lactic acid

Research Excerpts

Overview

Lactic acid (LA) is an important organic acid with broad industrial applications. Lactic acid is a valuable compound used in several industrial processes such as polymers, emulsifiers manufacturing, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic formulations. D-lactic acidosis is a metabolic disease of cattle caused by the digestive overgrowth of bacteria.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Polylactic acid (PLA) is a prominent biomaterial for plentiful applications in medicine and industry. "	( The impact of the thermal annealing conditions on the structural properties of polylactic acid fibers. Ali, AM, 2022)	1.5
"Lactic acid (LA) is an essential commodity chemical, with bio-based LA ruling the market share. "	( Fermentative lactic acid production from seaweed hydrolysate using Lactobacillus sp. And Weissella sp. Chang, JS; Chen, CY; Chen, PT; Lee, DJ; Nagarajan, D; Oktarina, N, 2022)	2.53
"Lactic acid (LA) is an important organic acid with broad industrial applications. "	( A Review of the Recent Developments in the Bioproduction of Polylactic Acid and Its Precursors Optically Pure Lactic Acids. Huang, S; Ma, Y; Wang, L; Xue, Y; Yu, B; Zhou, C, 2021)	2.3
"Lactic acid is a valuable compound used in several industrial processes such as polymers, emulsifiers manufacturing, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic formulations. "	( Valorization of household food wastes to lactic acid production: A response surface methodology approach to optimize fermentation process. Anagnostopoulou, C; Assimopoulou, AN; Gaspari, M; Kontogiannopoulos, KN; Kougias, PG; Morlino, MS, 2022)	2.43
"Lactic acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid that inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria, without any negative effect on the commensal bacteria itself."	( Glycerol fermentation by skin bacteria generates lactic acid and upregulates the expression levels of genes associated with the skin barrier function. Appavoo, S; Christy, E; Dasgupta, A; Kadamkode, V; Kumaran, S; Majumdar, A; Mallemala, P; Mitra, R; Salgaonkar, N, 2022)	1.7
"Lactic acidosis is a rare but life-threatening complication associated with prolonged linezolid therapy. "	( Linezolid Intoxication with Extreme Lactate Blood Levels Successfully Treated with Dialytic Treatment in ICU: A Case Report. Agrò, FE; Chello, M; Mattei, A; Nenna, A; Pascarella, G; Schiavoni, L; Strumia, A, 2022)	2.16
"Lactic acid is a "metabolic waste" product of glycolysis that is produced in the body. "	( Tumor Microenvironment: Lactic Acid Promotes Tumor Development. Gao, Y; Liu, G; Shang, A; Wu, J; Yuan, Y; Zhou, H, 2022)	2.47
"D-lactic acidosis is a metabolic disease of cattle caused by the digestive overgrowth of bacteria that are highly producers of d-lactate, a metabolite that then reaches and accumulates in the bloodstream. "	( d-lactate-triggered extracellular trap formation in cattle polymorphonuclear leucocytes is glucose metabolism dependent. Alarcón, P; Burgos, RA; Carretta, MD; Manosalva, C; Quiroga, J; Teuber, S, 2022)	1.44
"D-lactic acid is a specific marker produced almost exclusively by bacterial species; thus, the appearance of this marker in synovial fluid may indicate periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). "	( What is the Accuracy of a Rapid Strip Test That Detects D-lactic Acid in Synovial Fluid for the Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infections? Grajek, A; Grzelecki, D; Kowalczewski, J; Walczak, P, 2023)	1.88
"Lactic acid is an essential platform chemical with various applications in the chemicals, food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. "	( Macroalgal biomass as a potential resource for lactic acid fermentation. Ariyadasa, TU; Chang, JS; Chen, CY; Lee, DJ; Nagarajan, D, 2022)	2.42
"l-Lactic acid (LA) is a three-carbon hydroxycarboxylic acid with extensive applications in food, cosmetic, agricultural, pharmaceutical, and bioplastic industries. "	( Metabolic Engineering and Adaptive Evolution for Efficient Production of l-Lactic Acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chen, X; Li, Y; Luo, R; Zhu, P, 2022)	1.67
"Lactic acidosis is a clinical status related to clinical worsening. "	( Development of a prehospital lactic acidosis score for early-mortality. A prospective, multicenter, ambulance-based, cohort study. Castro Villamor, MA; Del Pozo Vegas, C; Delgado Benito, JF; López-Izquierdo, R; Martín-Conty, JL; Martín-Rodríguez, F; Ortega, GJ; Sanz-García, A, 2023)	2.64
"Lactic acid transport is a key process maintaining glycolytic flux in tumors. "	( Chemical Biology Approaches Confirm MCT4 as the Therapeutic Target of a Cellular Optimized Hit. Castaldi, MP; Clark, RA; Critchlow, SE; Goldberg, FW; Hopcroft, L; Kawatkar, A; Kettle, JG; Lamont, GM; Roaquin, DA; Tomlinson, R; Zhang, AX; Zuhl, AM, 2023)	2.35
"Lactic acidosis is a disease in which lactic acid accumulates in the blood and causes acidosis in the patient. "	( Metformin-associated severe lactic acidosis combined with multi-organ insufficiency induced by infection with Aeromonas veronii: A case report. Wu, C; Xia, Y; Zhu, X, 2023)	2.65
"Lactic acid is an immunosuppressive molecule with crucial roles in tumor cells' immune escape, which could largely be attributed to its negative effects on the T cells present in the tumor microenvironment (TME)."	( MicroRNA-124 Enhances T Cells Functions by Manipulating the Lactic Acid Metabolism of Tumor Cells. Fallah-Mehrjardi, K; Hadjati, J; Jafarzadeh, L; Javad Tavassolifar, M; Khakpoor-Koosheh, M; Masoumi, E; Mirzaei, HR; Noorbakhsh, F; Rezaei, N; Rostamian, H, 2023)	1.87
"Lactic acid (LA) is a platform chemical with diverse industrial applications. "	( Fermentative valorisation of xylose-rich hemicellulosic hydrolysates from agricultural waste residues for lactic acid production under non-sterile conditions. Agrawal, D; Castro, E; Cox, R; Jacob, S; Kumar, D; Kumar, G; Kumar, V; Narisetty, V, 2023)	2.57
"l-Lactic acid is a natural α-hydroxy carboxylic acid and is commonly used as an addictive. "	( Enzymatic colorimetric method for turn-on determination of l-lactic acid through indicator displacement assay. Chen, Q; Liu, W; Ma, X; Qian, Z; Ran, Z; Shang, Z; Wang, X; Yang, Y; Zhang, L, 2023)	1.87
"Lactic acidosis is a feature of solid tumors and plays fundamental role(s) rendering cancer cells to adapt to diverse metabolic stresses, but the mechanism underlying its roles in redox homeostasis remains elusive. "	( A GSTP1-mediated lactic acid signaling promotes tumorigenesis through the PPP oxidative branch. Ahmad, M; Chen, C; He, Q; Hu, Y; Li, J; Lin, Y; Luo, H; Luo, Y; Sun, Y; Wang, B; Wu, D; Yang, Z; Zheng, L, 2023)	2.69
"D-Lactic acid is a chiral, three-carbon organic acid, that bolsters the thermostability of polylactic acid. "	( Development of a Novel D-Lactic Acid Production Platform Based on Lactobacillus saerimneri TBRC 5746. Kingcha, Y; Kocharin, K; Promdonkoy, P; Runguphan, W; Sansatchanon, K; Sudying, P; Tanapongpipat, S; Visessanguan, W, 2023)	1.93
"Lactic acid is a common active ingredient in many topical skincare products; however, measuring its delivery into the skin is challenging due to the presence of a large level of endogenous lactic acid. "	( MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Semi-Quantification of Topically Delivered Lactic Acid. Bonnel, D; Cohen, A; Gaudin, M; Legouffe, R; Mao, J, 2023)	2.58
"Lactic acid is a natural antimicrobial in food industry, and also exists in fermented food. "	( Zinc mediates resuscitation of lactic acid-injured Escherichia coli by relieving oxidative stress. Chen, Z; Kan, J; Lan, L; Shi, H; Zhang, R, 2019)	2.24
"D-lactic acidosis is an uncommon cause of high anion gap acidosis."	( High anion gap metabolic acidosis caused by D-lactate: mind the time of blood collection. Hiele, M; Vermeersch, P; Weemaes, M, 2020)	1.28
"Lactic acid (LA) is a major organic acid metabolite produced by vaginal lactobacilli that elicits anti-inflammatory effects from cervicovaginal epithelial cells and is dramatically depleted during BV."	( Distinct Immune Responses Elicited From Cervicovaginal Epithelial Cells by Lactic Acid and Short Chain Fatty Acids Associated With Optimal and Non-optimal Vaginal Microbiota. Delgado-Diaz, DJ; Gugasyan, R; Hayward, JA; Hearps, AC; Tachedjian, G; Tyssen, D, 2019)	1.47
"Lactic acid is a universal metabolite, as well as a growth inhibitor of ethanol producers in Baijiu fermentation. "	( Cooperative Response of Deng, N; Du, H; Xu, Y, 2020)	2
"Lactic acid (LA) is an established platform chemical, registering an important market share, mainly owing to the increasing demand for polylactic acid."	( High L(+)-lactic acid productivity in continuous fermentations using bakery waste and lucerne green juice as renewable substrates. Alexandri, M; Blanco-Catalá, J; Schneider, R; Turon, X; Venus, J, 2020)	1.68
"Lactic acid (LA) is a byproduct of glycolysis resulting from intense exercise or a metabolic defect in aerobic processes. "	( Novel metabolic system for lactic acid via LRPGC1/ERRγ signaling pathway. Matsuda, KI; Tanaka, M; Tanida, T, 2020)	2.3
"Poly lactic acid is a biocompatible, biodegradable and nontoxic polymer."	( Nano, micro particulate and cosmetic delivery systems of polylactic acid: A mini review. Abu Hajleh, MN; Al-Dujaili, EAS; Al-Samydai, A, 2020)	1.25
"D-lactic acid is a chiral three-carbon organic acid that can improve the thermostability of polylactic acid. "	( Systematic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for D-lactic acid production with near theoretical yield. Boonchoo, K; Kocharin, K; Runguphan, W; Sae-Tang, K; Sansatchanon, K; Sudying, P; Tanapongpipat, S; Watcharawipas, A, 2021)	1.59
"Lactic acid fermentation is a traditional process to preserve foods and to modify their organoleptic properties. "	( Screening of lactic acid bacteria for their potential use as aromatic starters in fermented vegetables. Ho, PH; Licandro, H; Lorn, D; Nguyen, TK; Tan, R; Waché, Y, 2021)	2.43
"Lactic acid is a byproduct of glycolysis capable of promoting oncogenic progression, but its role in tumor invasion is unclear."	( Lactic acid in tumor invasion. Luo, T; Niu, D; Wang, H; Xia, Y; Xie, Z, 2021)	2.79
"Lactic acid is an important platform chemical used in the food, agriculture, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. "	( Bioproduction of l- and d-lactic acids: advances and trends in microbial strain application and engineering. Augustiniene, E; Jonuskiene, I; Malys, N; Matulis, P; Syrpas, M; Valanciene, E, 2022)	2.46
"Lactic acid is a marker of ischemia in gastrointestinal emergencies."	( Comparison of Lactic Acid Levels in Children with Suspected and Confirmed Intussusception. Ishimine, P; Tamas, V, 2017)	1.54
"D-lactic acidosis is an uncommon and challenging form of metabolic acidosis that may develop in short bowel syndrome. "	( D-lactic acidosis in humans: systematic literature review. Agostoni, C; Amelio, GS; Bianchetti, DGAM; Bianchetti, MG; Fossali, EF; Lava, SAG; Milani, GP; Simonetti, GD, 2018)	1.92
"Lactic acidosis is a rare complication of linezolid (LZD) therapy, and its incidence and risk factors remain unknown. "	( Comparative analysis of lactic acidosis induced by linezolid and vancomycin therapy using cohort and case-control studies of incidence and associated risk factors. Aoki, Y; Bito, S; Hirose, S; Kamimura, Y; Kimura, Y; Mori, N, 2018)	2.23
"D-lactic acidosis is an infrequent complication, mainly reported in patients with short bowel syndrome. "	( [Dietetic treatment with fructose in a 5-year-old girl with recurrent D-lactic acidosis]. Pedrón Giner, C; Quijada Fraile, P; Travieso Suárez, L, 2018)	1.43
"Lactic acid is a platform chemical for the sustainable production of various materials. "	( Low-pH production of d-lactic acid using newly isolated acid tolerant yeast Pichia kudriavzevii NG7. Bae, JH; Han, JI; Ko, HJ; Lee, SH; Park, HJ; Sohn, JH; Sung, BH, 2018)	2.23
"D-lactic acidosis (D-LA) is a metabolic disorder that may occur in individuals with short bowel syndrome when lactate-producing bacteria in the colon overproduce D-lactate."	( Intestinal Microbial and Metabolic Alterations Following Successful Fecal Microbiota Transplant for D-Lactic Acidosis. Bulik-Sullivan, EC; Carroll, IM; Elliott, RJ; Gulati, AS; Kassam, Z; Lichtman, SN; Roy, S, 2018)	1.25
"D-lactic acid is a versatile and important industrial chemical that can be applied in the synthesis of thermal-resistant poly-lactic acid. "	( Biosynthesis of D-lactic acid from lignocellulosic biomass. Vadlani, PV; Yoshida, M; Zhang, Y, 2018)	1.54
"Lactic acid is a versatile chemical that can be produced via fermentation of lignocellulosic materials. "	( Lactobacillus pentosus CECT 4023 T co-utilizes glucose and xylose to produce lactic acid from wheat straw hydrolysate: Anaerobiosis as a key factor. Ballesteros, M; Cubas-Cano, E; González-Fernández, C; Tomás-Pejó, E, 2019)	2.19
"Lactic acid is an important industrial product and the production from inexpensive and renewable lignocellulose can reduce the cost and environmental pollution. "	( Efficient l-lactic acid production from corncob residue using metabolically engineered thermo-tolerant yeast. Hong, J; Hua, Y; Kong, X; Li, W; Wang, D; Zhang, B; Zhu, Y, 2019)	2.34
"D-Lactic acid (D-LA) is an enantiomer of lactic acid, which has a niche application in synthesis of poly-lactic acid based (PLA) polymer owing to its contribution to the thermo-stability of stereo-complex PLA polymer. "	( Co-culture of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and engineered Lactococcus lactis enhances stoichiometric yield of D-lactic acid from whey permeate. Jayaraman, G; Sahoo, TK, 2019)	1.45
"Lactic acidosis is an adverse event associated with metformin usage. "	( The Role of Metformin in Metformin-Associated Lactic Acidosis (MALA): Case Series and Formulation of a Model of Pathogenesis. Day, RO; Duong, JK; Furlong, TJ; Graham, GG; Greenfield, JR; Roberts, DM; Williams, KM, 2013)	2.09
"Polylactic acid is a renewable raw material that is increasingly used in the manufacture of bioplastics, which offers a more sustainable alternative to materials derived from fossil resources. "	( Production of L-lactic acid by the yeast Candida sonorensis expressing heterologous bacterial and fungal lactate dehydrogenases. Ilmén, M; Koivuranta, K; Penttilä, M; Rajgarhia, V; Ruohonen, L; Suominen, P, 2013)	1.29
"Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a versatile synthetic polyester. "	( n→π* interactions in poly(lactic acid) suggest a role in protein folding. Newberry, RW; Raines, RT, 2013)	1.2
"Lactic acidosis is a life-threatening complication of hemorrhagic shock. "	( Pyruvate Ringer's solution corrects lactic acidosis and prolongs survival during hemorrhagic shock in rats. Bai, XD; Fang, T; Hu, S; Liu, XQ; Wang, HB; Zhong, YX; Zhou, FQ, 2013)	2.11
"Lactic acid, however, is an energetic substrate and its metabolism might increase total body CO2 production (VCO2), limiting the potential beneficial effects of this technique."	( Infusion of 2.5 meq/min of Lactic Acid minimally increases CO2 production compared to an isocaloric glucose infusion in healthy anesthetized, mechanically ventilated pigs. Albertini, M; Bellani, G; Costanzi, M; Giani, M; Mangili, P; Ormas, V; Patroniti, N; Pesenti, A; Redaelli, S; Scaravilli, V; Zanella, A, 2013)	1.41
"Poly(lactic acid), PLA, is a biodegradable polymer, but its applications are limited by its high cost and relatively poorer properties when compared to petroleum-based plastics. "	( Poly(lactic acid) filled with cassava starch-g-soybean oil maleate. Kiangkitiwan, N; Srikulkit, K, 2013)	1.42
"L-Lactic acid is an important platform chemical, which ought to be produced under cost control to meet its huge demand. "	( Efficient production of l-lactic acid using co-feeding strategy based on cane molasses/glucose carbon sources. Xu, K; Xu, P, 2014)	1.42
"Lactic acid is an important industrial chemical commonly produced through microbial fermentation. "	( Influence of polysorbate 80 and cyclopropane fatty acid synthase activity on lactic acid production by Lactobacillus casei ATCC 334 at low pH. Brighton, C; Broadbent, JR; Hughes, JE; Oberg, TS; Steele, JL; Ward, RE; Welker, DL, 2014)	2.07
"Lactic acid is an important platform chemical. "	( [Recent developments in L-lactate fermentation by genetically modified microorganisms]. Jiang, X; Wang, L; Yu, B; Zeng, Q; Zhang, G, 2013)	1.83
"Lactic acid is a top chemical opportunity from carbohydrate biomass as it not only features tremendous potential as a chemical platform molecule; it is also a common building block for commercially employed green solvents and near-commodity bio-plastics."	( Selective catalysis for cellulose conversion to lactic acid and other α-hydroxy acids. Dusselier, M; Sels, BF, 2014)	1.38
"Lactic acid is an intermediate-volume specialty chemical for a wide range of food and industrial applications such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and chemical syntheses. "	( Production of lactic acid using a new homofermentative Enterococcus faecalis isolate. Christopher, LP; Subramanian, MR; Talluri, S, 2015)	2.22
"Lactic acid is an important chemical with various industrial applications, and it can be efficiently produced by fermentation, in which Bacillus coagulans strains present excellent performance. "	( Betaine and beet molasses enhance L-lactic acid production by Bacillus coagulans. Xu, K; Xu, P, 2014)	2.12
"Lactic acid is a commodity chemical that can be produced biologically. "	( L-lactic acid production from starch by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation in a genetically engineered Aspergillus oryzae pure culture. Asai-Nakashima, N; Hata, Y; Kondo, A; Ogino, C; Tsutsumi, H; Wakai, S; Yamada, R; Yoshie, T, 2014)	2.57
"Polylactic acid (PLA) is a candidate material to prepare scaffolds for 3-D tissue regeneration. "	( Cell patterning on polylactic acid through surface-tethered oligonucleotides. Arima, Y; Iwata, H; Matsui, T; Takemoto, N, 2015)	1.29
"Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a kind of non-toxic biological materials with excellent absorbability, biocompatibility and biodegradability, which can be used for drug release, tissue engineering and surgical treatment applications. "	( Poly(lactic acid)/chitosan hybrid nanoparticles for controlled release of anticancer drug. Chen, JF; Chen, S; Le, Y; Wang, J; Wang, W; Wu, X; Zhang, L, 2015)	1.44
"Lactic acid is an important commodity chemical having a wide range of applications. "	( Microbial production of lactic acid. Eiteman, MA; Ramalingam, S, 2015)	2.17
"Lactic acid (LA) is an important chemical with various industrial applications. "	( High-titer lactic acid production from NaOH-pretreated corn stover by Bacillus coagulans LA204 using fed-batch simultaneous saccharification and fermentation under non-sterile condition. Hu, J; Liang, Y; Lin, Y; Mei, Y; Peng, N; Zhang, Z; Zhao, S, 2015)	2.25
"Lactic acid (LA) is a necessary industrial feedstock for producing the bioplastic, polylactic acid (PLA), which is currently produced by pure culture fermentation of food carbohydrates. "	( Lactic acid production from potato peel waste by anaerobic sequencing batch fermentation using undefined mixed culture. Coats, ER; Liang, S; McDonald, AG, 2015)	3.3
"Lactic acid is an important platform chemical for producing polylactic acid (PLA) and other value-added products. "	( Microbial production of lactic acid: the latest development. Juturu, V; Wu, JC, 2016)	2.18
"Lactic acid is a byproduct of both muscle metabolism and the central nervous system. "	( The importance of lactic acid in migraines and fibromyalgia. da Cunha, CL; de Sá Ribeiro, GA; Paiva, Edos S; Piovesan, EJ; Scola, RH; Werneck, LC; Wollmann Junior, DR, )	1.91
"Lactic acid (LA) is a versatile platform molecule owing to the opportunity to transform this compound into useful chemicals and materials. "	( Hetropolyacid-Catalyzed Oxidation of Glycerol into Lactic Acid under Mild Base-Free Conditions. Delidovich, I; Palkovits, R; Shi, J; Tao, M; Wang, X; Yi, X, 2015)	2.11
"Polylactic acid (PLA) is an important renewable polymer, but current processes for producing its precursor, lactic acid, suffer from process inefficiencies related to the use of bacterial hosts. "	( Improvement of lactic acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a deletion of ssb1. Alper, HS; Crook, N; Lee, JJ; Sun, J, 2016)	1.35
"Lactic acid is a versatile chemical platform with many different industrial applications. "	( Protein aggregation and membrane lipid modifications under lactic acid stress in wild type and OPI1 deleted Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Ami, D; Berterame, NM; Branduardi, P; Porro, D, 2016)	2.12
"d-Lactic acid, is an important organic acid produced from agro-industrial wastes by Sporolactobacillus inulinus YBS1-5 was investigated to reduce the raw material cost of fermentation. "	( D-Lactic acid production by Sporolactobacillus inulinus YBS1-5 with simultaneous utilization of cottonseed meal and corncob residue. Bai, Z; Gao, Z; He, B; Sun, J; Wu, B, 2016)	1.88
"Polylactic acid (PLA) is a very promising biodegradable, renewable, and biocompatible polymer. "	( Lactide Synthesis and Chirality Control for Polylactic acid Production. Dusselier, M; Sels, B; Van Wouwe, P; Vanleeuw, E, 2016)	1.25
"Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a synthetic polyester that has shown extensive utility in tissue engineering. "	( Poly(lactic acid) nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering. Mikos, AG; Santoro, M; Shah, SR; Walker, JL, 2016)	1.46
"Lactic acid is a high-in-demand chemical, which can be produced through fermentation of lignocellulosic feedstock. "	( Acetate accumulation enhances mixed culture fermentation of biomass to lactic acid. Coma, M; Khor, WC; Rabaey, K; Roume, H; Vervaeren, H, 2016)	2.11
"Lactic acid is an important platform molecule in the synthesis of a wide range of chemicals. "	( Selective Chemical Conversion of Sugars in Aqueous Solutions without Alkali to Lactic Acid Over a Zn-Sn-Beta Lewis Acid-Base Catalyst. Dong, W; Gu, M; Peng, B; Shen, Z; Xiang, B; Zhang, Y; Zhou, X, 2016)	2.1
"Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a FDA-approved biomaterial displaying excellent biocompatibility and low toxicity."	( Infra Red Dye and Endostar Loaded Poly Lactic Acid Nano Particles as a Novel Theranostic Nanomedicine for Breast Cancer. Dai, Z; Du, Y; Jing, L; Li, X; Li, Y; Liang, X; Tian, J; Zhang, Q, 2016)	1.16
"Lactic acid fermentation is a natural method of antimicrobial food protection. "	( Antifungal Activity of Lactobacillus sp. Bacteria in the Presence of Xylitol and Galactosyl-Xylitol. Klewicka, E; Klewicki, R; Kołodziejczyk, K; Lipińska, L; Nowak, A; Sójka, M, 2016)	1.88
"Lactic acid is a widely used substrate for polymers synthesis, PLGA and PLLA in particular. "	( The effects of lactate and acid on articular chondrocytes function: Implications for polymeric cartilage scaffold design. Chen, Y; Coen, ND; Dai, J; Heng, BC; Ouyang, H; Pan, Z; Sun, H; Tian, N; Wang, J; Wu, Y; Xu, H; Yu, D; Zhang, X; Zhu, S, 2016)	1.88
"d-Lactic acid is an interesting precursor for manufacturing heat-resistant polylactic acid (PLA) bioplastics which can be widely used, for example as packaging material, coatings, for textiles or in the automotive industry.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent developments, including a spectrum of studied microorganisms and their capabilities for the production of d-lactic acid."	( Biotechnological production of enantiomerically pure d-lactic acid. Kaufmann, N; Klotz, S; Kuenz, A; Prüße, U, 2016)	1.24
"Lactic acid is an excellent proof-of-concept chemical to produce from lactose, because lactic acid has many food, pharmaceutical, and industrial uses, and over 250,000 t are produced for industrial use annually."	( Short communication: Conversion of lactose and whey into lactic acid by engineered yeast. Hwang, C; Jin, YS; Kim, E; Liu, JJ; Turner, TL; Zhang, GC, 2017)	1.42
"Lactic acid (LA) is a versatile compound used in the food, pharmaceutical, textile, leather, and chemical industries. "	( Co-expression of two heterologous lactate dehydrogenases genes in Kluyveromyces marxianus for l-lactic acid production. In, JH; Kim, SR; Kweon, DH; Lee, JW; Park, JB; Park, JH; Seo, JH; Shin, J; Sohn, JH; Sung, BH, 2017)	2.12
"Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer, currently used in pharmaceutical and surgical devices. "	( Quantitative determination of cyclic polylactic acid oligomers in serum by direct injection liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Arakawa, R; Kawasaki, H; Murakami, M; Osaka, I; Takama, M; Watanabe, M; Yoshimoto, A, 2008)	1.17
"Lactic acid fermentation is an end product inhibited reaction. "	( In situ separation of lactic acid from fermentation broth using ion exchange resins. Ataei, SA; Vasheghani-Farahani, E, 2008)	2.1
"Lactic acid is known to be an important metabolic stimulus evoking the reflex."	( Role played by acid-sensitive ion channels in evoking the exercise pressor reflex. Hayes, SG; Kaufman, MP; Liu, Z; McCord, JL; Rainier, J, 2008)	1.07
"Lactic acid is a versatile chemical having a wide range of applications in food, pharmaceutical, leather and textile industries and as chemical feedstock for so many other chemicals."	( Direct lactic acid fermentation: focus on simultaneous saccharification and lactic acid production. G S, A; John, RP; Nampoothiri, KM; Pandey, A, )	1.31
"Lactic acid is a well known metabolic by-product of intense exercise, particularly under anaerobic conditions. "	( Lactate inhibits lipolysis in fat cells through activation of an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR81. Kamme, F; Kuei, C; Li, X; Liu, C; Lovenberg, TW; Mazur, C; Mirzadegan, T; Shelton, J; Sutton, SW; Wu, J; Yu, J; Yun, SJ; Zhu, J, 2009)	1.8
"Lactic acidosis is an integral index of metabolic disturbances and severity of inflammation processes. "	( [Clinical implications of lactic acidosis in purulent meningitis]. Chentsov, VB; Menushenkova, SA; Migmanov, TE; Molotilova, TN; Nagibina, MV; Vengerov, IuIa, 2008)	2.09
"Lactic acidosis is a common problem in the peri-operative period. "	( Augmented serum lactic acid combined with metabolic alkalosis: a case report. Jacobs, TF; Niewold, C; Szegedi, LL, 2008)	2.13
"Polylactic acid (PLA) is a semipermanent filler that needs to be diluted with sterile water before injection."	( Decrease of reported adverse events to injectable polylactic acid after recommending an increased dilution: 8-year results from the Injectable Filler Safety study. Erdmann, R; Hartmann, V; Rossner, F; Rossner, M; Rzany, B; Wiest, LG, 2009)	1.08
"Lactic acid (LA) is an important and versatile chemical that can be produced from renewable resources such as biomass. "	( Biotechnological production of enantiomeric pure lactic acid from renewable resources: recent achievements, perspectives, and limits. Fukuda, H; Kondo, A; Ogino, C; Okano, K; Tanaka, T, 2010)	2.06
"Polylactic acid (PLA) is a promising biomass-derived polymer, but is currently synthesized by a two-step process: fermentative production of lactic acid followed by chemical polymerization. "	( Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of polylactic acid and its copolymers. Jung, YK; Kim, TY; Lee, SY; Park, SJ, 2010)	1.15
"Lactic acid is an important product arising from the anaerobic fermentation of sugars. "	( Production of lactic acid from sucrose: strain selection, fermentation, and kinetic modeling. Andrade, RR; Atala, DI; Lunelli, BH; Maciel Filho, R; Maugeri Filho, F; Wolf Maciel, MR, 2010)	2.16
"Polylactic acid is a new material with which we can achieve interesting results."	( Cosmetic use of polylactic acid: report of 568 patients. Forte, R; Redaelli, A, 2009)	1.16
"Lactic acidosis is a common condition encountered by critical care providers. "	( Lactic acidosis: recognition, kinetics, and associated prognosis. Letourneau, JL; Vernon, C, 2010)	3.25
"The lactic acid fermentation is a worldwide method for cereal processing. "	( Amylolytic Lactobacillus strains from Bulgarian fermented beverage boza. Emanuilova, M; Petrov, K; Petrova, P, )	0.69
"Lactic acid is a product that finds several applications in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. "	( Application of the biorefinery concept to produce L-lactic acid from the soybean vinasse at laboratory and pilot scale. Carvalho, JC; Coral, J; Igashiyama, AH; Karp, SG; Pandey, A; Siqueira, PF; Soccol, CR; Tholozan, JL; Thomaz-Soccol, V; Vandenberghe, LP, 2011)	2.06
"Lactic acid is an industrially important product with a large and rapidly expanding market due to its attractive and valuable multi-function properties. "	( Lactic acid production from lignocellulose-derived sugars using lactic acid bacteria: overview and limits. Abdel-Rahman, MA; Sonomoto, K; Tashiro, Y, 2011)	3.25
"Lactic acidosis is a consistent predictor of mortality owing to severe infectious disease, but its detection in low-income settings is limited to the clinical sign of "deep breathing" because of the lack of accessible technology for its measurement. "	( Point-of-care measurement of blood lactate in children admitted with febrile illness to an African District Hospital. Amos, B; Hendriksen, IC; Mtove, G; Muro, F; Nadjm, B; Reyburn, H; Todd, J, 2011)	1.81
"Lactic acidosis is a fatal adverse effect of metformin, but the risk factor remains unclear. "	( Loss of multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1) is associated with metformin-induced lactic acidosis. Fujimoto, S; Hosokawa, M; Inagaki, N; Inui, K; Katsura, T; Masuda, S; Osawa, R; Toyama, K; Yonezawa, A, 2012)	2.05
"Poly(lactic acid) is a widely used polymer for parenteral sustained-release formulations. "	( Single processing step toward injectable sustained-release formulations of Triptorelin based on a novel degradable semi-solid polymer. Asmus, LR; Gurny, R; Kaufmann, B; Melander, L; Möller, M; Schwach, G; Weiss, T, 2012)	0.89
"Lactic acidosis is a frequent cause of poor outcome in the intensive care settings. "	( Sodium bicarbonate treatment during transient or sustained lactic acidemia in normoxic and normotensive rats. Chevallard, G; Comi, GP; Coppola, S; Fortunato, F; Fossali, T; Froio, S; Gatti, S; Gattinoni, L; Pizzocri, M; Polli, F; Salice, V; Valenza, F, 2012)	2.06
"Lactic acid bacteria are a small part of the autochthonous microbiota of vegetables and fruits."	( Exploitation of vegetables and fruits through lactic acid fermentation. Coda, R; De Angelis, M; Di Cagno, R; Gobbetti, M, 2013)	1.37
"Lactic acidosis is an important complication of septic shock. "	( Blood pH level modulates organ metabolism of lactate in septic shock in dogs. Bautista, E; Bose, D; Chrusch, C; Duke, K; Jacobs, HK; Light, RB; Mink, SN, 2002)	1.76
"Lactic acidosis is a life-threatening event during antiretroviral therapy (ART). "	( Matched case-control study to evaluate risk factors for hyperlactataemia in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy. Datta, D; Gazzard, B; Mandalia, S; Moyle, G, 2003)	1.76
"Lactic acidosis is a feared side effect of nucleoside analog treatment, one of the cornerstones in the management of HIV infection. "	( Preanalytical handling of samples for measurement of plasma lactate in HIV patients. Andersen, O; Haugaard, SB; Iversen, J; Jørgensen, LT; Madsbad, S; Nielsen, JO; Sørensen, S, 2003)	1.76
"Lactic acidosis is a rare but potentially life-threatening and poorly understood sequelae among HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). "	( Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-associated lactic acidosis: in vitro effects of combination of nucleoside analogues and protease inhibitors on mitochondrial function and lactic acid production. Frank, JE; Nerurkar, PV; Nerurkar, VR; Pearson, L; Yanagihara, R, 2003)	2.01
"Lactic acid is an end product of anaerobic metabolism."	( Brain lesions with elevated lactic acid peaks on magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Patel, S; Shih, MT; Singh, AK; Wang, AM, )	1.15
"Lactic acidosis is a life-threatening complication of antiretroviral therapy with an incidence of about 1% per year. "	( [Lactic acidosis in HIV-patients--diagnosis and treatment]. Walker, UA, 2004)	2.68
"Lactic acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid that has not been used before in chemical peeling of melasma."	( Lactic acid as a new therapeutic peeling agent in melasma. Al-Mashhadani, SA; Al-Tikreety, MM; Sharquie, KE, 2005)	2.49
"Lactic acid was found to be a new effective and safe peeling agent in the treatment of melasma."	( Lactic acid as a new therapeutic peeling agent in melasma. Al-Mashhadani, SA; Al-Tikreety, MM; Sharquie, KE, 2005)	3.21
"Lactic acidosis is a rare but life-threatening complication of combination antiretroviral therapy (CART). "	( Risk factors for and outcome of hyperlactatemia in HIV-infected persons: is there a need for routine lactate monitoring? Günthard, HF; Haupts, S; Imhof, A; Ledergerber, B; Weber, R, 2005)	1.77
"Lactic acid is a versatile organic acid, which finds major application in the food, pharmaceuticals, and chemical industries. "	( Applicability of pectate-entrapped Lactobacillus casei cells for L(+) lactic acid production from whey. Kennedy, JF; Knill, CJ; Kosseva, MR; Panesar, PS, 2007)	2.02
"Lactic acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid that has not been used before in chemical peeling of melasma."	( Lactic acid chemical peels as a new therapeutic modality in melasma in comparison to Jessner's solution chemical peels. Al-Mashhadani, SA; Al-Tikreety, MM; Sharquie, KE, 2006)	2.5
"Lactic acid was found to be an effective and safe peeling agent in the treatment of melasma, and it was as effective as Jessner's solution."	( Lactic acid chemical peels as a new therapeutic modality in melasma in comparison to Jessner's solution chemical peels. Al-Mashhadani, SA; Al-Tikreety, MM; Sharquie, KE, 2006)	3.22
"Polylactic acid is a polymer of great technological interest, whose excellent mechanical properties, thermal plasticity, and bioresorbability render it potentially useful for environmental applications, as a biodegradable plastic and as a biocompatible material in biomedicine. "	( Chemical synthesis and in vitro biocompatibility tests of poly (L-lactic acid). Bombonato-Prado, KF; dos Santos, LA; Einloft, S; Ferreira, MR; Jahno, VD; Ligabue, R; Ribeiro, GB, 2007)	1.13
"Polylactic acid (PLA) is an agent that is injected with the aim of enhancing the host's own collagen deposition."	( Adverse reactions to polylactic acid injections in the periorbital area. Apikian, M; Goodman, GJ; Roberts, S, 2007)	1.12
"Poly(lactic acid) or PLA is a plant-based biodegrable plastic which exhibits many properties that are equivalent to or better than many petroleum-based plastics. "	( Solid state microcellular foamed poly(lactic acid): morphology and property characterization. Matuana, LM, 2008)	1.13
"Lactic acidosis is a clinically important metabolic condition accompanying various tissue disorders in which the extracellular pH and the intracellular pH often change in parallel."	( Early and late activation of the voltage-gated proton channel during lactic acidosis through pH-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Kawawaki, J; Kuno, M; Morihata, H; Notomi, T; Okina, M; Sakai, H; Sawada, M, 2008)	1.3
"d-lactic acidosis is a rare and severe complication of short bowel syndrome in children that may result from important ileal bacterial overgrowth by lactobacilli. "	( [D-lactic acidosis in a child with short bowel syndrome]. Dahhak, S; Fontaine, M; Gottrand, F; Mention, K; Michaud, L; Romond, MB; Turck, D; Uhlen, S, 2008)	1.69
"Polylactic acid is a high molecular-weight polyester made from renewable resources such as corn or starch. "	( [Progress on biodegradation of polylactic acid--a review]. Chen, G; Li, F; Liu, W; Wang, S, 2008)	1.18
"Lactic acidosis is a clinical condition due to accumulation of H(+) ions from lactic acid, characterized by blood lactate levels >5 mM and arterial pH <7.25. "	( Treatment of lactic acidosis with dichloroacetate in dogs. Arieff, AI; Park, R, 1982)	2.08
"Polylactic acid is a biodegradable material which appears to have some promise in this area."	( A comparative study of polylactic acid, Gelfoam, and Surgicel in healing extraction sites. Olson, RA; Osbon, DB; Roberts, DL, 1982)	1.04
"Lactic acid was found to be a useful and rapid test for differentiating between septic and non-septic arthritis being markedly raised (greater than 12 mmol/l) in all the septic joints."	( Synovial fluid lactic acid measurement in the diagnosis and management of septic arthritis. Doyle, D; Riordan, T; Tabaqchali, S, 1982)	1.34
"D-Lactic acidosis is an unique complication of jejunoileal bypass occurring because of alteration of colonic bacterial flora with selective proliferation of D-lactate-producing bacteria. "	( D-lactic acidosis in a patient with jejunoileal bypass. Kadakia, SC, 1995)	1.73
"L-Lactic acid is a major constituent of skin wash extracts and it is a necessary component for the extract's effectiveness."	( A search for components in human body odour that attract females of Aedes aegypti. Boeckh, J; Geier, M; Sass, H, 1996)	0.85
"Polylactic acid (PLA) is a bioresorbable polymer that is used in a number of clinical situations. "	( Mechanical properties of dense polylactic acid structures fabricated by three dimensional printing. Borland, SW; Cima, LG; Cima, MJ; Giordano, RA; Sachs, EM; Wu, BM, 1996)	1.13
"D-Lactic acidosis is a potentially fatal clinical condition seen in patients with a short small intestine and an intact colon."	( D-lactic acidosis: pathologic consequence of saprophytism. Farrugia, G; Vella, A, 1998)	1.58
"Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biocompatible and biodegradable material with wide utility for many applications, including the design of controlled-release systems for pharmaceutical agents. "	( Injection-molding versus extrusion as manufacturing technique for the preparation of biodegradable implants. Besseghir, K; Gurny, R; Kubel, F; Oudry, N; Rothen-Weinhold, A; Sublet, E; Vuaridel, E, 1999)	0.86
"Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biocompatible and biodegradable material that can be used for many applications, including the design of injectable controlled release systems for pharmaceutical agents."	( Formation of peptide impurities in polyester matrices during implant manufacturing. Besseghir, K; Burger, U; Frutiger-Hughes, S; Gurny, R; Hughes, GJ; Jeannerat, D; Oudry, N; Rothen-Weinhold, A; Schwach-Abdellaoui, K, 2000)	0.76
"Lactic acid levels, which are a measure of anaerobic metabolism, were found to be > 3 times higher in rho(0) than in wt cells."	( Hypersensitization of tumor cells to glycolytic inhibitors. Hu, YP; Lampidis, TJ; Liu, H; Priebe, W; Savaraj, N, 2001)	1.03
"Lactic acidosis (LAc) is a common form of metabolic acidosis early after heart transplantation (HTX). "	( Lactic acidosis following heart transplantation: a common phenomenon? Carrel, T; Hullin, R; Mohacsi, P; Pedrazzinia, G; Tanner, H; Tschanz, HU, 2002)	3.2
"Lactic acid is an important commercial product and extracting it out of aqueous solution is a growing requirement in fermentation based industries and recovery from waste streams. "	( Reactive extraction of lactic acid using alamine 336 in MIBK: equilibria and kinetics. Heesink, AB; Pangarkar, VG; Versteeg, GF; Wasewar, KL, 2002)	2.07

Effects

Lactic acid has a wide range of uses in the chemical, pharmaceutical and food industry. Poly(lactic acid) and alkylglyceryl-modified dextran have been combined for the development of nanoparticulate, blood-brain barrier-permeating, non-viral vectors.

