.9210
Leptospirosis
Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.		01.9210
Poisoning, Mercury
[description not available]		01.9310
Mercury Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.		01.9310
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.8840
Birnaviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the BIRNAVIRIDAE.		02.4220
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		02.730
Brucella Infection
[description not available]		02.3820
Brucellosis
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.		02.3820
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		02.0210
Bacterial Eye Infections
[description not available]		02.0210
Distorted Hearing
[description not available]		02.3820
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		03.9550
Scarlet Fever
Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present.		01.9210
Mydriasis
Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.		02.0210
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		03.9130
Tooth Discoloration
Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)		0533
48,XXYY Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0210
Klinefelter Syndrome
A form of male HYPOGONADISM, characterized by the presence of an extra X CHROMOSOME, small TESTES, seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, elevated levels of GONADOTROPINS, low serum TESTOSTERONE, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, and male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE). Patients tend to have long legs and a slim, tall stature. GYNECOMASTIA is present in many of the patients. The classic form has the karyotype 47,XXY. Several karyotype variants include 48,XXYY; 48,XXXY; 49,XXXXY, and mosaic patterns ( 46,XY/47,XXY; 47,XXY/48,XXXY, etc.).		02.0210
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		03.3470
Complications, Labor
[description not available]		02.3820
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		07.84402
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		03.3470
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		07.84402
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		03.7940
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		03.7940
Infection, Pelvic
[description not available]		03.4111
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		03.4111
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		03.4111
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		05.1762
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		03.4111
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		02.420
Anophthalmia
[description not available]		02.0210
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		02.3820
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		02.0310
Granulomas
[description not available]		03.9130
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		03.9130
Cheilitis
Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.		02.4420
Auricular Cancer
[description not available]		02.0310
Ear Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).		02.0310
Adenitis, Salivary Gland
[description not available]		02.0310
Blastocyst Disintegration
[description not available]		02.0310
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		02.0310
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		02.3920
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		02.0310
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		02.0310
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		02.0310
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		03.4780
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		03.4780
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		05.77220
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		02.3420
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		02.3420
Impetigo Contagiosa
[description not available]		02.3820
Impetigo
A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.		02.3820
Ametropia
[description not available]		02.3820
Refractive Errors
Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.		02.3820
Toxemia
A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.		03.0550
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		03.2160
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion
Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)		01.9410
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		01.9410
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		01.9410
Gastric Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.		01.9410
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		02.3520
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		02.3720
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		03.83120
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		03.83120
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		06.5454
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity
[description not available]		03.7940
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		02.8710
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		02.8710
Exomphalos
[description not available]		02.6530
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		07.13131
Hernia, Umbilical
A HERNIA due to an imperfect closure or weakness of the umbilical ring. It appears as a skin-covered protrusion at the UMBILICUS during crying, coughing, or straining. The hernia generally consists of OMENTUM or SMALL INTESTINE. The vast majority of umbilical hernias are congenital but can be acquired due to severe abdominal distention.		02.6530
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		07.13131
Embryopathies
[description not available]		03.2820
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes
[description not available]		02.3620
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture
Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.		02.3620
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.3620
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		06.0943
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		06.0943
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		03.2160
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor
[description not available]		01.9610
Liposarcoma
A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9610
Carcinoma, Colloid
[description not available]		01.9610
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		03.260
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous
An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9610
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		03.260
Endometrial Diseases
[description not available]		04.2541
Uterine Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.		04.2541
Break-Bone Fever
[description not available]		01.9610
Dengue
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.		01.9610
Microglossia
[description not available]		03.7721
Tongue, Hairy
A benign condition of the tongue characterized by hypertrophy of the filiform papillae that give the dorsum of the tongue a furry appearance. The color of the elongated papillae varies from yellowish white to brown or black, depending upon staining by substances such as tobacco, food, or drugs. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9610
Back Ache
[description not available]		01.9610
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		01.9610
Dermatitis, Occupational
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.		01.9610
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.3620
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		02.3620
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		03.0550