Lactic acidosis has significant arrhythmogenic effects on PVs, which may be attenuated by Na(+)/H(+) blockers. Lactic acid is used in the production of biodegradable plastic polymers, namely polylactides.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Lactic acid has a wide range of uses in the chemical, pharmaceutical and food industry. "	( [Trends in polymer-grade L-lactic acid fermentation by non-food biomass]. Jiang, X; Ma, Y; Wang, L; Yu, B; Zeng, Y, 2013)	2.13
"Poly(lactic acid), which has an inherent tendency to form colloidal systems of low polydispersity, and alkylglyceryl-modified dextran - a material designed to combine the non-immunogenic and stabilising properties of dextran with the demonstrated permeation enhancing ability of alkylglycerols - have been combined for the development of nanoparticulate, blood-brain barrier-permeating, non-viral vectors. "	( Nanoparticles of alkylglyceryl-dextran-graft-poly(lactic acid) for drug delivery to the brain: Preparation and in vitro investigation. Ahmad, Z; An, Q; Barbu, E; Dietrich, S; Górecki, DC; Lien, CF; Molnár, É; Pilkington, GJ; Smith, JR; Toman, P; Tsibouklis, J, 2015)	1.18
"For lactic acid, which has a lower proton affinity than amino acids, a significant non-negligible amount of the radical cation monomer is observed."	( Formation and Fragmentation of Protonated Molecules after Ionization of Amino Acid and Lactic Acid Clusters by Collision with Ions in the Gas Phase. Adoui, L; Chesnel, JY; Delaunay, R; Eden, S; Huber, B; Kocisek, J; Méry, A; Poully, JC; Rangama, J; Schwob, L; Vizcaino, V, 2015)	1.12
"Lactic acid has a wide industrial application area and can be produced by fungal strains. "	( Enhancement and modeling of microparticle-added Rhizopus oryzae lactic acid production. Coban, HB; Demirci, A, 2016)	2.12
"Lactic acid has a pK of 3.8, while other carboxylic acids have a pK of 4.8."	( Microbial aspects of frequent intake of products with high sugar concentrations. Carlsson, J, 1989)	1
"Lactic acid (LA) has several applications in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, as well as in the production of biodegradable plastic polymers, namely polylactides. "	( In vivo evolution of lactic acid hyper-tolerant Clostridium thermocellum. Concu, AM; Holwerda, EK; Lynd, LR; Mazzoli, R; Olson, DG, 2022)	2.48
"Lactic acidosis has been reported in solid tumor microenvironment (TME) including glioblastoma (GBM). "	( Lactate modulates microglia polarization via IGFBP6 expression and remodels tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma. Altieri, R; Barbagallo, GMV; Broggi, G; Busi, F; Caltabiano, R; Caruso, M; Di Rosa, M; Forte, S; Giallongo, C; Li Volti, G; Liso, A; Lolicato, M; Longhitano, L; Mione, MC; Parenti, R; Raciti, G; Tibullo, D; Vicario, N, 2023)	2.35
"Lactic acid production has been regarded as a mechanism by which malignant cells escape immunosurveillance. "	( Lactic acid and lactate: revisiting the physiological roles in the tumor microenvironment. Apostolova, P; Pearce, EL, 2022)	3.61
"Lactic acidosis has low incidence, poor prognosis, and high morbidity and mortality rates. "	( Metformin-associated severe lactic acidosis combined with multi-organ insufficiency induced by infection with Aeromonas veronii: A case report. Wu, C; Xia, Y; Zhu, X, 2023)	2.65
"Lactic acid has been directly linked to the massive proliferation of cancerous cells since the glycolytic pathway provides cancerous cells with not only ATP, but also biosynthetic intermediates for rapid growth and proliferation."	( Targeted lactate dehydrogenase genes silencing in probiotic lactic acid bacteria: A possible paradigm shift in colorectal cancer treatment? Bence, RL; Bodnar, I; Budán, F; Kaposztas, Z; Macharia, JM; Varjas, T; Zand, A, 2023)	1.87
"Lactic acid has been proved to be an important metabolite involved in cancer development, metastasis, and the tumor microenvironment, affecting the prognosis of patients."	( Characteristics of lactate metabolism phenotype in hepatocellular carcinoma. Dong, K; Li, C; Wang, W; Yu, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, X, 2023)	1.63
"Lactic acid has been proved to inhibit the proliferation of lactic acid bacteria in the fermentation process. "	( Influence of Lactic Acid on Cell Cycle Progressions in Lactobacillus bulgaricus During Batch Culture. Chen, S; Han, X; Niu, H; Sun, J; Wu, Y; Zhang, L, 2021)	2.43
"Lactic acid has properties that may make it effective for treating BV and/or restoring an optimal lactobacillus-dominated vaginal microbiota."	( Lactic acid-containing products for bacterial vaginosis and their impact on the vaginal microbiota: A systematic review. Bateson, D; Bradshaw, CS; Doyle, M; Fairley, CK; Masson, L; Murray, GL; Plummer, EL; Slifirski, J; Tachedjian, G; Vodstrcil, LA, 2021)	2.79
"Lactic acid (LA) has recently been approved in the EU as beef decontaminant. "	( Lactic acid concentrations that reduce microbial load yet minimally impact colour and sensory characteristics of beef. Alonso-Calleja, C; Capita, R; Rodríguez-Melcón, C, 2017)	3.34
"Lactic acid has a wide range of uses in the chemical, pharmaceutical and food industry. "	( [Trends in polymer-grade L-lactic acid fermentation by non-food biomass]. Jiang, X; Ma, Y; Wang, L; Yu, B; Zeng, Y, 2013)	2.13
"Lactic acid has been used as a bio-based green solvent to study the ultrasound-assisted scale-up synthesis. "	( Lactic acid as an invaluable green solvent for ultrasound-assisted scalable synthesis of pyrrole derivatives. Cui, KK; Ding, JX; Guo, CL; Li, YH; Wang, SF; Zhu, YT; Zou, XY, 2015)	3.3
"Lactic acid has been shown to have the most promising application in biomaterials as poly(lactic acid). "	( L-lactic acid production by Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 10863. Maciel Filho, R; Maciel, MR; Senedese, AL, 2015)	2.58
"Poly(lactic acid), which has an inherent tendency to form colloidal systems of low polydispersity, and alkylglyceryl-modified dextran - a material designed to combine the non-immunogenic and stabilising properties of dextran with the demonstrated permeation enhancing ability of alkylglycerols - have been combined for the development of nanoparticulate, blood-brain barrier-permeating, non-viral vectors. "	( Nanoparticles of alkylglyceryl-dextran-graft-poly(lactic acid) for drug delivery to the brain: Preparation and in vitro investigation. Ahmad, Z; An, Q; Barbu, E; Dietrich, S; Górecki, DC; Lien, CF; Molnár, É; Pilkington, GJ; Smith, JR; Toman, P; Tsibouklis, J, 2015)	1.18
"For lactic acid, which has a lower proton affinity than amino acids, a significant non-negligible amount of the radical cation monomer is observed."	( Formation and Fragmentation of Protonated Molecules after Ionization of Amino Acid and Lactic Acid Clusters by Collision with Ions in the Gas Phase. Adoui, L; Chesnel, JY; Delaunay, R; Eden, S; Huber, B; Kocisek, J; Méry, A; Poully, JC; Rangama, J; Schwob, L; Vizcaino, V, 2015)	1.12
"Lactic acid has a wide industrial application area and can be produced by fungal strains. "	( Enhancement and modeling of microparticle-added Rhizopus oryzae lactic acid production. Coban, HB; Demirci, A, 2016)	2.12
"Lactic acid has played an important role in the traditional theory of muscle fatigue and limitation of endurance exercise performance. "	( Lactate: Friend or Foe. Hall, MM; Peterson, AR; Rajasekaran, S; Thomsen, TW, 2016)	1.88
"Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has become a "material of choice" in biomedical applications for its ability to fulfill complex needs that typically include properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical strength, and processability. "	( Poly(lactic acid) blends in biomedical applications. Arora, M; Kumar, MNVR; Saini, P, 2016)	1.46
"Lactic acidosis has significant arrhythmogenic effects on PVs, which may be attenuated by Na(+)/H(+) blockers."	( Cariporide (HOE642) attenuates lactic acidosis induced pulmonary vein arrhythmogenesis. Chen, SA; Chen, YC; Chen, YJ; Cheng, CC; Higa, S; Udyavar, AR, 2009)	2.08
"Lactic acidosis has been considered to be a side effect of some biguanides, after phenformin was withdrawn from the market because of its association with lactic acidosis. "	( Comparison of potential risks of lactic acidosis induction by biguanides in rats. Bando, K; Deguchi, J; Funabashi, H; Kimura, J; Kunimatsu, T; Ochiai, S; Seki, T, 2010)	2.08
"Polylactic acid (PLA) patch has proper steric configuration, sufficient mechanic strength, and flexibility, to investigate the blocking effect on the intra-discal inflammation after annulus puncture sticked by medical glue so as to seal the pinhole left after annulus puncture."	( [A study on blocking effect of polylactic acid patch on intra-discal inflammation after annulus puncture]. Feng, G; Gong, Q; Huang, X; Li, T; Liu, H; Liu, L; Liu, X; Shi, R; Song, Y; Zhang, W; Zhao, X, 2010)	1.2
"D-lactic acidosis has been reported in patients after a variety of gastrointestinal surgeries, particularly jejunoileal bypass. "	( An extreme and life-threatening case of recurrent D-lactate encephalopathy. Htyte, N; Jones, J; Meisels, I; Sandhu, G; White, L, 2011)	1.09
"Polylactic acid (PLA) powders have been used as vector particles to carry pharmaceutical material. "	( Particle characteristics and lung deposition patterns in a human airway replica of a dry powder formulation of polylactic acid produced using supercritical fluid technology. Cheng, YS; Etter, J; Gao, J; Muggli, D; Rosenthal, GJ; Yazzie, D, 2003)	1.09
"Lactic acidosis has been reported as a complication associated with antiretroviral therapy; in particular, usually with use of nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors. "	( Human immunodeficiency virus infection with human granulocytic ehrlichiosis complicated by symptomatic lactic acidosis. Altice, FL; Springer, SA, 2003)	1.98
"Lactic acid has many applications. "	( Thermophilic lactic acid production on hemicellulose hydrolysate. Braun, R; Danner, H; Neureiter, M; Saidi, B; Thomasser, C, 2001)	2.12
"Lactic acid (LA) has been proposed to be an enhancer for dietary iron absorption, but contradictory results have also been reported. "	( Lactic acid decreases Fe(II) and Fe(III) retention but increases Fe(III) transepithelial transfer by Caco-2 cells. Andlid, T; Bergqvist, SW; Sandberg, AS; Wessling-Resnick, M, 2005)	3.21
"Lactic acid has become the most commonly used organic acid for treatment of postevisceration beef carcasses. "	( Treatments using hot water instead of lactic acid reduce levels of aerobic bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae and reduce the prevalence of Escherichia coil O157:H7 on preevisceration beef carcasses. Arthur, TM; Barkocy-Gallagher, GA; Bosilevac, JM; Koohmaraie, M; Nou, X, 2006)	2.05
"Lactic acid has extensive uses in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and chemical industry. "	( Effects of organic phase, fermentation media, and operating conditions on lactic Acid extraction. Hossain, MM; Maisuria, JL, )	1.8
"Lactic acid concentration has been determined in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 715 patients suffering from various neurological diseases. "	( [Importance of cerebrospinal fluid lactate determination in neurological diseases]. Busse, O; Hornig, CR; Kaps, M, 1983)	1.71
"Lactic acidosis has been described in patients with liver disease. "	( Colchicine alters lactate utilization in isolated hepatocytes of rats treated with CCl4 and ethanol. Barrio, E; Cutrín, C; Meniño, MJ; Parafita, MA; Vieira, R, 1993)	1.73
"Lactic acid bacteria have been identified as typical and numerically significant members of the gut microbiota of Reticulitermes flavipes and other wood-feeding lower termites. "	( Characterization of abundance and diversity of lactic acid bacteria in the hindgut of wood- and soil-feeding termites by molecular and culture-dependent techniques. Bauer, S; Brune, A; Overmann, J; Tholen, A, 2000)	2.01
"Lactic acidosis has been implicated; however, increases in the excitotoxic amino acid glutamate, which correlate with increased neuronal damage, may be the cause for the increased damage seen in hyperglycemic stroke."	( The effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the release of excitotoxic and other amino acids from the ischemic rat cerebral cortex. Diaz, FG; Guyot, LL; O'Regan, MH; Phillis, JW; Song, D, 2001)	1.03
"Lactic acidosis may have been caused by the combined, germanium-induced renal and hepatic failure (underutilization), but it remains to be seen whether germanium can affect lactate production and/or metabolism directly."	( Abuse of germanium associated with fatal lactic acidosis. Iten, PX; Krapf, R; Schaffner, T, 1992)	1.27
"The lactic acid jet test has been proposed for incorporation in international standards for dental cements, since results correlate well with in vivo erosion. "	( In vitro erosion of 20 commercial glass ionomer cements measured using the lactic acid jet test. Billington, RW; Pearson, GJ; Williams, JA, 1992)	1.07
"Lactic acidosis has been proposed to be one factor promoting cell death following cerebral ischemia. "	( Acid-induced death in neurons and glia. Desai, S; Goldman, SA; Nedergaard, M; Pulsinelli, WA, 1991)	1.72
"Lactic acid has been shown to affect numerous biologic processes. "	( Lactic acidosis increases tumor necrosis factor secretion and transcription in vitro. Buresh, C; Jensen, JC; Norton, JA, 1990)	3.16
"Lactic acid has a pK of 3.8, while other carboxylic acids have a pK of 4.8."	( Microbial aspects of frequent intake of products with high sugar concentrations. Carlsson, J, 1989)	1

Actions

Lactic acid plays an important role due to its versatile application in the food, medical, and cosmetics industries. Lactic acid is also a potential raw material for the manufacture of biodegradable plastics.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Lactic acid could inhibit the production of PC and ensure that the microbiota produced the appropriate flavor compounds during culture."	( Structural and metabolic performance of p-cresol producing microbiota in different carbon sources. Du, H; Ji, M; Xu, Y, 2020)	1.28
"Lactic acid plays an important role as a biochemical indicator for sports medicine and clinical diagnosis. "	( Selective Nonenzymatic Amperometric Detection of Lactic Acid in Human Sweat Utilizing a Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT)-Polypyrrole Core-Shell Nanowire. Choi, YM; Kim, HJ; Lee, HN; Lim, H; Park, JS; Park, YM, 2020)	2.26
"Lactic acid (LA) plays an important role in the tumor metabolism and malignant progression of various cancers. "	( The sensitive detection of single-cell secreted lactic acid for glycolytic inhibitor screening with a microdroplet biosensor. Chen, X; Jiang, Z; Liu, J; Liu, S; Nie, B; Shen, R; Xiao, X; Yan, J; Zhang, Y, 2020)	2.26
"Lactic acid plays an important role due to its versatile application in the food, medical, and cosmetics industries and as a potential raw material for the manufacture of biodegradable plastics."	( Fermentative production of lactic acid from renewable materials: recent achievements, prospects, and limits. Sonomoto, K; Tashiro, Y; Wang, Y, 2015)	1.44
"For lactic acid, which has a lower proton affinity than amino acids, a significant non-negligible amount of the radical cation monomer is observed."	( Formation and Fragmentation of Protonated Molecules after Ionization of Amino Acid and Lactic Acid Clusters by Collision with Ions in the Gas Phase. Adoui, L; Chesnel, JY; Delaunay, R; Eden, S; Huber, B; Kocisek, J; Méry, A; Poully, JC; Rangama, J; Schwob, L; Vizcaino, V, 2015)	1.12
"Lactic acid flux was lower in L-arginine group, 0.15 ± 0.23 vs 0.48 ± 0.32 (1 minute), 0.08 ± 0.19 vs 0.38 ± 0.31 (5 minutes) and -0.15 ± 0.13 vs 0.26 ± 0.30 mmol.l(-1) (15 minutes), (P=0.0003)."	( L-arginine cardioplegia reduces oxidative stress and preserves diastolic function in patients with low ejection fraction undergoing coronary artery surgery. Andrews, DT; Dawson, P; Royse, AG; Royse, C; Sutherland, J, 2012)	1.1
"L-lactic acid alone did not produce a significant effect by itself, but addition of 6 microg/min of L-lactic acid to a range of 90 to 410 ppm carbon dioxide resulted in attraction."	( Upwind responses of Anopheles stephensi to carbon dioxide and L-lactic acid: an olfactometer study. Omrani, SM; Oshaghi, MA; Rahimi, A; Vatandoost, H, 2012)	1.18
"L-lactic acid transport plays an important role in the regulation of L-lactic acid circulation into and out of muscle. "	( Mechanism of L-lactic acid transport in L6 skeletal muscle cells. Hirano, T; Iseki, K; Itagaki, S; Kobayashi, M, 2004)	1.4
"Lactic acid promotes the proliferation of other mesenchymal cells as well."	( The role of increased lactic acid concentration in neovascularizations. Imre, G, 1984)	1.3
"Lactic acid bacteria produce a variety of bacteriocins that have recently come under detailed investigation. "	( Genetics of bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria. Klaenhammer, TR, 1993)	2
"Lactic acid was lower (P < 0.01) in the untreated colostrum (0.82 g/100 ml) than in the treated colostrum (1.24 g/100 ml) after 21 days of fermentation."	( [Chemical changes in colostrum fermented with sorghum]. Díaz Cruz, A; Ortega Cerrilla, ME, 1994)	1.01
"Lactic acid was found in lower concentrations in Fe, Cu, Cu + F, Cu + Fe and F + Fe groups than in the other groups."	( Effects of copper, iron and fluoride co-crystallized with sugar on caries development and acid formation in deslivated rats. Bowen, WH; Pearson, SK; Rosalen, PL, 1996)	1.02
"Lactic acid is known to cause astroglial swelling and since glial swelling has been shown to inhibit L-glutamate (L-Glu) uptake, we examined whether one of the actions of lactic acid is to inhibit L-Glu uptake."	( Effect of lactic acid on L-glutamate uptake in cultured astrocytes: mechanistic considerations. Bender, AS; Norenberg, MD; Young, LP, 1997)	1.42
"Lactic acid bacteria produce several types of pore forming peptides. "	( Bacteriocins: mechanism of membrane insertion and pore formation. Driessen, AJ; Konings, WN; Moll, GN, )	1.57

Treatment

Lactic acid and PAA treatments reduced (P < 0.05) pathogenic and surrogate bacteria. Lactic acid treatment of TWC01 resulted in downregulation of channel protein and adherence-related protein expressions. Treatment with lactic acid 0.8% resulted in a lower APC contamination on the sugar snap.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Lactic acid and PAA treatments reduced (P < 0.05) pathogenic and surrogate bacteria; warm water did not produce similar results."	( Efficacy of antimicrobial interventions in reducing Salmonella enterica, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli biotype I surrogates on non-chilled and chilled, skin-on and skinless pork. Arnold, AN; Eastwood, LC; Gehring, KB; Savell, JW; Taylor, TM, 2021)	1.34
"Lactic acid (pH 3.9) treatment combined with passive sensitization tested the role of IgE."	( Activation of Human Basophils by A549 Lung Epithelial Cells Reveals a Novel IgE-Dependent Response Independent of Allergen. Bieneman, AP; Schroeder, JT, 2017)	1.18
"2% lactic acid treatment on cucumber demonstrated that it was effective in inactivating E. coli and Salmonella sp."	( Effect of organic acids on biofilm formation and quorum signaling of pathogens from fresh fruits and vegetables. Amrutha, B; Shetty, PH; Sundar, K, 2017)	0.97
"polylactic acid (PLA) for the treatment of facial lipoatrophy in HIV-infected adults."	( Polylactic acid vs. polyacrylamide hydrogel for treatment of facial lipoatrophy: a randomized controlled trial [Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS) 132 SMILE]. Bouchaud, O; Carbonnel, E; Dolivo, M; Girard, PM; Lafaurie, M; Loze, B; Madelaine, I; May, T; Molina, JM; Porcher, R, 2013)	1.43
"Lactic acid treatment of TWC01 resulted in downregulation of channel protein and adherence-related protein expressions."	( Effects of chemical and low-temperature treatments and adaption on the responses of virulence factor genes and outer membrane proteins in Escherichia coli O157:H7. Chiu, CP; Huang, DH; Pan, TM; Tsai, TY; Wang, K, 2015)	1.14
"Lactic acid pre-treatment was examined to enhance the antimicrobial action of electron (e-) beam irradiation of beef trim. "	( Use of lactic acid with electron beam irradiation for control of Escherichia coli O157:H7, non-O157 VTEC E. coli, and Salmonella serovars on fresh and frozen beef. Holley, RA; Kundu, D; Li, S, 2015)	2.31
"Lactic acid treatment was significantly less effective (P < 0.05) compared to NEW and QUAT treatments."	( Efficacy of Neutral Electrolyzed Water, Quaternary Ammonium and Lactic Acid-Based Solutions in Controlling Microbial Contamination of Food Cutting Boards Using a Manual Spraying Technique. Al-Alami, N; Al-Qadiri, HM; Govindan, BN; Ovissipour, M; Rasco, B; Shiroodi, SG, 2016)	1.39
"Lactic acid bacteria treatment reduced CXCL8 and IL1B expression 4.7- and 2.2-fold, respectively, under acute inflammation."	( A combination of lactic acid bacteria regulates Escherichia coli infection and inflammation of the bovine endometrium. Arís, A; Bach, À; Fàbregas, F; Genís, S; Sánchez-Chardi, A, 2017)	1.52
"Polylactic acid (PLA) films treated oxygen, argon, or nitrogen GP were characterized using contact angles, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, optical profilometry, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy."	( Endothelial cell behaviour on gas-plasma-treated PLA surfaces: the roles of surface chemistry and roughness. Agrawal, M; Mani, G; Shah, A; Shah, S; Wenke, J, 2011)	0.85
"Lactic acid treatment elevated interstitial ATP of buffer-perfused muscle and extracellular ATP of L6 myocytes: this ATP release was abolished by the non-specific CFTR inhibitor, glibenclamide, or the specific CFTR inhibitor, CFTR(inh)-172, suggesting that CFTR was involved, and by inhibition of lactic acid entry to cells, indicating that intracellular pH depression was required."	( cAMP/protein kinase A activates cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator for ATP release from rat skeletal muscle during low pH or contractions. Ballard, HJ; Cai, W; Lu, L; Tu, J, 2012)	1.1
"When lactic acid-treated astrocytes were incubated in EMEM for 48 hr, the mean recovery of fluorescence increased to 15% (i.e., 42% of the recovery seen in controls)."	( Lactic acid inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication in in vitro astrocytes as measured by fluorescence recovery after laser photobleaching. Anders, JJ, 1988)	2.17
"Lactic acid treatment was most effective when applied shortly before chilling."	( Bacteriological quality of broiler carcasses as affected by in-plant lactic acid decontamination. Mossel, DA; van der Marel, GM; van Logtestijn, JG, 1988)	1.23
"Treatment with lactic acid gel may increase resilience against uropathogens, possibly preventing the need for antibiotic prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections. "	( Vaginal treatment with lactic acid gel delays relapses in recurrent urinary tract infections: results from an open, multicentre observational study. Diebold, R; Mendling, W; Schopf, B; Stammer, H, 2021)	1.28
"Treatment with lactic acid 0.8% resulted in a lower APC contamination on the sugar snaps than on the untreated and water washed samples for 10 days."	( Organic acid based sanitizers and free chlorine to improve the microbial quality and shelf-life of sugar snaps. Sampers, I; Uyttendaele, M; Van Haute, S, 2013)	0.73
"Treatment with lactic acid resulted in the conversion of AFB1 into two degradation products."	( Decomposition and detoxification of aflatoxin B1 by lactic acid. Aiko, V; Edamana, P; Mehta, A, 2016)	1.02
"Treatment of lactic acid-producing yeast with proline during lactic acid bio-production improved growth rate and increased the final concentration of lactic acid."	( Positive effects of proline addition on the central metabolism of wild-type and lactic acid-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Matsuda, F; Nugroho, RH; Shimizu, H; Yoshikawa, K, 2016)	1.01
"Treatment of lactic acidosis continues to be aimed the underlying source."	( Lactic acidosis: recognition, kinetics, and associated prognosis. Letourneau, JL; Vernon, C, 2010)	2.16
"Treatment with lactic acid resulted in an initial 3-log reduction and further reduced the number of Salmonella Typhimurium cells to undetectable levels after 3 days."	( Inhibition of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in mung bean sprouts by chemical treatment. Fellman, J; Kang, DH; Lee, SY; Yun, KM, 2002)	0.65
"Treatment with lactic acid, a known inhibitor of tyrosinase gene expression, also led to the down-regulation of gamma-GT mRNA and activity."	( Type I gamma-GT mRNA is expressed in B16 melanoma and levels correlate with pigmentation. Chaubal, VA; Mojamdar, MV; Nair, SS, 2002)	0.65
"Treatment with lactic acid (1%) and hydrogen peroxide (.5%) resulted in a 4-log cycle reduction in colony forming units of Salmonella typhimurium both with pure cultures and with artificially inoculated broiler carcasses."	( Salmonella decontamination of broiler carcasses with lactic acid, L-cysteine, and hydrogen peroxide. Bolder, NM; Mulder, RW; van der Hulst, MC, 1987)	0.86

Toxicity

The aim of this study was to get insight into the toxic effects of holmium-166-loaded poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres. There were no severe or serious adverse events (SAEs) and no increase in lactic acid concentration was reported during the study.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Results indicate that the toxic products formed during heat sterilization of PD fluids are derived from glucose."	( Toxicity of heat sterilized peritoneal dialysis fluids is derived from degradation of glucose. Boberg, U; Kjellstrand, P; Martinson, E; Wieslander, A, )	0.13
" Some toxic manifestations are potentially reversible with time after cessation of exposure."	( Inhalation toxicity of methyl isocyanate: biochemical and cytological profile of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in rats. Dixit, R; Gupta, GS; Kaw, JL; Naqvi, SH; Ray, PK, 1991)	0.28
" No clear toxic lesion was specifically caused by long-term administration of calcium lactate."	( Long-term toxicity/carcinogenicity study of calcium lactate in F344 rats. Hayashi, Y; Kodama, Y; Kurokawa, Y; Maekawa, A; Matsushima, Y; Onodera, H; Shibutani, M; Yoshida, J, 1991)	0.28
" does not affect metabolic control and lipid pattern in type II diabetic patients, therefore representing a safe tool for the treatment of chronic heart failure in these patients."	( Safety of ibopamine in type II diabetic patients with mild chronic heart failure. A double-blind cross-over study. Cicchetti, V; DiCarlo, A; Giannarelli, R; Marchetti, P; Navalesi, R; Sabino, F, 1990)	0.28
" The LD50 value of the CDDP-ms was 23."	( [Toxicity of cis-platinum loaded with lactic acid oligomer microspheres in mice]. Hagiwara, A; Hyon, SH; Ikeda, Y; Itoh, M; Iwamoto, A; Kusanoi, Y; Sasabe, T; Shimotsuma, M; Takahashi, T; Yoneyama, C, 1990)	0.55
"Cadmium, a placental toxicant in rodents, was studied in the in vitro isolated dually perfused human placental lobule for periods of up to 12 hr to determine if cadmium can also be toxic in the human placenta."	( Toxicity of cadmium in the perfused human placenta. DiSant'Agnese, PA; Maulik, D; Miller, RK; Wier, PJ, 1990)	0.28
" Histological examination revealed nephrocalcinosis in all groups, including the control group, and adverse dose-effect relation was observed with regard to degree of its development."	( [Subchronic oral toxicity study of calcium lactate in F344 rats]. Hayashi, Y; Kurokawa, Y; Maekawa, A; Matsushima, Y; Nagaoka, T; Onodera, H; Shibutani, M; Todate, A, 1989)	0.28
"5 LD50 and 1 LD50 doses in female rabbits resulted in significant changes in physiological, clinico-chemical and histological parameters."	( Acute toxicity of methyl isocyanate, administered subcutaneously in rabbits: changes in physiological, clinico-chemical and histological parameters. Jeevarathinam, K; Mukhopadhyay, S; Ray, US; Selvamurthy, W; Thakur, L, 1988)	0.27
" There was even a toxic response form the mixture at concentrations where the chemicals alone yielded no such response."	( Assessment of the toxicity of chemical mixtures with isolated rat hepatocytes: cadmium and chloroform. Stacey, NH, 1987)	0.27
" These were the results of the toxic effects of endotoxin on the rat bowel."	( [Toxic effects of endotoxin perfusion on isolated rat bowel]. Nakai, T, 1984)	0.27
" Nevertheless liver hypoxia is thought to be at the root of nitrite acute toxicity mechanism by producing suitable conditions for toxic potentialities."	( Biochemical and ultrastructural effects of nitrite in rainbow trout: liver hypoxia as the root of the acute toxicity mechanism. Arillo, A; Gaino, E; Margiocco, C; Mensi, P; Schenone, G, 1984)	0.27
" These results suggest that the acute toxic effects of commercially available PD on the integrity, proliferation and IL-1 ra production of MC can be avoided by the use of sodium pyruvate instead of sodium lactate."	( Pyruvate neutralizes peritoneal dialysate cytotoxicity: maintained integrity and proliferation of cultured human mesothelial cells. Brunkhorst, R; Mahiout, A, 1995)	0.29
" These findings were in agreement with those of other studies, and indicated that polylactic-acid devices affixed to divided nerves have no adverse effect on regeneration."	( Large amounts of polylactic acid in contact with divided nerve sheaths have no adverse effects on regeneration. al Khoury, R; de Medinaceli, L; Merle, M, 1995)	0.61
" The limited migration observed during the trials represents no significant risk since migrating species are expected to convert to lactic acid, a safe food substance."	( Safety assessment of polylactide (PLA) for use as a food-contact polymer. Borzelleca, JF; Conn, RE; Dixler, DS; Filer, LJ; Kolstad, JJ; LaDu, BN; Pariza, MW, 1995)	0.5
"86% glucose containing solutions, all negative effects became even more pronounced in the lactate group whereas after pre-exposure to pyruvate containing solution the toxic effects were absent."	( Pyruvate anions neutralize peritoneal dialysate cytotoxicity. Brunkhorst, R; Mahiout, A, 1995)	0.29
" Visible AK were counted, random skin biopsies performed, adverse effects monitored, and patients questioned about preference and perception of efficacy."	( A comparison of the efficacy and safety of Jessner's solution and 35% trichloroacetic acid vs 5% fluorouracil in the treatment of widespread facial actinic keratoses. Cockerell, CJ; Cox, SE; Cruz, PD; Freeman, RG; Lawrence, N, 1995)	0.29
" These toxic effects reached an apparent maximum within 2 hr."	( Acute toxicity of propylene glycol: an assessment using cultured proximal tubule cells of human origin. Jain, SK; McMartin, KE; Morshed, KM, 1994)	0.29
" Although HPP+ was less potent than MPP+ on the dopaminergic system, the two compounds displayed comparable toxic effects on the serotonergic system."	( MPP(+)-like neurotoxicity of a pyridinium metabolite derived from haloperidol: in vivo microdialysis and in vitro mitochondrial studies. Castagnoli, N; D'Engelbronner, J; Igarashi, K; Rollema, H; Skolnik, M; Usuki, E, 1994)	0.29
" Similarly, no adverse changes occurred in systemic or pulmonary arterial pressures or in cardiac ejection fraction."	( Safety of low-dose intraoperative bicarbonate therapy: a prospective, double-blind, randomized study. The Study of Perioperative Ischemia (SPI) Research Group. Arieff, AI; Leung, JM; Mangano, DT; Mark, NH, 1993)	0.29
"The present paper deals with the toxic effects of aluminum lactate (Al(lact)3) in rabbits."	( Differential aluminium lactate toxicity in rabbits using either aqueous solutions or liposomal suspensions. Favarato, M; Zatta, PF, 1993)	0.29
" No adverse effect of the vaccine could be seen, except for a granulomatous reaction at the site of injection."	( Poly (D,L-lactide) glycolide polymer microsphere entrapped tetanus toxoid: safety evaluation in Wistar rats. Chaudhury, MR; Giri, DK; Sharma, K, 1996)	0.29
" These observations show that MTT was safe for pregnant rats and developing pups."	( Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity studies of poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres incorporated tetanus toxoid in Wistar rats. Chandrasekaran, R; Chaudhury, MR; Giri, DK, 1996)	0.29
" Of all tested reagents, organic mercury compounds arose as the most toxic reagents."	( Hepatotoxic effects of SH-reagents in human and rat hepatocyte cultures and in situ perfused rat livers. Boot, JH, 1996)	0.29
"AZT (3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine), the first nucleoside analog approved for the treatment of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), induces significant toxic effects in humans exposed to therapeutic doses."	( Genotoxicity and mitochondrial damage in human lymphocytic cells chronically exposed to 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine. Agarwal, RP; Olivero, OA, 1997)	0.3
"The purpose of this study was to determine the physiologic variables that predict major adverse events in children in the intensive care unit after cardiac operations."	( Early markers of major adverse events in children after cardiac operations. Butt, W; Duke, T; Karl, TR; South, M, 1997)	0.3
" Major adverse events were prospectively identified as cardiac arrest, need for emergency chest opening, development of multiple organ failure, and death."	( Early markers of major adverse events in children after cardiac operations. Butt, W; Duke, T; Karl, TR; South, M, 1997)	0.3
"Ninety children were included in the study; 12 had major adverse events and there were 4 deaths."	( Early markers of major adverse events in children after cardiac operations. Butt, W; Duke, T; Karl, TR; South, M, 1997)	0.3
"In the context of our current treatment strategies, the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass and blood lactate level, measured in the early postoperative period, were the best predictors of impending major adverse events."	( Early markers of major adverse events in children after cardiac operations. Butt, W; Duke, T; Karl, TR; South, M, 1997)	0.3
"The present studies were undertaken to determine the role of physiologically relevant concentrations of estrogens on amyloid-induced changes in cell viability, metabolic demands, and lipid peroxidation in response to the toxic fragment of beta-amyloid (betaAP 25-35)."	( Low concentrations of estradiol reduce beta-amyloid (25-35)-induced toxicity, lipid peroxidation and glucose utilization in human SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells. Green, PS; Gridley, KE; Simpkins, JW, 1997)	0.3
" This increase was significantly greater in striatum and coincided with the greater vulnerability of this brain region to the toxic effects of METH."	( Substrates of energy metabolism attenuate methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in striatum. Douglas, AJ; Lust, WD; Stephans, SE; Whittingham, TS; Yamamoto, BK, 1998)	0.3
" magna, it was evident that methyl, ethyl, propyl and to a lesser extent butyl lactate were slightly more toxic in comparison to baseline non-polar narcotic toxicity data."	( The ecotoxicity and the biodegradability of lactic acid, alkyl lactate esters and lactate salts. Bowmer, CT; Hanstveit, AO; Hooftman, RN; van der Hoeven, N; Venderbosch, PW, 1998)	0.56
"To determine whether blood lactate, base deficit, or oxygen-derived hemodynamic variables correlate with morbidity and mortality rates in a clinically-relevant LD50 model of penetrating trauma."	( Prognostic value of blood lactate, base deficit, and oxygen-derived variables in an LD50 model of penetrating trauma. Croce, MA; Fabian, TC; Melton, SM; Moomey, CB; Proctor, KG, 1999)	0.3
" At the LD50 hemorrhage, peak lactate concentration and base deficit were 11."	( Prognostic value of blood lactate, base deficit, and oxygen-derived variables in an LD50 model of penetrating trauma. Croce, MA; Fabian, TC; Melton, SM; Moomey, CB; Proctor, KG, 1999)	0.3
" Lens Plus was not toxic to cell glycolysis, respiration, and proliferation for up to 20% v/v."	( Cytotoxicity evaluation of multipurpose contact lens solutions using an in vitro test battery. Huff, JW; Pham, XT, 1999)	0.3
" For cells exposed to the toxic fragment of beta-amyloid, A beta (25-35), toxicity was age, dose and time-dependent."	( Age-related toxicity to lactate, glutamate, and beta-amyloid in cultured adult neurons. Brewer, GJ, )	0.13
"This clinicopathologic case report documents an adverse effect associated with the use of a polylactic acid-based barrier in the treatment of human gingival recession defects."	( Adverse effects associated with a bioabsorbable guided tissue regeneration device in the treatment of human gingival recession defects. A clinicopathologic case report. Tatakis, DN; Trombelli, L, 1999)	0.52
" Based on these results, the primary toxic effect of lactide was considered to be irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) after subchronic oral dosing in dogs was considered to be 100 mg/kg/day."	( Toxicity of lactide in dogs after 2 and 13 weeks of daily oral dosing. Conn, RE; Giles, HD; Heath, JE; Hébert, CD; Hogan, DB; Modderman, JP, 1999)	0.3
"L-2-Chloropropionic acid is selectively toxic to the cerebellum in rats; the granule cell necrosis observed within 48 h can be prevented by prior administration of MK-801."	( Neuroprotective effects of MK-801 on L-2-chloropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity. Bachelard, HS; Lock, EA; Williams, RE, 2001)	0.31
" However, this phenomenon appeared as a secondary response to the toxic action of thiram."	( An evaluation of thiram toxicity on cultured human skin fibroblasts. Boget, S; Cereser, C; Parvaz, P; Revol, A, 2001)	0.31
"Although the current clinical formulation of paclitaxel (Taxol) has a promising clinical activity against a wide variety of tumors, it has significant toxic side effects, some of which are associated with its formulation in a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of Cremophor EL and dehydrated alcohol."	( In vivo evaluation of polymeric micellar paclitaxel formulation: toxicity and efficacy. Bang, JS; Kim, DW; Kim, SC; Oh, HS; Seo, MH; Shim, YH; Wan Kim, S, 2001)	0.31
"Drug-associated dysfunction of mitochondria is believed to play a role in the etiology of the various adverse symptoms that occur in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients treated with the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)."	( Assessment of mitochondrial toxicity in human cells treated with tenofovir: comparison with other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Birkus, G; Cihlar, T; Hitchcock, MJ, 2002)	0.31
" The sensitivity of pediatric tubules to the toxic effects of CAA and the rate of their CAA uptake were not statistically different from those found in adult tubules."	( Toxicity of chloroacetaldehyde is similar in adult and pediatric kidney tubules. Baverel, G; Cochat, P; Dubourg, L; Michoudet, C; Tanière, P, 2002)	0.31
"Nucleoside analogues can induce toxic effects on mitochondria by inhibiting the human DNA polymerase gamma."	( Changes in mitochondrial DNA as a marker of nucleoside toxicity in HIV-infected patients. Alexander, CS; Brumme, ZL; Côté, HC; Craib, KJ; Harrigan, PR; Harris, M; Montaner, JS; O'Shaughnessy, MV; Ting, L; Wong, H; Wynhoven, B, 2002)	0.31
" The combination of ddI-d4T was not more toxic than ddI alone."	( Increased long-term mitochondrial toxicity in combinations of nucleoside analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors. Setzer, B; Venhoff, N; Walker, UA, 2002)	0.31
" Ninety-two patients were enrolled; 41 of these were excluded from analysis (25 were lost to follow-up, 8 were noncompliant, 1 was discharged from study because of an adverse event after visit 1, and 7 were noncompliant after visit 2)."	( A double-blind clinical trial comparing the efficacy and safety of pure lanolin versus ammonium lactate 12% cream for the treatment of moderate to severe foot xerosis. Alfieri, DM; Goodwin, S; Jackman, L; Jennings, MB; Lesczczynski, C; Parker, ER, 2003)	0.32
" The lactate/pyruvate ratio and the calcium content in tissues constitute direct evidences for the snails adaptation to toxic stress."	( Copper sulphate (CuSO4) toxicity on tissue phosphatases activity and carbohydrates turnover in Achatina fulica. Indra, D; Ramalingam, K, 2002)	0.31
"We present the effects and adverse effects of dichloroacetate (DCA) in a girl with mitochondrial disorder."	( [Adverse effects of dichloroacetate in a girl with mitochondrial disorder]. Fukumizu, M; Hanaoka, S; Hirayama, Y; Izumi, M; Kaga, M; Murayama, K; Sasaki, M; Sugai, K, 2003)	0.32
" There were no adverse reactions observed."	( Pharmacokinetic and toxicity study of an intraocular cyclosporine DDS in the anterior segment of rabbit eyes. Chee, SP; Lam, KW; Tan, D; Theng, JT; Ti, SE; Zhou, L, 2003)	0.32
"The Oculex DDS CsA device is effective in delivering long-term levels of CsA to corneal tissues, without adverse effects."	( Pharmacokinetic and toxicity study of an intraocular cyclosporine DDS in the anterior segment of rabbit eyes. Chee, SP; Lam, KW; Tan, D; Theng, JT; Ti, SE; Zhou, L, 2003)	0.32
" The first group (A) consisted of patients with presumed NRTI-related adverse events (n=21), the second group (B) consisted of patients without adverse events (n=28), the third group (C) were HIV-infected patients without antiretroviral therapy (n=6) and the last group (D) were healthy controls (n=12)."	( Serum L-lactate and pyruvate in HIV-infected patients with and without presumed NRTI-related adverse events compared to healthy volunteers. Koopmans, PP; ter Hofstede, HJ; Willems, HL, 2004)	0.32
" All patients with lactate values above 2700 micromol/l (eight) experienced adverse events."	( Serum L-lactate and pyruvate in HIV-infected patients with and without presumed NRTI-related adverse events compared to healthy volunteers. Koopmans, PP; ter Hofstede, HJ; Willems, HL, 2004)	0.32
"Lactate levels were higher in patients with presumed NRTI-related adverse events."	( Serum L-lactate and pyruvate in HIV-infected patients with and without presumed NRTI-related adverse events compared to healthy volunteers. Koopmans, PP; ter Hofstede, HJ; Willems, HL, 2004)	0.32
" Acute toxicity showed that the LD50 was increased more than 18-fold and the study on systemic candidiasis models revealed high effectiveness of the NS in reducing either the growth of fungal colonies in infected mice liver or in the mortality index."	( Leucinostatin-A loaded nanospheres: characterization and in vivo toxicity and efficacy evaluation. Blasi, P; Giovagnoli, S; Perioli, L; Ricci, M; Rossi, C; Vescovi, C, 2004)	0.32
" Periodic monitoring for adverse reactions and degree of improvement were assessed by the patient, the treating physician, and a non-treating physician."	( Assessment of the safety and efficacy of poly-L-lactic acid for the treatment of HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy. Burgess, CM; Quiroga, RM, 2005)	0.58
" In general, the procedures were well tolerated without the clinical development of adverse reactions."	( Assessment of the safety and efficacy of poly-L-lactic acid for the treatment of HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy. Burgess, CM; Quiroga, RM, 2005)	0.58
" There were no reported cases of infection, allergies, or serious adverse reactions, and the treatment was well tolerated."	( Assessment of the safety and efficacy of poly-L-lactic acid for the treatment of HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy. Burgess, CM; Quiroga, RM, 2005)	0.58
" The safety profile of this product has been observed in four investigator-initiated clinical trials of more than 250 HIV patients and in numerous investigator reports, with no serious adverse events or infections deemed associated with the product."	( Safety of Sculptra: a review of clinical trial data. Engelhard, P; Humble, G; Mest, D, 2005)	0.33
" Patients also reported any adverse events (AEs) during the treatment period and at the recall visit."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of poly-L-lactic acid in the treatment of HIV-related facial lipoatrophy. Barton, SE; Brown, S; Lysakova, L; Moyle, GJ, 2006)	0.6
" Cytotoxicity tests on AFB(1)-spiked fermented extracts showed that those with a starter culture were comparatively less toxic (30-36%) than those with no added starter culture (24-30%)."	( The toxicity and decreased concentration of aflatoxin B in natural lactic acid fermented maize meal. Chelule, PK; Gqaleni, N; Mokoena, MP, 2006)	0.57
" The authors present the cases of two children who developed relatively uncommon adverse effects to new anticonvulsant medications, including metabolic acidosis with topiramate and hyponatremia with oxcarbazepine."	( New anticonvulsants--new adverse effects. Tebb, Z; Tobias, JD, 2006)	0.33
"Treatment interruptions in patients with nadir CD4 counts of >350 cells/microL seem safe for at least 48 weeks."	( Safe treatment interruptions in patients with nadir CD4 counts of more than 350 cells/microL: a randomized trial. Bouzas, MB; Cahn, P; Cassetti, I; Gun, A; Iannella, Mdel C; Krolewiecki, AJ; Pérez, H; Valiente, J; Vanzulli, C; Zala, C, 2006)	0.33
" No serious adverse events were reported."	( Safety and efficacy of poly-L-lactic acid injections in persons with HIV-associated lipoatrophy: the US experience. Humble, G; Mest, DR, 2006)	0.62
"PLLA is a safe and well-tolerated treatment option for HIV-associated lipoatrophy."	( Safety and efficacy of poly-L-lactic acid injections in persons with HIV-associated lipoatrophy: the US experience. Humble, G; Mest, DR, 2006)	0.62
" The histopathological analysis indicates the absence of inflammation on administration, suggesting that these formulations are safe during the studied period."	( Biodegradable in situ gelling system for subcutaneous administration of ellagic acid and ellagic acid loaded nanoparticles: evaluation of their antioxidant potential against cyclosporine induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Italia, JL; Ravi Kumar, MN; Sharma, G; Sonaje, K; Tikoo, K, 2007)	0.34
" These adverse effects can be divided into early and late and range from bruising to necrosis."	( Adverse effects when injecting facial fillers. Cohen, JL; Gladstone, HB, 2007)	0.34
" Although both yeasts and lactic acid bacteria are considered comparatively safe organisms due to low production of toxic metabolites, it is of great importance to understand the mechanisms behind the biopreservative abilities."	( Biological preservation of plant derived animal feed with antifungal microorganisms: safety and formulation aspects. Håkansson, S; Melin, P; Schnürer, J; Sundh, I, 2007)	0.64
" An OGTT was performed in 30 subjects: 16 HIV-infected treated patients without adverse events (group 1) and 14 HIV-infected patients with adverse events related to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial toxicity (group 2)."	( Oral glucose loading for detection of mitochondrial toxicity during HAART in HIV-infected patients. Borm, GF; Koopmans, PP; ter Hofstede, HJ, 2007)	0.34
" The aim of the present study was to investigate if spiny dogfish were equally sensitive to copper exposure and whether the toxic mechanisms were the same."	( Copper toxicity in the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias): urea loss contributes to the osmoregulatory disturbance. Bucking, CP; De Boeck, G; Franklin, NM; Hattink, J; Walsh, PJ; Wood, CM; Wood, S, 2007)	0.34
"The aim of this study was to get insight into the toxic effects of holmium-166-loaded poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres (Ho-PLLA-MS) which have very interesting features for treatment of liver malignancies."	( Long-term toxicity of holmium-loaded poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres in rats. Bakker, CJ; Dullens, HF; Hennink, WE; Krijger, GC; Nijsen, JF; Seppenwoolde, JH; van het Schip, AD; van Rijk, PP; Zielhuis, SW; Zonnenberg, BA, 2007)	0.82
"To highlight selected adverse effects of continuous renal replacement therapy and to suggest measures for reducing harm."	( Primum non nocere, safety of continuous renal replacement therapy. Oudemans-van Straaten, HM, 2007)	0.34
" All other combinations exhibited more pronounced adverse effects on mitochondrial endpoints."	( Mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir, emtricitabine and abacavir alone and in combination with additional nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Melkaoui, K; Setzer, B; Venhoff, N; Walker, UA, 2007)	0.34
" AC, the world's best selling drug is associated with poor oral bioavailability and serious adverse effects like rhabdomyolysis on chronic administration."	( Oral nanoparticulate atorvastatin calcium is more efficient and safe in comparison to Lipicure in treating hyperlipidemia. Ankola, DD; Chandraiah, G; Kumar, MN; Meena, AK; Rao, PR; Ratnam, DV, 2008)	0.35
" The complex in solution is toxic at higher concentrations (>1x10(-3)M), with cell death attributed to NO release following the reduction of the complex."	( trans-[Ru(NO)(NH3)4(py)](BF4)3.H2O encapsulated in PLGA microparticles for delivery of nitric oxide to B16-F10 cells: Cytotoxicity and phototoxicity. Barbougli, PA; Espreafico, EM; Gomes, AJ; Tfouni, E, 2008)	0.35
" OBJECTIVE To review the use of injectable PLLA, specifically regarding optimal injection technique that can reduce adverse events (AEs) and enhance out comes."	( Minimizing adverse events associated with poly-L-lactic acid injection. Narins, RS, 2008)	0.6
"To develop a reliable predictor of major adverse events after pediatric cardiac surgery, with the aim of reducing mortality of cardiac extracorporeal life support through earlier, more accurate patient selection."	( Predicting major adverse events after cardiac surgery in children. LeBlanc, JG; Scarfe, JC; Seear, MD, 2008)	0.35
" Six children had major adverse events; three needed extracorporeal life support, two died."	( Predicting major adverse events after cardiac surgery in children. LeBlanc, JG; Scarfe, JC; Seear, MD, 2008)	0.35
"Lactate and Scvo2 are the only postoperative measurements with predictive power for major adverse events."	( Predicting major adverse events after cardiac surgery in children. LeBlanc, JG; Scarfe, JC; Seear, MD, 2008)	0.35
" A toxic dose of acetaminophen (800 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally) induced severe abnormality in all basic parameters with apparent toxicity in liver (enlargement of hepatocytes, loss of cytoplasmic content with disruption in the hepatic plates and sinusoidal dilation) and renal tissue (glomerular damage with congestion of tubules)."	( Effect of crude sulphated polysaccharide from brown algae against acetaminophen-induced toxicity in rats. Raghavendran, HR; Srinivasan, P, 2008)	0.35
"3%) and severe nephrotoxicity, was entrapped into poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles to improve the oral bioavailability and to minimize the adverse effects associated with it."	( Biodegradable nanoparticles improve oral bioavailability of amphotericin B and show reduced nephrotoxicity compared to intravenous Fungizone. Italia, JL; Ravi Kumar, MN; Singh, D; Yahya, MM, 2009)	0.35
" PLA has been associated with an increased risk of adverse reactions, specifically nodule formation."	( Decrease of reported adverse events to injectable polylactic acid after recommending an increased dilution: 8-year results from the Injectable Filler Safety study. Erdmann, R; Hartmann, V; Rossner, F; Rossner, M; Rzany, B; Wiest, LG, 2009)	0.6
"To describe adverse reactions to PLA and potential risk factors based on a partly population-based registry over an 8-year period."	( Decrease of reported adverse events to injectable polylactic acid after recommending an increased dilution: 8-year results from the Injectable Filler Safety study. Erdmann, R; Hartmann, V; Rossner, F; Rossner, M; Rzany, B; Wiest, LG, 2009)	0.6
"The Berlin registry is a partially population-based registry where dermatologists, plastic surgeons, and other specialists are contacted regularly and asked to report patients with adverse events to injectable fillers substances."	( Decrease of reported adverse events to injectable polylactic acid after recommending an increased dilution: 8-year results from the Injectable Filler Safety study. Erdmann, R; Hartmann, V; Rossner, F; Rossner, M; Rzany, B; Wiest, LG, 2009)	0.6
"65 years) with adverse reactions to PLA were included."	( Decrease of reported adverse events to injectable polylactic acid after recommending an increased dilution: 8-year results from the Injectable Filler Safety study. Erdmann, R; Hartmann, V; Rossner, F; Rossner, M; Rzany, B; Wiest, LG, 2009)	0.6
" Our data support a decreased risk of adverse reactions with an increased dilution."	( Decrease of reported adverse events to injectable polylactic acid after recommending an increased dilution: 8-year results from the Injectable Filler Safety study. Erdmann, R; Hartmann, V; Rossner, F; Rossner, M; Rzany, B; Wiest, LG, 2009)	0.6
" The primary endpoint was a composite of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 180+/-14 days and expected to be below 20%."	( The ProLimus trial: a prospective, non-randomised, multicentre trial to evaluate the safety and clinical performance of the pimecrolimus eluting stent system (ProGenic). Agostoni, P; Birkemeyer, R; Grube, E; Haine, S; Haude, M; Jung, W; Müller, R; Sarno, G; van Langenhove, G; Verheye, S; Vrints, C; Wijns, W; Willems, T, 2009)	0.35
" Recent evidence shows that local/regional/systemic delayed adverse effects may appear with its use."	( Late-onset immune-mediated adverse effects after poly-L-lactic acid injection in non-HIV patients: clinical findings and long-term follow-up. Alijotas-Reig, J; Garcia-Gimenez, V; Vilardell-Tarres, M, 2009)	0.6
"To evaluate the clinical complaints, treatment response and long-term follow-up of non-HIV patients with delayed immune-mediated adverse effects related to PLLA injections."	( Late-onset immune-mediated adverse effects after poly-L-lactic acid injection in non-HIV patients: clinical findings and long-term follow-up. Alijotas-Reig, J; Garcia-Gimenez, V; Vilardell-Tarres, M, 2009)	0.6
"Prospective, case series study of 10 patients with delayed adverse effects related to PLLA injections."	( Late-onset immune-mediated adverse effects after poly-L-lactic acid injection in non-HIV patients: clinical findings and long-term follow-up. Alijotas-Reig, J; Garcia-Gimenez, V; Vilardell-Tarres, M, 2009)	0.6
"For the glabellar region, severe partly vascular adverse events have been reported after treatment with injectable fillers."	( The spectrum of adverse reactions after treatment with injectable fillers in the glabellar region: results from the Injectable Filler Safety Study. Bachmann, F; Erdmann, R; Hartmann, V; Rzany, B; Wiest, L, 2009)	0.35
"For this study, data from the Injectable Filler Safety Study, a German-based registry for those reactions, was analyzed to characterize adverse events seen in the glabellar region."	( The spectrum of adverse reactions after treatment with injectable fillers in the glabellar region: results from the Injectable Filler Safety Study. Bachmann, F; Erdmann, R; Hartmann, V; Rzany, B; Wiest, L, 2009)	0.35
"Forty of 139 registered patients reported adverse events in the glabellar region."	( The spectrum of adverse reactions after treatment with injectable fillers in the glabellar region: results from the Injectable Filler Safety Study. Bachmann, F; Erdmann, R; Hartmann, V; Rzany, B; Wiest, L, 2009)	0.35
" Our results show that Erlotinib-HCl delivered in the form of nanoparticles has less toxic effect than the free drug in experimental rats."	( Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoencapsulation reduces Erlotinib-induced subacute toxicity in rat. Franklin, G; Kalaichelvan, VK; Manavalan, R; Marslin, G; Reddy, PN; Sheeba, CJ, 2009)	0.35
" Forty patients were evaluated for adverse events (bruising, edema, erythema, subcutaneous papules) and satisfaction."	( Modified poly-L-lactic acid injection technique: safety and efficacy of "cross-fanning" in non-HIV-related facial atrophy. Lee, JY; Schulman, MR; Skolnik, RA, 2010)	0.71
" However, the possible toxic effects of these particles have raised some concerns."	( In vivo evaluation of the biodistribution and safety of PLGA nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Booysen, L; Kalombo, L; Katata, L; Lemmer, Y; Semete, B; Swai, HS; Verschoor, J, 2010)	0.36
" The authors concluded that the toxic effects observed with various industrial nanoparticles is unlikely to be observed with particles made of PLGA."	( In vivo evaluation of the biodistribution and safety of PLGA nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Booysen, L; Kalombo, L; Katata, L; Lemmer, Y; Semete, B; Swai, HS; Verschoor, J, 2010)	0.36
"The combination of different injectable fillers in one area is considered to increase the risk of adverse reactions."	( Adverse reactions caused by consecutive injections of different fillers in the same facial region: risk assessment based on the results from the Injectable Filler Safety study. Bachmann, F; Becker-Wegerich, P; Erdmann, R; Hartmann, V; Rzany, B; Wiest, L, 2011)	0.37
"To characterize adverse reactions in patients who received more than one filler in the same facial region."	( Adverse reactions caused by consecutive injections of different fillers in the same facial region: risk assessment based on the results from the Injectable Filler Safety study. Bachmann, F; Becker-Wegerich, P; Erdmann, R; Hartmann, V; Rzany, B; Wiest, L, 2011)	0.37
"Data (up to July 2009) of the Injectable Filler Safety Study, a German-based registry for adverse filler reactions, was analysed descriptively."	( Adverse reactions caused by consecutive injections of different fillers in the same facial region: risk assessment based on the results from the Injectable Filler Safety study. Bachmann, F; Becker-Wegerich, P; Erdmann, R; Hartmann, V; Rzany, B; Wiest, L, 2011)	0.37
"5%), a specific filler could be attributed to the adverse reactions whereas in the other 10 patients (45."	( Adverse reactions caused by consecutive injections of different fillers in the same facial region: risk assessment based on the results from the Injectable Filler Safety study. Bachmann, F; Becker-Wegerich, P; Erdmann, R; Hartmann, V; Rzany, B; Wiest, L, 2011)	0.37
" Based on our data, there is not a lot of evidence that the combination of different injectable fillers, specifically biodegradable fillers, in the same region increases the risk of adverse reactions."	( Adverse reactions caused by consecutive injections of different fillers in the same facial region: risk assessment based on the results from the Injectable Filler Safety study. Bachmann, F; Becker-Wegerich, P; Erdmann, R; Hartmann, V; Rzany, B; Wiest, L, 2011)	0.37
" These results demonstrate that WGA-NP is a safe carrier system for intranasal delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain."	( In vivo toxicity and immunogenicity of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for intranasal delivery to the brain. Chen, J; Feng, C; Gao, X; Jiang, X; Li, J; Liu, Q; Shao, X; Shen, Y; Zhang, Q; Zhao, Y, 2011)	0.59
" GAS cause a variety of illnesses ranging from noninvasive disease to more severe invasive infections, such as necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock-like syndrome."	( Lactobacilli reduce cell cytotoxicity caused by Streptococcus pyogenes by producing lactic acid that degrades the toxic component lipoteichoic acid. Jonsson, AB; Jonsson, H; Maudsdotter, L; Roos, S, 2011)	0.59
" This suggests that PNA could pose a very low risk for adverse mitochondrion-related effects."	( Evaluation of mitochondrial toxicity in Marmota himalayana treated with metacavir, a novel 2',3'-dideoxyguanosine prodrug for treatment of hepatitis B Virus. Chen, H; Hu, M; Jiang, Z; Li, Z; Tao, Y; Xiong, Y; Zhang, L; Zhang, P, 2011)	0.37
" It is known that mTHPC possesses a significant phototoxicity against a variety of human cancer cells in vitro but also exhibits dark toxicity and can cause adverse effects (especially skin photosensitization)."	( Comparison of intracellular accumulation and cytotoxicity of free mTHPC and mTHPC-loaded PLGA nanoparticles in human colon carcinoma cells. Engel, A; Knobloch, T; Langer, K; Löw, K; von Briesen, H; Wagner, S; Wiehe, A, 2011)	0.37
" No device-related issues or adverse events were observed."	( A preclinical study of the safety and efficacy of Occlusin™ 500 Artificial Embolization Device in sheep. Biliske, JA; Griffith, IJ; Nation, PN; Owen, RJ; Polakowski, R; Tiege, PB, 2012)	0.38
"We found that the polydopamine functions as a biocompatible layer, attenuating adverse biological responses caused by intrinsic properties of the coated material."	( Attenuation of the in vivo toxicity of biomaterials by polydopamine surface modification. Hong, S; Kim, KY; Lee, DY; Lee, H; Lee, KD; Park, SY; Wook, HJ, 2011)	0.37
"An effective and safe formulation of sustained-release rhGH for two months using poly(monomethoxypolyethylene glycol-co-D,L-lactide) (mPEG-PLA, PELA) microspheres was developed to reduce the frequency of medication."	( A novel sustained-release formulation of recombinant human growth hormone and its pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety profiles. Gao, J; Ho, SV; Kang, A; Ma, G; Su, Z; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Wei, Y, 2012)	0.38
" Patients were contacted with regard to efficacy and adverse reactions after their treatment."	( The safety and efficacy of combining poly-L-lactic acid with intense pulsed light in facial rejuvenation: a retrospective study of 90 patients. Fabi, SG; Goldman, MP, 2012)	0.64
"The combination of PLLA with IPL in photorejuvenation of the face is safe and effective."	( The safety and efficacy of combining poly-L-lactic acid with intense pulsed light in facial rejuvenation: a retrospective study of 90 patients. Fabi, SG; Goldman, MP, 2012)	0.64
" Therefore it might be used as a safe candidate for drug delivery system."	( Preliminary assessment of the safety evaluation of novel pH-sensitive hydrogel. Dong, K; Gao, Y; Li, WF; Wang, K; Xing, JF, 2012)	0.38
" Relatively more toxic TiO(2) nanoparticles triggered cell death, ROS generation, mitochondrial depolarization, plasma membrane damage, intracellular calcium concentration increase and size-dependent TNF-α release, especially at a concentration higher than 100 μg/ml."	( Size influences the cytotoxicity of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanoparticles. Damoiseaux, R; France, B; George, S; Loo, JS; Ng, KW; Xiong, S; Yu, H, 2013)	0.39
"Cultured melanocytes delivered on PLA film were efficacious and safe when applied on patients with stable vitiligo."	( Efficacy and safety of autologous cultured melanocytes delivered on poly (DL-lactic acid) film: a prospective, open-label, randomized, multicenter study. Bhatt, D; Ghosh, D; Kuchroo, P; Parasramani, S; Sachan, S; Savant, S; Shah, B; Viswanathan, C, 2012)	0.61
" However, 65% of women who received Acidform had at least one local adverse event compared with 11% who received placebo (p = 0."	( Phase I randomized safety study of twice daily dosing of acidform vaginal gel: candidate antimicrobial contraceptive. Carpenter, CA; Einstein, MH; Fredricks, DN; Herold, BC; Keller, MJ; Liu, C; Lo, Y, 2012)	0.38
" On the other hand, highest side effect for Group D is irritation 29(96."	( Safety in use of cryotherapy and topical salicylic acid with lactic acid combination in treating verruca vulgaris. Ahamed, RS; Alam, M; Khondker, L; Sultana, R, 2012)	0.62
"Facial lipoatrophy is a common side effect of human immunodeficiency virus treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy."	( Autologous fat grafting and injectable dermal fillers for human immunodeficiency virus-associated facial lipodystrophy: a comparison of safety, efficacy, and long-term treatment outcomes. Davison, SP; Hung, R; Iorio, ML; Shuck, J, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events included rising serum lactate (30."	( Tolerability and safety of enteral nutrition in critically ill patients receiving intravenous vasopressor therapy. Mancl, EE; Muzevich, KM, 2013)	0.39
" Histopathological examinations and electrocardiogram comparison demonstrated that the intelligent DDDS could markedly inhibit the growth of tumor and potentially offer an approach for safe cancer therapy."	( cRGD-functionalized polymeric magnetic nanoparticles as a dual-drug delivery system for safe targeted cancer therapy. Gao, FY; Ma, M; Shen, JM; Yang, YJ; Yin, T; Yue, F; Zhang, HX, 2013)	0.39
" We found that MMWC was toxic for two parasite forms."	( In vitro analysis regarding the safety of components used in a film-based therapeutic system loaded with meglumine antimoniate and its activity toward Leishmania major experimental infections: a preliminary study. Barbosa, H; Delgado, G; Gutiérrez, J; Pinzón, J; Vallejo, B, 2013)	0.39
" PLGA-PEO NPs were not toxic up to dose 3 μg/cm(2); dose of 75 μg/cm(2) displays significant decrease in [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA of proliferating cells after 4 h (70% of control) and 48 h (84%) exposure to NPs."	( Immunotoxicity and genotoxicity testing of PLGA-PEO nanoparticles in human blood cell model. Barancokova, M; Bartusova, M; Bilanicova, D; Cagalinec, M; Ciampor, F; Drlickova, M; Dusinska, M; Horvathova, M; Jahnova, E; Kazimirova, A; Kuricova, M; Liskova, A; Neubauerova, E; Pojana, G; Staruchova, M; Tulinska, J; Vavra, I; Volkovova, K, 2015)	0.42
" Despite their overall successes, there are adverse effects associated with these procedures, which are most often related to injection location, amount, and technique."	( An adverse effect of an injectable cosmetic procedure: a case of mistaken identities. Ahn, CS; Khan, I; Mateus, R; Rao, BK, 2013)	0.39
" Ophthalmic examination revealed no evidence of toxic effects of implants."	( Tacrolimus-loaded PLGA implants: in vivo release and ocular toxicity. Da Silva, GR; Fialho, SL; Fulgêncio, GO; Silva-Cunha, A; Souza, MC; Souza, PA, 2014)	0.4
" However, the high molecular, positively charged PL is toxic in high doses, proposed as lysis of red blood cells."	( In vivo toxicity and biodistribution of intraperitoneal and intravenous poly-L-lysine and poly-L-lysine/poly-L-glutamate in rats. Akerberg, D; Andersson, R; Isaksson, K; Posaric-Bauden, M; Tingstedt, B, 2014)	0.4
"Cisplatin is one of the most potent anticancer agent used in the treatment of various solid tumors, however, its clinical use is limited due to severe adverse effects including nephrotoxicity."	( Biodegradable polymeric system for cisplatin delivery: development, in vitro characterization and investigation of toxicity profile. Alam, N; Chandan, B; Dubey, R; Gupta, PN; Khare, V; Kushwaha, M; Saneja, A; Sharma, N; Singh, G, 2014)	0.4
" A questionnaire was used to evaluate patient satisfaction and the incidence of adverse reactions."	( The safety and efficacy of poly-L-lactic acid on sunken cheeks in Asians. Kim, HS; Kim, SM; Lee, JD; Lee, SJ; Suh, DH, 2014)	0.68
"Injection-related adverse events (AEs) may occur with the use of any injectable substance, including all commercially available fillers."	( Understanding, avoiding, and treating potential adverse events following the use of injectable poly-L-lactic acid for facial and nonfacial volumization. Fitzgerald, R; Lorenc, ZP; Vleggaar, D, 2014)	0.62
" The concurrent administration of LP with AFM1 strongly reduced the adverse effects of AFM1 on each parameter."	( Potential preventive role of lactic acid bacteria against aflatoxin M₁ immunotoxicity and genotoxicity in mice. Abbès, S; Ben Salah-Abbès, J; Haous, Z; Jebali, R; Oueslati, R, )	0.42
" The results demonstrated that PLGA/PLA microspheres did not cause retinal histological changes or functional damage and were biocompatible and safe enough for intravitreal injection in rabbits for controlled drug delivery."	( Safety evaluation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/poly(lactic-acid) microspheres through intravitreal injection in rabbits. Lu, Y; Mo, X; Rong, X; Yuan, W, 2014)	0.4
"8%) were discontinued due to adverse events (AEs)."	( Safety of poly-L-lactic acid (New-Fill®) in the treatment of facial lipoatrophy: a large observational study among HIV-positive patients. Chassany, O; Christen, MO; Dolivo, M; Duracinsky, M; Goujard, C; Herrmann, S; Leclercq, P, 2014)	0.74
"This study demonstrated, in real-life conditions and on a large sample, that PLLA injections were feasible, efficient, and safe when performed by trained physicians."	( Safety of poly-L-lactic acid (New-Fill®) in the treatment of facial lipoatrophy: a large observational study among HIV-positive patients. Chassany, O; Christen, MO; Dolivo, M; Duracinsky, M; Goujard, C; Herrmann, S; Leclercq, P, 2014)	0.74
" Local safety was assessed by reported adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of injection with poly-L-lactic acid compared with hyaluronic acid for correction of nasolabial fold: a randomized, evaluator-blinded, comparative study. Chang, SE; Hong, CK; Hyun, MY; Kim, BJ; Kim, MN; Lee, Y; No, YA; Won, CH; Yoo, KH, 2015)	0.68
" Both injections were well tolerated, and the adverse reactions were mild and transient in most cases."	( Efficacy and safety of injection with poly-L-lactic acid compared with hyaluronic acid for correction of nasolabial fold: a randomized, evaluator-blinded, comparative study. Chang, SE; Hong, CK; Hyun, MY; Kim, BJ; Kim, MN; Lee, Y; No, YA; Won, CH; Yoo, KH, 2015)	0.68
" AFB1 wielded their toxic effects on the survival, spontaneous movement, hatching and heart rate and development of embryos were observed in both time and dose-dependent manner at 4μM."	( Toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 on embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio): potential activity of piceatannol encapsulated chitosan/poly (lactic acid) nanoparticles. Baskar, SK; Dhanapal, J; Ravindrran, MB, 2015)	0.62
" HRT caused no adverse effects like electrolyte disturbances or hyperglycaemia."	( Safety, efficacy and response to a hydrocortisone rescue therapy protocol in children with refractory hypotension after cardiopulmonal bypass. Gerbig, I; Grenz, Ch; Haller, Ch; Heimberg, E; Hofbeck, M; Kumpf, M; Neunhoeffer, F; Renk, H; Schlensak, Ch, 2015)	0.42
" The present paper describes cases of diseases caused by lactic acid bacteria, a potential mechanism for the adverse action of bacteria, and the possible hazard connected with probiotic supplementation for seriously ill and hospitalized patients."	( [Lactic acid bacteria and health: are probiotics safe for human?]. Gackowska, L; Januszewska, M; Kubiszewska, I; Rybka, J, 2014)	1.56
" We have shown that acute exposure to nZnO is toxic to white suckers and that ENMs have the potential to negatively impact cardiorespiratory function in adult fish."	( Cardiorespiratory toxicity of environmentally relevant zinc oxide nanoparticles in the freshwater fish Catostomus commersonii. Bessemer, RA; Butler, KM; Callaghan, NI; Currie, S; Dieni, CA; MacCormack, TJ; Rundle, A; Tunnah, L, 2015)	0.42
" Despite their obvious benefits, a wide range of possible complications such as immediate, late, delayed, temporary, or irreversible adverse effects have to be respected."	( Adverse effects of fillers and their histopathology. Haneke, E, 2014)	0.4
" It is concluded that AFB1 and FB1 might have combinational (synergistic moreso than additive) toxic effects in situ."	( Interaction of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 in mice causes immunotoxicity and oxidative stress: Possible protective role using lactic acid bacteria. Abbès, S; Ben Salah-Abbès, J; Jebali, R; Oueslati, R; Younes, RB, 2016)	0.64
" Importantly, we demonstrate that this new hydrogel is both biocompatible in the intrathecal space based on immunohistochemistry of the host tissue response and safe based on behavioral analysis of locomotor function."	( Click-crosslinked injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogel is safe and biocompatible in the intrathecal space for ultimate use in regenerative strategies of the injured spinal cord. Führmann, T; Obermeyer, J; Shoichet, MS; Tator, CH, 2015)	0.42
" In addition, astrocytes are the first parenchymal brain cell type which encounters substances which cross the blood-brain barrier and are considered as first line of defence against the toxic potential of xenobiotics."	( Uptake, Metabolic Effects and Toxicity of Arsenate and Arsenite in Astrocytes. Dringen, R; Koehler, Y; Neumann, S; Spiller, S, 2016)	0.43
" Acetaminophen (APAP) is a commonly used and effective analgesic/antipyretic agent and relatively safe drug even in long-term treatment."	( [Investigation of Predisposition Biomarkers to Identify Risk Factors for Drug-induced Liver Injury in Humans: Analyses of Endogenous Metabolites in an Animal Model Mimicking Human Responders to APAP-induced Hepatotoxicity]. Kobayashi, A; Kondo, K; Sugai, S, 2015)	0.42
"With the ongoing commercialization of nanotechnology products, human exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) is set to increase dramatically and an evaluation of their potential adverse effects is essential."	( Influence of the surface charge of PLGA nanoparticles on their in vitro genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, ROS production and endocytosis. Becart, E; Betbeder, D; Carpentier, R; Mordacq, G; Nesslany, F; Platel, A, 2016)	0.43
" In conclusion, these results point out to a safe use of PLGA NPs regardless of their surface coating compared to non-biodegradable ones."	( Compared in vivo toxicity in mice of lung delivered biodegradable and non-biodegradable nanoparticles. Aragao-Santiago, L; Coll, JL; Dufort, S; Fattal, E; Grabowski, N; Hillaireau, H; Mura, S; Nascimento, TL; Tsapis, N, 2016)	0.43
" Whereas free thioridazine was highly toxic in both cells and zebrafish embryos, after encapsulation in nanoparticles no toxicity was detected."	( Thioridazine in PLGA nanoparticles reduces toxicity and improves rifampicin therapy against mycobacterial infection in zebrafish. Anes, E; Bogoeva, V; Fenaroli, F; Griffiths, G; Hildahl, J; Kalluru, R; Pires, D; Speth, M; Vibe, CB; Wilson, SR, 2016)	0.43
" No adverse events related to the investigational product occurred."	( Rationale and Safety Assessment of a Novel Intravaginal Drug-Delivery System with Sustained DL-Lactic Acid Release, Intended for Long-Term Protection of the Vaginal Microbiome. Remon, JP; Verstraelen, H; Vervaet, C, 2016)	0.65
" In all groups, no adverse effects were noted, and all animals showed favorable local and systemic tolerability."	( Preclinical Safety Evaluation in Rats of a Polymeric Matrix Containing an siRNA Drug Used as a Local and Prolonged Delivery System for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy. Domb, AJ; Gabai, RM; Marzoli, GA; Muravnik, S; Nyska, A; Ramot, Y; Rotkopf, S; Shemi, A; Zorde Khvalevsky, E, 2016)	0.43
" These nanosystems, which were also demonstrated to be safe for human brain endothelial cells, without significant cytotoxicity, bring a new hopeful breath to the future of brain diseases therapies."	( Tailoring Lipid and Polymeric Nanoparticles as siRNA Carriers towards the Blood-Brain Barrier - from Targeting to Safe Administration. Borges, F; Fernandes, C; Gomes, MJ; Martins, S; Sarmento, B, 2017)	0.46
"Continuous pressure-controlled NEVKP is feasible and safe in good quality heart-beating donor kidney grafts."	( Eight-Hour Continuous Normothermic Ex Vivo Kidney Perfusion Is a Safe Preservation Technique for Kidney Transplantation: A New Opportunity for the Storage, Assessment, and Repair of Kidney Grafts. Bagli, DJ; Chun, YM; Echeverri, J; Foltys, DB; Ghanekar, A; Goldaracena, N; Grant, DR; John, R; Kaths, JM; Linares, I; Louis, KS; Mucsi, I; Robinson, LA; Selzner, M; Wiebe, A; Yip, PM, 2016)	0.43
" Moreover, histological analysis of genital tissues and cytokine/chemokine levels in vaginal lavages upon 14days of daily vaginal administration to mice confirmed that tenofovir-loaded NPs-in-film was safe and did not induce any apparent histological changes or pro-inflammatory response."	( Development and in vivo safety assessment of tenofovir-loaded nanoparticles-in-film as a novel vaginal microbicide delivery system. Araújo, F; Cunha-Reis, C; das Neves, J; Ferreira, D; Machado, A; Nunes, R; Sarmento, B; Seabra, V, 2016)	0.43
" Results, including those from in vivo testing, sustain that the proposed system is safe and holds potential for further development as a vaginal microbicide product."	( Development and in vivo safety assessment of tenofovir-loaded nanoparticles-in-film as a novel vaginal microbicide delivery system. Araújo, F; Cunha-Reis, C; das Neves, J; Ferreira, D; Machado, A; Nunes, R; Sarmento, B; Seabra, V, 2016)	0.43
" MTX was more toxic in equivalent concentrations in all cytotoxicity tests performed [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide reduction, neutral red uptake, and lactate dehydrogenase release assays] and times tested (24 and 48 h)."	( Naphthoquinoxaline metabolite of mitoxantrone is less cardiotoxic than the parent compound and it can be a more cardiosafe drug in anticancer therapy. Bastos, ML; Carvalho, F; Carvalho, RA; Costa, VM; Gomes, AS; Pinto, M; Reis-Mendes, A; Remião, F; Sousa, E, 2017)	0.46
"We demonstrated that NMES chronaxie-based protocol is safe and feasible."	( Safety and feasibility of a neuromuscular electrical stimulation chronaxie-based protocol in critical ill patients: A prospective observational study. Babault, N; Carvalho, VO; de Oliveira, TP; Durigan, JLQ; Lemos, BL; Mazullo, JB; Silva, PE, 2017)	0.46
" We investigated the hypothesis that commonly used and poorly tolerated cationic lipids might be replaced with more efficacious and safe lipidoids as the lipid component of siRNA-loaded lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPNs) for achieving more efficient gene silencing at lower and safer doses."	( Engineering of small interfering RNA-loaded lipidoid-poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) hybrid nanoparticles for highly efficient and safe gene silencing: A quality by design-based approach. Falkenberg, E; Foged, C; Franzyk, H; Justesen, S; Mørck Nielsen, H; Tejlmann, S; Thanki, K; Van Driessche, E; Zeng, X, 2017)	0.46
" This clinical study demonstrated that the new synthetic resorbable membrane is safe for guided bone tissue regeneration in various dental surgery indications."	( Clinical Safety of a New Synthetic Resorbable Dental Membrane: A Case Series Study. Bourdin, D; Campard, G; Evanno, C; Hoornaert, A; Layrolle, P; Martin-Thomé, H; Morlock, JF; Saffarzadeh, A; Strube, N, 2018)	0.48
" Compared to lactate, Cr(VI) was at least 30-fold and 10-fold more toxic when ethanol or butyrate was the sole carbon source, respectively."	( Carbon-dependent chromate toxicity mechanism in an environmental Arthrobacter isolate. Blaskovich, JP; Field, EK; Gerlach, R; Peyton, BM, 2018)	0.48
"Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a highly toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and has strong affinity to suspended materials and sediments in the aquatic environment."	( Growth, energy metabolism and transcriptomic responses in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) to benzo[α]pyrene (BaP) toxicity. Chen, L; Ding, Q; Li, E; Qin, JG; Wang, X; Yu, N, 2018)	0.48
" Patients with persistent hyperlactataemia had higher rate of adverse events during hospitalisation: worsening of heart failure (22."	( Persistent hyperlactataemia is related to high rates of in-hospital adverse events and poor outcome in acute heart failure. Banasiak, M; Banasiak, W; Biegus, J; Gajewski, P; Ponikowski, P; Siwołowski, P; Sokolska, J; Sokolski, M; Swoboda, K; Zymliński, R, )	0.13
"Persistent hyperlactataemia within the first 24 h of hospitalisation is a predictor of a worse outcome in AHF and is related to higher rates of in-hospital adverse events and one-year mortality."	( Persistent hyperlactataemia is related to high rates of in-hospital adverse events and poor outcome in acute heart failure. Banasiak, M; Banasiak, W; Biegus, J; Gajewski, P; Ponikowski, P; Siwołowski, P; Sokolska, J; Sokolski, M; Swoboda, K; Zymliński, R, )	0.13
" The primary clinical safety endpoint was treatment emergent adverse events."	( A phase I randomized safety study of a single-size silicone rubber diaphragm used with or without a lactic-acid-containing diaphragm gel. Chandra, N; Cunningham, T; Doncel, GF; Fichorova, R; Herold, BC; Hillier, SL; Thurman, A, 2019)	0.51
" Although larger studies are needed, the novel gel appears safe for use with the study diaphragm, which is the first over-the-counter, non-hormonal, diaphragm."	( A phase I randomized safety study of a single-size silicone rubber diaphragm used with or without a lactic-acid-containing diaphragm gel. Chandra, N; Cunningham, T; Doncel, GF; Fichorova, R; Herold, BC; Hillier, SL; Thurman, A, 2019)	0.51
" The secondary outcomes include the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) counts, interleukin 6 (IL-6) counts, interleukin 10 (IL-10) counts, procalcitonin (PCT), lactic acid, the level of T cell subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+), monocytes of human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR), C-reactive protein (CRP), the numeration of leukocyte, intra-abdominal pressure, and adverse events or reactions."	( Efficacy and safety of acupuncture as a complementary therapy for sepsis: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis. Tan, Q; Wang, J; Wang, L; Xian, J; Yu, H; Zhang, C; Zhang, X; Zhu, Y, 2019)	0.71
" Previous studies focused on the kinetics and the microbial actions of PCP degradation, however, the effects of toxic and antimicrobial PCP and electron donor/shuttle on the microbial community diversity and composition in paddy soil are poorly understood."	( Microbial community response to the toxic effect of pentachlorophenol in paddy soil amended with an electron donor and shuttle. Chen, M; Gao, Y; Jiang, Q; Liu, C; Lv, Y; Qiao, J; Tong, H, 2020)	0.56
" Thus, it can serve as a promising safe adjuvant platform that can help to protect against pandemics and future infectious threats."	( Ionic-Liquid-Based Safe Adjuvants. Angsantikul, P; Cu, K; Curreri, A; Goetz, M; Lahann, J; Mitragotri, S; Tanner, EEL; Ukidve, A, 2020)	0.56
"The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the safety of Sculptra Aesthetic when using a reconstitution volume of 7 to 10 mL, via collection of adverse events related to the product or injection procedure reported in medical records."	( Chart Review Presenting Safety of Injectable PLLA Used With Alternative Reconstitution Volume for Facial Treatments. Andriopoulos, B; Espinoza, L; Fabi, S; Goldman, MP; Harper, J; Mayoral, F; Palm, M; Rajani, A, 2021)	0.62
" Medical records for subjects treated in the facial area with Sculptra Aesthetic reconstituted to 7–10 mL were reviewed to obtain information about demographics, treatment data, and adverse events."	( Chart Review Presenting Safety of Injectable PLLA Used With Alternative Reconstitution Volume for Facial Treatments. Andriopoulos, B; Espinoza, L; Fabi, S; Goldman, MP; Harper, J; Mayoral, F; Palm, M; Rajani, A, 2021)	0.62
"Pre-treatment with the extracts and metformin elicited a cardioprotective effect, as indicated by the prevention of doxorubicin-induced cardiac oxidative stress and prevention of adverse alterations in plasma cardiac markers, cardiac lipids and electrolyte profiles, as well as improvement of the activities of cardiac ATPases, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase."	( Attenuation of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats by aqueous leaf-extracts of Chromolaena odorata and Tridax procumbens. Adeku, KA; Ifeanacho, MO; Ikewuchi, CC; Ikewuchi, JC; Jaja, VS; Jamabo, CN; Okezue, EC, 2021)	0.62
" coagulans IDCC 1201 produced undesirable metabolites, including biogenic amines or D-lactate, at a safe level."	( Genomic-, phenotypic-, and toxicity-based safety assessment and probiotic potency of Bacillus coagulans IDCC 1201 isolated from green malt. Ban, OH; Bang, WY; Jung, SK; Jung, YH; Lee, BS; Oh, S; Park, C; Park, MK; Yang, J, 2021)	0.62
" There were no severe or serious adverse events (SAEs) and no increase in lactic acid concentration was reported during the study."	( Assessment of safety and tolerability of remogliflozin etabonate (GSK189075) when administered with total daily dose of 2000 mg of metformin. Andrews, S; Cheatham, B; Dobbins, R; Hanmant, B; Hussey, EK; O'Connor-Semmes, R; Sagar, K; Tao, W; Wilkison, WO, 2021)	0.85
"Co-administration of doses of remogliflozin etabonate (500 mg BID or 750 mg BID) greater than the commercial dose (100 mg BID) with metformin (2000 mg BID) was shown to be safe and effective during the observation period."	( Assessment of safety and tolerability of remogliflozin etabonate (GSK189075) when administered with total daily dose of 2000 mg of metformin. Andrews, S; Cheatham, B; Dobbins, R; Hanmant, B; Hussey, EK; O'Connor-Semmes, R; Sagar, K; Tao, W; Wilkison, WO, 2021)	0.62
"Major adverse events (MAE) are unexpected but undesirably frequent after pediatric congenital heart surgery and contribute to poorer outcomes."	( Central Venous Oxygen Saturation/Lactate Ratio and Prediction of Major Adverse Events After Pediatric Heart Surgery. Carmona, F; Manso, PH; Rocha, VHS, 2021)	0.62
" The 20-MHz probe is more appropriate than the 50-MHz probe for evaluating the adverse effects of PLLA injection."	( High-Frequency Ultrasound for Long-term Safety Assessment of Poly-L-Lactic Acid Facial Filler. Fang, R; Li, A; Long, A; Mao, X; Sun, Q, 2022)	0.96
"This study investigated the safe use of metformin in patients with (1) type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart failure on metformin, and (2) heart failure without T2DM and metformin naïve."	( The safe use of metformin in heart failure patients both with and without T2DM: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Carland, JE; Chowdhury, G; Day, RO; Graham, G; Greenfield, JR; Hayward, CS; Kumar, S; Kumarasinghe, G; Macdonald, P; Olsen, N; Stocker, SL, 2023)	0.91
" These findings may support the safe use of metformin in heart failure patients with and without T2DM."	( The safe use of metformin in heart failure patients both with and without T2DM: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Carland, JE; Chowdhury, G; Day, RO; Graham, G; Greenfield, JR; Hayward, CS; Kumar, S; Kumarasinghe, G; Macdonald, P; Olsen, N; Stocker, SL, 2023)	0.91
" The evaluation of both in vitro and in vivo testing shows that nanoparticles with chitosan have significantly less, if any, toxic effects compared to those without chitosan."	( Bringing pathology to nanomedicine: a comparison of in vivo toxicity of polymeric nanoparticle carriers with and without chitosan coating. Chakim, Z; Foroglou, N; Kapoukranidou, D; Karagkiozaki, V; Logothetidis, S; Poulios, C; Zarampoukas, T, 2023)	0.91