Carditis
[description not available]		02.3520
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		02.3520
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		03.0750
Cancer of Spleen
[description not available]		02.3520
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		03.0750
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.8740
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.8740
Plasma Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.3720
Plasmacytoma
Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.		02.3720
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		02.3720
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		02.3720
Bouillaud Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.		01.9610
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus
[description not available]		03.7421
Food Poisoning, Salmonella
[description not available]		04.0331
Dysentery, Bacillary
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).		03.7421
Salmonella Food Poisoning
Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.		04.0331
Cyst
[description not available]		01.9610
Trypanosomiasis
Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.		01.9610
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		04.8481
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		04.8481
Aphakia, Postcataract
Absence of the crystalline lens resulting from cataract extraction.		02.3620
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound
[description not available]		03.0650
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.3720
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		02.3720
Bronchial Diseases
Diseases involving the BRONCHI.		03.2820
Segond Fracture
[description not available]		03.7421
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		02.3720
Tibial Fractures
Fractures of the TIBIA.		03.7421
Maxillary Diseases
Diseases involving the MAXILLA.		01.9610
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.		01.9610
Urethritis
Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.		02.6630
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		04.4551
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		04.4551
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		02.8840
Viral Hepatitis, Human
[description not available]		02.3720
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).		02.3720
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis
[description not available]		01.9610
Auditory Hyperesthesia
[description not available]		01.9610
Hearing Loss, High-Frequency
Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.		01.9610
Empyema
Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.		01.9610
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		01.9610
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		01.9610
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		01.9610
Verruca
[description not available]		01.9610
Warts
Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.		01.9610
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		01.9610
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		01.9610
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.3620
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.6530
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.6530
Conjunctival Diseases
Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.		01.9610
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		02.3620
Fibrosis, Inflammatory Perianeurysmal
[description not available]		02.3620
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis.		02.3620
Arthropathies
[description not available]		03.7840
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		03.7840
Malassezia furfur Infection
[description not available]		01.9610
Tinea Versicolor
A common chronic, noninflammatory and usually symptomless disorder, characterized by the occurrence of multiple macular patches of all sizes and shapes, and varying in pigmentation from fawn-colored to brown. It is seen most frequently in hot, humid, tropical regions and is mostly caused by MALASSEZIA FURFUR (formerly Pityrosporum orbiculare).		01.9610
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		03.0550
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		03.0550
Genital Herpes
[description not available]		03.3411
Herpes Genitalis
Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.		03.3411
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection
[description not available]		02.3620
Gonorrhea
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.		02.3620
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		01.9610
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		01.9610
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		03.3470
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		03.3470
Aphakia
Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of LENS DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION.		02.6530
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		01.9610
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		02.6530
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		02.3620
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		02.3620
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		01.9610
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous
[description not available]		01.9610
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid
A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.		01.9610
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		01.9610
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		01.9610
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease
[description not available]		01.9510
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head
[description not available]		02.3620
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell
A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.		01.9510
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		02.6730
Corpus Luteum Cyst
[description not available]		01.9510
Ovarian Cysts
General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.		01.9510
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		03.9130
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		03.9130
Cornea Injuries
[description not available]		02.6530
Wounds, Penetrating
Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.		06.0862
Corneal Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.		02.6530
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		02.3620
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		02.3620
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		03.3411
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.		07.3486
Inguinal Hernia
[description not available]		03.7521
Hernia, Inguinal
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.		03.7521
Xanthoma
[description not available]		02.3620
Facial Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.		01.9610
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		02.8740
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		01.9610
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		01.9610
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		01.9610
Radiodermatitis
A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.		01.9610
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.8740
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		02.8740
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		03.3411
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		03.3411
Bacteriuria
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.		02.8740