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Diet or period did not alter the rate of disappearance of L-lactate from plasma; the half-life was 13."	( Plasma clearance of L- and D-lactate in steers fed alfalfa hay or high concentrate diets. Prior, RL, 1983)	0.27
" This model based on pharmacokinetic theory, does not require labelled molecules and yields a finer approach to lactate metabolism than does a simple observation of blood lactate concentration."	( Variations in lactate apparent clearance during rest and exercise in normal man. Francaux, MA; Jacqmin, PA; Sturbois, XG, )	0.13
" Pharmacokinetic analysis shows the apparent elimination half-life of the metabolite to be 13."	( Disposition, metabolism, and pharmacodynamics of labetalol in adult sheep. Abbott, FS; Axelson, JE; Doroudian, A; Hall, C; Kwan, E; Rurak, DW; Yeleswaram, K, )	0.13
" An increase in the elimination half-life (from 13 to 61 min) and in the apparent volume of distribution (1."	( Pharmacokinetics of a novel HIV-1 protease inhibitor incorporated into biodegradable or enteric nanoparticles following intravenous and oral administration to mice. Cozens, R; Doelker, E; Galli, B; Gurny, R; Kubel, F; Leroux, JC; Roesel, JL, 1995)	0.29
" A hybrid, one-compartment pharmacokinetic model fitted best, with zero-order elimination mean of 27."	( Reduction of serum lactate by sodium dichloroacetate, and human pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships. Buffini, JD; Fox, AW; Hoehler, FK; Neichin, ML; Nicora, R; O'Rourke, R; Stoltz, RR; Sullivan, BW, 1996)	0.29
"This study describes the pharmacokinetic behaviours of taxol after intravenous administration of taxol-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres containing isopropyl myristate (namely, Taxol-IPM-PLGA-MS) and taxol saline solution to mice."	( Pharmacokinetic study of taxol-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres containing isopropyl myristate after targeted delivery to the lung in mice. Adachi, I; Horikoshi, I; Sato, H; Wang, YM, 1996)	0.29
" The pharmacokinetic parameters; distribution volume (Vd) and half-life (t1/2) were calculated with a one-compartment model from the incremental plasma concentration decay curve after administration."	( [The pharmacokinetics of D-lactate, L-lactate and acetate in humans]. Hamada, T; Ito, Y; Iwaki, K; Koizumi, T; Nakamaru, K; Yamamoto, M, 1997)	0.3
" The steady-state plasma levels correlated well with the levels predicted from the pharmacokinetic parameters following a single subcutaneous or intravenous injection of TRH solution."	( Controlled release of thyrotropin releasing hormone from microspheres: evaluation of release profiles and pharmacokinetics after subcutaneous administration. Futo, T; Heya, T; Mikura, Y; Miura, Y; Nagai, A; Shimizu, H; Toguchi, H; Tomida, Y, 1994)	0.29
" Antipyrine was administered orally and pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained from saliva samples by the multiple-sample method."	( The effect of physical conditioning on antipyrine clearance. Bayón, JE; Cuadrado, G; González-Gallego, J; Villa, JG, 1998)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the initial tumor uptake of dFdC was flow limited, and a significant inverse correlation between the geometric FR and initial drug uptake was found."	( Intratumor pharmacokinetics, flow resistance, and metabolism during gemcitabine infusion in ex vivo perfused human small cell lung cancer. Brown, TJ; Jain, RK; Kristjansen, PE; Shipley, LA, 1996)	0.29
" For either age group, the clearance half-life for acidosis was faster than the half-life for lactate."	( Maturational changes in cerebral lactate and acid clearance following ischemia measured in vivo using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and microdialysis. Corbett, R; Garcia, D; Kim, B; Laptook, A; Silmon, S; Tollefsbol, G, 1999)	0.3
"The optimal dichloroacetate pharmacokinetic model for both subjects with cirrhosis and control subjects had two compartments, with all parameters weight normalized."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dichloroacetate in patients with cirrhosis. Fisher, DM; Shangraw, RE, 1999)	0.3
"To determine pharmacokinetics of terbutaline in healthy horses and to relate serum terbutaline concentrations with the drug's pharmacodynamic effects."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of terbutaline in healthy horses. Appelgren, LE; Ingvast-Larsson, JC; Johansson, JM; Törneke, MK, 2000)	0.31
" It was the purpose of this study to develop pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models for determination of a dose for a pivotal Phase III clinical trial of DCA in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI)."	( Dichloroacetate: population pharmacokinetics with a pharmacodynamic sequential link model. Capparelli, EV; Dziewanowska, Z; Fox, AW; Lane, JR; Turkel, CC; Williams, PJ, 2001)	0.31
" [La] half-life was similar under all conditions (ca."	( Blood lactate disappearance dynamics in boys and men following exercise of similar and dissimilar peak-lactate concentrations. Bediz, C; Dotan, R; Falk, B; Ohana, S, 2003)	0.32
"The objective of this work was to study the in vitro characteristics as well as in vivo pharmacokinetic performance of a series nalbuphine (NA) prodrug-loaded microspheres."	( Biodegradable polymeric microspheres for nalbuphine prodrug controlled delivery: in vitro characterization and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. Hu, OY; Kuo, JH; Liu, FI; Sung, KC, 2003)	0.32
" Their pharmacokinetic and biodistribution profiles were compared in normal rats and rats with carrageenan-induced inflammation after intravenous application of about 5 mg/kg of each copolymer."	( Pharmacokinetics and distribution of 125I-PLA-b-PEO block copolymers in rats. Laznicek, M; Machova, L; Novakova, K; Rypacek, F, 2003)	0.32
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for each group were estimated using a three-compartment model."	( The influence of hemorrhagic shock on propofol: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis. Church, T; Egan, TD; Johnson, KB; Kern, SE; McJames, SW; Syroid, N; Whiddon, D; White, JL, 2003)	0.32
" The pharmacokinetic analysis revealed slower intercompartmental clearances in the shock group."	( The influence of hemorrhagic shock on propofol: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis. Church, T; Egan, TD; Johnson, KB; Kern, SE; McJames, SW; Syroid, N; Whiddon, D; White, JL, 2003)	0.32
"To establish the safety and pharmacokinetic efficacy of an Oculex Drug Delivery System (DDS; Oculex Pharmaceuticals, Inc."	( Pharmacokinetic and toxicity study of an intraocular cyclosporine DDS in the anterior segment of rabbit eyes. Chee, SP; Lam, KW; Tan, D; Theng, JT; Ti, SE; Zhou, L, 2003)	0.32
": To determine the optimal polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugate of octreotide by evaluating the effects of PEGylation chemistry on the biological activity and pharmacokinetic properties."	( PEGylation of octreotide: II. Effect of N-terminal mono-PEGylation on biological activity and pharmacokinetics. DeLuca, PP; Lee, KC; Na, DH, 2005)	0.33
" The structural conformation of PEG-octreotides was evaluated by circular dichroism (CD), the biological activity was assessed by measuring the decrease of serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels in rats, and a pharmacokinetic study was performed after subcutaneous administration in rats."	( PEGylation of octreotide: II. Effect of N-terminal mono-PEGylation on biological activity and pharmacokinetics. DeLuca, PP; Lee, KC; Na, DH, 2005)	0.33
" The mono-ALDPEG-5K-octreotide showed significantly improved pharmacokinetic properties compared with mono-ALDPEG-2K-octreotide as well as native octreotide."	( PEGylation of octreotide: II. Effect of N-terminal mono-PEGylation on biological activity and pharmacokinetics. DeLuca, PP; Lee, KC; Na, DH, 2005)	0.33
" Pharmacodynamic studies were conducted to determine duration of effect."	( Manufacture, characterization, and pharmacodynamic evaluation of engineered ipratropium bromide particles. Hickey, AJ; Taylor, MK; VanOort, M, 2006)	0.33
" The 3H-CyS-PLGA-MS suspension was injected into the vitreous body of healthy rabbits, and the concentration of cyclosporine in various ocular tissues and blood at predetermined intervals was measured by a scintillation counting technique and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Cyclosporine-loaded microspheres for treatment of uveitis: in vitro characterization and in vivo pharmacokinetic study. He, Y; Liu, Y; Lu, W; Ma, Z; Wang, J; Zhang, Q; Zhang, X; Zhu, X, 2006)	0.33
"To investigate the short-term safety and pharmacokinetic behavior of a new intraocular lens containing a dexamethasone drug delivery system (IOL-DDS) in rabbit eyes."	( Pharmacokinetic and toxicity investigations of a new intraocular lens with a dexamethasone drug delivery system: a pilot study. Cunha, Ada S; Fialho, SL; Filho, AM; Filho, ER; Haddad, A; Jorge, R; Lucena, LR; Scott, IU; Siqueira, RC, 2006)	0.33
" However, data describing the pharmacodynamic effects and safety of constant rate infusion (CRI) of KET and its pharmacokinetic profile in nonpremedicated horses are missing."	( Pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacokinetic profile of a long-term continuous rate infusion of racemic ketamine in healthy conscious horses. Driessen, B; Hellebrekers, LJ; Lankveld, DP; Moate, PJ; Rudy, J; Soma, LR; Uboh, CE; van Dijk, P, 2006)	0.33
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of ITZ-PM for itraconazole and its major metabolite, hydroxy-itraconazole, were comparable to those of the cyclodextrin formulations (Sporanox(R) Injection and Oral Solution) in rats and dogs."	( A mixed polymeric micellar formulation of itraconazole: Characteristics, toxicity and pharmacokinetics. Hwang, SJ; Kim, BO; Kim, SO; Seo, MH; Shim, M; Yi, Y; Yoon, HJ, 2007)	0.34
" A marked difference in the pharmacokinetic profile between nanoparticulate and Sandimmune Neoral formulations was observed where nanoparticulate formulation showed controlled release of cyclosporine over 5 days, on the other hand, the marketed formulation showed a sharp Cmax with a 3-day release profile."	( PLGA nanoparticles for oral delivery of cyclosporine: nephrotoxicity and pharmacokinetic studies in comparison to Sandimmune Neoral. Bhardwaj, V; Bhatt, DK; Italia, JL; Kumar, MN; Tikoo, K, 2007)	0.34
" Coated BVP-PLA-NPs could effectively avoid the capture by the reticuloendothelial system and prolong the half-life of BVP."	( Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of surface modification polymeric nanoparticles. Li, H; Liu, M; Liu, Q; Luo, G; Wang, Y, 2008)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies were conducted in rats."	( Design of biodegradable nanoparticles for oral delivery of doxorubicin: in vivo pharmacokinetics and toxicity studies in rats. Beniwal, V; Kalaria, DR; Ravi Kumar, MN; Sharma, G, 2009)	0.35
"After epidural administration of ropivacaine-loaded microspheres, Cmax in plasma was around 100 ng/ml while epidural and intrathecal Cmax of ropivacaine were close to 600 and 150 microg/ml, respectively."	( Epidural, intrathecal and plasma pharmacokinetic study of epidural ropivacaine in PLGA-microspheres in sheep model. Bec, D; Chevanne, F; Dollo, G; Ecoffey, C; Estebe, JP; Le Corre, P; Malinovsky, JM; Ratajczak-Enselme, M, 2009)	0.35
" The transplacental pharmacokinetic model was fitted to the time profiles of the drug concentrations in the effluent and placenta to obtain transplacental pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Transplacental pharmacokinetics of diclofenac in perfused human placenta. Fujii, T; Hori, S; Nagata, H; Nakano, H; Ohtani, H; Satoh, S; Sawada, Y; Shintaku, K; Taketani, Y; Tsujimoto, M; Tsukimori, K, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic studies were performed with formulations delivered to guinea pigs by intratracheal insufflation and compared to oral and intravenous delivery of rifampicin."	( Formulation and pharmacokinetics of self-assembled rifampicin nanoparticle systems for pulmonary delivery. Durbin, D; Edwards, DA; Elbert, KJ; Garcia-Contreras, L; Hickey, AJ; Padilla, DJ; Peloquin, CA; Sung, JC; Verberkmoes, JL, 2009)	0.35
"This paper presents the pharmacokinetic of human growth hormone (hGH) implantable tablets tested on a human ovarian cancer mouse model."	( Pharmacokinetics analysis of sustained release hGH biodegradable implantable tablets using a mouse model of human ovarian cancer. Dannies, P; Fariña, JB; Llabrés, M; Santoveña, A; Zhu, Y, 2010)	0.36
" Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that insulin administered in PLGA microcapsules illustrated a sustained release profile which resulted in a longer mean residence time, 4 and 5 fold longer than those after pulmonary administration of RSDI and SC injection of NPH insulin, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of controlled release insulin loaded PLGA microcapsules using dry powder inhaler in diabetic rats. Emami, J; Gilani, K; Hamishehkar, H; Hassanzadeh, K; Koohsoltani, M; Mahdavi, H; Minaiyan, M; Najafabadi, AR; Nokhodchi, A, 2010)	0.36
" The pharmacodynamic performances of the nanoparticles (NPs) were evaluated for brain targeting and memory improvement in scopolamine-induced amnesic mice using Morris Water Maze Test."	( Rivastigmine-loaded PLGA and PBCA nanoparticles: preparation, optimization, characterization, in vitro and pharmacodynamic studies. Chavhan, SS; Joshi, SA; Sawant, KK, 2010)	0.36
" Pharmacodynamic studies were carried out in immunosuppressed rats using the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) cells, determined by flow cytometry, as an index of immunity."	( Preparation, characterization and in vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation of thymopentin loaded poly(lactide acid)/poly(lactide-co-glycolide acid) implants. Jin, L; Liu, Y; Lu, W; Wei, G; Xu, L, 2010)	0.36
" This HPLC method was applied successfully to the pharmacokinetic study of two kinds of daidzein-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (D-NPs) and daidzein suspension after intravenous injection in rats."	( An HPLC method for the pharmacokinetic study of daidzein-loaded nanoparticle formulations after injection to rats. Ma, Y; Shen, Q; Zhao, X, 2011)	0.37
"To characterize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of the recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres in rats."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of recombinant human erythropoietin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres in rats. Du, HJ; Fan, YY; He, JT; Jiang, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, HX; Zhou, XL, 2012)	0.38
" In the present study, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was utilized to interpret the effects of nanoparticle properties on previously published biodistribution data."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of PLGA nanoparticles with varied mPEG content. Avgoustakis, K; Li, M; Panagi, Z; Reineke, J, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacodynamic study was performed in rat after intravenous administration."	( Protein functionalized tramadol-loaded PLGA nanoparticles: preparation, optimization, stability and pharmacodynamic studies. Lalan, M; Lalani, J; Misra, A; Rathi, M, 2013)	0.39
" Temporal pharmacodynamic responses were studied in an ovalbumin-sensitised in vivo model exhibiting AHR and airway inflammation."	( Inhaled extended-release microparticles of heparin elicit improved pulmonary pharmacodynamics against antigen-mediated airway hyper-reactivity and inflammation. Araman, A; Birchall, JC; Broadley, KJ; Gumbleton, M; John, E; Özsoy, Y; Yildiz, A, 2012)	0.38
"Even though intra-articular injections play an important role in the treatment of joint-related lameness in horses, little is known about pharmacokinetic properties of substances used."	( The isolated perfused equine distal limb as an ex vivo model for pharmacokinetic studies. Friebe, M; Kietzmann, M; Stahl, J, 2013)	0.39
" Pre- and posttest measures of VO2max, Vmax, V(LT), and Tmax were used to assess performance."	( The effects of uphill vs. level-grade high-intensity interval training on VO2max, Vmax, V(LT), and Tmax in well-trained distance runners. Ferley, DD; Osborn, RW; Vukovich, MD, 2013)	0.39
" Disposition modeling and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using proprietary software."	( Exogenous L-lactate clearance in adult horses. Boston, RC; Clark-Price, SC; De Pedro, P; Dirikolu, L; Lascola, KM; McMichael, MA; Wilkins, PA, 2012)	0.38
" A 2-compartment model was used to specify the pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Exogenous L-lactate clearance in adult horses. Boston, RC; Clark-Price, SC; De Pedro, P; Dirikolu, L; Lascola, KM; McMichael, MA; Wilkins, PA, 2012)	0.38
"The aim was to develop a slow-release poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-5-fluorouracil microsphere, study the pharmacokinetic characteristics as well as to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of this preparation on colorectal tumor in vivo."	( Pharmacokinetic study and effectiveness evaluation of slow-release PLGA-5-fluorouracil microsphere. Chen, D; Ding, M; Li, J; Pu, Y; Wang, S; Zhu, M, 2013)	0.39
"The PLGA-5-fluorouracil microsphere was prepared based on a spray-drying method, and the drug loading of 5-fluorouracil (the percentage of 5-fluorouracil content in the whole microsphere), in vitro 5-fluorouracil release profile and pharmacokinetic characteristics were carried out through high-performance liquid chromatography."	( Pharmacokinetic study and effectiveness evaluation of slow-release PLGA-5-fluorouracil microsphere. Chen, D; Ding, M; Li, J; Pu, Y; Wang, S; Zhu, M, 2013)	0.39
" Slow-release PLGA-5-fluorouracil microsphere had longer half-life time (t (1/2)), larger apparent volume of distribution (V ( d )) and smaller area under the curve (AUC) compared with 5-fluorouracil."	( Pharmacokinetic study and effectiveness evaluation of slow-release PLGA-5-fluorouracil microsphere. Chen, D; Ding, M; Li, J; Pu, Y; Wang, S; Zhu, M, 2013)	0.39
"The slow-release PLGA-5-fluorouracil microsphere developed here was suitable for regional use; it has pharmacokinetic advantages and appears safe and effective in controlling the tumor growth."	( Pharmacokinetic study and effectiveness evaluation of slow-release PLGA-5-fluorouracil microsphere. Chen, D; Ding, M; Li, J; Pu, Y; Wang, S; Zhu, M, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of etoposide and production of anti-PEG IgM antibody were evaluated."	( Accelerated blood clearance of PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles following repeated injections: effects of polymer dose, PEG coating, and encapsulated anticancer drug. Abbasian, Z; Dadashzadeh, S; Saadati, R; Soleimanjahi, H, 2013)	0.39
" In vitro/in vivo assays were performed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) performance of these nanoparticles following nanoencapsulation of the anti-tuberculosis drugs rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH)."	( In vivo/in vitro pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of spray-dried poly-(dl-lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles encapsulating rifampicin and isoniazid. Booysen, LL; Brooks, E; du Plessis, LH; Gilliland, J; Gruppo, V; Hansen, R; Kalombo, L; Kotze, AF; Lenaerts, A; Lungenhofer, P; Semete-Makokotlela, B; Swai, HS, 2013)	0.39
" However, a pharmacokinetic alteration of Lactosome was observed when Lactosome was repeatedly administered."	( Evasion from accelerated blood clearance of nanocarrier named as "Lactosome" induced by excessive administration of Lactosome. Hara, E; Hara, I; Kimura, S; Kurihara, K; Makino, A; Ozeki, E; Shimizu, A; Sugai, M, 2013)	0.39
"Lactosome is a potential nanocarrier for drug and/or imaging agent delivery, which can be used for frequent administrations without significant pharmacokinetic alterations."	( Evasion from accelerated blood clearance of nanocarrier named as "Lactosome" induced by excessive administration of Lactosome. Hara, E; Hara, I; Kimura, S; Kurihara, K; Makino, A; Ozeki, E; Shimizu, A; Sugai, M, 2013)	0.39
" This validated method was applied successfully to the pharmacokinetic study of PSS and PSS-loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (PSS-NP) in rat plasma after a single intravenous (PSS only) and oral administration (PSS and PSS-NP)."	( An HPLC method for microanalysis and pharmacokinetics of marine sulfated polysaccharide PSS-loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles in rat plasma. Guan, HS; He, XX; Li, CX; Li, HH; Li, PL; Liu, HB; Xue, YT; Yu, GL, 2013)	0.39
" Herein, we characterized the efficacy, toxicity and pharmacokinetic properties of NP docetaxel formulations that have differential drug loading but are otherwise identical."	( Nanoparticle drug loading as a design parameter to improve docetaxel pharmacokinetics and efficacy. Bowerman, CJ; Chu, KS; DeSimone, JM; Finniss, MC; Luft, JC; Madden, AJ; Peng, L; Schorzman, AN; Wang, AZ; Zamboni, WC, 2013)	0.39
"The purpose of this study was to encapsulate NT within polylactic acid (PLA) nanoparticles (NPs) modified with chitosan (NT-PLA-cNPs) and to evaluate their brain pharmacokinetic behaviors after intranasal (i."	( Brain pharmacokinetics of neurotoxin-loaded PLA nanoparticles modified with chitosan after intranasal administration in awake rats. Chai, G; Li, F; Liu, L; Zhang, X, 2013)	0.63
" Augmentation in the values of Cmax (1."	( Pharmacokinetics and in vivo biodistribution of optimized PLGA nanoparticulate drug delivery system for controlled release of emtricitabine. Pai, RS; Singh, G, 2014)	0.4
" In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats by high-performance liquid chromatography confirmed a sustained and sequential release of both the drugs in plasma, indicating prolonged circulation of the nanomedicine and enhanced availability of the drugs when compared to the bare drugs."	( Sequentially releasing dual-drug-loaded PLGA-casein core/shell nanomedicine: design, synthesis, biocompatibility and pharmacokinetics. Manzoor, K; Menon, D; Mohan, CC; Narayanan, D; Narayanan, S; Pavithran, M; Viswanath, A, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by the software of Kinetica."	( [Study on pharmacokinetics of geniposide in mice administrated by xingnaojing microemulsion and mPEG2000-PLA modified xingnaojing microemulsion]. Chen, XL; Du, SY; Guo, QL; Li, HY; Lu, Y; Wen, R, 2014)	0.4
" A population model was used to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters."	( The pharmacokinetics of metformin and concentrations of haemoglobin A1C and lactate in Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Day, RO; Duong, JK; Furlong, TJ; Graham, GG; Greenfield, JR; Kirkpatrick, CM; Kumar, SS; Williams, KM, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacodynamic study was performed on Dexamethasone (DEX) induced osteoporotic model."	( Design and Development of Bioceramic Based Functionalized PLGA Nanoparticles of Risedronate for Bone Targeting: In-vitro Characterization and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation. Ahmad, FJ; Gupta, S; Kalam, A; Manglani, K; Rawat, P; Talegaonkar, S; Vohora, D, 2015)	0.42
" The population pharmacokinetic modeling was performed using ADAPT5 for GHB blood concentration-time data and cumulative amount excreted unchanged into urine data (200-1000 mg/kg IV bolus doses) from rats [Felmlee et al (PMID: 20461486)]."	( Semi-mechanistic kidney model incorporating physiologically-relevant fluid reabsorption and transporter-mediated renal reabsorption: pharmacokinetics of γ-hydroxybutyric acid and L-lactate in rats. Dave, RA; Morris, ME, 2015)	0.42
" The pharmacokinetic profile was studied in rats."	( Dextran-PLGA-loaded docetaxel micelles with enhanced cytotoxicity and better pharmacokinetic profile. Bhushan, S; Guru, SK; Katare, OP; Kaushik, L; Kumar, N; Kumar, P; Malik, R; Misra, C; Raza, K, 2016)	0.43
" The pharmacokinetic study in rats of these nanoparticles with borneol was carried out."	( Effects of borneol on the pharmacokinetics of 9-nitrocamptothecin encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles with different size via oral administration. Han, L; Li, R; Qing, J; Qiu, M; Ru, G; Sheng, J; Wang, J, 2016)	0.43
" Compared with the free EPB group, the NPs group exhibited higher plasma drug concentration, longer half-life time."	( Toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and in vivo efficacy of biotinylated chitosan surface-modified PLGA nanoparticles for tumor therapy. Chen, H; Li, Y; Lin, J; Lv, F; Nan, W; Tang, H; Wang, Y; Wei, X; Zhang, Q; Zhou, C; Zhu, W, 2017)	0.46
"A comparative pharmacokinetic study was conducted in rats after intratracheal aerosolization of levofloxacin, as a solution, as immediate-release chitosan microspheres or as sustained-release PLGA microspheres."	( Pulmonary pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in rats after aerosolization of immediate-release chitosan or sustained-release PLGA microspheres. Couet, W; Gaspar, MC; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Lamarche, I; Marchand, S; Olivier, JC; Pais, AA; Sousa, JJ, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacokinetic studies vouched substantial enhancement in AUC and bioresidence time, promising an ideal carrier to effectively deliver the drug to the site of action."	( PLGA-soya lecithin based micelles for enhanced delivery of methotrexate: Cellular uptake, cytotoxic and pharmacokinetic evidences. Katare, OP; Kumar, R; Raza, K; Sharma, G; Singh, A; Singh, B; Thotakura, N, 2017)	0.46
" Thus, it was demonstrated that nanoencapsulation of 2-ME2 within PEGylated PLGA nanocarrier could improve its half-life and plasma concentration and thereby increase the tumour accumulation."	( Influence of surface passivation of 2-Methoxyestradiol loaded PLGA nanoparticles on cellular interactions, pharmacokinetics and tumour accumulation. Menon, D; Nair, SV; Paul-Prasanth, B; Pillai, GJ, 2017)	0.46
" 4-folds, whereas elimination half-life was enhanced by around two-folds in Wistar rats."	( In vivo pharmacokinetic studies and intracellular delivery of methotrexate by means of glycine-tethered PLGA-based polymeric micelles. Katare, OP; Kumar, P; Kumar, R; Raza, K; Sharma, G; Singh, B, 2017)	0.46
" Pulmonary delivery of NTZ entrapped in particles increased the half-life of the drug by factors of 3, 12, and 200 in the plasma, lung tissue, and alveolar macrophages, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, and Partial Biodistribution of "Pincer Therapeutic" Nitazoxanide in Mice following Pulmonary Delivery of Inhalable Particles. Bhatta, RS; Gupta, A; Misra, A; Tulsankar, SL, 2017)	0.46
" Pharmacokinetic curves were recorded at steady-state."	( Metformin and daclatasvir: absence of a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic drug interaction in healthy volunteers. Aarnoutse, RE; Burger, DM; Colbers, A; de Kanter, CTMM; Drenth, JPH; Smolders, EJ; Tack, CJ; van Ewijk-Beneken Kolmer, N; Velthoven-Graafland, K; Wolberink, LT, 2017)	0.46
" Pharmacodynamic parameters were also comparable between treatments."	( Metformin and daclatasvir: absence of a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic drug interaction in healthy volunteers. Aarnoutse, RE; Burger, DM; Colbers, A; de Kanter, CTMM; Drenth, JPH; Smolders, EJ; Tack, CJ; van Ewijk-Beneken Kolmer, N; Velthoven-Graafland, K; Wolberink, LT, 2017)	0.46
"05 fold) conferred by TOPO NPs from the in vivo pharmacokinetic study."	( Formulation and optimization of topotecan nanoparticles: In vitro characterization, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and pharmacokinetic outcomes. Iqbal, Z; Kapoor, R; Padhi, S; Panda, AK; Verma, D, 2018)	0.48
" The mean lactate half-life was 12."	( Lactate clearance in infants undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease. Albinni, S; Berkia, I; Bojan, M; Desplanque, L; Hamaide-Defrocourt, F; Tourneur, T, 2019)	0.51
" The aim of the present pilot study was to examine the effect of high-intensity interval exercise (known to have antidiabetic action) on key pharmacokinetic parameters related to absorption of metformin (the first-line medication against type 2 diabetes)."	( Effect of exercise on key pharmacokinetic parameters related to metformin absorption in healthy humans: A pilot study. Gika, H; Kechagidou, A; Leondaritis, G; Mougios, V; Nikolaidis, S; Pappas, P; Skari, A; Theodoridis, G; Vekiou, M; Virgiliou, C, 2020)	0.56
" Based on in vivo results, pharmacokinetic properties, distribution in the body, and delivery efficiency of these formulated nanoparticles were confirmed."	( Oral delivery of topotecan in polymeric nanoparticles: Lymphatic distribution and pharmacokinetics. Jang, JH; Jeong, SH; Lee, YB, 2021)	0.62
" The aim of this study was to determine a supposed correlation between the variables lactate peak concentration and clearance in the blood and mortality in the ECLS context."	( Elevated lactate levels and impaired lactate clearance during extracorporeal life support (ECLS) are associated with poor outcome in cardiac surgery patients. Albers, J; Bodenstein, M; Dohle, DS; Koelm, S; Kriege, M; Oezkur, M; Rissel, R; Schepers, M, 2022)	0.72
" LC-MS/MS technique was employed to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of GRb1 and GRb1@PLGA@NPs in rat plasma."	( Preparation, characterization and in vivo pharmacokinetic study of ginsenoside Rb1-PLGA nanoparticles. Du, L; Guo, Z; Li, Y; Lu, H; Xiao, Y, 2023)	0.91