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.		02.3820
Colonic Diseases, Functional
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.		02.3620
Human Trichinellosis
[description not available]		02.3620
Trichinellosis
An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.		02.3620
Burns, Chemical
Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.		02.6430
Abdomen, Acute
A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.		02.3620
Panniculitis, Nodular Nonsuppurative
A form of panniculitis characterized by recurrent episodes of fever accompanied by the eruption of single or multiple erythematous subcutaneous nodules on the lower extremities. They normally resolve, but tend to leave depressions in the skin. The condition is most often seen in women, alone or in association with other disorders.		01.9510
Boils
[description not available]		01.9510
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		02.8740
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		02.6530
Goiter
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).		02.8710
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		01.9610
Leukemia L5178
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.		01.9510
Vaginal Diseases
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.		04.2641
Protozoan Infections, Animal
Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.		01.9810
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome
[description not available]		01.9810
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		03.2160
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		02.6730
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		01.9810
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		02.3920
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		01.9810
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		01.9810
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		02.3920
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.		01.9810
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.		01.9810
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea
Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)		01.9810
Neoplasms, Skull
[description not available]		01.9810
Chordoma
A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9810
Fracture, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.3620
Humeral Fractures
Fractures of the HUMERUS.		01.9810
Kaposi Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.6530
Congenital Epulides
[description not available]		01.9810
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		01.9810
Sarcoma, Kaposi
A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.		02.6530
Babesia Infection
[description not available]		03.0750
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		02.3820
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		01.9810
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		01.9810
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		04.5961
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		04.5961
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		01.9910
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		01.9910
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		02.6830
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		02.6830
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		01.9910
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		01.9910
Nasal Polyps
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.		01.9910
Hay Fever
[description not available]		01.9910
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.		01.9910
Anaplasma Infection
[description not available]		01.9910
Diseases of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		01.9910
Pus
[description not available]		06.0862
Ureteral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.		03.3811
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Pleural Effusion, Malignant
Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.		04.0731
Foreign-Body Migration
Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.		02.420
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		01.9910
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		02.3720
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		01.9910
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus
[description not available]		01.9910
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).		01.9910
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		02.6630
Fungus Poisoning
[description not available]		01.9910
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		01.9910
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.420
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9910
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.420
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic
An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.		02.9110
Histiocytosis
General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS CELL; HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL; and HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS, MALIGNANT.		01.9910
Human Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		01.9910
Adenovirus Infections, Human
Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.		01.9910
Epiphora
[description not available]		03.3811
Lacrimal Duct Obstruction
Interference with the secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands. Obstruction of the LACRIMAL SAC or NASOLACRIMAL DUCT causing acute or chronic inflammation of the lacrimal sac (DACRYOCYSTITIS). It is caused also in infants by failure of the nasolacrimal duct to open into the inferior meatus and occurs about the third week of life. In adults occlusion may occur spontaneously or after injury or nasal disease. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p250)		03.3811
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases
Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.		03.3811
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		03.3811
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		03.3811
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		02.6630
Dermatitis, Irritant
A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.		03.7921
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		03.3811
B-Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		0210
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell
[description not available]		0210
Leukemia, T-Cell
A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.		0210
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		0210
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		0210
Campylobacter Infection
[description not available]		0210
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		03.3911
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		03.3911
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		0210
Angiostrongylus Infections
[description not available]		0210
Rhinosporidiosis
Chronic, localized granulomatous infection of mucocutaneous tissues, especially the NOSE, and characterized by HYPERPLASIA and the development of POLYPS. It is found in humans and other animals and is caused by the mesomycetozoean organism RHINOSPORIDIUM SEEBERI.		0210
Vesicoureteral Reflux
[description not available]		0210
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.		0210
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans
Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.		0210
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		0210
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.		0210
Calculus, Dental
[description not available]		03.3911