Compound-Compound Interactions

The aim was to test whether polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer(PLGA)/collagen type I(CoI) microspheres combined with BMSCs could be used as injectable scaffolds. The technique combined tetracycline treatment of a root planed root, grafting of the osseous defect and the placement of a bioabsorbable matrix membrane.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"0) combined with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (90% CO2/10% O2) on the shelf life and organoleptic quality of fresh chicken legs stored at 6 degrees C was investigated."	( Decontamination with lactic acid/sodium lactate buffer in combination with modified atmosphere packaging effects on the shelf life of fresh poultry. Debevere, JM; Zeitoun, AA, 1992)	0.6
"Myocardial and systemic effects of isovolemic hemodilution alone and combined with controlled hypotension induced with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were studied in halothane-anesthetized, open-chest dogs."	( Myocardial and systemic hemodynamics during isovolemic hemodilution alone and combined with nitroprusside-induced controlled hypotension. Crystal, GJ; Salem, MR, 1991)	0.28
" One week after cervical substitution with our 2 cm long artificial trachea combined with the periosteal graft, cartilage was produced around the mesh material but neither ossification nor epithelization was observed thereafter, probably due to local infection."	( Experimental studies on an artificial trachea of collagen-coated poly(L-lactic acid) mesh or unwoven cloth combined with a periosteal graft. Hitomi, S; Ikada, Y; Ike, O; Okada, T; Shimizu, Y, )	0.36
"The effect of using different blood lactate sampling sites in combination with different exercise test designs on the validity and accuracy for prediction of maximal endurance running velocity was investigated."	( The validity and accuracy of blood lactate measurements for prediction of maximal endurance running capacity. Dependency of analyzed blood media in combination with different designs of the exercise test. Foxdal, P; Ostman, B; Sjödin, A; Sjödin, B, 1994)	0.29
"The hemodynamic and myocardial metabolic effects of enoximone (phosphodiesterase III inhibitor), alone or in combination with metoprolol (beta-adrenergic blocker), were studied in patients with congestive heart failure."	( Effect of enoximone alone and in combination with metoprolol on myocardial function and energetics in severe congestive heart failure: improvement in hemodynamic and metabolic profile. Branzi, A; Caldarera, I; Galie, N; Grattoni, C; Magnani, B; Magnani, G; Melandri, G; Rapezzi, C, 1993)	0.29
"To reveal how the TCA Masque, used alone or in combination with Jessner's solution, helps minimize some of these problems while retaining efficacy."	( The TCA Masque. A new cream formulation used alone and in combination with Jessner's solution. Chiarello, SE; Resnik, BI; Resnik, SS, 1996)	0.29
" When used in combination with Jessner's and 16."	( The TCA Masque. A new cream formulation used alone and in combination with Jessner's solution. Chiarello, SE; Resnik, BI; Resnik, SS, 1996)	0.29
" There was much less lateral bone growth when BMP implantation was combined with membrane placement."	( Importance of delivery systems for growth-stimulatory factors in combination with osteopromotive membranes. An experimental study using rhBMP-2 in rat mandibular defects. Linde, A; Zellin, G, 1997)	0.3
" The technique combined tetracycline treatment of a root planed root, grafting of the osseous defect with a demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft combined with tetracycline and the placement of a bioabsorbable matrix membrane, made of polylactic acid softened with citric acid ester."	( A clinical evaluation of guided tissue regeneration with a bioabsorbable matrix membrane combined with an allograft bone graft. A series of case reports. Harris, RJ, 1997)	0.48
" The purpose of this study was to compare 2 techniques, 1) guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with a bioabsorbable polylactic acid softened with citric acid ester membrane and 2) the connective tissue graft combined with a coronally positioned pedicle graft without vertical incisions."	( A comparison of 2 root coverage techniques: guided tissue regeneration with a bioabsorbable matrix style membrane versus a connective tissue graft combined with a coronally positioned pedicle graft without vertical incisions. results of a series of consec Harris, RJ, 1998)	0.51
"Hot beef carcass surface regions (outside round, brisket, and clod) contaminated with feces spread over a 5-cm2 (1-in2) area were cleaned using a steam-vacuum spot-cleaning system alone or combined with subsequent sanitizing treatments of hot water (95 degrees C at the nozzle), or warm (55 degrees C) 2% lactic acid spray, or combinations of these two sanitizing methods."	( Decontamination of beef carcass surface tissue by steam vacuuming alone and combined with hot water and lactic acid sprays. Acuff, GR; Castillo, A; Goodson, KJ; Lucia, LM; Savell, JW, 1999)	0.69
"The bioabsorbable SR-PLLA stent combined with finasteride therapy provides a promising new alternative in the treatment of acute urinary retention, especially in patients unfit for surgical therapy."	( A pilot study of a bioabsorbable self-reinforced poly L-lactic acid urethral stent combined with finasteride in the treatment of acute urinary retention from benign prostatic enlargement. Isotalo, T; Talja, M; Tammela, TL; Törmälä, P; Välimaa, T, 2000)	0.55
" This case presentation evaluated a new surgical technique for the treatment of a variety of localized bone defects, utilizing porous bone mineral in combination with collagen membrane and resorbable bone pins."	( The treatment of a localized osseous sequestrum with porous bone mineral in combination with a collagen membrane and resorbable bone pins. Baylas, H; Günbay, T; Ilgenli, T, 1999)	0.3
"Acute and long-term effects of resistance exercise combined with vascular occlusion on muscular function were investigated."	( Effects of resistance exercise combined with moderate vascular occlusion on muscular function in humans. Ishii, N; Sato, Y; Takarada, Y; Takazawa, H; Takebayashi, S; Tanaka, Y, 2000)	0.31
"This study clinically compares the outcomes obtained from the use of a bioabsorbable barrier device in combination with demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) to the results obtained from the barrier device used alone in the treatment of human intraosseous defects."	( Treatment of intraosseous defects with bioabsorbable barriers alone or in combination with decalcified freeze-dried bone allograft: a randomized clinical trial. Caffesse, R; Trejo, PM; Weltman, R, 2000)	0.31
" During open flap debridement, the defects were randomly assigned to receive either a polylactic acid (PLA) barrier in combination with DFDBA (test) or a PLA barrier alone (control)."	( Treatment of intraosseous defects with bioabsorbable barriers alone or in combination with decalcified freeze-dried bone allograft: a randomized clinical trial. Caffesse, R; Trejo, PM; Weltman, R, 2000)	0.53
"Rapid and precise compositional analysis of copoly (DL-lactic/glycolic acid) (PLGA) was performed by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) combined with one-step hydrolysis and methylation in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)."	( Compositional analysis of copoly (DL-lactic/glycolic acid) (PLGA) by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry combined with one-step thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. Godo, M; Hashimoto, K; Higashi, A; Umemoto, K; Urakami, K; Watanabe, C, 2001)	0.31
"The aim of the current study was to assess the effects of epinephrine in a pig model of hypothermic cardiac arrest followed by closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation combined with active rewarming, simulating the clinical management of an arrested hypothermic patient in a hospital without cardiopulmonary bypass facilities."	( Effects of epinephrine in a pig model of hypothermic cardiac arrest and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation combined with active rewarming. Kornberger, E; Krismer, AC; Lindner, KH; Mair, P; Mayr, VD; Rackwitz, KS; Schwarz, B; Wenzel, V, 2001)	0.31
"After a short 4-min period of hypothermic cardiac arrest, epinephrine may not be necessary to maintain coronary perfusion pressure around the threshold usually correlating with successful defibrillation, even during prolonged closed-chest CPR combined with active rewarming."	( Effects of epinephrine in a pig model of hypothermic cardiac arrest and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation combined with active rewarming. Kornberger, E; Krismer, AC; Lindner, KH; Mair, P; Mayr, VD; Rackwitz, KS; Schwarz, B; Wenzel, V, 2001)	0.31
"To study the biocompatibility on bioactive glass ceramics (BGC) and polylactic acid (PLA) combined with cultured bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in bone tissue engineering."	( [Biocompatibility studies on bioactive glass ceramics and polylactic acid combined with cultured bone marrow stromal cells in vitro]. Jin, D; Pei, GX; Wang, Q, 2000)	0.78
"BMSCs were cultured combined with BGC and PLA in vitro, and the morphological characters, cell proliferation, protein content, and alkaline phosphatase activity were detected."	( [Biocompatibility studies on bioactive glass ceramics and polylactic acid combined with cultured bone marrow stromal cells in vitro]. Jin, D; Pei, GX; Wang, Q, 2000)	0.55
" Using these cells, we show that cuboidal bones can be generated into a predesigned shaped-bone with high-density bone trabeculae when used in combination with a modified poly-DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-collagen sponge."	( Use of isolated mature osteoblasts in abundance acts as desired-shaped bone regeneration in combination with a modified poly-DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-collagen sponge. Chen, G; Gojo, S; Hata, J; Mori, T; Ochi, K; Ohkawa, H; Segawa, K; Tai, H; Toyama, Y; Ueno, K; Umezawa, A; Ushida, T; Yamaguchi, A, 2003)	0.32
" Our results demonstrate that glucose per se, but not lactate, in combination with acidosis mediates the detrimental hyperglycemic effect through a mechanism independent of ionotropic glutamate receptors."	( Glucose but not lactate in combination with acidosis aggravates ischemic neuronal death in vitro. Asztély, F; Cronberg, T; Rytter, A; Söder, A; Wieloch, T, 2004)	0.32
" The results indicate that mucin in combination with various fluorides seems to affect enamel remineralization significantly."	( Effect of mucin alone and in combination with various dentifrices on in vitro Remineralization. Hopfenmuller, W; Kielbassa, AM; Meyer-Lueckel, H; Umland, N, )	0.13
" The purpose of this study was to investigate metabolic changes in the rabbit lens after long-term dexamethasone treatment in combination with UVB exposure, using high-resolution magic angle spinning proton nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS (1)H NMR) spectroscopy to analyse intact lens tissues."	( High-resolution magic angle spinning 1H NMR spectroscopy of metabolic changes in rabbit lens after treatment with dexamethasone combined with UVB exposure. Cejková, J; Krane, J; Midelfart, A; Risa, O; Saether, O, 2004)	0.32
" Long-term treatment with dexamethasone combined with UVB exposure induced substantial metabolic changes, dominated by osmolytic regulation processes and loss of glutathione."	( High-resolution magic angle spinning 1H NMR spectroscopy of metabolic changes in rabbit lens after treatment with dexamethasone combined with UVB exposure. Cejková, J; Krane, J; Midelfart, A; Risa, O; Saether, O, 2004)	0.32
" Twenty-eight patients with at least one intrabony defect with a probing pocket depth (PPD) >/=7 mm and radiographic evidence of an intrabony component (IC) >/=4 mm were randomly treated with either a polylactic/polyglycolic (PLA/PGA) acid copolymer or a collagen bioresorbable membrane combined with Bio-Oss implantation."	( GTR treatment of intrabony defects with PLA/PGA copolymer or collagen bioresorbable membranes in combination with deproteinized bovine bone (Bio-Oss). Karring, T; Sculean, A; Stavropoulos, A, 2004)	0.32
"Three differently metabolically engineered strains, 2 single PHA- and Hup- mutants and one double PHA-/Hup- mutant, of the purple nonsulfur photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides RV, were constructed to improve a light-driven biohydrogen production process combined with the disposal of solid food wastes."	( Metabolically engineered Rhodobacter sphaeroides RV strains for improved biohydrogen photoproduction combined with disposal of food wastes. Franchi, E; Pedroni, PM; Penna, GD; Rodriguez, F; Scolla, G; Tosi, C, )	0.13
"To study the mechanism of ectopic osteogenesis of nacre/Polylactic acid (N/P) artificial bone combined with allogenic osteoblasts, and to explore the possibility as a scaffold material of bone tissue engineering."	( [In vivo ectopic osteogenesis of nacre/polylactic acid artificial bone combined with allogenic osteoblasts]. Chen, J; Jin, D; Tan, X; Tang, H; Yang, C, 2005)	0.83
" The process uses a flow-through ultrasonic cell for the preparation of the primary emulsion, in combination with a static micromixer for the production of the double emulsion."	( Flow-through ultrasonic emulsification combined with static micromixing for aseptic production of microspheres by solvent extraction. Freitas, S; Gander, B; Merkle, HP; Rudolf, B, 2005)	0.33
"These results suggest a slight tendency for vertical impaction after Le Fort I osteotomy both in combination with SSRO and intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy with PLLA plates, although differences in time course changes were not clinically apparent, and normal occlusion was established in all patients."	( Maxillary stability following Le Fort I osteotomy in combination with sagittal split ramus osteotomy and intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy: a comparative study between titanium miniplate and poly-L-lactic acid plate. Alam, S; Marukawa, K; Nakagawa, K; Shimada, M; Ueki, K; Yamamoto, E, 2006)	0.52
"Using discriminant analysis, this study found that MR spectroscopy in combination with ADC ratio, rather than ADC value, can improve the ability to differentiate recurrent glioma and radiation injury."	( Distinction between recurrent glioma and radiation injury using magnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with diffusion-weighted imaging. Feng, DC; Li, CF; Liu, H; Zeng, QS; Zhen, JH, 2007)	0.34
"To explore the biocompatibility of poly (lactic acid/glycolic acid/asparagic acid-copolyethylene glycol) biomaterials (PLGA-ASP-PEG) and biological behaviors of cultured marrow stroml stem cells (MSCs) combined with this new type of scaffold in tissue engineering."	( [Experimental studies on a new bone tissue engineered scaffold biomaterials combined with cultured marrow stromal stem cells in vitro]. Guo, X; Pan, H; Zheng, Q, 2007)	0.61
"To experimentally evaluate the ectopic osteogenetic capacity of synthesized BMP2-derived peptide P24 combined with poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), Wistar rats were divided into two groups: group A, in which BMP2-derived peptide P24/PLGA complex was implanted, and group B which received simple PLGA implant."	( Experimental research on ectopic osteogenesis of BMP2-derived peptide P24 combined with PLGA copolymers. Chen, S; Duan, Z; Guo, X; Yuan, Q; Zheng, Q, 2007)	0.34
"To identify synergistic combinations of different food additives, the antimicrobial effects of thymol and carvacrol against Salmonella Typhimurium were assessed alone and in combination with various other preservatives including EDTA, acetic acid, lactic acid, and citric acid."	( Synergistic effect of thymol and carvacrol combined with chelators and organic acids against Salmonella Typhimurium. Ji, B; Jiang, H; Li, J; Ren, Y; Yan, W; Yang, Z; Zhang, H; Zhou, F, 2007)	0.52
"We evaluated the mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir (TFV), emtricitabine (FTC) and abacavir as carbovir (CBV) alone, with each other, and in combination with additional NRTIs."	( Mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir, emtricitabine and abacavir alone and in combination with additional nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Melkaoui, K; Setzer, B; Venhoff, N; Walker, UA, 2007)	0.34
"The objective of this randomized-controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the adjunctive effect of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) using a bioresorbable polylactic acid (PLA) barrier device when combined with autogenous bone grafting in the treatment of deep intra-bony periodontal defects."	( Periodontal healing following reconstructive surgery: effect of guided tissue regeneration using a bioresorbable barrier device when combined with autogenous bone grafting. A randomized controlled clinical trial. Bakke, V; Nesdal, O; Nilssen, HK; Nygaard-Østby, P; Susin, C; Wikesjö, UM, 2008)	0.54
" Using a parallel-group study design, one intra-bony defect in each of 20 subjects received GTR using the bioresorbable PLA barrier device (Atrisorb), combined with autogenous bone grafting."	( Periodontal healing following reconstructive surgery: effect of guided tissue regeneration using a bioresorbable barrier device when combined with autogenous bone grafting. A randomized controlled clinical trial. Bakke, V; Nesdal, O; Nilssen, HK; Nygaard-Østby, P; Susin, C; Wikesjö, UM, 2008)	0.35
"To compare the effect of PLGA and collagen sponge combined with rhBMP-2 on repairing of articular cartilage defect in rabbits respectively."	( [The comparative study on the reparative effect of PLGA and collagen sponge combined with BMP on the articular cartilage defect of rabbits]. Cui, Y; Hu, Y; Wu, J, 2008)	0.35
" Advantages of the newly developed models are the description of the gradual transition zone between growth and no growth and the incorporation of the effect of lactic acid, alone or in combination with acetic acid."	( Modelling the unexpected effect of acetic and lactic acid in combination with pH and aw on the growth/no growth interface of Zygosaccharomyces bailii. Bernaerts, K; Dang, TD; Debevere, J; Devlieghere, F; Geeraerd, AH; Van Impe, J; Vermeulen, A, 2008)	0.8
"05) were observed among hens fed alfalfa combined with FOS and hens fed alfalfa/layer ration without FOS."	( The influence of a fructooligosaccharide prebiotic combined with alfalfa molt diets on the gastrointestinal tract fermentation, Salmonella enteritidis infection, and intestinal shedding in laying hens. Chalova, VI; Donalson, LM; Kim, WK; Kubena, LF; McReynolds, JL; Nisbet, DJ; Ricke, SC; Woodward, CL, 2008)	0.35
" In order to reduce rat proteins to elicit possible immune responses in humans, we determined the effect of human AM combined with human AMBP-1 after intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R)."	( Human adrenomedullin combined with human adrenomedullin binding protein-1 is protective in gut ischemia and reperfusion injury in the rat. Blau, SA; Wang, P; Wu, R; Zhang, F; Zhou, M, 2009)	0.35
" The in vivo pharmacokinetics revealed that curcumin entrapped nanoparticles demonstrate at least 9-fold increase in oral bioavailability when compared to curcumin administered with piperine as absorption enhancer."	( Nanoparticle encapsulation improves oral bioavailability of curcumin by at least 9-fold when compared to curcumin administered with piperine as absorption enhancer. Ankola, DD; Beniwal, V; Kumar, MN; Shaikh, J; Singh, D, 2009)	0.35
"This study was designed to optimize the preparation of delayed-release microcysts containing bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) combined with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and to investigate their osteogenic properties when combined with rat autologous micromorselized bone and collagen."	( Transplanted bone morphogenetic protein/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) delayed-release microcysts combined with rat micromorselized bone and collagen for bone tissue engineering. Ji, Y; Pan, SH; Xu, GP; Yan, JL, )	0.13
" One group received immediate dental implants augmented with autogenous bone graft combined with Fisiograft."	( Autogenous bone graft combined with polylactic polyglycolic acid polymer for treatment of dehiscence around immediate dental implants. Hassan, KS, 2009)	0.35
"In the present study, a method is described for the determination of ATP in small samples of interstitial fluid (< 100 microl) using microdialysis combined with ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in a gradient elution system which gives a clear separation of ATP from other interstitial constituents."	( Analysis of interstitial concentrations of ATP from rat soleus muscle using microdialysis combined with ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Li, G; Tu, J; Wang, L; Yang, F, 2009)	0.35
"To explore the efficacy of intraperitoneally injected epirubicin (EPI)-loaded poly (d, l)-lactic acid (PLA) microspheres (MS) alone or combined with free epirubicin (FEPI) in treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in mice."	( [Efficacy of intraperitoneally injected epirubicin-loaded poly (d, l)-lactic acid microspheres alone or combined with free epirubicin in treating hepatocellular carcinoma in mice]. Wang, XM; Ye, SF; Zhang, QQ; Zhou, JY, 2009)	0.81
"EPI-PLA-MS combined with FEPI is highly effective in treating HCC in mice when intraperitoneally injected."	( [Efficacy of intraperitoneally injected epirubicin-loaded poly (d, l)-lactic acid microspheres alone or combined with free epirubicin in treating hepatocellular carcinoma in mice]. Wang, XM; Ye, SF; Zhang, QQ; Zhou, JY, 2009)	0.59
"The purpose of this work was to assess synergistic inhibitory responses of a novel chemopreventive combination regimen of drugs namely, aspirin in combination with calcium and folic acid on two human colon cancer cell lines, HT-29 and SW-480."	( Nanoparticulate delivery of novel drug combination regimens for the chemoprevention of colon cancer. Chaudhary, A; Kanthamneni, N; Prabhu, S; Wang, J, 2010)	0.36
" Reduced IC combined with intracranial volume insults leads to metabolic disturbances in a rat model."	( Metabolic effects of a late hypotensive insult combined with reduced intracranial compliance following traumatic brain injury in the rat. Contant, CF; Enblad, P; Goiny, M; Nilsson, P; Piper, I; Salci, K, 2010)	0.36
" In this study, we assessed the effects of a subpopulation of human MSCs, the marrow-isolated adult multilineage inducible (MIAMI) cells, combined with pharmacologically active microcarriers (PAMs) in a rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD)."	( The therapeutic potential of human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells combined with pharmacologically active microcarriers transplanted in hemi-parkinsonian rats. Delcroix, GJ; Garbayo, E; Montero-Menei, CN; Schiller, PC; Sindji, L; Thomas, O; Vanpouille-Box, C, 2011)	0.37
" In order to accumulate metabolites within exercised muscle with minimized central motor activity, electromyostimulation (EMS) was performed combined with blood flow restriction (BFR)."	( Increase in serum growth hormone induced by electrical stimulation of muscle combined with blood flow restriction. Inagaki, Y; Ishii, N; Madarame, H; Neya, M, 2011)	0.37
" In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating hPNAS-4 combined with cisplatin (DDP) on ovarian carcinoma."	( Antitumor effects of PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating the human PNAS-4 gene combined with cisplatin in ovarian cancer. Bai, Y; Li, S; Liu, P; Qi, X; Song, X; Sun, C; Wei, Y; Xie, C; Yi, T; Zhao, X; Zheng, Y, 2011)	0.37
"Electrospun PLLA nanofibers facilitate colonization of bone defects, while their use in combination with BMP-2 also increases bone regeneration in vivo and thus combines osteoconductivity of the scaffold with the ability to maintain an adequate osteogenic stimulus."	( Electrospun PLLA nanofiber scaffolds and their use in combination with BMP-2 for reconstruction of bone defects. Agarwal, S; Dersch, R; Fuchs-Winkelmann, S; Heverhagen, JT; Paletta, JR; Roessler, PP; Schaefer, J; Schlimme, S; Schofer, MD; Theisen, C; Voelker, M, 2011)	0.37
" To evaluate the effects of mechanical stimulation combined with inductive factors on the differentiation of tissue engineered cartilage."	( [Effect of mechanical stimulation combined with inductive factors on tissue engineered cartilage]. Chen, X; Cui, Y; Wang, H; Zhou, X; Zhu, C; Zhu, J, 2011)	0.37
"Mechanical stimulation combined with chondrocyte inductive factors can enhance the mechanical properties of the composite and induce higher expression of collagen and GAG of BMSCs."	( [Effect of mechanical stimulation combined with inductive factors on tissue engineered cartilage]. Chen, X; Cui, Y; Wang, H; Zhou, X; Zhu, C; Zhu, J, 2011)	0.37
" Our aim was to test whether polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer(PLGA)/collagen type I(CoI) microspheres combined with BMSCs could be used as injectable scaffolds to improve bone quality in osteoporotic female rats."	( Improvement of intertrochanteric bone quality in osteoporotic female rats after injection of polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer/collagen type I microspheres combined with bone mesenchymal stem cells. Li, C; Liu, X; Shi, X; Sun, H; Yang, X; Yu, Z; Zhu, T, 2012)	0.88
"The PLGA/CoI microspheres combined with BMSCs can repair bone defects more quickly."	( Improvement of intertrochanteric bone quality in osteoporotic female rats after injection of polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer/collagen type I microspheres combined with bone mesenchymal stem cells. Li, C; Liu, X; Shi, X; Sun, H; Yang, X; Yu, Z; Zhu, T, 2012)	0.6
" Therefore, to stimulate not only the soft tissues, but also the hard tissues, in this study EMD is combined with an injectable calcium phosphate cement (CaP; bone graft material)."	( Regeneration of the periodontium using enamel matrix derivative in combination with an injectable bone cement. Bronckers, AL; Jansen, JA; Meijer, GJ; Oortgiesen, DA; Walboomers, XF, 2013)	0.39
"Within the limits of this animal study, the adjunctive use of EMD in combination with an injectable cement, although it did not affect epithelial downgrowth, appeared to be a promising treatment modality for regeneration of bone and ligament tissues in the periodontium."	( Regeneration of the periodontium using enamel matrix derivative in combination with an injectable bone cement. Bronckers, AL; Jansen, JA; Meijer, GJ; Oortgiesen, DA; Walboomers, XF, 2013)	0.39
"The adjunctive use of EMD in combination with an injectable cement appears to be a promising treatment modality for regeneration of the bone and ligament tissues in the periodontium."	( Regeneration of the periodontium using enamel matrix derivative in combination with an injectable bone cement. Bronckers, AL; Jansen, JA; Meijer, GJ; Oortgiesen, DA; Walboomers, XF, 2013)	0.39
"The rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups: group A without any treatment, group B with single treatment of stilamin, and group C with treatment of saizen combined with stilamin."	( Protective effects of saizen in combination with stilamin on intestinal mucosa of a rabbit model of severe acute pancreatitis. Li, B; Liu, H; Lu, Y; Xu, H; Yang, M; Yu, Y, 2013)	0.39
"This study evaluated the acute effects of WBV alone or in combination with squatting plus external load (WBV+S) on serum GH levels and blood lactate concentrations in 7 severely obese women (age 22 ± 5 years; BMI 39."	( Growth hormone-releasing effects of whole body vibration alone or combined with squatting plus external load in severely obese female subjects. Agosti, F; Cardinale, M; Compri, E; Giunta, M; Patrizi, A; Rigamonti, AE; Sartorio, A, 2012)	0.38
"WBV alone stimulates GH release and lactate production in severely obese female subjects, with no additive effect when combined with squatting plus external load."	( Growth hormone-releasing effects of whole body vibration alone or combined with squatting plus external load in severely obese female subjects. Agosti, F; Cardinale, M; Compri, E; Giunta, M; Patrizi, A; Rigamonti, AE; Sartorio, A, 2012)	0.38
"To compare the regenerative potential of bone graft used alone and in combination with barrier membrane in noncontained human periodontal infrabony defects."	( Comparative evaluation of decalcified freeze-dried bone allograft use alone and in combination with polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid membrane in the treatment of noncontained human periodontal infrabony defects. Agarwal, A; Gupta, ND, 2012)	0.59
" A total of 16 one- or two-walled intraosseous defects were selected and randomly divided for decalcified freeze-dried bone allograft, alone (control group) or in combination with polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid barrier membrane (test group)."	( Comparative evaluation of decalcified freeze-dried bone allograft use alone and in combination with polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid membrane in the treatment of noncontained human periodontal infrabony defects. Agarwal, A; Gupta, ND, 2012)	0.78
"The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro activities of virgin coconut oil, lauric acid and monolaurin in combination with lactic acid against two strains of Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 25923 and an isolate from a pig carcass, by determination of Fractional Bactericidal Concentration Index (FBCI), time-kill method, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy."	( Activity of virgin coconut oil, lauric acid or monolaurin in combination with lactic acid against Staphylococcus aureus. Khopaibool, P; Tangwatcharin, P, 2012)	0.81
"To study the prognostic value of arterial lactate combined with base excess (BE) in sepsis patients."	( [Prognostic value of arterial lactate content combined with base excess in patients with sepsis: a retrospective study]. Cui, YL; Diao, MY; Lin, ZF; Wang, T, 2013)	0.39
"To observe the effects of glutamine combined with ulinastatin on inflammatory response of patients with severe burn injury."	( [Effects of glutamine combined with ulinastatin on inflammatory response of patients with severe burn injury]. Deng, XD; Mao, XF; Sun, SG; Sun, Y; Wang, LX; Zhang, P; Zhou, YF, 2013)	0.39
"Sixty patients with severe burn injury admitted to our burn wards from January 2010 to December 2011 conforming to the study criteria were divided into control group (C, n = 20), glutamine group (G, n = 20), and glutamine combined with ulinastatin group (G + U, n = 20) according to the random number table."	( [Effects of glutamine combined with ulinastatin on inflammatory response of patients with severe burn injury]. Deng, XD; Mao, XF; Sun, SG; Sun, Y; Wang, LX; Zhang, P; Zhou, YF, 2013)	0.39
"Glutamine combined with ulinastatin treatment can alleviate damage to intestine after severe burn injury, lower the serum level of inflammatory cytokines, promote wound healing, and reduce the incidence of burn sepsis."	( [Effects of glutamine combined with ulinastatin on inflammatory response of patients with severe burn injury]. Deng, XD; Mao, XF; Sun, SG; Sun, Y; Wang, LX; Zhang, P; Zhou, YF, 2013)	0.39
" Mesenchymalstem cell-based approaches using adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) may contribute to periodontal reconstruction, particularly when combined with the use of scaffolds to maintain a space for new tissue growth."	( Periodontal tissue regeneration by transplantation of rat adipose-derived stromal cells in combination with PLGA-based solid scaffolds. Akita, D; Akiyama, Y; Arai, Y; Honda, MJ; Ishigami, T; Isokawa, K; Kaneko, T; Mashimo, T; Morokuma, M; Saito, Y; Sato, M; Toriumi, T; Tsukimura, N; Yamanaka, K, 2014)	0.4
"The objective was to determine the diagnostic characteristics of a clinical screening tool in combination with measuring early bedside point-of-care (POC) lactate levels in emergency department (ED) patients with suspected sepsis."	( Diagnostic characteristics of a clinical screening tool in combination with measuring bedside lactate level in emergency department patients with suspected sepsis. Domingo, A; Ghazipura, S; Khorasonchi, A; Shapiro, NI; Singer, AJ; Taylor, M; Thode, HC, 2014)	0.4
"Use of a clinical screening tool in combination with early bedside POC lactates has moderate to good specificity but low sensitivity in adult ED patients with suspected sepsis."	( Diagnostic characteristics of a clinical screening tool in combination with measuring bedside lactate level in emergency department patients with suspected sepsis. Domingo, A; Ghazipura, S; Khorasonchi, A; Shapiro, NI; Singer, AJ; Taylor, M; Thode, HC, 2014)	0.4
" faecium in combination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Lactococcus lactis during a subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenge."	( Efficacy of the direct-fed microbial Enterococcus faecium alone or in combination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Lactococcus lactis during induced subacute ruminal acidosis. Chiquette, J; Girard, CL; Hindrichsen, IK; Lagrost, J; Li, S; Plaizier, JC; Talbot, G, 2015)	0.42
" Gas release-based prescreening combined with reversed-phase HPLC confirmation was an efficient and cost-effective method to identify high-GABA-producing LAB, which could be good candidates for probiotics."	( Gas release-based prescreening combined with reversed-phase HPLC quantitation for efficient selection of high-γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-producing lactic acid bacteria. Shah, NP; Wu, Q, 2015)	0.62
" We hypothesized that dental follicle cells (DFCs), which possess multipotential capability, could reconstruct spinal cord defect (SCD) in combination with biomaterials."	( A therapeutic strategy for spinal cord defect: human dental follicle cells combined with aligned PCL/PLGA electrospun material. Feng, L; Guo, W; Jiang, Z; Li, L; Li, X; Tian, W; Xie, L; Xiong, J; Yang, B; Yang, C; Yu, M, 2015)	0.42
" Synergism was less frequent in mixtures of L-lactic acid with sulfides and ketones; in the case of ketones, synergistic attraction was observed only for L-lactic acid combined with acetone or butanone."	( Laboratory Studies of Aedes aegypti Attraction to Ketones, Sulfides, and Primary Chloroalkanes Tested Alone and in Combination with L-Lactic Acid. Allan, SA; Barnard, DR; Bernier, UR; Kline, DL, 2015)	0.88
" The effect of LLL was further bolstered by combination with metabolic substrates such as pyruvate or lactate both in vivo and in vitro."	( Low-level light in combination with metabolic modulators for effective therapy of injured brain. Dong, T; Hamblin, MR; Wu, MX; Zhang, Q, 2015)	0.42
" Our findings define the important role of dynamic compression combined with SOX-9 overexpression during in vitro generation of tissue-engineering cartilage and suggest that a 3D gradual porous PLGA composite scaffold may benefit articular cartilage tissue engineering in cartilage regeneration for better force distribution."	( Dynamic compression combined with SOX-9 overexpression in rabbit adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured in a three-dimensional gradual porous PLGA composite scaffold upregulates HIF-1α expression. Chen, X; Kong, Z; Li, J; Wang, E; Yuan, X; Zhao, Q, 2015)	0.42
"The effects of the transplanted bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) -related peptide P24 and rhBMP2 combined with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/chitosan (CS) microspheres were investigated in promoting the repair of rat cranial bone defect."	( Repair of rat cranial bone defect by using bone morphogenetic protein-2-related peptide combined with microspheres composed of polylactic acid/polyglycolic acid copolymer and chitosan. Jin, L; Li, J; Wang, M; Xu, S; Zhu, S, 2015)	0.62
" In the present study, we investigated the effects of dynamic compression combined with exogenous SOX-9 on chondrogenesis of ADSCs in a three-dimensional porous polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffold."	( Dynamic compression combined with exogenous SOX-9 promotes chondrogenesis of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in PLGA scaffold. Chen, WJ; Tang, CL; Wang, SL; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.42
"To evaluate efficacy and tolerability of a twice-daily, three-product skincare regimen using AHA-RC in combination with BHA for patients with acne."	( Novel retinoid ester in combination with salicylic acid for the treatment of acne. Draelos, Z; Lewis, J; McHugh, L; Pellegrino, A; Popescu, L, 2016)	0.43
" Although several nanocarriers have been described for combination delivery of ARV drugs, measurement of drug-drug activities facilitated by the use of these nanotechnology platforms has not been fully investigated for topical prevention."	( Nanoparticle-Based ARV Drug Combinations for Synergistic Inhibition of Cell-Free and Cell-Cell HIV Transmission. Bever, AM; Blakney, AK; Bright, DK; Cao, S; Jiang, Y; Suydam, IT; Woodrow, KA, 2015)	0.42
"To explore the effect of early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) combined with Yiqi Fumai Lyophilized Powder (YFLP) on central venous-arterial carbon dioxide difference [P(cv-a)CO2] and central venous oxygen saturation (S(cv)O2) in patients with septic shock."	( [Effects of Early Goal-directed Therapy Combined with Yiqi Fumai Lyophilized Powder on P(cv-a) CO2 and S(cv)O2 in Patients with Septic Shock]. Xie, RF, 2016)	0.43
"EGDT combined with YFLP could significantly elevate S(cv)O2, decrease P(cv-a)CO2 and mortality in patients with septic shock, and obviously improve the clinical effect."	( [Effects of Early Goal-directed Therapy Combined with Yiqi Fumai Lyophilized Powder on P(cv-a) CO2 and S(cv)O2 in Patients with Septic Shock]. Xie, RF, 2016)	0.43
" In order to address this limitation, the present study was undertaken to investigate growth inhibitory effect of cisplatin in combination with a triterpenediol (3a, 24-dihydroxyurs-12-ene and 3a, 24-dihydroxyolean-12-ene, TPD) on human ovarian cancer cell line."	( Improved efficacy of cisplatin in combination with a nano-formulation of pentacyclic triterpenediol. Alam, N; Andotra, SS; Gupta, PN; Khare, V; Koul, S; Kumar, A; Qayum, A; Sharma, PR; Singh, SK, 2016)	0.43
"To investigate the prognostic significance of venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference to arteriovenous oxygen content difference ratio (Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 ratio) combined with lactate in patients with septic shock during the early phases of resuscitation."	( [Venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference to arteriovenous oxygen content difference ratio combined with lactate to predict prognosis of patients with septic shock]. Dai, HW; Gong, SJ; Li, L; Song, J; Wang, MJ; Xu, QH; Yan, J; Yu, YH; Zhou, JD, 2016)	0.43
" (3) The AUCROC of Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 ratio combined with lactate [0."	( [Venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference to arteriovenous oxygen content difference ratio combined with lactate to predict prognosis of patients with septic shock]. Dai, HW; Gong, SJ; Li, L; Song, J; Wang, MJ; Xu, QH; Yan, J; Yu, YH; Zhou, JD, 2016)	0.43
"Heparin sodium (HS)-loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid-D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (PLGA-TPGS) nanoparticles (HPTNs) were prepared as sustained and targeted delivery carriers and combined with oleanolic acid (OA)-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles (OPTNs) that had been investigated in our previous work to form a combination therapy system for the treatment of liver cancer."	( Oleanolic acid-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles combined with heparin sodium-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles for enhancing chemotherapy to liver cancer. Bao, X; Deng, S; Gao, D; Gao, M; Guan, X; Liu, H; Lv, L; Tian, Y; Wang, C; Xu, H; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.43
" The apoptosis of HepG2 cells induced by OPTNs combined with HPTNs was determined by Annexin V-FITC staining and PI labelling."	( Oleanolic acid-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles combined with heparin sodium-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles for enhancing chemotherapy to liver cancer. Bao, X; Deng, S; Gao, D; Gao, M; Guan, X; Liu, H; Lv, L; Tian, Y; Wang, C; Xu, H; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.43
" The cell apoptosis results indicated that OPTNs combined with HPTNs could induce HepG2 cell apoptosis and exert synergistic effects."	( Oleanolic acid-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles combined with heparin sodium-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles for enhancing chemotherapy to liver cancer. Bao, X; Deng, S; Gao, D; Gao, M; Guan, X; Liu, H; Lv, L; Tian, Y; Wang, C; Xu, H; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.43
" However, the potential effects of DHEA supplementation combined with WBV training on to body composition, exercise performance, and hormone regulation are currently unclear."	( Dehydroepiandrosterone Supplementation Combined with Whole-Body Vibration Training Affects Testosterone Level and Body Composition in Mice. Chen, WC; Chen, YM; Huang, CC; Tzeng, YD, 2016)	0.43
" Polymeric nanoparticles combined with ultrasound (US) are widely applied in cancer treatment due to their time applications, low cost, simplicity, and safety."	( Prevention of Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein-Induced Endothelial Cell Injury by DA-PLGA-PEG-cRGD Nanoparticles Combined with Ultrasound. Du, L; Duan, Y; Huang, H; Huang, L; Li, Z; Sun, Y, 2017)	0.46
"Previous studies have shown that focused ultrasound (FUS) combined with systematic administration of microbubbles (MBs) can open the blood brain barrier (BBB) locally, transiently and reversibly."	( PEGylated PLGA-based phase shift nanodroplets combined with focused ultrasound for blood brain barrier opening in rats. Cheng, Y; Hu, J; Huang, N; Huang, Q; Pi, L; Tan, Y; Wang, F; Wang, Z; Zhang, X; Zhao, G, 2017)	0.46
" This work marks the first report for controlled release of rhbFGF in combination with metal Mg, and suggests potential therapeutic usefulness of Mg-PLGA-rhbFGF for tissue ischemia."	( A pro-angiogenic degradable Mg-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) implant combined with rhbFGF in a rat limb ischemia model. Bao, H; Liu, T; Lv, F, 2017)	0.46
" The present study investigated the impact of IAI combined with IAH on the intestinal mucosal barrier in a rabbit model."	( Intra-abdominal infection combined with intra-abdominal hypertension aggravates the intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction. Li, J; Li, Y; Ren, J; Wu, X, 2018)	0.48
"This work aimed to achieve long-lasting delivery of radix ophiopogonis polysaccharide (ROP) by sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB)-based in situ forming systems (ISFSs) alone or combined with mono-PEGylation of ROP."	( Delivery of radix ophiopogonis polysaccharide via sucrose acetateisobutyrate-based in situ forming systems alone or combined with itsmono-PEGylation. Feng, Y; Lin, X; Shen, L; Wang, L; Wu, F; Zheng, X, 2018)	0.48
"The aim of this study was to compare the effects of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel, calcium phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP/ACP) paste alone and in combination with CO2 laser on the resistance of enamel to acid solubility."	( A comparative evaluation of APF gel, CPP/ACP paste alone and in combination with carbon dioxide laser on human enamel resistance to acid solubility using atomic absorption spectrometry: an in-vitro study. Dehghan Khalili, S; Fekrazad, R; Nozari, A; Rafiee, A, 2018)	0.48
"Under the studied conditions, only, the APF group alone and in combination with CO2 laser could decrease enamel acid solubility."	( A comparative evaluation of APF gel, CPP/ACP paste alone and in combination with carbon dioxide laser on human enamel resistance to acid solubility using atomic absorption spectrometry: an in-vitro study. Dehghan Khalili, S; Fekrazad, R; Nozari, A; Rafiee, A, 2018)	0.48
" Herein, we describe a method for the separation and determination of lactic acid and 2-hydroxyglutaric acid enantiomers by chiral derivatization (with l-menthol and acetyl chloride) combined with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry."	( Separation and determination of the enantiomers of lactic acid and 2-hydroxyglutaric acid by chiral derivatization combined with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Ding, X; Liang, J; Lin, S; Weng, H, 2018)	0.97
"Metformin drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies are conducted during development of drugs that inhibit organic cation transporters and/or multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (OCTs/MATEs)."	( ITC Commentary on Metformin Clinical Drug-Drug Interaction Study Design That Enables an Efficacy- and Safety-Based Dose Adjustment Decision. Chu, X; Cook, JA; Custodio, JM; Galetin, A; Giacomini, KM; Lee, CA; Paine, MF; Ray, AS; Ware, JA; Wittwer, MB; Zamek-Gliszczynski, MJ; Zhang, L, 2018)	0.48
" Resistance exercise in combination with resveratrol supplementation may be applied in the general population to achieve better physiological benefits, promote overall health, and promote participation in regular physical activities."	( The Synergistic Effects of Resveratrol combined with Resistant Training on Exercise Performance and Physiological Adaption. Chiu, CC; Huang, CC; Huang, WC; Kan, NW; Lee, MC; Tung, YT, 2018)	0.48
"This study evaluated for the first time the feasibility of mild preheating treatment of broccoli florets combined with lactic acid bacteria fermentation for enhancing sulforaphane yield in broccoli puree."	( Mild heat combined with lactic acid fermentation: a novel approach for enhancing sulforaphane yield in broccoli puree. Augustin, MA; Cai, YX; Jegasothy, H; Terefe, NS; Wang, JH, 2020)	1.07
" To test whether Zynamite®, a mango leaf extract rich in the natural polyphenol mangiferin, administered in combination with quercetin facilitates recovery after EIMD, 24 women and 33 men were randomly assigned to two treatment groups matched by sex and 5 km running performance, and ran a 10 km race followed by 100 drop jumps to elicit EIMD."	( Supplementation with a Mango Leaf Extract (Zynamite®) in Combination with Quercetin Attenuates Muscle Damage and Pain and Accelerates Recovery after Strenuous Damaging Exercise. Arteaga-Ortiz, R; Calbet, JAL; Dorado, C; Gallego-Selles, A; Galvan-Alvarez, V; Gelabert-Rebato, M; Lopez-Rios, L; Martin-Rincon, M; Martin-Rodriguez, S; Martinez-Canton, M; Morales-Alamo, D; Perez-Regalado, S; Santana, A; Wiebe, JC, 2020)	0.56
" Drug-loaded electrospun systems implanted locally to the tumor site was further combined with brachytherapy which improved the effectiveness of the therapy in about 18%."	( Electrospun paclitaxel delivery system based on PGCL/PLGA in local therapy combined with brachytherapy. Cichoń, T; Janeczek, H; Jaworska, J; Kaczmarczyk, B; Karpeta-Jarząbek, P; Kasperczyk, J; Kordyka, A; Musiał-Kulik, M; Pastusiak, M; Smolarczyk, R; Stojko, M; Włodarczyk, J, 2021)	0.62
" The present study (Clintrials number NCT00519480) was conducted to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remogliflozinetabonate, an SGLT2 inhibitor, withdoses (500 mg and 750 mg BID) greater than the commercial dose (100 mg BID)in combination with metformin with minimum daily dose of 2000 mg given in two divided doses."	( Assessment of safety and tolerability of remogliflozin etabonate (GSK189075) when administered with total daily dose of 2000 mg of metformin. Andrews, S; Cheatham, B; Dobbins, R; Hanmant, B; Hussey, EK; O'Connor-Semmes, R; Sagar, K; Tao, W; Wilkison, WO, 2021)	0.62
" Cohort 2 subjects were administered with either remogliflozin etabonate 750 mg BID or placebo BID (2:1) in addition to metformin for 13 days."	( Assessment of safety and tolerability of remogliflozin etabonate (GSK189075) when administered with total daily dose of 2000 mg of metformin. Andrews, S; Cheatham, B; Dobbins, R; Hanmant, B; Hussey, EK; O'Connor-Semmes, R; Sagar, K; Tao, W; Wilkison, WO, 2021)	0.62
"The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of sophorolipid in combination with lactic acid against relevant bacteria isolated from the poultry industry."	( Antimicrobial effects of sophorolipid in combination with lactic acid against poultry-relevant isolates. Celligoi, MAPC; de Oliveira Junior, AG; Kobayashi, RKT; Mantovani, MS; Nakazato, G; Silveira, VAI, 2021)	1.08
"To investigate the therapeutic effect of phenylephrine combined with goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) in elderly patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty."	( Application of Phenylephrine Combined with Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy in Elderly Patients Undergoing Hip Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Huang, S; Peng, W; Wang, A; Zhang, L, 2022)	0.72
" Patients in the control group were given GDFT alone, and patients in the experimental group were given phenylephrine combined with GDFT."	( Application of Phenylephrine Combined with Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy in Elderly Patients Undergoing Hip Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Huang, S; Peng, W; Wang, A; Zhang, L, 2022)	0.72
"Phenylephrine combined with GDFT can be used in elderly patients undergoing hip arthroplasty to reduce fluid input and improve intraoperative hemodynamic stability, to reduce the occurrence of postoperative related complications."	( Application of Phenylephrine Combined with Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy in Elderly Patients Undergoing Hip Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Huang, S; Peng, W; Wang, A; Zhang, L, 2022)	0.72
"This study developed, a novel polypropylene (PP) mesh combined with poly (L-lactic acid) (PLA) electrospun nanofibers loaded sirolimus (SRL)."	( Polypropylene mesh combined with electrospun poly (L-lactic acid) membrane in situ releasing sirolimus and its anti-adhesion efficiency in rat hernia repair. Dai, J; Hu, W; Ji, Z; Ren, P; Shao, X; Xiong, B; Zhang, T; Zhang, Z; Zhu, L, 2022)	1.2
"To explore the effect of quality control circle activity nursing combined with respiratory function exercise nursing on esophageal cancer patients' immune function and nutritional status."	( Effect of Quality Control Circle Activity Nursing Combined with Respiratory Function Exercise Nursing on Patients with Esophageal Cancer. Li, S; Shi, S; Yu, H, 2022)	0.72
"Quality control circle activity nursing combined with respiratory function exercise nursing can effectively improve the immune function, respiratory function, and nutritional status of esophageal cancer patients."	( Effect of Quality Control Circle Activity Nursing Combined with Respiratory Function Exercise Nursing on Patients with Esophageal Cancer. Li, S; Shi, S; Yu, H, 2022)	0.72
"In order to explore the effective markers of presepsis in the prediction of clinical disease and disease severity, the predictive effect of lactic acid (Lac) combined with cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HT) on the severity of sepsis in intensive care unit (ICU) patients and its correlation with prognosis is investigated."	( Analysis of the Predictive Effect of Lactic Acid Combined with Cardiac Troponin T and 5-Hydroxytryptophan on the Severity of Sepsis in ICU Patients and Its Correlation with Prognosis. Jiang, M; Wang, X; Wu, W; Zhao, C, 2022)	1.2
"A novel exercise modality combined with electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) has been reported to increase cardiovascular and metabolic responses, such as blood lactate concentration."	( Constant Load Pedaling Exercise Combined with Electrical Muscle Stimulation Leads to an Early Increase in Sweat Lactate Levels. Fujitsuka, H; Hoshino, S; Ikeda, K; Katsumata, Y; Maeda, Y; Nagahara, J; Nagura, T; Nakamura, M; Nakashima, D; Okawara, H; Sawada, T, 2022)	0.72

Bioavailability

An in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model was applied to explore the impact of lactic acid (LA) fermentation by Lactobacillus pentosus FSC1 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides FSC2. No absorption seems to occur in the distal part of the intestine from low Fe bioavailability meals in these women.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Twelve percent ammonium lactate produced a significant sparing of atrophy in both the epidermis and dermis without any influence on the bioavailability or antiinflammatory properties of the corticosteroid."	( Effects of topical ammonium lactate on cutaneous atrophy from a potent topical corticosteroid. Kaidbey, K; Lavker, RM; Leyden, JJ, 1992)	0.28
" Sodium nitrite was poorly absorbed (10% of the administered dose), but it inhibited the activity of Na+/K(+)-ATPase and alkaline phosphatase."	( Studies on the mechanism of the toxic action of sodium nitrite on intestinal absorption in rats. Grudziński, I, 1991)	0.28
"In order to solve the problem of poor patient compliance, attempts were made to prolong the bioavailability of antimycobacterial drugs after a single administration."	( Sustained release of isoniazid in vivo from a single implant of a biodegradable polymer. Ashtekar, DR; Farhi, DC; Gangadharam, PR; Wise, DL, 1991)	0.28
"In the present study, we compared the bioavailability of various calcium salts in the diet such as calcium lactate, calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate by examining the effects of these calcium salts on serum calcium concentration and on the mineralization of incisor dentin in parathyroidectomized (PTXed) rats."	( [Comparisons of bioavailability of various calcium salts. Utilization incisor dentin in parathyroidectomized rats]. Arai, M; Kohsaka, M; Matsumoto, S; Ohira, T; Takei, H; Togari, A; Yamaguchi, M, 1989)	0.28
" We attempted to alter DCA pharmacokinetics and bioavailability by synthesizing various derivatives comprising DCA esters with polyols and DCA ionic complexes."	( Dichloroacetate derivatives. Metabolic effects and pharmacodynamics in normal rats. Bodor, N; Gonzalez, MG; Oshiro, Y; Stacpoole, PW; Vlasak, J, 1987)	0.27
" The microcapsule suspension showed prolongation of miosis and an improved bioavailability when compared with a standard eye dosage form."	( The in vivo evaluation of poly(lactic acid) microcapsules of pilocarpine hydrochloride. Jalsenjak, I; Pepeljnjak, S; Vidmar, V, )	0.42
"The freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus, was exposed to a sublethal concentration of mercuric chloride (3 micrograms/liter) for 120 days and the following effects were examined: changes in the levels of glucose and lactic acid in blood and of glycogen and lactic acid in liver and muscles; rate of absorption of glucose from the intestine; and changes in the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase), hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), L-amino acid oxidase (AO), and xanthine oxidase (XO) in brain, gills, intestine, kidney, liver, and muscles."	( Effect of mercuric chloride on some biochemical and physiological parameters of the freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus. Rao, DR; Sastry, KV, 1984)	0.45
"The bioavailability of calcium from various calcium sources in humans and animals has been the subject of investigation for many years and there is considerable controversy as to the relative bioavailability of different calcium salts."	( Bioavailability of calcium from calcium carbonate, DL-calcium lactate, L-calcium lactate and powdered oyster shell calcium in vitamin D-deficient or -replete rats. Ezawa, I; Higashino, R; Igarashi, C; Kimura, T; Kobayashi, T; Okano, T; Oshio, Y; Teraoka, Y; Tsugawa, N, 1995)	0.29
" The chemotherapeutic data essentially confirmed the bioavailability data."	( Experimental chemotherapy of tuberculosis using single dose treatment with isoniazid in biodegradable polymers. Gangadharam, PR; Kailasam, S; Srinivasan, S; Wise, DL, 1994)	0.29
"We have studied the bioavailability of clofazimine following administration of a single dose of the drug in the biodegradable polymer polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)."	( Bioavailability and chemotherapeutic activity of clofazimine against Mycobacterium avium complex infections in beige mice following a single implant of a biodegradable polymer. Gangadharam, PR; Kailasam, S; Wise, DL, 1994)	0.29
" These results suggest that dietary xylitol improves the bioavailability of calcium salts."	( Bone repair in calcium-deficient rats: comparison of xylitol+calcium carbonate with calcium carbonate, calcium lactate and calcium citrate on the repletion of calcium. Hämäläinen, MM, 1994)	0.29
"Because sorbitol is poorly absorbed in the small intestine, it may be the origin of large amounts of residues reaching the large intestine and may be substrate for microbial activity."	( Absorption balances and kinetics of nutrients and bacterial metabolites in conscious pigs after intake of maltose- or maltitol-rich diets. Giusi-Périer, A; Rérat, A; Vaissade, P, 1993)	0.29
" Acute exercise-induced proteolysis of IGFBP-3 may contribute to anabolic effects of physical activity by increasing the bioavailability of IGF-I."	( Acute effect of brief low- and high-intensity exercise on circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I, II, and IGF-binding protein-3 and its proteolysis in young healthy men. Brasel, JA; Cooper, DM; Hintz, RL; Mohan, S; Schwarz, AJ, 1996)	0.29
" Relative bioavailability was significantly increased with Eudragit nanoparticles compared to the nifedipine/PEG solution."	( The antihypertensive effect of orally administered nifedipine-loaded nanoparticles in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Atkinson, J; Fluckiger, L; Hoffman, M; Kim, YI; Lartaud-Idjouadiene, I; Maincent, P, 1997)	0.3
" High systemic bioavailability of testosterone was also achieved by inhalation delivery of porous particles with a mean diameter (20 micrometers) approximately 10 times that of conventional inhaled therapeutic particles."	( Large porous particles for pulmonary drug delivery. Ben-Jebria, A; Caponetti, G; Deaver, D; Edwards, DA; Eskew, ML; Hanes, J; Hrkach, J; Langer, R; Lotan, N; Mintzes, J, 1997)	0.3
"This study determines comparative bioavailability of diclofenac sodium lotion compared to an aqueous solution after topical application to viable human skin in vitro."	( In vitro cutaneous disposition of a topical diclofenac lotion in human skin: effect of a multi-dose regimen. Hewitt, PG; Maibach, HI; Poblete, N; Shainhouse, JZ; Wester, RC, 1998)	0.3
" It is suggested that solubilization with lactate and citrate under decompression increased the solubility and bioavailability of calcium from such natural sources of shellfish calcium as FS and EG."	( Effect of shellfish calcium on the apparent absorption of calcium and bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. Miura, T; Nakano, M; Takayama, Y, 1999)	0.3
" Oral bioavailability of the compounds in this series is good and is optimal (as measured by AUC) when the 4-position of the piperazine is substituted with an electron-poor benzoyl moiety."	( Secondary amides of (R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionic acid as inhibitors of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. Aicher, TD; Anderson, RC; Brand, LJ; Coppola, GM; DelGrande, D; Dragland, CJ; Fillers, WS; Gao, J; Islam, A; Kaplan, EL; Knorr, DC; Liu, X; Lozito, RJ; Maniara, WM; Mann, WR; Shetty, SS; Sperbeck, DM; Stanton, JL; Tomaselli, HC; Vinluan, CC; Walter, RE, 2000)	0.31
" Data were analysed by non-compartmental analysis, in order to evaluate the elimination constant, the half-life, the area under the curve and the bioavailability for each system."	( The use of additives to modulate the release of a sparingly water soluble drug entrapped in PLA50 microparticles: in vivo investigation. Coudane, J; Mallard, C; Rault, I; Vert, M, )	0.13
"Reduced local bioavailability and adverse side effects limit systemic administration of NO to modulate vascular response to injury."	( Polymeric-based perivascular delivery of a nitric oxide donor inhibits intimal thickening after balloon denudation arterial injury: role of nuclear factor-kappaB. Cercek, B; Dimayuga, P; Fishbein, MC; Kaul, S; Molloy, MD; Nilsson, J; Parikh, AK; Rajavashisth, TB; Rengstrom, J; Shah, PK; Xu, XP, 2000)	0.31
" L-FMAU also has respectable bioavailability in rats."	( Preclinical investigation of L-FMAU as an anti-hepatitis B virus agent. Boudinot, FD; Cheng, YC; Choi, Y; Chu, CK; Cote, PJ; Gerin, JL; Hong, JH; Korba, BE; Peek, SF; Tennant, BC, 1998)	0.3
" Bioavailability following oral administration was < 1%."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of terbutaline in healthy horses. Appelgren, LE; Ingvast-Larsson, JC; Johansson, JM; Törneke, MK, 2000)	0.31
"Drug delivery strategies to achieve a sustained drug release and increased bioavailability involve the use of biodegradable polymeric drug carriers."	( Sustained release of isoniazid from a single injectable dose of poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles as a therapeutic approach towards tuberculosis. Dutt, M; Khuller, GK, 2001)	0.31
" The absorption rate and total amounts of sorbed water by the polymer were determined by dynamic vapour sorption (DVS)."	( Effect of molecular weight and glass transition on relaxation and release behaviour of poly(DL-lactic acid) tablets. Frijlink, HW; Hennink, WE; Lerk, CF; Steendam, R; van Steenbergen, MJ, 2001)	0.53
" Methadone release in vivo was estimated by deconvolution, F-PLGA giving a bioavailability >99% (methadone was totally released in 48h), while the estimated bioavailability of F-PLA was lower than expected."	( In vivo-in vitro study of biodegradable methadone delivery systems. Delgado, A; Evora, C; Llabrés, M; Negrin, CM, 2001)	0.31
" The in vivo pharmacokinetic studies after subcutaneous injection of NAP-loaded microsphere showed a sustained plasma nalbuphine (NA)-time profile, with 100% relative bioavailability comparing to the AUC obtained after intravenous injection."	( Controlled release of nalbuphine propionate from biodegradable microspheres: in vitro and in vivo studies. Sung, KC; Wang, JJ; Yen, SY; Yoa-Pu Hu, O, 2001)	0.31
"01 IU/mL and an average aPTT of 24 seconds (2-fold increase) were obtained 7 hours after oral dosing of Eudragit RL/PCL NPs containing heparin, exhibiting an absolute bioavailability of 23%."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of oral heparin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles in rabbits. Hoffman, M; Jiao, Y; Lecompte, T; Maincent, P; Marchand-Arvier, M; Ubrich, N; Vigneron, C, 2002)	0.31
" Using larger particles and a higher helium pressure, produced an increase in the plasma IDM concentration and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and resultant F (relative bioavailability with respect to intracutaneous injection) of IDM increased by an amount depending on the particle size and helium pressure."	( Effects of particle size, helium gas pressure and microparticle dose on the plasma concentration of indomethacin after bombardment of indomethacin-loaded poly-L-lactic acid microspheres using a Helios gun system. Kobayashi, D; Morimoto, Y; Natsume, H; Sugibayashi, K; Uchida, M, 2002)	0.51
"Enalaprilat is a typical angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and is very poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract."	( Investigation of polymeric nanoparticles as carriers of enalaprilat for oral administration. Ahlin, P; Kristl, A; Kristl, J; Vrecer, F, 2002)	0.31
"01) and the relative pharmacological bioavailability is (10."	( [Study on preparation and oral efficacy of insulin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles]. Pan, Y; Wei, G; Xu, H; Zhao, HY; Zheng, JM, 2002)	0.31
" Bioavailability and Cmax were also dependent on the helium pressure."	( [Transdermal microparticle delivery by a supersonic-Helios gun system]. Jin, Y; Morimoto, Y; Natsume, H; Sugibayashi, K; Uchida, M; Wang, CF, 2001)	0.31
"0% relative bioavailability for microspheres loaded with nalbuphine propionate (NAP), nalbuphine pivalate (NPI), and nalbuphine decanoate (NDE), respectively."	( Biodegradable polymeric microspheres for nalbuphine prodrug controlled delivery: in vitro characterization and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. Hu, OY; Kuo, JH; Liu, FI; Sung, KC, 2003)	0.32
" The aqueous humor acyclovir levels were monitored for 6 h to determine the drug's ocular bioavailability for the various formulations."	( Influence of preparation conditions on acyclovir-loaded poly-d,l-lactic acid nanospheres and effect of PEG coating on ocular drug bioavailability. Bucolo, C; Fresta, M; Giannavola, C; Lee, VH; Maltese, A; Paolino, D; Puglisi, G; Vandelli, MA, 2003)	0.56
" Relative bioavailability of encapsulated drugs was greater than that of free drugs."	( Chemotherapeutic potential of orally administered poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles containing isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide against experimental tuberculosis. Khuller, GK; Sharma, S; Ul-Ain, Q, 2003)	0.32
" The elimination half-life and mean residence time of the drugs were significantly prolonged compared to when the parent drugs were administered orally, resulting in an enhanced relative bioavailability (compared to oral administration) for encapsulated drugs (12."	( Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle-based inhalable sustained drug delivery system for experimental tuberculosis. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Prasad, B; Sharma, A; Sharma, S; Zahoor, A, 2003)	0.32
"Nebulization of nanoparticles-based ATDs forms a sound basis for improving drug bioavailability and reducing the dosing frequency for better management of pulmonary tuberculosis."	( Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle-based inhalable sustained drug delivery system for experimental tuberculosis. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Prasad, B; Sharma, A; Sharma, S; Zahoor, A, 2003)	0.32
" Bioavailable cadmium, copper, lead and zinc were all lowered significantly in PLA/gypsum treated soil, but PLA amendments alone increased the bioavailability of lead, nickel and zinc."	( Use of poly(lactic acid) amendments to promote the bacterial fixation of metals in zinc smelter tailings. Edenborn, HM, 2004)	0.7
"An approach is proposed using Vibrio cholerae (VC)-loaded microparticles as oral vaccine delivery systems for improved vaccine bioavailability and increased therapeutic efficacy."	( Inactive Vibrio cholerae whole-cell vaccine-loaded biodegradable microparticles: in vitro release and oral vaccination. Chiang, C; Yeh, M, 2004)	0.32
" The mean residence time and absolute bioavailability were increased several-fold as compared with unencapsulated drugs."	( Subcutaneous nanoparticle-based antitubercular chemotherapy in an experimental model. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R, 2004)	0.32
" The release rate correlated with the rate of absorption of water."	( Development of implant tablet for a week-long sustained release. Machida, Y; Onishi, H; Takahashi, M, 2004)	0.32
" Bioavailability and Cmax were also dependent on the helium pressure."	( Transdermal microparticle delivery by a supersonic-Helios gun system. Chao, W; Hideshi, N; Mashaki, U; Yasunori, M; Yi, J, 2004)	0.32
" The absorbing test in vitro showed that CS/PLLA composite absorbed more slowly than pure CS, suggesting the addition of PLLA can adjust the absorption rate of CS to meet different requirements."	( Fabrication of calcium sulfate/PLLA composite for bone repair. Gao, C; Gao, J; Huo, S; Li, X; You, X; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2005)	0.33
" The relative bioavailability of huperzine A microspheres over a period of 14 days was 94."	( Preparation and in vivo evaluation of huperzine A-loaded PLGA microspheres. Fu, XD; Gao, YL; Ping, QN; Ren, T, 2005)	0.33
"The design, synthesis and characterization of a series of zero generation (G0) PAMAM dendrimer-based prodrugs for the potential enhancement of drug solubility and bioavailability are described."	( Synthesis, characterization and stability of dendrimer prodrugs. Attwood, D; D'Emanuele, A; Freeman, S; Najlah, M, 2006)	0.33
" To address this challenge, we evaluated the effect of prolonged gastrointestinal transit on the bioavailability of insulin carried by magnetically responsive microparticles in the presence of an external magnetic field."	( Magnetically responsive polymeric microparticles for oral delivery of protein drugs. Cheng, J; Farokhzad, OC; Ho, D; Jeong, SY; Jon, S; Khademhosseini, A; Langer, RS; Sherifi, I; Teply, BA; Yim, CH, 2006)	0.33
" The relative/absolute bioavailability of the 4 antituberculosis drugs was enhanced several fold."	( Chemotherapeutic efficacy of nanoparticle encapsulated antitubercular drugs. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, S, )	0.13
"7% of oral bioavailability relative to subcutaneous injection was obtained."	( Biodegradable nanoparticles loaded with insulin-phospholipid complex for oral delivery: preparation, in vitro characterization and in vivo evaluation. Cui, F; Kawashima, Y; Shi, K; Tao, A; Zhang, L, 2006)	0.33
" We tested the effect of an oat gruel fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on non-haem Fe absorption from a low-Fe bioavailability meal compared with a pasteurised, fermented oat gruel and non-fermented oat gruels."	( A lactic acid-fermented oat gruel increases non-haem iron absorption from a phytate-rich meal in healthy women of childbearing age. Berggren, A; Bering, S; Bukhave, K; Sjøltov, L; Suchdev, S; Tetens, I, 2006)	1.06
" However, poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability hinder its therapeutic applications."	( Modulating beta-lapachone release from polymer millirods through cyclodextrin complexation. Ai, H; Blanco, E; Boothman, DA; Gao, J; Wang, F, 2006)	0.33
"An in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model was applied to explore the impact of lactic acid (LA) fermentation by Lactobacillus pentosus FSC1 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides FSC2 on the Fe bioavailability of carrot juice."	( Lactic acid fermentation stimulated iron absorption by Caco-2 cells is associated with increased soluble iron content in carrot juice. Andlid, T; Bergqvist, SW; Sandberg, AS, 2006)	2.01
" The relative bioavailability of PNP and PHNP compared with subcutaneous (s."	( Preparation of insulin loaded PLGA-Hp55 nanoparticles for oral delivery. Cui, FD; Cun, DM; Shi, K; Tao, AJ; Zhang, LQ, 2007)	0.34
" The duodenal fluid absorption rate started at 77 +/- 32 ml/hr per meter of intestine during the first hour and increased to 296 +/- 40 ml/hr during the fourth hour of resuscitation, with a total of 93 +/- 2% of World Health Organization Oral Rehydration Solution infused into the intestine being absorbed."	( Enteral resuscitation of burn shock using World Health Organization oral rehydration solution: a potential solution for mass casualty care. Herndon, DN; Kinsky, MP; Kramer, GC; Michell, MW; Oliveira, HM; Vaid, SU, )	0.13
"The objective of this study was to prepare an oral dosage formulation of mifepristone that will improve the oral bioavailability of mifepristone and sustain the release of mifepristone for at least 3 days to effectively control reproduction, especially in coyotes."	( Improved bioavailability of orally administered mifepristone from PLGA nanoparticles. He, W; Horn, SW; Hussain, MD, 2007)	0.34
" This notion, however, has been challenged recently by studies on the bioavailability of flavonoids, which indicate that they reach only very low concentrations in human plasma after the consumption of flavonoid-rich foods."	( Consumption of flavonoid-rich foods and increased plasma antioxidant capacity in humans: cause, consequence, or epiphenomenon? Frei, B; Lotito, SB, 2006)	0.33
" Together, these results indicate that the bioavailability of ellagic acid can be improved by subcutaneous formulations administered as simple EA or EA nps."	( Biodegradable in situ gelling system for subcutaneous administration of ellagic acid and ellagic acid loaded nanoparticles: evaluation of their antioxidant potential against cyclosporine induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Italia, JL; Ravi Kumar, MN; Sharma, G; Sonaje, K; Tikoo, K, 2007)	0.34
"The present investigation was aimed at optimization of estradiol loaded PLGA nanoparticulate formulations resulting in improved oral bioavailability and sustained release of estradiol by varying the molecular weight and copolymer composition of PLGA."	( Estradiol loaded PLGA nanoparticles for oral administration: effect of polymer molecular weight and copolymer composition on release behavior in vitro and in vivo. Bhardwaj, V; Mittal, G; Ravi Kumar, MN; Sahana, DK, 2007)	0.34
" The objective of this study was to determine the effects of processing on iron bioavailability in common maize products and elucidate better processing techniques for enhancing iron bioavailability."	( Fermentation and lactic acid addition enhance iron bioavailability of maize. Proulx, AK; Reddy, MB, 2007)	0.68
"The present study demonstrates the potential of EA nanoparticulate formulations in the prevention of CyA-induced nephrotoxicity at three times lower dose suggesting improved oral bioavailability of EA."	( Development of biodegradable nanoparticles for oral delivery of ellagic acid and evaluation of their antioxidant efficacy against cyclosporine A-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Bhardwaj, V; Italia, JL; Kumar, MN; Sharma, G; Sonaje, K; Tikoo, K, 2007)	0.34
" The relative bioavailability of nanoparticulate formulation was found to be 119."	( PLGA nanoparticles for oral delivery of cyclosporine: nephrotoxicity and pharmacokinetic studies in comparison to Sandimmune Neoral. Bhardwaj, V; Bhatt, DK; Italia, JL; Kumar, MN; Tikoo, K, 2007)	0.34
" The barriers to peptide bioavailability after oral administration are intestinal membrane permeability, size, intestinal and hepatic metabolism and lastly solubility."	( Recent advances in protein and peptide drug delivery systems. Ahuja, A; Ali, J; Baboota, S; Hasan, S; Malik, DK, 2007)	0.34
" The bioavailability from nanoparticles was assessed in male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats at a dose of 1 mg drug/rat."	( PLGA nanoparticles for oral delivery of hydrophobic drugs: influence of organic solvent on nanoparticle formation and release behavior in vitro and in vivo using estradiol as a model drug. Bhardwaj, V; Kumar, MN; Mittal, G; Sahana, DK, 2008)	0.35
" In conclusion, addition of viable, lyophilized lactobacillus to a heat-inactivated lactic acid-fermented oat gruel does not affect Fe absorption, and no absorption seems to occur in the distal part of the intestine from low Fe bioavailability meals in these women."	( Viable, lyophilized lactobacilli do not increase iron absorption from a lactic acid-fermented meal in healthy young women, and no iron absorption occurs in the distal intestine. Alenfall, J; Berggren, A; Bering, S; Bukhave, K; Højgaard, L; Jensen, M; Sjøltov, L; Tetens, I; Wrisberg, SS, 2007)	0.8
" There was a 21-fold increase in the relative bioavailability of PLG-encapsulated streptomycin compared with intramuscular free drug."	( Nanoparticle-based oral drug delivery system for an injectable antibiotic - streptomycin. Evaluation in a murine tuberculosis model. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R, 2007)	0.34
" We hypothesized that bile salts could be used to improve the bioavailability of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles by protecting them during their transport through the gastrointestinal tract and enhancing their absorption by the intestinal epithelia."	( The use of deoxycholic acid to enhance the oral bioavailability of biodegradable nanoparticles. Balderrama, F; Fahmy, TM; Look, M; Perica, K; Samstein, RM, 2008)	0.35
"Protein drugs have low bioavailability after oral administration, which is due in part to fast transit of the drugs or drug delivery vehicles through the gastrointestinal tract."	( The use of charge-coupled polymeric microparticles and micromagnets for modulating the bioavailability of orally delivered macromolecules. Cheng, J; Farokhzad, OC; Jeong, SY; Khademhosseini, A; Langer, RS; Luther, G; Sherifi, I; Teply, BA; Tong, R; Yim, CH, 2008)	0.35
" AC, the world's best selling drug is associated with poor oral bioavailability and serious adverse effects like rhabdomyolysis on chronic administration."	( Oral nanoparticulate atorvastatin calcium is more efficient and safe in comparison to Lipicure in treating hyperlipidemia. Ankola, DD; Chandraiah, G; Kumar, MN; Meena, AK; Rao, PR; Ratnam, DV, 2008)	0.35
" pyMP is not cytotoxic due to the lower bioavailability and availability of the entrapped complex to the medium and its reducing agents."	( trans-[Ru(NO)(NH3)4(py)](BF4)3.H2O encapsulated in PLGA microparticles for delivery of nitric oxide to B16-F10 cells: Cytotoxicity and phototoxicity. Barbougli, PA; Espreafico, EM; Gomes, AJ; Tfouni, E, 2008)	0.35
" Higher amount of fluorescence observed in the cells treated with WGA nanoparticles, higher and sustained cellular drug levels, and better bioavailability in lungs of WGA-conjugated nanoparticles indicate superiority of WGA-conjugated nanoparticles over unconjugated nanoparticles."	( Wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated nanoparticles for sustained cellular and lung delivery of budesonide. Misra, A; Surti, N, 2008)	0.35
" The absolute bioavailability of vinpocetine in the microparticles was 27."	( Optimized preparation of in situ forming microparticles for the parenteral delivery of vinpocetine. Chen, F; He, L; Hu, C; Li, J; Pan, W; Yan, K; Zhou, L, 2008)	0.35
" The overall high residence of nanoparticles, compared with etoposide, signifies the advantage of PLGA and PCL nanoparticles as drug carriers for etoposide in enhancing the bioavailability and reducing the etoposide-associated toxicity."	( Etoposide loaded PLGA and PCL nanoparticles II: biodistribution and pharmacokinetics after radiolabeling with Tc-99m. Babbar, AK; Saha, RN; Sharma, RK; Snehalatha, M; Venugopal, K, 2008)	0.35
" Our results showed that the preservation of PLGA-FBSA was observed in the injured spinal cord at 24h, and PLGA-FBSA nanoparticles were well absorbed by neurons and glia, indicating that PLGA as a considerable nanovehicle for the delivery of neuroprotective polypeptide into injured spinal cord."	( Sustained intraspinal delivery of neurotrophic factor encapsulated in biodegradable nanoparticles following contusive spinal cord injury. Huang, HY; Lin, HI; Lo, LW; Tzeng, SF; Wang, YC; Wu, YT; Yang, CS, 2008)	0.35
" The doxorubicin loaded nanoparticles demonstrated superior performance in vivo as evident by enhanced bioavailability and lower toxicity."	( Design of biodegradable nanoparticles for oral delivery of doxorubicin: in vivo pharmacokinetics and toxicity studies in rats. Beniwal, V; Kalaria, DR; Ravi Kumar, MN; Sharma, G, 2009)	0.35
" The bioavailability of the mannose residues as specific recognition sites on the nanoparticle surface could be demonstrated by a modified enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA) using biotin-labeled lectins which interact specifically with alpha-D-mannopyrannoside derivatives."	( Polyester nanoparticles presenting mannose residues: toward the development of new vaccine delivery systems combining biodegradability and targeting properties. Auzély-Velty, R; Delair, T; Freichels, H; Imberty, A; Jérôme, C; Putaux, JL; Rieger, J, 2009)	0.35
"Amphotericin B (AMB), an effective antifungal and antileishmanial agent associated with low oral bioavailability (0."	( Biodegradable nanoparticles improve oral bioavailability of amphotericin B and show reduced nephrotoxicity compared to intravenous Fungizone. Italia, JL; Ravi Kumar, MN; Singh, D; Yahya, MM, 2009)	0.35
" The acute nephrotoxicity profile and oral bioavailability of AMB-NP were evaluated in rats."	( Biodegradable nanoparticles improve oral bioavailability of amphotericin B and show reduced nephrotoxicity compared to intravenous Fungizone. Italia, JL; Ravi Kumar, MN; Singh, D; Yahya, MM, 2009)	0.35
" The relative oral bioavailability of the AMB-NP was found to be approximately 800% as compared to Fungizone."	( Biodegradable nanoparticles improve oral bioavailability of amphotericin B and show reduced nephrotoxicity compared to intravenous Fungizone. Italia, JL; Ravi Kumar, MN; Singh, D; Yahya, MM, 2009)	0.35
" In vivo study, conducted in Wistar rats, proved that elevated serum sCT levels could be sustained for 3 days after subcutaneous administration of PLGA nanoparticles and the achieved bioavailability was increased compared to sCT solution."	( Preparation and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of salmon calcitonin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles. Glowka, E; Leroy, P; Lulek, J; Maincent, P; Sapin-Minet, A, 2010)	0.36
" Citric acid helps solubilizing metals, increasing their bioavailability for plants and microbes and it is also thought to be a constituent of both the extracellular and cytoplasmic low molecular iron pools occurring in plants and vertebrates."	( Determination of the pKa value of the hydroxyl group in the alpha-hydroxycarboxylates citrate, malate and lactate by 13C NMR: implications for metal coordination in biological systems. Hider, RC; Kong, X; Silva, AM, 2009)	0.35
" The authors hypothesize that BMP-2 can be covalently bound to a polymer substrate, increasing its concentration and bioavailability over longer periods, thus improving the efficacy of the growth factor and subsequently the bony matrix production."	( Release kinetics of polymer-bound bone morphogenetic protein-2 and its effects on the osteogenic expression of MC3T3-E1 osteoprecursor cells. Calvert, JW; Chua, WC; Dhar, S; Evans, GRD; Gharibjanian, NA; Scholz, T; Shibuya, TY, 2009)	0.35
" The in vivo pharmacokinetics revealed that curcumin entrapped nanoparticles demonstrate at least 9-fold increase in oral bioavailability when compared to curcumin administered with piperine as absorption enhancer."	( Nanoparticle encapsulation improves oral bioavailability of curcumin by at least 9-fold when compared to curcumin administered with piperine as absorption enhancer. Ankola, DD; Beniwal, V; Kumar, MN; Shaikh, J; Singh, D, 2009)	0.35
"Selective drug delivery is an important approach with great potential for overcoming problems associated with the systemic toxicity and poor bioavailability of antineoplastic drugs."	( Targeted epidermal growth factor receptor nanoparticle bioconjugates for breast cancer therapy. Acharya, S; Dilnawaz, F; Sahoo, SK, 2009)	0.35
" Our study suggested that rHrpZ NPs could help protein enter leaf epidermis and cell wall, release rHrpZ in situ continuously, and enhance the bioavailability of rHrpZ."	( Improve bioavailability of Harpin protein on plant use PLGA based nanoparticle. Liang, Z; Lu, W; Meng, XL; Wang, J; Xia, H; Xu, JP, 2009)	0.35
"3%, respectively; the water absorption rate was 2 647% +/- 172% and 2 593% +/- 161%, respectively; the tensile strength was (0."	( [Preparation of three-dimensional porous scaffold of PLGA-silk fibroin-collagen nanofiber and its cytocompatibility study]. Dong, C; Fan, H; Gao, W; Wang, G; Wu, G; Xiao, W; Zhang, L, 2009)	0.35
" Overall we demonstrate that curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles formulation has enhanced cellular uptake, and increased bioactivity in vitro and superior bioavailability in vivo over curcumin."	( Design of curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles formulation with enhanced cellular uptake, and increased bioactivity in vitro and superior bioavailability in vivo. Aggarwal, BB; Anand, P; Kunnumakkara, AB; Nair, HB; Sung, B; Tekmal, RR; Yadav, VR, 2010)	0.36
" However, the major disadvantage associated with the use of curcumin is its low systemic bioavailability when administered orally due to its poor aqueous solubility."	( Formulation, characterization and evaluation of curcumin-loaded PLGA nanospheres for cancer therapy. Mukerjee, A; Vishwanatha, JK, 2009)	0.35
"Poor ocular bioavailability of drugs (<1%) from conventional eye drops (ie, solution, suspension, and ointments) is mainly due to the physiologic barriers of the eye."	( Sparfloxacin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for sustained ocular drug delivery. Ali, A; Aqil, M; Bhatnagar, A; Gupta, H; Khar, RK; Mittal, G, 2010)	0.36
"Poor ocular bioavailability of drugs (<1%) from conventional eye drops is mainly due to the eye physiological barriers."	( Sparfloxacin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for sustained ocular drug delivery. Ali, A; Aqil, M; Bhatnagar, A; Gupta, H; Khar, RK; Mittal, G, 2010)	0.36
" In this work, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles encapsulating curcumin were synthesized and used to treat two different CF mouse strains in an effort to correct the defects associated with CF by improving bioavailability of the compound, which has previously been a challenge in treatment with curcumin."	( Partial correction of cystic fibrosis defects with PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating curcumin. Caplan, MJ; Caputo, C; Cartiera, MS; Egan, ME; Ferreira, EC; Saltzman, WM, 2010)	0.36
"18 mg/h) of GZ from microspheres may be beneficial for the hepatic bioavailability of GZ."	( [Preparation of PLGA microspheres encapsulating highly concentrated glycyrrhizin and the bile elimination of glycyrrhizin after subcutaneous administration in rats]. Koga, K; Ohyanagi, K; Shintani, K, 2010)	0.36
" The aim of this study was to explore this hypothesis by measuring changes in UA concentration and systemic NO bioavailability as well as endothelial function in response to acute ingestion of a glucose-fructose beverage."	( Assessment of endothelial function and blood metabolite status following acute ingestion of a fructose-containing beverage. Bidwell, AJ; Doyle, RP; Fairchild, TJ; Holmstrup, ME, 2010)	0.36
"05) difference in endothelial function or systemic NO bioavailability was observed."	( Assessment of endothelial function and blood metabolite status following acute ingestion of a fructose-containing beverage. Bidwell, AJ; Doyle, RP; Fairchild, TJ; Holmstrup, ME, 2010)	0.36
"Poor oral bioavailability limits the use of curcumin and other dietary polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of cancer."	( Injectable sustained release microparticles of curcumin: a new concept for cancer chemoprevention. Blum, A; Freeman, D; Ma, L; Panyam, J; Shahani, K; Swaminathan, SK, 2010)	0.36
" On in vivo evaluation in rats, the NPs made of EL14 showed a higher C(max), a faster T(max) and enhanced tissue levels to that of PLGA that are crucial for CsA's activity and toxicity; however, the overall bioavailability of the nanoparticulates was similar and higher than Neoral."	( Nanoparticles made of multi-block copolymer of lactic acid and ethylene glycol containing periodic side-chain carboxyl groups for oral delivery of cyclosporine A. Ankola, DD; Battisti, A; Kumar, MN; Solaro, R, 2010)	0.62