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		0210
Bacterial Vaginitides
[description not available]		0210
Vaginosis, Bacterial
Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.		0210
Hepatoblastoma
A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0110
Johne Disease
[description not available]		02.0110
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		02.6430
Acid-Base Imbalance
Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.		01.9510
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		01.9510
Gingival Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.		01.9510
Hypersensitivity, Type III
[description not available]		01.9510
Hydrarthrosis
Accumulation of watery fluid in the cavity of a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Congenital Familial Lymphedema
[description not available]		02.6430
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		02.6430
Intestinal Lymphangiectasis
[description not available]		01.9510
Lymphedema
Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.		02.6430
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		02.6430
Mast-Cell Sarcoma
A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.		02.3620
Mandibular Diseases
Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.		01.9510
Constrictive Pericarditis
[description not available]		02.6430
Choked Disk
[description not available]		01.9510
Papilledema
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)		01.9510
Bullous Dermatoses
[description not available]		01.9510
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.8740
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		01.9510
Cervix Erosion
[description not available]		03.3411
Genital Diseases, Male
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).		01.9510
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		04.2570
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		02.6430
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		02.6430
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		01.9510
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		02.3520
Cerebral Concussion
[description not available]		01.9510
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		01.9510
Inner Ear Disease
[description not available]		01.9510
Otospongiosis
[description not available]		01.9510
Brain Concussion
A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)		01.9510
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		01.9510
Labyrinth Diseases
Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).		01.9510
Otosclerosis
Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.		01.9510
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		03.7521
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		03.7521
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		04.0231
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		01.9510
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		01.9510
Adnexitis
Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).		01.9510
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.		01.9510
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		01.9510
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		01.9510
Shingles
[description not available]		02.3520
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3520
Infections, Chlamydia
[description not available]		01.9510
Chlamydia Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.		01.9510
Scalp Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the SCALP.		01.9510
Polyneuropathy, Acquired
[description not available]		01.9510
Polyneuropathies
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.		01.9510
Polyuria
Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).		02.6430
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.0550
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		01.9510
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.		01.9510
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		02.3520
Hospital-Addiction Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9510
Autotomy Human
[description not available]		01.9510
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		02.3520
Cancer of Pelvis
[description not available]		03.3311
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		03.7421
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		01.9510
Cervix Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Deficiency, Vitamin E
[description not available]		01.9510
Fetal Resorption
The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).		01.9510
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		02.3620
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		02.3620
Edema, Laryngeal
[description not available]		01.9510
Wounds, Gunshot
Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.		01.9510
Acquired Laryngeal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.3620
Laryngeal Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the LARYNX, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions.		01.9510
Great Pox
[description not available]		02.3820
Syphilis
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.		02.3820
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		01.9810
Leprosy, Cutaneous
[description not available]		01.9810
Leprosy, Borderline
A form of LEPROSY in which there are clinical manifestations of both principal types (lepromatous and tuberculoid). The disease may shift toward one of these two polar or principal forms.		01.9810
Erythrocytosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Fallopian Tube Diseases
Diseases involving the FALLOPIAN TUBES including neoplasms (FALLOPIAN TUBE NEOPLASMS); SALPINGITIS; tubo-ovarian abscess; and blockage.		03.3611
Rotavirus Infections
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.		01.9810
Leukemia P388
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.		01.9810
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		02.8940
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		02.8940
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		02.3820
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		02.8740
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
[description not available]		01.9710
Thalassemias
[description not available]		02.3720
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		02.8740
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.		01.9710
Thalassemia
A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.		02.3720
Orthopedic Disorders
[description not available]		01.9710
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.		01.9710
Pseudarthrosis
A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the false joint that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9710
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		01.9710
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		01.9710
Enterocolitis
Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.		01.9710
Phagocyte Bactericidal Dysfunction
Disorders in which phagocytic cells cannot kill ingested bacteria; characterized by frequent recurring infection with formulation of granulomas.		01.9710
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		01.9710
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		01.9710
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		01.9710
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		01.9710
Anterior Urethral Stricture
[description not available]		01.9710
Urethral Stricture
Narrowing of any part of the URETHRA. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.		01.9710
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		04.0331
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		04.0431
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		04.0331
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		04.0431
Middle Ear Effusion
[description not available]		01.9710
Otitis Media with Effusion
Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.		01.9710
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Acute conjunctival inflammation in the newborn, usually caused by maternal gonococcal infection. The causative agent is NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE. The baby's eyes are contaminated during passage through the birth canal.		02.8910
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Enterovirus Infections
Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.		01.9710
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		01.9710
Bilateral Wilms Tumor
[description not available]		01.9710
Wilms Tumor
A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.		01.9710
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.		01.9710
Kerion Celsi
An inflammatory manifestation of tinea capitis with a pronounced swelling that develops into suppurative central and indurated peripheral area called kerion.		01.9710
Tinea Capitis
Ringworm of the scalp and associated hair mainly caused by species of MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON, which may occasionally involve the eyebrows and eyelashes.		01.9710
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		01.9710
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		01.9710
Hand Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the hand.		04.3222
Brown Lung
[description not available]		03.5830
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		04.6161
Aortic Incompetence
[description not available]		01.9710
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).		01.9710
Tuberculosis, Urogenital
A general term for MYCOBACTERIUM infections of any part of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.		01.9710
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		02.6530
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with XEROSTOMIA and polyarthritis, it is called SJOGREN'S SYNDROME.		04.6132
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		02.6630
Di Guglielmo Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.		01.9610
Bacterial Conjunctivitides
[description not available]		02.3720
Conjunctivitis, Bacterial
Purulent infections of the conjunctiva by several species of gram-negative, gram-positive, or acid-fast organisms. Some of the more commonly found genera causing conjunctival infections are Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Chlamydia.		02.3720
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		01.9710
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		01.9710
Mediastinitis
Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.		02.8840
Periphlebitis
Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.		03.3611
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).		03.3611
Cyst, Lymphatic
[description not available]		02.3720
Halitosis
An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods.		01.9710
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		01.9710
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9710
Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine
A condition of chronic gastroenteritis in adult pigs and fatal gastroenteritis in piglets caused by a CORONAVIRUS.		01.9710
Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		01.9610
Furrow Keratitis
[description not available]		02.6530
Adenoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.		01.9610
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		01.9610
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		01.9610
Polyploid
[description not available]		01.9610
Heartwater Disease
A tick-borne septicemic disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by EHRLICHIA RUMINANTIUM.		01.9610
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.		01.9610
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum
[description not available]		01.9610
Keratosis
Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.		01.9610
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		01.9710
Infections, Respirovirus
[description not available]		01.9710
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		01.9710
Angioneurotic Edema
[description not available]		01.9710
Angioedema
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.		01.9710
Cretinism
[description not available]		02.3720
Congenital Hypothyroidism
A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.		02.3720
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic
[description not available]		01.9710
Anal Fistula
[description not available]		01.9710
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		01.9710
Ileal Diseases
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		01.9710
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula
[description not available]		01.9710
Panophthalmitis
Acute suppurative inflammation of the inner eye with necrosis of the sclera (and sometimes the cornea) and extension of the inflammation into the orbit. Pain may be severe and the globe may rupture. In endophthalmitis the globe does not rupture.		03.3511
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		02.6630
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		02.6630
Bronchial Pneumonia
[description not available]		01.9610
Xerophthalmia
Dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. It may be associated with vitamin A deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely.		03.3511
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		01.9710
Femur Neck Fractures
[description not available]		04.8340
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.		04.8340
Duodenal Obstruction
Hindrance of the passage of luminal contents in the DUODENUM. Duodenal obstruction can be partial or complete, and caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Simple obstruction is associated with diminished or stopped flow of luminal contents. Strangulating obstruction is associated with impaired blood flow to the duodenum in addition to obstructed flow of luminal contents.		01.9610
Erosive Duodenitis
[description not available]		01.9610
Duodenitis
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.		01.9610
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.3620
Leiomyosarcoma
A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)		02.3620
Fallot's Tetralogy
[description not available]		02.3620
Tetralogy of Fallot
A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.		02.3620
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9610
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		01.9610
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		01.9610
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		01.9610
Diseases of Pharynx
[description not available]		01.9610
Periapical Cyst
[description not available]		01.9510
Dental Granuloma
[description not available]		01.9510
Niemann-Pick Disease
[description not available]		02.3420
Niemann-Pick Diseases
A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences.		02.3420
Pyelitis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY PELVIS and KIDNEY CALICES where urine is collected before discharge, but does not involve the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS) where urine is processed.		01.9410
Skin Manifestations
Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.		02.3520
Infections, Proteus
[description not available]		02.3520