" There were no differences observed in LPO between anaerobic trials, but the NO bioavailability increased and was higher in F + AnE than in G+AnE after exercise and recovery (p<0."	( Pre-exercise intake of different carbohydrates modifies ischemic reactive hyperemia after a session of anaerobic, but not after aerobic exercise. Caballero-Villarraso, J; Da Silva-Grigoletto, ME; Fernández, JM; Gómez-Puerto, JR; López-Miranda, J; Pérez-Jiménez, F; Pérez-Martínez, P; Tasset-Cuevas, I; Túnez-Fiñana, I; Viana-Montaner, BH, 2010)	0.36
"1) in bioavailability enhancing quaternary ammonium palmitoyl glycol chitosan (GCPQ) micelles."	( In silico modelling of drug-polymer interactions for pharmaceutical formulations. Ahmad, S; Gellert, P; Johnston, BF; Mackay, SP; Schatzlein, AG; Sengupta, D; Uchegbu, IF, 2010)	0.36
" In vivo evaluation confirmed the advantages of the TPGS-emulsified PLGA NP formulation versus Taxol in promoting oral bioavailability of paclitaxel."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability of paclitaxel formulated in vitamin E-TPGS emulsified nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers: in vitro and in vivo studies. Feng, SS; Zhao, L, 2010)	0.36
" The IC(50) values were lowered by a factor of approximately 3 for FA-NanoGSE compared to the free drug, indicating substantially enhanced bioavailability to the tumor cells, sparing the normal ones."	( Folate targeted polymeric 'green' nanotherapy for cancer. Binulal, NS; Manzoor, K; Menon, D; Mony, U; Nair, S; Narayanan, S, 2010)	0.36
" Although phase I clinical trials have shown curcumin as a safe drug even at high doses, poor bioavailability and suboptimal pharmacokinetics largely moderated its anti-cancer activity in pre-clinical and clinical models."	( Fabrication of curcumin encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles for improved therapeutic effects in metastatic cancer cells. Chauhan, SC; Gupta, BK; Jaggi, M; Yallapu, MM, 2010)	0.36
"Chemotherapy is one of the most effective approaches to treat cancers in the clinic, but the problems, such as multidrug resistance (MDR), low bioavailability and toxicity, severely constrain the further application of chemotherapy."	( PLGA/polymeric liposome for targeted drug and gene co-delivery. Chang, J; Liao, Z; Niu, R; Su, W; Wang, H; Wang, S; Zhao, P, 2010)	0.36
"To improve the encapsulation efficiency and oral bioavailability of vincristine sulfate (VCR), novel self-assembled dextran sulphate-PLGA hybrid nanoparticles (DPNs) were successfully developed using self-assembly and nanoprecipitation method."	( Development of novel self-assembled DS-PLGA hybrid nanoparticles for improving oral bioavailability of vincristine sulfate by P-gp inhibition. Deng, Y; He, Z; Ling, G; Meng, X; Qin, Y; Sun, J; Zhang, P; Zhang, W, 2010)	0.36
"We formulated nano-encapsulation of a naturally occurring coumarin-scopoletin (7-hydroxy-6-methoxy coumarin, HMC, C(10)H(8)O(4)), isolated from plant Gelsemium sempervirens having anticancer potentials, with a bio-adhesive agent -polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and tested if its cellular uptake, bioavailability and apoptotic (anticancer) potentials could thus be increased vis-a-vis unencapsulated HMC."	( Polymeric nanoparticle encapsulation of a naturally occurring plant scopoletin and its effects on human melanoma cell A375. Bhattacharyya, SS; Boujedaini, N; Khuda-Bukhsh, AR; Paul, S, 2010)	0.36
"Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems offer great promise in addressing challenges of drug toxicity, poor bioavailability and non-specificity for a number of drugs."	( In vivo uptake and acute immune response to orally administered chitosan and PEG coated PLGA nanoparticles. Booysen, LI; Kalombo, L; Katata, L; Ramalapa, B; Semete, B; Swai, H; Venter, JD; Verschoor, JA, 2010)	0.36
"This system is envisioned to increase bioavailability of ITZ by improving aqueous dispersibility and increasing antifungal penetration, thereby increasing antifungal activity of the entrapped drug."	( Itraconazole-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles for improved antifungal activity. Damann, K; Leonardi, C; Patel, NR; Sabliov, CM, 2010)	0.36
"Repaglinide (RPG) is an oral hypoglycemic agent with excellent bioavailability (90-98%) and a short plasma half-life (2-6 h)."	( Repaglinide-loaded long-circulating biodegradable nanoparticles: rational approach for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Jain, S; Saraf, S, 2009)	0.35
" The bioavailability and actions of insulin-like growth factors-II (IGF-II) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) are important for embryonic development and cardiomyocyte differentiation as well."	( IGF-II and MMP9 as surgical repair indicators of ventricular septal defects. Chang, MH; Cheng, YC; Hsieh, DJ; Huang, CY; Jong, GP; Kuo, WH; Lai, CH; Tsai, CH; Tsai, CY; Tsai, FJ, 2011)	0.37
"Docetaxel, an efficient chemotherapeutic drug, exhibits low and variable oral bioavailability due to the active efflux by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and more so to CYP3A4 gut metabolism."	( High plasma levels and effective lymphatic uptake of docetaxel in an orally available nanotransporter formulation. Attili-Qadri, S; Benita, S; Farber, S; Harush-Frenkel, O; Lazarovici, P; Lecht, S; Nassar, T, 2011)	0.37
" Collectively, our observations reveal that nanoparticle-mediated delivery of phytochemicals could serve as a basis for enhancing bioavailability and limiting the unwanted toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents."	( Enhancement of cancer chemosensitization potential of cisplatin by tea polyphenols poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles. Bhatnagar, P; Gupta, KC; Kumar, P; Shukla, Y; Singh, M; Srivastava, AK, 2011)	0.37
"Micro- and nanoparticle formulations are widely used to improve the bioavailability of low solubility drugs."	( Preparation of microspheres containing low solubility drug compound by electrohydrodynamic spraying. Bohr, A; Dyas, M; Edirisinghe, M; Kristensen, J; Stride, E, 2011)	0.37
" Their introduction into the clinical setting is hindered largely by their poor solubility, rapid metabolism, or a combination of both, ultimately resulting in poor bioavailability upon oral administration."	( Advanced drug delivery systems of curcumin for cancer chemoprevention. Aqil, F; Bansal, SS; Goel, M; Gupta, RC; Vadhanam, MV, 2011)	0.37
" These results suggest that the nitrate removal property of the PLLA-using SPD reactor is attained through the bioavailability of hydrolysates released abiotically from the solid substrate."	( Nitrate removal efficiency and bacterial community dynamics in denitrification processes using poly (L-lactic acid) as the solid substrate. Hiraishi, A; Takahashi, M; Tanno, M; Tsuji, H; Yamada, T, 2011)	0.58
"The PLGA-ITZ-NP system can increase bioavailability of ITZ by improving its aqueous dispersibility and efficiently delivering ITZ to fungal cells via endocytosis."	( Size dependency of PLGA-nanoparticle uptake and antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus. Damann, K; Leonardi, C; Patel, NR; Sabliov, CM, 2011)	0.37
"The overall goal of this paper was to develop poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA-NPs) of curcumin (CUR), named CUR-PLGA-NPs, and to study the effect and mechanisms enhancing the oral bioavailability of CUR."	( PLGA nanoparticles improve the oral bioavailability of curcumin in rats: characterizations and mechanisms. Guo, M; Tao, Q; Wang, H; Wang, Y; Xie, X; Yu, S; Zhang, F; Zhou, Q; Zou, Y, 2011)	0.37
" It has poor bioavailability due to hepatic first-pass metabolism and low permeability into the brain due to efflux by P-glycoproteins."	( Development and evaluation of olanzapine-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for nose-to-brain delivery: in vitro and in vivo studies. Kumar, A; Sawant, KK; Seju, U, 2011)	0.37
" However, suboptimal pharmacokinetics and poor bioavailability limit its effective use in cancer therapeutics."	( Design of curcumin loaded cellulose nanoparticles for prostate cancer. Chauhan, SC; Dobberpuhl, MR; Jaggi, M; Maher, DM; Yallapu, MM, 2012)	0.38
" To achieve this, paclitaxel loaded chitosan and polyethylene glycol coated PLGA (PLGA-CS-PEG) nanoparticles were formulated and characterized that could efficiently encapsulate hydrophobic drugs, and also evade the phagocytic uptake by reducing opsonization by blood proteins, hence increasing the bioavailability of the drug."	( Long circulating chitosan/PEG blended PLGA nanoparticle for tumor drug delivery. Parveen, S; Sahoo, SK, 2011)	0.37
" Comparing insulin microspheres with an immediate release formulation, microspheres can increase insulin relative bioavailability up to four times."	( Effect of PLGA hydrophilia on the drug release and the hypoglucemic activity of different insulin-loaded PLGA microspheres. Alvarez, C; de Miguel, L; Espada, R; Morales, E; Presmanes, C; Torrado, JJ, 2011)	0.37
" The relevance of bioactives includes targeted delivery systems with improved bioavailability using nanostructure vehicles such as association colloids, lipid based nanoencapsulator, nanoemulsions, biopolymeric nanoparticles, nanolaminates, and nanofibers."	( Nanotech: propensity in foods and bioactives. Kuan, CY; Liong, MT; Yee-Fung, W; Yuen, KH, 2012)	0.38
"In order to overcome poor bioavailability of narrow absorption window drugs, a gastrosphere system comprising two mechanisms of gastric retention, namely buoyancy and gastroadhesion, has been investigated in this study employing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polyacrylic acid (PAA), alginate, pectin, and a model drug metformin hydrochloride."	( Optimization of a dual mechanism gastrofloatable and gastroadhesive delivery system for narrow absorption window drugs. Chirwa, N; Choonara, YE; du Toit, LC; Kumar, P; Murphy, C; Ndesendo, VM; Pillay, V, 2012)	0.38
" We conclude that biodegradable microparticles are a promising strategy to increase the bioavailability of drugs and have advantages compared to P-gp inhibitors with pharmacological and severe side effects at doses required for efflux pump inhibition."	( The effects of PLGA microparticles on intestinal absorption of p-glycoprotein substrate using the everted rat intestinal sac model. Derakhshandeh, K; Hosseinalizadeh, A; Nikmohammadi, M, 2011)	0.37
" Fructose area under the curve and maximum concentration, dose-normalized glucose area under the curve and maximum concentration, relative bioavailability of glucose, changes in postprandial concentrations of serum uric acid, and systolic blood pressure maximum levels were higher when HFCS-sweetened beverages were consumed as compared with sucrose-sweetened beverages."	( Effects of high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose on the pharmacokinetics of fructose and acute metabolic and hemodynamic responses in healthy subjects. Cheng, J; Frye, RF; Johnson, JA; Johnson, RJ; Le, MT; McFann, KK; Rivard, CJ; Segal, MS, 2012)	0.38
" Nanoparticle insulin results in six fold increase in oral bioavailability to that of plain insulin in healthy rats."	( Antacid co-encapsulated polyester nanoparticles for peroral delivery of insulin: development, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and pharmacodynamics. Ravi Kumar, MN; Sharma, G; van der Walle, CF, 2013)	0.39
" However, their negative surface charge decreases bioavailability under oral administration."	( Preparation and characterization of insulin-loaded bioadhesive PLGA nanoparticles for oral administration. Bi, Y; Cao, D; Sun, J; Sun, M; Zhang, X; Zheng, A, 2012)	0.38
" We conclude that NQC with greater bioavailability offers significantly higher potency in downregulating MMP-9 and NOS-2 as well as oxidative stress in blocking ethanol-induced gastric ulcer."	( The use of nano-quercetin to arrest mitochondrial damage and MMP-9 upregulation during prevention of gastric inflammation induced by ethanol in rat. Chakraborty, S; Choudhury, ST; Das, N; Ghosh, S; Stalin, S; Swarnakar, S, 2012)	0.38
"The aim of this research was to increase the oral bioavailability of daidzein by the formulations of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with daidzein."	( The comparison of different daidzein-PLGA nanoparticles in increasing its oral bioavailability. Li, J; Ma, Y; Shen, Q; Zhao, X, 2012)	0.38
" The bioavailability and hypoglycemic activity of orally administered FA-insulin NPs were studied in diabetic rats."	( Folate-decorated PLGA nanoparticles as a rationally designed vehicle for the oral delivery of insulin. Das, M; Godugu, C; Jain, AK; Jain, S; Rathi, VV, 2012)	0.38
"FA-PEG-PLGA NPs (50 U/kg) exhibited a twofold increase in the oral bioavailability (double hypoglycemia) without any hypoglycemic shock as compared to subcutaneously administered standard insulin solution."	( Folate-decorated PLGA nanoparticles as a rationally designed vehicle for the oral delivery of insulin. Das, M; Godugu, C; Jain, AK; Jain, S; Rathi, VV, 2012)	0.38
"The oral absorption of drugs that have poor bioavailability can be enhanced by encapsulation in polymeric nanoparticles."	( Folic acid functionalized nanoparticles for enhanced oral drug delivery. Grill, AE; Guru, BR; Kalscheuer, S; Kirtane, A; Panyam, J; Roger, E; Whittum-Hudson, J, 2012)	0.38
"Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles have been used to increase the relative oral bioavailability of hydrophobic compounds and polyphenols in recent years, but the effects of the molecular weight of PLGA on bioavailability are still unknown."	( Effects of polymer molecular weight on relative oral bioavailability of curcumin. Chang-Liao, WL; Chien, CF; Lin, LC; Tsai, TH; Tsai, YM, 2012)	0.38
" Curcumin alone and in the nanoformulations was administered orally to freely mobile rats, and blood samples were collected to evaluate the bioavailability of curcumin, LMw-NPC, and HMw-NPC."	( Effects of polymer molecular weight on relative oral bioavailability of curcumin. Chang-Liao, WL; Chien, CF; Lin, LC; Tsai, TH; Tsai, YM, 2012)	0.38
"Our findings demonstrate that different molecular weights of PLGA have varying bioavailability, contributing to changes in the absorption rate at the duodenum."	( Effects of polymer molecular weight on relative oral bioavailability of curcumin. Chang-Liao, WL; Chien, CF; Lin, LC; Tsai, TH; Tsai, YM, 2012)	0.38
") Thus, overall results suggest that nano-encapsulation of PD (NPD) increases drug bioavailability and thereby has a better chemo-preventive action against lung cancer in vivo and on A549 cells in vitro than that of PD."	( Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) encapsulated extract of Phytolacca decandra demonstrates better intervention against induced lung adenocarcinoma in mice and on A549 cells. Bhadra, K; Das, J; Das, S; Khuda-Bukhsh, AR; Samadder, A, 2012)	0.38
"SR13668 [2,10-Dicarbethoxy-6-methoxy-5,7-dihydro-indolo-(2,3-b)carbazole] has been proven effective in cancer prevention, but the limited bioavailability has hindered its clinical translation."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability of a cancer preventive agent (SR13668) by employing polymeric nanoparticles with high drug loading. Banerjee, AA; Hautman, M; Hong, S; Kapetanovic, IM; Liu, Y; Lyubimov, AV; Mlynarska, P; Shen, H, 2012)	0.38
" To improve the bioavailability and to trigger strong immunological responses, recent research projects focused on the encapsulation of drugs and antigens into polymer particles."	( Use of lectin-functionalized particles for oral immunotherapy. Diesner, SC; Gabor, F; Jensen-Jarolim, E; Untersmayr, E; Wang, XY, 2012)	0.38
" Nanoparticles have shown promise in increasing the bioavailability of some chemicals."	( Kaempferol nanoparticles achieve strong and selective inhibition of ovarian cancer cell viability. Chen, YC; Jiang, B; Jiang, BH; Li, B; Li, Z; Luo, H, 2012)	0.38
" Our work demonstrated that this new platform is capable of enhancing drug bioavailability and sustaining effective IOP reduction over an extended period of time."	( Hybrid dendrimer hydrogel/PLGA nanoparticle platform sustains drug delivery for one week and antiglaucoma effects for four days following one-time topical administration. Holden, CA; Kadam, RS; Kompella, UB; Tyagi, P; Yang, H, 2012)	0.38
" The results of this study demonstrate a plausible novel anticonvulsant activity of β-carotene at a low dose of 2 mg/kg, with brain-targeted nanodelivery, thus increasing its bioavailability and stability."	( Plausible antioxidant biomechanics and anticonvulsant pharmacological activity of brain-targeted β-carotene nanoparticles. Ahmed, B; Khan, M; Khan, RA; Yusuf, M, 2012)	0.38
" This improved the bioavailability of curcumin, a potent natural anticancer drug, making it suitable for cancer therapy."	( Scale up, optimization and stability analysis of Curcumin C3 complex-loaded nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Helson, L; Mukerjee, A; Ranjan, AP; Vishwanatha, JK, 2012)	0.38
" Unfortunately, despite its appropriate solubilization in vehicle solvents, its poor bioavailability and limited passage of the blood-brain barrier concur to disappointing results requiring the development of new delivery system forms."	( Etoposide encapsulation in surface-modified poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles strongly enhances glioma antitumor efficiency. Andry, MC; Callewaert, M; Dukic, S; Gafa, V; Molinari, M; Roullin, VG; Van Gulick, L; Vittier, M, 2013)	0.39
" Milrinone is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor which increases the bioavailability of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and has been shown to improve pulmonary hemodynamics in animal experimental models."	( Pharmacology of milrinone in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and suboptimal response to inhaled nitric oxide. Freeman, D; McNamara, PJ; Sahni, M; Shivananda, SP; Taddio, A, 2013)	0.39
" Co-administration of the dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine is beneficial, but difficult due to the poor oral bioavailability and short half-life of this drug."	( PLGA microparticles with zero-order release of the labile anti-Parkinson drug apomorphine. Bourissou, D; Degrave, N; Demonchaux, P; Jentzer, O; Martin-Vaca, B; Regnier-Delplace, C; Siepmann, F; Siepmann, J; Thillaye du Boullay, O, 2013)	0.39
" PLGA nanoparticles proved to be completely safe, suggesting a potential utilization of this nanocomplex to improve the intrinsically poor bioavailability of curcumin for the treatment of severe malignant breast cancer."	( Intracellular drug release from curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles induces G2/M block in breast cancer cells. Bonetti, P; Colombo, M; Pandolfi, L; Prosperi, D; Verderio, P, 2013)	0.39
" The relative bioavailability of PSS-NP was 190."	( An HPLC method for microanalysis and pharmacokinetics of marine sulfated polysaccharide PSS-loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles in rat plasma. Guan, HS; He, XX; Li, CX; Li, HH; Li, PL; Liu, HB; Xue, YT; Yu, GL, 2013)	0.39
" However, the compound is highly hydrophobic and its limited oral bioavailability has hindered its clinical translation."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability of the hydrophobic chemopreventive agent (SR13668) in beagle dogs. Anwer, J; Banerjee, AA; Hautman, M; Hong, S; Kapetanovic, IM; Liu, Y; Lyubimov, AV; Shen, H, 2013)	0.39
" However, its poor bioavailability requires developing a new method for fabricating an appropriate carrier vehicle to deliver genistein in a sustained manner."	( Genistein-modified poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(D,L-lactic acid) electrospun mats with improved antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Alexander, TS; Buddhiranon, S; DeFine, LA; Kyu, T, 2013)	0.64
"Ropinirole hydrochloride (RPN), a nonergot dopamine D2-agonist used in the management of Parkinson's disease, has poor oral bioavailability (52%) due to extensive hepatic metabolism."	( Fabrication and statistical optimization of surface engineered PLGA nanoparticles for naso-brain delivery of ropinirole hydrochloride: in-vitro-ex-vivo studies. Patil, GB; Surana, SJ, 2013)	0.39
" Many reasons are attributed to this limited success, including inefficient systemic delivery and bioavailability under in vivo conditions."	( Synthesis of PLGA nanoparticles of tea polyphenols and their strong in vivo protective effect against chemically induced DNA damage. Bhatnagar, P; Gupta, KC; Kumar, P; Mishra, S; Shukla, Y; Singh, M; Srivastava, AK, 2013)	0.39
" Based on in vivo hypoglycemic results, bioavailability parameters like AUC, AUMC, Cmax, Tmax, MRT, t1/2 and relative bioavailability were found to be 2218."	( Optimization and charaterization of repaglinide biodegradable polymeric nanoparticle loaded transdermal patchs: in vitro and in vivo studies. Reddy, KR; Sakthivel, S; Swetha, C; Vijayan, V, 2013)	0.39
"Poor oral bioavailability of chelidonine, a bio-active ingredient of Chelidonium majus, showing anti-cancer potentials against cancer cells with multidrug resistance, makes its optimal use rather limited."	( Cytotoxicity and apoptotic signalling cascade induced by chelidonine-loaded PLGA nanoparticles in HepG2 cells in vitro and bioavailability of nano-chelidonine in mice in vivo. Das, J; Das, S; Khuda-Bukhsh, AR; Paul, A; Samadder, A, 2013)	0.39
" At the same time, higher Caco-2 cell uptake revealed its potential for oral delivery, which was well corroborated with in vivo pharmacokinetics, which suggested ∼ 5-fold and ∼ 3-fold increase in oral bioavailability as compared to the free Tmx citrate and free QT, respectively."	( Co-encapsulation of tamoxifen and quercetin in polymeric nanoparticles: implications on oral bioavailability, antitumor efficacy, and drug-induced toxicity. Jain, AK; Jain, S; Thanki, K, 2013)	0.39
" The results obtained from this study demonstrate that nanotization of nicotine improves neuroprotective efficacy by enhancing its bioavailability and subsequent modulation in the indicators of oxidative stress and apoptosis."	( Nicotine-encapsulated poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles improve neuroprotective efficacy against MPTP-induced parkinsonism. Agarwal, S; Bhatnagar, P; Chaturvedi, RK; Chauhan, LKS; Gupta, KC; Kumar, P; Patel, DK; Singh, MP; Singhal, NK; Tiwari, MN; Tiwari, SK, 2013)	0.39
" Based on the area-under-the-curve (AUC), the bioavailability of DEX in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group administrated with regular DEX."	( Intravitreal administration of dexamethasone-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles for the treatment of posterior segment diseases. Bu, S; Jiang, L; Xie, X; Yang, C; Zeng, Q; Zhang, L; Zheng, Y; Zhu, D, 2013)	0.39
" Application of Lactobacillus in the fermentation procedure increased tempeh protein and in vitro protein bioavailability by 18 and 17% respectively."	( Effect of controlled lactic acid fermentation on selected bioactive and nutritional parameters of tempeh obtained from unhulled common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds. Mickowska, B; Starzyńska-Janiszewska, A; Stodolak, B, 2014)	0.72
" The corresponding absolute bioavailability (Fabs) of NT-PLA-cNPs was about 151% with NT-PLA-NPs as reference preparations."	( Brain pharmacokinetics of neurotoxin-loaded PLA nanoparticles modified with chitosan after intranasal administration in awake rats. Chai, G; Li, F; Liu, L; Zhang, X, 2013)	0.39
" However, low peroral bioavailability is a major limiting factor for the success of clinical utilization of curcumin."	( Efficacy of biodegradable curcumin nanoparticles in delaying cataract in diabetic rat model. Balakrishna, N; Grama, CN; Kumar, MN; Patil, MA; Raghu, G; Reddy, GB; Suryanarayana, P, 2013)	0.39
" Although most research activities are focused on intravenous application of these carriers the peroral administration is described to improve bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs."	( Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) for the quantification of nanoparticle release from tablets during dissolution testing. Engel, A; Langer, K; Mulac, D; Plöger, M, 2014)	0.4
" Vancomycin (VCM), as a glycopeptide antibiotic with antimicrobial activity against gram positive bacteria, is poorly absorbed from the intestinal tract."	( Study of antimicrobial effects of vancomycin loaded PLGA nanoparticles against enterococcus clinical isolates. Abdollahi, S; Hassan, M; Jelvehgari, M; Lotfipour, F; Milani, M; Valizadeh, H, 2014)	0.4
" The in vivo study showed that the NS formulation has a similar systemic bioavailability to Sporanox® while providing a sustained plasma level (> 100 ng/mL) for up to 24 hours after intravenous administration."	( Development of PLGA-based itraconazole injectable nanospheres for sustained release. Bian, X; Hsiao, CH; John, J; Liang, D; Liang, S; Wei, X; Xie, H, 2013)	0.39
"Our newly developed PLGA-ITZ-NS has shown great sustained release and comparable bioavailability with Sporanox®, therefore having the potential to be an alternative injectable formulation of ITZ."	( Development of PLGA-based itraconazole injectable nanospheres for sustained release. Bian, X; Hsiao, CH; John, J; Liang, D; Liang, S; Wei, X; Xie, H, 2013)	0.39
" Deglucosylation can release attractive flavour compounds from glucosylated precursors and increases the bioavailability of health-promoting plant metabolites as well as that of dietary toxins."	( β-Glucosidase activities of lactic acid bacteria: mechanisms, impact on fermented food and human health. Kneifel, W; Michlmayr, H, 2014)	0.7
"39 fold) indicated significant enhancement in the rate and extent of bioavailability by the OPT-FTC NPs compared to pure drug."	( Pharmacokinetics and in vivo biodistribution of optimized PLGA nanoparticulate drug delivery system for controlled release of emtricitabine. Pai, RS; Singh, G, 2014)	0.4
" However, the generally low solubility, stability, bioavailability and target specificity, together with the side effects seen when used at high levels, have limited their application."	( Application of nanotechnology in improving bioavailability and bioactivity of diet-derived phytochemicals. Moustaid-Moussa, N; Nie, S; Su, R; Sun, M; Wang, S; Wu, D; Zhang, J, 2014)	0.4
"Objective of the present investigation was to enhance the bioavailability of felodipine by targeting the M cells of Peyer's patches using PLGA nanoparticles (NPs)."	( Improvement in antihypertensive and antianginal effects of felodipine by enhanced absorption from PLGA nanoparticles optimized by factorial design. Joshi, G; Sawant, K; Shah, U, 2014)	0.4
" The encapsulation of CUR in Apt-CUR-NPs resulted in the increased bioavailability of delivered CUR over a period of 24 hours compared to that of free CUR in vivo."	( Epithelial cell adhesion molecule aptamer functionalized PLGA-lecithin-curcumin-PEG nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Duan, W; Li, L; Li, Q; Lin, J; Liu, K; Shigdar, S; Xiang, D; Yang, W, 2014)	0.4
" However, its molecular form shows poor uptake and bioavailability and limited ability to reach its target mitochondria."	( Mito-DCA: a mitochondria targeted molecular scaffold for efficacious delivery of metabolic modulator dichloroacetate. Dhar, S; Harn, DA; Marrache, S; Pathak, RK, 2014)	0.4
" Unfortunately, the poor bioavailability and hydrophobicity of curcumin pose a major hurdle to its use as a potent anticancer agent."	( Chemotherapeutic potential of curcumin-bearing microcells against hepatocellular carcinoma in model animals. Dua, B; Farazuddin, M; Joshi, B; Khan, AA; Owais, M; Zia, Q, 2014)	0.4
" The drug suffers enterohepatic recirculation and extensive first-pass metabolism by CYP3A4 in liver, resulting in very low bioavailability (almost zero)."	( Optimized PLGA nanoparticle platform for orally dosed trans-resveratrol with enhanced bioavailability potential. Pai, RS; Singh, G, 2014)	0.4
"The current studies entail a novel formulation approach to develop systematically optimized (OPT) nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance the oral bioavailability potential using poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) of t-RVT and overcome enterohepatic recirculation."	( Optimized PLGA nanoparticle platform for orally dosed trans-resveratrol with enhanced bioavailability potential. Pai, RS; Singh, G, 2014)	0.4
"6-fold) indicated significant enhancement in the rate and extent of bioavailability by the OPT formulation compared to pure drug and marketed product."	( Optimized PLGA nanoparticle platform for orally dosed trans-resveratrol with enhanced bioavailability potential. Pai, RS; Singh, G, 2014)	0.4
"The studies, therefore, could provide another useful tool for successful development of t-RVT NPs and an in vivo approach to designate nanoparticulate system of t-RVT with distinctly improved bioavailability and to overcome enterohepatic recirculation."	( Optimized PLGA nanoparticle platform for orally dosed trans-resveratrol with enhanced bioavailability potential. Pai, RS; Singh, G, 2014)	0.4
"The aim of study was to formulate PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) of Gemcitabine HCl for enhanced oral bioavailability via absorption through M cells of Peyer's patches."	( Enhanced bioavailability and intestinal uptake of Gemcitabine HCl loaded PLGA nanoparticles after oral delivery. Joshi, G; Kumar, A; Sawant, K, 2014)	0.4
" The aim of this study to assess the bioavailability and safety of SFAs as drug solvents for the topical ocular application of Cyclosporin A (CsA)."	( Semifluorinated alkanes as a liquid drug carrier system for topical ocular drug delivery. Dutescu, RM; Merkel, OM; Panfil, C; Schrage, N, 2014)	0.4
"Micro- and nanoparticle formulations are widely used to improve the bioavailability of low solubility drugs."	( Docetaxel load biodegradable porous microspheres for the treatment of colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis. Fan, R; Guo, G; Han, B; Luo, Y; Peng, X; Wang, Y; Wu, M; Zheng, Y; Zhou, L, 2014)	0.4
" However, their negative surface charge decreases bioavailability under oral administration."	( Preparation and in vitro evaluation of thienorphine-loaded PLGA nanoparticles. Mei, XG; Xie, XY; Yang, Y, 2016)	0.43
" However, low bioavailability caused by its poor water solubility limits it anticancer efficacy in clinic."	( Preparation, characterization, and anticancer efficacy of evodiamine-loaded PLGA nanoparticles. Bao, J; Chen, F; Chen, M; He, C; Wang, L; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Zou, L, 2016)	0.43
" Their efficacy has been tested in tumor xenografted mice and considerable experimental findings have stimulated researchers to further improve the bioavailability of these nutraceuticals."	( Targeting cancer with nano-bullets: curcumin, EGCG, resveratrol and quercetin on flying carpets. Aras, A; Farooqi, AA; Hechenleitner, AA; Khokhar, AR; Pineda, EA; Qureshi, MZ; Silva, MF; Sobczak-Kupiec, A, 2014)	0.4
" The present work is aimed to enhance the bioavailability of etoposide by co-administering it with quercetin (a P-gp inhibitor) in dual-loaded polymeric nanoparticle formulation."	( Novel flavonoid-based biodegradable nanoparticles for effective oral delivery of etoposide by P-glycoprotein modulation: an in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo investigations. Fatma, S; Goswami, DG; Iqbal, Z; Negi, LM; Panda, AK; Talegaonkar, S; Tariq, M, 2016)	0.43
" Promising properties, including long-circulation time, enhanced tumor localization, interference with "multidrug" resistance effects, and environmental biodegradability, often result in an improvement of the drug bioavailability and effectiveness."	( Antiproliferative effect of ASC-J9 delivered by PLGA nanoparticles against estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells. Colombo, M; Corsi, F; Gramatica, F; Marinozzi, MR; Mazzucchelli, S; Morasso, C; Pandolfi, L; Prosperi, D; Vanna, R; Verderio, P, 2014)	0.4
"Artemisinin, a potential antileishmanial compound with poor bioavailability and stability has limited efficacy in visceral leishmaniasis."	( A new approach for the delivery of artemisinin: formulation, characterization, and ex-vivo antileishmanial studies. Afrin, F; Chattopadhyay, AP; Chouhan, G; Dasgupta, AK; Islamuddin, M; Want, MY, 2014)	0.4
"Poor drug penetration and rapid clearance after topical instillation of a drug formulation into the eyes are the major causes for the lower ocular bioavailability from conventional eye drops."	( Dorzolamide-loaded PLGA/vitamin E TPGS nanoparticles for glaucoma therapy: Pharmacoscintigraphy study and evaluation of extended ocular hypotensive effect in rabbits. Ahmad, FJ; Anwar, M; Garg, V; Jain, GK; Khar, RK; Talegaonkar, S; Warsi, MH, 2014)	0.4
" This novel technology enhances drug bioavailability and decreases toxicity, with future implications for the treatment of end-stage heart failure."	( Sustained release of milrinone delivered via microparticles in a rodent model of myocardial infarction. Al Kindi, H; Nepotchatykh, O; Paul, A; Prakash, S; Schwertani, A; Shum-Tim, D; You, Z, 2014)	0.4
" To improve the anti-cancer effect and bioavailability of TAN, we developed a mixed micelle system constituted with D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate-graft-poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (TPGS-g-PLGA) copolymer and Pluronic F68."	( TPGS-g-PLGA/Pluronic F68 mixed micelles for tanshinone IIA delivery in cancer therapy. Chen, M; Fang, X; Li, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, J; Zhou, D, 2014)	0.4
"The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) content on absorption rate and osteoconductive behavior of β-TCP/poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) interference screws for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction."	( Comparison of resorption and remodeling of bioabsorbable interference screws in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Dejour, D; Demey, G; Ntagiopoulos, PG; Tavernier, T, 2015)	0.61
" The material with the highest β-TCP content was absorbed more rapidly, supporting the hypothesis that increased β-TCP content in β-TCP/PLLA biocomposite material resulted in enhanced absorption rate of interference screws used in ACL reconstruction without affecting fixation strength."	( Comparison of resorption and remodeling of bioabsorbable interference screws in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Dejour, D; Demey, G; Ntagiopoulos, PG; Tavernier, T, 2015)	0.42
" Then, PLGA NPs with salvianolic acid B (Sal B), tanshinone IIA (TS IIA), and total panax notoginsenoside (PNS) including notoginsenoside R1 (R1), ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), and ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) were developed to evaluate whether NPs loaded with compound drugs would pass through the RWM and improve the local bioavailability of these agents."	( Enhanced local bioavailability of single or compound drugs delivery to the inner ear through application of PLGA nanoparticles via round window administration. Cai, H; Chen, G; Su, H; Tirelli, N; Wen, L; Wen, X; Yang, F; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y, 2014)	0.4
"Polymer based nanoparticle formulations have been shown to increase drug bioavailability and/or reduce drug adverse effects."	( Effect of formulation variables on preparation of celecoxib loaded polylactide-co-glycolide nanoparticles. Cooper, DL; Harirforoosh, S, 2014)	0.4