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		02.3520
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.3520
Mushroom Poisoning
Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.		01.9410
Bagassosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.		01.9410
Pneumoconiosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.		01.9410
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion
[description not available]		01.9410
Hypopituitarism
Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.		01.9410
Leukemia, Radiation-Induced
Leukemia produced by exposure to IONIZING RADIATION or NON-IONIZING RADIATION.		01.9510
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		01.9510
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		01.9510
Trichostrongyloidiasis
Infection by roundworms of the superfamily TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA, including the genera TRICHOSTRONGYLUS; OSTERTAGIA; Cooperia, HAEMONCHUS; Nematodirus, Hyostrongylus, and DICTYOCAULUS.		02.3520
Corneal Dystrophies
[description not available]		01.9510
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		01.9410
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		01.9410
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		01.9410
Mediastinal Diseases
Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.		01.9510
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		02.3520
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		02.3520
Frostbite
Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures.		02.8610
Eye Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.		01.9510
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		02.3520
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		02.3520
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		01.9510
Causalgia Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9510
Causalgia
A complex regional pain syndrome characterized by burning pain and marked sensitivity to touch (HYPERESTHESIA) in the distribution of an injured peripheral nerve. Autonomic dysfunction in the form of sudomotor (i.e., sympathetic innervation to sweat glands), vasomotor, and trophic skin changes may also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1359)		01.9510
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		01.9510
Periarthritis
Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.		01.9510
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		01.9510
Lymphangiectasis
A transient dilatation of the lymphatic vessels.		01.9510
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		01.9510
Rida
[description not available]		01.9510
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.		01.9510
Fetomaternal Transfusion
Transplacental passage of fetal blood into the circulation of the maternal organism. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		02.6330
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		02.6330
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		01.9410
Bronze Diabetes
[description not available]		01.9410
Hemochromatosis
A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)		01.9410
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9410
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		01.9410
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.3520
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		01.9410
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		01.9410
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		02.3520
Arbovirus Infections
Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified.		02.8610
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		01.9410
Fasciola Infection
[description not available]		02.6430
Infections, Nematomorpha
[description not available]		01.9410
Bunostomiasis
[description not available]		02.3520
Fascioliasis
Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.		02.6430
Helminthiasis
Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.		01.9410
Hookworm Infections
Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.		02.3520
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		01.9410
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		01.9410
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		01.9410
Bacterial Endocarditides
[description not available]		01.9410
Endocarditis, Bacterial
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.		01.9410
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.3420
Hemorrhage, Uterine
[description not available]		01.9410
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).		02.3420
Uterine Hemorrhage
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.		01.9410
Atrial Septal Defect
[description not available]		01.9410
Mitral Stenosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Pulmonary Stenoses
[description not available]		01.9410
Tricuspid Valve Stenosis
The pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the TRICUSPID VALVE. This hinders the emptying of RIGHT ATRIUM leading to elevated right atrial pressure and systemic venous congestion. Tricuspid valve stenosis is almost always due to RHEUMATIC FEVER.		01.9410
Cardiac Aneurysm
[description not available]		01.9410
Mitral Valve Stenosis
Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.		01.9410
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		01.9410
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9410
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		01.9410
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		01.9410
Fibromatosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Fibroma
A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.		01.9410
Besnoitiasis
[description not available]		01.9410
Elaeophoriasis
[description not available]		01.9410
Filariasis
Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.		01.9410
Miliaria
A syndrome of cutaneous changes associated with sweat retention and extravasation of sweat at different levels in the skin. Miliaria rubra, or prickly heat, results from apocrine duct obstruction. The sweat then seeps into the epidermis, producing pruritic erythematous papulovesicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Splenic Diseases
Diseases involving the SPLEEN.		01.9410
Injuries, Tendon
[description not available]		01.9410
Kwashiorkor
A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3420
Cardiac Septal Defect
[description not available]		01.9410
Silicotuberculosis
Pulmonary or extrapulmonary infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or nontuberculous mycobacteria in a patient with silicosis.		01.9410
Glandular Fever
[description not available]		01.9410
Infectious Mononucleosis
A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.		01.9410
Enlarged Spleen
[description not available]		01.9410
Keratoconus
A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Hemoglobinuria
The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.		01.9410
Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
[description not available]		01.9410
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		01.9410
Nephrosclerosis
Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.		01.9410
Carcinoma 256, Walker
A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9410
Neoplasm Seeding
The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.		01.9410
Pneumoperitoneum
A condition with trapped gas or air in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the LUNG and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, or to recent surgery. Pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination.		01.9410
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		01.9410