" Systemically administered drugs are often poorly bioavailable in the brain, and drug efficacy within the central nervous system can be limited by peripheral toxicity."	( Intravenous delivery of camptothecin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for the treatment of intracranial glioma. Berens, ME; Chung, EP; Dhruv, HD; DiPerna, DM; Householder, KT; Sirianni, RW; Wohlleb, GM, 2015)	0.42
" In summary, PLGA and PLGA-Chi nanoparticles may be considered as an attractive and promising approach to enhance the bioavailability and activity of poorly water soluble compounds such as α-tocopherol and tocotrienols."	( Cellular uptake, antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of entrapped α-tocopherol and γ-tocotrienol in poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) and chitosan covered PLGA nanoparticles (PLGA-Chi). Alayoubi, A; Alqahtani, S; Astete, CE; Kaddoumi, A; Nazzal, S; Sabliov, CM; Shen, Y; Simon, L; Sylvester, PW; Xu, Z, 2015)	0.42
" The obtained specific absorption rate results show that nanoworms and nanospheres with fixed one- and two-dimensional nanocube arrangements, respectively, succeed in reducing the loss of heating power upon agglomeration, suggesting a change in the kind of nano-object to be used in magnetic hyperthermia."	( Nano-objects for addressing the control of nanoparticle arrangement and performance in magnetic hyperthermia. Andreu, I; Natividad, E; Roubeau, O; Solozábal, L, 2015)	0.42
" However, to our knowledge, there are no data to support that the bioavailability of iron is affected by lactic fermentation."	( Increased iron bioavailability from lactic-fermented vegetables is likely an effect of promoting the formation of ferric iron (Fe(3+)). Rossander-Hulthen, L; Sandberg, AS; Scheers, N; Torsdottir, I, 2016)	0.43
"The objective of the present study was to investigate whether the bioavailability of iron from a vegetable mix was affected by lactic fermentation and to propose a mechanism for such an event, by conducting human and cell (Caco-2, HepG2) studies and iron speciation measurements (voltammetry)."	( Increased iron bioavailability from lactic-fermented vegetables is likely an effect of promoting the formation of ferric iron (Fe(3+)). Rossander-Hulthen, L; Sandberg, AS; Scheers, N; Torsdottir, I, 2016)	0.43
"The mechanism for the increased bioavailability of iron from lactic-fermented vegetables is likely an effect of the increase in ferric iron (Fe(3+)) species caused by the lactic fermentation."	( Increased iron bioavailability from lactic-fermented vegetables is likely an effect of promoting the formation of ferric iron (Fe(3+)). Rossander-Hulthen, L; Sandberg, AS; Scheers, N; Torsdottir, I, 2016)	0.43
" The strong effects of resveratrol on the mitochondrial respiratory chain and on glycolysis suggest that caution should be used in attempts to increase bioavailability of this compound in the CNS."	( Silent information regulator 1 modulator resveratrol increases brain lactate production and inhibits mitochondrial metabolism, whereas SRT1720 increases oxidative metabolism. Beart, PM; Klugmann, M; Lau, CL; Rae, CD; Rowlands, BD; Ryall, JG; Thomas, DS, 2015)	0.42
" Despite its imperative biological activities, chemical instability, photo-instability and poor bioavailability limits its utilization as an effective therapeutic agent."	( Curcumin conjugated with PLGA potentiates sustainability, anti-proliferative activity and apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells. Dhumale, S; Pandey, SM; Pathak, C; Sharma, A; Waghela, BN, 2015)	0.42
"This research proved that poly(lactic acid) microspheres can significantly prolong the drug circulation time in vivo and can also significantly increase the relative bioavailability of the drug."	( Development of lovastatin-loaded poly(lactic acid) microspheres for sustained oral delivery: in vitro and ex vivo evaluation. Chen, W; Guan, Q; Hu, X, 2015)	0.97
" However, due to bioavailability problems, the most common route of insulin administration is the subcutaneous route, which may present patients compliance problems to treatment."	( Polymer-based nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery: Revisited approaches. Araújo, F; Fonte, P; Pereira, C; Reis, S; Santos, HA; Sarmento, B; Silva, C, 2015)	0.42
" sodium alendronate (Aln) is characterized by extremely low bioavailability and high toxicity."	( Injectable nanoparticle-loaded hydrogel system for local delivery of sodium alendronate. Bacakova, L; Filova, E; Kamperman, M; Pamula, E; Parizek, M; Posadowska, U; Wlodarczyk-Biegun, M, 2015)	0.42
" Present investigation is aimed at the development of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) for oral bioavailability enhancement of epirubicin."	( Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles for oral delivery of epirubicin: In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo investigations. Alam, MA; Iqbal, Z; Panda, AK; Singh, AT; Talegaonkar, S; Tariq, M, 2015)	0.42
"Lutein bioavailability is limited because of its poor aqueous solubility."	( Biodegradable Poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid)-Polyethylene Glycol Nanocapsules: An Efficient Carrier for Improved Solubility, Bioavailability, and Anticancer Property of Lutein. Arunkumar, R; Baskaran, V; Dharmesh, SM; Hirata, T; Manabe, Y; Prashanth, KVH; Sugawara, T, 2015)	0.42
" However, anti-inflammatory activity of AKBA is impeded by poor oral bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility."	( Development and optimisation of 3-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid loaded poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid-nanoparticles with enhanced oral bioavailability and in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity in rats. Bairwa, K; Jachak, SM, 2015)	0.42
" The optimised nanoparticles were evaluated for in-vitro drug release and oral bioavailability studies, and in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema method."	( Development and optimisation of 3-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid loaded poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid-nanoparticles with enhanced oral bioavailability and in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity in rats. Bairwa, K; Jachak, SM, 2015)	0.42
" Bioavailability study revealed about six times higher peak plasma concentration of AKBA in AKBA-NPs."	( Development and optimisation of 3-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid loaded poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid-nanoparticles with enhanced oral bioavailability and in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity in rats. Bairwa, K; Jachak, SM, 2015)	0.42
"The promising results of improved oral bioavailability and in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity of AKBA suggested the successful nanoparticle formulation of AKBA."	( Development and optimisation of 3-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid loaded poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid-nanoparticles with enhanced oral bioavailability and in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity in rats. Bairwa, K; Jachak, SM, 2015)	0.42
" Active glycolysis in astrocytes is required for effective support of neuronal activity and angiogenesis, while endothelial cells regulate bioavailability of lactate for brain cells adjusting its bidirectional transport through the BBB."	( Glycolysis-mediated control of blood-brain barrier development and function. Gorina, YV; Komleva, YK; Kuvacheva, NV; Lopatina, OL; Morgun, AV; Petrova, LL; Pozhilenkova, EA; Salmina, AB; Taranushenko, TE, 2015)	0.42
" In order to reduce the burst release of insulin from PLGA nanoparticles and deliver insulin to specific gastrointestinal regions, hence to enhance bioavailability of insulin, the PLGA nanoparticles were further encapsulated into Eudragit(®) FS 30D to prepare PLGA nanoparticle composite microcapsules by organic spray-drying method."	( pH-sensitive poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle composite microcapsules for oral delivery of insulin. Cui, F; Kawashima, Y; Liang, N; Sun, S; Yamamoto, H; Yan, P, 2015)	0.42
"P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux is the major cause of multidrug resistance (MDR) in tumors when using anticancer drugs, moreover, poor bioavailability of few drugs is also due to P-gp efflux in the gut."	( Co-delivery of rapamycin- and piperine-loaded polymeric nanoparticles for breast cancer treatment. Domb, AJ; Katiyar, SS; Khan, W; Muntimadugu, E; Rafeeqi, TA, 2016)	0.43
" However, the low solubility in water decreases its bioavailability and consequently disrupts the biomedical benefits."	( Chrysin-loaded PLGA-PEG nanoparticles designed for enhanced effect on the breast cancer cell line. Akbarzadeh, A; Anari, E; Zarghami, N, 2016)	0.43
" Therefore, in the present study, cell-penetrating peptides (R8, Tat, penetratin) and a secretion peptide (Sec) with N-terminal stearylation were introduced to modify nanoparticles (NPs) on the surface to improve oral bioavailability of peptide and protein drugs."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability of insulin using PLGA nanoparticles co-modified with cell-penetrating peptides and Engrailed secretion peptide (Sec). Chen, S; Gao, Y; Guo, F; Li, F; Xie, B; Zhong, H; Zhou, J; Zhu, S, 2016)	0.43
" pentosaceus KTU05-9 and KTU05-8 strains could be recommended to use as a starter for sourdough preparation for increasing of mineral bioavailability from wholemeal wheat bread."	( Phytase activity of lactic acid bacteria and their impact on the solubility of minerals from wholemeal wheat bread. Bartkiene, E; Cizeikiene, D; Damasius, J; Juodeikiene, G; Paskevicius, A, 2015)	0.74
" The bioavailability was measured as 51 ± 7."	( Inhalable, large porous PLGA microparticles loaded with paclitaxel: preparation, in vitro and in vivo characterization. Alipour, S; Montaseri, H; Tafaghodi, M, 2015)	0.42
" With increased research and clinical applications of lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles in drug and vaccine delivery, this work will significantly impact the design of the hybrid nanoparticles for minimized molecule release during circulation and increased bioavailability of the target molecules."	( Engineering the lipid layer of lipid-PLGA hybrid nanoparticles for enhanced in vitro cellular uptake and improved stability. Ehrich, M; Hoerle, R; Hu, Y; Zhang, C, 2015)	0.42
" We have therefore developed novel formulations of BT for improving its solubility, bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy."	( PLA nanovectors with encapsulated betulin: plant leaf extract-synthesized nanovectors are more efficacious than PVA-synthesized nanovectors. Kumar, D; Kumari, A; Yadav, R; Yadav, SK, 2016)	0.43
"Dark chocolate (DC) is abundant in flavanols which have been reported to increase the bioavailability and bioactivity of nitric oxide (NO)."	( Dark chocolate supplementation reduces the oxygen cost of moderate intensity cycling. Brouner, J; Patel, RK; Spendiff, O, 2015)	0.42
" However, the poor water solubility of chrysin limited their bioavailability and biomedical applications."	( Down regulation of miR-18a, miR-21 and miR-221 genes in gastric cancer cell line by chrysin-loaded PLGA-PEG nanoparticles. Dastani-Habashi, M; Mofarrah, M; Mohammadian, F; Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi, Y; Zarghami, N, 2016)	0.43
"Epirubicin (EPI) elicits poor-oral bioavailability hence commercially available as injection for intravenous administration which follows a rapid increase and fast decay in plasma drug concentration often needs a frequent dosing that may lead to serious side effects."	( Improved oral efficacy of epirubicin through polymeric nanoparticles: pharmacodynamic and toxicological investigations. Alam, MA; Panda, AK; Singh, AT; Talegaonkar, S; Tariq, M, 2016)	0.43
"57 folds higher oral bioavailability through EPI-PNPs and EPI-MNPs when compared with EPI-S."	( Surface decorated nanoparticles as surrogate carriers for improved transport and absorption of epirubicin across the gastrointestinal tract: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations. Alam, MA; Panda, AK; Singh, AT; Talegaonkar, S; Tariq, M, 2016)	0.43
" The pharmacokinetic profile was substantially modified and about 16-folds enhancement in bioavailability was observed vis-à-vis plain drug."	( Dextran-PLGA-loaded docetaxel micelles with enhanced cytotoxicity and better pharmacokinetic profile. Bhushan, S; Guru, SK; Katare, OP; Kaushik, L; Kumar, N; Kumar, P; Malik, R; Misra, C; Raza, K, 2016)	0.43
" Enhanced DNA cleavage potential, nuclear fragmentation and condensation in apoptotic cells confirm greater bioavailability of PLGA-Tmx as compared to pure Tmx in terms of receptor mediated endocytosis."	( Controlled release of drug and better bioavailability using poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles. Haldar, C; Maiti, P; Maurya, AK; Mishra, DP; Pandey, SK; Patel, DK; Thakur, R; Vinayak, M, 2016)	0.67
"To investigate the effect of the particle size and coadministration of borneol on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of entrapped drug in different size poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles."	( Effects of borneol on the pharmacokinetics of 9-nitrocamptothecin encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles with different size via oral administration. Han, L; Li, R; Qing, J; Qiu, M; Ru, G; Sheng, J; Wang, J, 2016)	0.43
"The experiments showed that the encapsulation drug in nanoparticles with size below 200 nm could improve the oral bioavailability of 9-NC."	( Effects of borneol on the pharmacokinetics of 9-nitrocamptothecin encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles with different size via oral administration. Han, L; Li, R; Qing, J; Qiu, M; Ru, G; Sheng, J; Wang, J, 2016)	0.43
" The combination of the two strategies provides a potential approach to improve the oral bioavailability of drug."	( Effects of borneol on the pharmacokinetics of 9-nitrocamptothecin encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles with different size via oral administration. Han, L; Li, R; Qing, J; Qiu, M; Ru, G; Sheng, J; Wang, J, 2016)	0.43
"Cardiovascular protein therapeutics such as neuregulin (NRG1) and acidic-fibroblast growth factor (FGF1) requires new formulation strategies that allow for sustained bioavailability of the drug in the infarcted myocardium."	( Catheter-based Intramyocardial Injection of FGF1 or NRG1-loaded MPs Improves Cardiac Function in a Preclinical Model of Ischemia-Reperfusion. Abizanda, G; Blanco-Prieto, MJ; de Yebenes, MG; Garbayo, E; Gavira, JJ; Lana, H; Pelacho, B; Prosper, F, 2016)	0.43
"This study tested the hypothesis that watermelon juice supplementation would improve nitric oxide bioavailability and exercise performance."	( Two weeks of watermelon juice supplementation improves nitric oxide bioavailability but not endurance exercise performance in humans. Bailey, SJ; Blackwell, JR; Jones, AM; Vanhatalo, A; Williams, E; Winyard, PG; Wylie, LJ, 2016)	0.43
" Low aqueous solubility of quercetin limits its bioavailability and hence therapeutic effects."	( Development and evaluation of PLGA polymer based nanoparticles of quercetin. Al-Mansoor, MA; Al-Shdefat, R; Ansari, MN; Anwer, MK; Jamil, S; Shakeel, F, 2016)	0.43
"Curcumin (CUR), the main polyphenol in turmeric, is poorly absorbed and rapidly metabolized following oral administration, which severely curtails its bioavailability."	( Metabolic fate of poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based curcumin nanoparticles following oral administration. Harigae, T; Ikeda, I; Inoue, N; Kimura, F; Miyazawa, T; Nakagawa, K, 2016)	0.43
"These findings provide a better understanding of the bioavailability of CUR and CUR-NP following oral administration."	( Metabolic fate of poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based curcumin nanoparticles following oral administration. Harigae, T; Ikeda, I; Inoue, N; Kimura, F; Miyazawa, T; Nakagawa, K, 2016)	0.43
" The current study was focused to develop a stabilised clindamycin encapsulated poly lactic acid (PLA)/poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nano-formulation with better drug bioavailability at molecular level."	( Enhanced efficacy of clindamycin hydrochloride encapsulated in PLA/PLGA based nanoparticle system for oral delivery. Ashe, S; Das, NM; Nayak, B; Nayak, D; Rauta, PR, 2016)	0.66
" The bioavailability for the intratracheal levofloxacin solution and intratracheal chitosan microspheres was estimated to be 98% and 71%, respectively, both with a direct release into the ELF compartment."	( Pulmonary pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in rats after aerosolization of immediate-release chitosan or sustained-release PLGA microspheres. Couet, W; Gaspar, MC; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Lamarche, I; Marchand, S; Olivier, JC; Pais, AA; Sousa, JJ, 2016)	0.43
" Despite many promises, tamoxifen is associated with various challenges like low hydrophilicity, poor bioavailability and dose-dependent toxicity."	( Chitosan-modified PLGA polymeric nanocarriers with better delivery potential for tamoxifen. Chitkara, D; Kumar, P; Kumar, R; Raza, K; Singh, B; Thakur, CK; Thotakura, N, 2016)	0.43
"Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems can resolve the poor bioavailability issue allied with curcumin."	( Curcumin as potential therapeutic natural product: a nanobiotechnological perspective. Bhattacharya, MK; Choudhury, MD; Shome, S; Talukdar, AD; Upadhyaya, H, 2016)	0.43
"Curcumin has multiple pharmacologic effects, but its poor bioavailability reduces its therapeutic effects."	( Curcumin as potential therapeutic natural product: a nanobiotechnological perspective. Bhattacharya, MK; Choudhury, MD; Shome, S; Talukdar, AD; Upadhyaya, H, 2016)	0.43
" In order to increase their bioavailability and favour their therapeutic effects, they have been combined with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and polyethylene glycol microparticles (PLGA MPs and PEG-PLGA MPs)."	( Cytokine-loaded PLGA and PEG-PLGA microparticles showed similar heart regeneration in a rat myocardial infarction model. Blanco-Prieto, MJ; Garbayo, E; Pascual-Gil, S; Prósper, F; Simón-Yarza, T, 2017)	0.46
" Moreover, encapsulation protects the drug from deactivation by biological reactions and interactions with biomolecules, ensuring successful delivery and bioavailability for effective treatment."	( PLGA-loaded nanomedicines in melanoma treatment: Future prospect for efficient drug delivery. Das, S; Khuda-Bukhsh, AR, 2016)	0.43
" We similarly measured the oral and inhalational bioavailability by monitoring the pharmacokinetics and disposition of the drug in live animals."	( Aerosolizable modified-release particles of montelukast improve retention and availability of the drug in the lungs. Ahsan, F; Patel, B; Rashid, J, 2017)	0.46
"To address targeting and bioavailability issues of peptidic drugs like desmopressin, the encapsulation into nanoparticles (NP) has become standard in pharmaceutics."	( Influence of different stabilizers on the encapsulation of desmopressin acetate into PLGA nanoparticles. Günday Türeli, N; Primavessy, D; Schneider, M, 2017)	0.46
"Cancers develop metabolic strategies to cope with their microenvironment often characterized by hypoxia, limited nutrient bioavailability and exposure to anticancer treatments."	( Radiosynthesis and validation of (±)-[18F]-3-fluoro-2-hydroxypropionate ([18F]-FLac) as a PET tracer of lactate to monitor MCT1-dependent lactate uptake in tumors. Dehon, G; Frédérick, R; Grasso, D; Grégoire, V; Labar, D; Muccioli, GG; Sonveaux, P; Van Hée, VF, 2017)	0.46
" There is currently an unmet need for an efficacious (AMB) formulation amenable to oral administration with better bioavailability and lower nephrotoxicity."	( Oral administration of amphotericin B nanoparticles: antifungal activity, bioavailability and toxicity in rats. AlQuadeib, BT; Horrocks, B; Radwan, MA; Šiller, L; Wright, MC, 2017)	0.46
" The aim of the present study is to improve the oral bioavailability of FST by encapsulating into PLGA NPs (poly-lactide-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles) as a complex of HPβCD (hydroxyl propyl beta cyclodextrin) and to assess its anti-cancer activity against breast cancer cells."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability and anticancer efficacy of fisetin by encapsulating as inclusion complex with HPβCD in polymeric nanoparticles. Bhandi, MM; Borkar, RM; Gudem, S; Kadari, A; Kolapalli, VR; Kulhari, H; Sistla, R, 2017)	0.46
" The oral delivery of bosentan possesses several drawbacks such as low bioavailability (about 50%), short duration of action, frequent administration, hepatotoxicity and systemic hypotension."	( Respirable controlled release polymeric colloid (RCRPC) of bosentan for the management of pulmonary hypertension: in vitro aerosolization, histological examination and in vivo pulmonary absorption. Basalious, EB; ELGazayerly, ON; Hanna, LA, 2016)	0.43
" Impaired bioavailability of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is one of the main reasons of endothelial dysfunction."	( mZD7349 peptide-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles directed against VCAM-1 for targeted delivery of simvastatin to restore dysfunctional HUVECs. Amani, A; Deiham, B; Doosti, M; Faramarzi, MA; Imanparast, F; Kobarfard, F; Paknejad, M; Vatannejad, A, 2017)	0.46
" Therefore, in this study, to overcome extremely low bioavailability of γ-oryzanol with super-high lipophilicity, we encapsulated γ-oryzanol in polymer poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (Nano-Orz), and evaluated its metabolically beneficial impact in genetically obese-diabetic ob/ob mice, the best-known severest diabetic model in mice."	( Marked augmentation of PLGA nanoparticle-induced metabolically beneficial impact of γ-oryzanol on fuel dyshomeostasis in genetically obese-diabetic ob/ob mice. Abe, K; Egashira, K; Fukuda, K; Kamei, A; Kinjo, A; Kondo, T; Kozuka, C; Masuzaki, H; Morinaga, H; Nakano, K; Shimizu-Okabe, C; Takayama, C; Yasuoka, A, 2017)	0.46
" Existing functional substances have been assessed as fermentation substrates for better component bioavailability or other functions."	( Bioconversion Using Lactic Acid Bacteria: Ginsenosides, GABA, and Phenolic Compounds. Lee, NK; Paik, HD, 2017)	0.78
" To increase the bioavailability of applied cells, it is of great interest that transfected cells remain at the application site and systemic spread is minimized."	( Biodegradable poly (lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) scaffolds as carriers for genetically-modified fibroblasts. Burgkart, RH; Foehr, P; Goeldner, M; Hopfner, U; Klutz, K; Machens, HG; Perisic, T; Schilling, AF; Slobodianski, A; Zhang, Z, 2017)	0.78
"Curcumin has shown promising inhibitory activity against HER-2-positive tumor cells in vitro but suffers from poor oral bioavailability in vivo."	( Chemopreventive efficacy of curcumin-loaded PLGA microparticles in a transgenic mouse model of HER-2-positive breast cancer. Grill, AE; Koniar, B; Panyam, J; Shahani, K, 2018)	0.48
" Similarly, for pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, higher oral bioavailability was observed from DTX-CS-PLGA-NPs (5."	( Preparation and characterization of surface-modified PLGA-polymeric nanoparticles used to target treatment of intestinal cancer. Ahmad, FJ; Ahmad, N; Ahmad, R; Alam, MA; Naqvi, AA, 2018)	0.48
" More importantly, the enhancement in the oral relative bioavailability of the PEG-lipid-PLGA NPs/BBR-SPC was ∼343% compared with that of BBR."	( PEG-lipid-PLGA hybrid nanoparticles loaded with berberine-phospholipid complex to facilitate the oral delivery efficiency. Ao, M; Chen, XD; Hou, Z; Li, D; Li, N; Li, Y; Qi, Z; Xia, J; Yu, F; Zheng, X, 2017)	0.46
" The release in vivo was carried out on the rats, as a result, liposome L3 showed higher bioavailability than traditional intravenous injectable administration, and liposome L3 showed higher elimination ratio after stimulation by ultrasound than L3 without stimulation."	( PLGA nanoparticles introduction into mitoxantrone-loaded ultrasound-responsive liposomes: In vitro and in vivo investigations. Mao, Z; Qi, Q; Xin, Y; Zhan, X, 2017)	0.46
"To improve insulin bioavailability and overcome multiple barriers for oral delivery of insulin, the composite nanocarriers (PLGA/FA-CS) prepared from poly(lactide-co-glycoside) (PLGA) and folic acid modified chitosan (FA-CS) were fabricated via electrostatic self-assembly method."	( Preparation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and chitosan composite nanocarriers via electrostatic self assembly for oral delivery of insulin. Jiang, G; Kong, X; Liu, D; Liu, Y; Xu, B; Yao, J; Yu, W, 2017)	0.46
" CA4P-NPs reached an absolute bioavailability of 77."	( Water-Soluble Combretastatin A4 Phosphate Orally Delivered via Composite Nanoparticles With Improved Inhibition Effect Toward S180 Tumors. Qiu, L; Shen, Y; Wu, L, 2017)	0.46
"To improve the bioavailability of ibuprofen (IBU), we developed a novel binary complex of poly(PEGMA-co-MAA) hydrogel and IBU-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (IBU-PLGA NPs@hydrogels) as an oral intestinal targeting drug delivery system (OIDDS)."	( The binary complex of poly(PEGMA-co-MAA) hydrogel and PLGA nanoparticles as a novel oral drug delivery system for ibuprofen delivery. Feng, J; Huang, S; Shang, Q; Yang, S; Zhang, A, 2017)	0.46
" Although post-operative prescription of anti-inflammatory drugs is used to manage the inflammation, the need for local drug delivery systems has been rising because of low bioavailability and fast clearance of drugs."	( Surgical suture releasing macrophage-targeted drug-loaded nanoparticles for an enhanced anti-inflammatory effect. Choy, YB; Heo, CY; Huh, BK; Kim, BH; Kim, H; Park, JH; Yoo, YC, 2017)	0.46
"The development of nanocarriers is an important approach to increase the bioavailability of hydrophilic drugs in target cells."	( In vitro assessment of anti-tumorigenic mechanisms and efficacy of NanoALA, a nanoformulation of aminolevulic acid designed for photodynamic therapy of cancer. da Silva, JR; de Andrade, LR; Lacava, ZGM; Primo, FL; Tedesco, AC, 2017)	0.46
"The in vitro release kinetics of the loaded VEGF revealed that the designed scaffolds fulfill the bioavailability of VEGF required for vascularization in the early stages of tissue regeneration."	( 3D printed TCP-based scaffold incorporating VEGF-loaded PLGA microspheres for craniofacial tissue engineering. Bastami, F; Dashtimoghadam, E; Fahimipour, F; Khoshroo, K; Lobner, D; Rasoulianboroujeni, M; Tahriri, M; Tayebi, L, 2017)	0.46
" In vivo pharmacokinetics correlated well with in vitro solubilization data, whereby oral CIN bioavailability in rats, when encapsulated in the corresponding formulations, increased from SSLC < SSLH < PLH."	( Comparison across Three Hybrid Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Improving the Oral Absorption of the Poorly Water-Soluble Weak Base Cinnarizine. Bhatt, A; Boyd, BJ; Joyce, P; Pham, A; Prestidge, CA; Yasmin, R, 2017)	0.46
" Whilst oral formulations are also used, these suffer from the drawbacks of variable bioavailability and first-pass metabolism."	( Fabrication and Use of Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)-Based Formulations Designed for Modified Release of 5-Fluorouracil. Geary, S; Leelakanok, N; Salem, A, 2018)	0.48
"The bioavailability of poorly-water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be significantly improved by so-called amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs)."	( Investigating phase separation in amorphous solid dispersions via Raman mapping. Klanke, C; Luebbert, C; Sadowski, G, 2018)	0.48
" Our findings indicated that lactate and biochar in flooded paddy soils can stimulate the active As(V)-respiring bacteria Geobacter species for arsenic reduction and release, which probably increases arsenic bioavailability to rice plants."	( Transcriptional Activity of Arsenic-Reducing Bacteria and Genes Regulated by Lactate and Biochar during Arsenic Transformation in Flooded Paddy Soil. Cui, JH; Hu, M; Huang, W; Li, FB; Li, XM; Qiao, JT; Sun, WM; Young, LY, 2018)	0.48
" In this context, the aim of this study was to design in situ thermosensitive hydrogels for GCV ocular delivery by intravitreal injection to achieve sustained drug release behavior and improved ocular bioavailability in the treatment of CMV retinitis."	( Synthesis, physicochemical properties and ocular pharmacokinetics of thermosensitive in situ hydrogels for ganciclovir in cytomegalovirus retinitis treatment. Shen, Y; Sun, C; Tu, J; Wang, Q; Xu, B, 2018)	0.48
" Furthermore, metabolic changes are associated with transient increase in the bioavailability of antioxidants, including lactic acid and cholic acid and anti-inflammatory metabolites 3 deoxyvitamin D3, and docosahexaenoic acid."	( A Metabolomic and Lipidomic Serum Signature from Nonhuman Primates Administered with a Promising Radiation Countermeasure, Gamma-Tocotrienol. Cheema, AK; Fatanmi, OO; Hinzman, CP; Mehta, KY; Singh, VK; Wise, SY; Wolff, J, 2017)	0.66
" PLGA (Poly Lactic co-Glycolic Acid) encapsulation of drug nanoparticles have showed to induce sustain release and henceforth enhance the efficiency and bioavailability of drugs."	( Design and Characterization of Apocynin Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles and their In vivo Efficacy in Hyperoxaluric Rats. Bhardwaj, R; Bijarnia, RK; Kaur, T; Parmar, A; Sharma, S, 2018)	0.48
" However, this system presents a bioavailability of less than 20% for insulin encapsulation."	( Oral insulin delivery, the challenge to increase insulin bioavailability: Influence of surface charge in nanoparticle system. Auberval, N; Bietiger, W; Czuba, E; Diop, M; Frere, Y; Julien-David, D; Langlois, A; Maillard, E; Marchioni, E; Mura, C; Neidl, R; Pinget, M; Schaschkow, A; Sigrist, S; Virciglio, A, 2018)	0.48
"Mannosylated polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) enable improvement of brain bioavailability and reduction of dosing due to efficient drug delivery at the target site."	( Targeted delivery of mannosylated-PLGA nanoparticles of antiretroviral drug to brain. Parikh, RH; Patel, BK; Patel, N, 2018)	0.48
" However, low aqueous solubility, poor stability and decreased bioavailability associated with native curcumin holds back its use in clinical settings."	( Evaluation of curcumin loaded chitosan/PEG blended PLGA nanoparticles for effective treatment of pancreatic cancer. Arya, G; Das, M; Sahoo, SK, 2018)	0.48
" These findings were further supported by the enhancement of bioavailability (13."	( Formulation and optimization of topotecan nanoparticles: In vitro characterization, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and pharmacokinetic outcomes. Iqbal, Z; Kapoor, R; Padhi, S; Panda, AK; Verma, D, 2018)	0.48
" Therefore, based on the idea that decreasing particle size allows for increased surface area and bioavailability of the drug, in the present study, we hypothesized that nanodelivery of dexamethasone will offer increased efficacy and decreased toxicity."	( Nanodrug delivery platform for glucocorticoid use in skeletal muscle injury. Brotto, M; Cacace, J; Chapalamadugu, KC; Daviau, T; Halasz, K; Kelly, S; Nimbalkar, R; Pathak, YV; Sutariya, V; Tipparaju, SM; Tur, J; Webb, T; Weigel, R, 2018)	0.48
" These results meant that the removal of macrophages would decrease the nanoparticles accumulation in the liver and better the biodistribution and bioavailability of nanoparticles delivery systems."	( Temporary suppression the sequestrated function of host macrophages for better nanoparticles tumor delivery. Han, T; Hao, J; Liu, J; Tang, H; Wang, M; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Zhuang, Q, 2018)	0.48
"Irinotecan (IRN) (CPT-11) is a camptothecin derivative with low oral bioavailability due to active efflux by intestinal P-glycoprotein (p-gp) receptors."	( Improvement of oral efficacy of Irinotecan through biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles through in vitro and in vivo investigations. Ahmad, N; Ahmad, R; Alam, MA; Jalees Ahmad, F; Umar, S, 2018)	0.48
" Chitosan (CS)-coated-IRN-loaded-poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) (CS-IRN-PLGA-NPs)in order to enhance oral bioavailability of IRN."	( Improvement of oral efficacy of Irinotecan through biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles through in vitro and in vivo investigations. Ahmad, N; Ahmad, R; Alam, MA; Jalees Ahmad, F; Umar, S, 2018)	0.48
"03 fold in Wistar rat's plasma as well as brain higher oral bioavailability through IRN-CS-PLGA-NPs when compared with IRN-S."	( Improvement of oral efficacy of Irinotecan through biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles through in vitro and in vivo investigations. Ahmad, N; Ahmad, R; Alam, MA; Jalees Ahmad, F; Umar, S, 2018)	0.48
" Moreover, the L-valine-valine modified NPs with shorter PEG chain exhibit distinct advantages in terms of intestinal permeability and oral absorption, resulting in significantly improved oral bioavailability of DTX."	( Dipeptide-modified nanoparticles to facilitate oral docetaxel delivery: new insights into PepT1-mediated targeting strategy. Du, Y; He, Z; Huang, D; Kan, Q; Kou, L; Li, L; Liu, K; Liu, Y; Luo, C; Sun, B; Sun, J; Tian, C; Wang, M; Wei, W, 2018)	0.48
" We hypothesized that the ameliorating effect of HBO2 is caused by an increased bioavailability of NO, which can be attenuated by injection of the selective neuronal NO synthase inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole, preceding the HBO2 procedure."	( Neuronal nitric oxide inhibition attenuates the protective effect of HBO2 during cyanide poisoning. Hedetoft, M; Hyldegaard, O; Olsen, NV; Polzik, P, )	0.13
" The present study takes the advantages of nanocarriers combined with a ligand (galactose) anchoring to orally deliver RES in an attempt to improve its bioavailability and pharmacological activity."	( Galactosylated PLGA nanoparticles for the oral delivery of resveratrol: enhanced bioavailability and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Li, S; Lin, H; Siu, FY; Ye, S, 2018)	0.48
" After oral administration, RES-GNPs significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of RES, up to 335."	( Galactosylated PLGA nanoparticles for the oral delivery of resveratrol: enhanced bioavailability and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Li, S; Lin, H; Siu, FY; Ye, S, 2018)	0.48
" The in vivo study revealed significant enhancement in DTX bioavailability from CS-decorated PLGA NPs with more than 4-fold increase in AUC compared to DTX solution."	( Novel docetaxel chitosan-coated PLGA/PCL nanoparticles with magnified cytotoxicity and bioavailability. Alomrani, AH; Ashour, AE; Badran, MM; Harisa, GI; Kumar, A; Yassin, AE, 2018)	0.48
" Silymarin is a potent hepatoprotective agent; however, it has low oral bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility and low membrane permeability."	( Chitosan-functionalized lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for oral delivery of silymarin and enhanced lipid-lowering effect in NAFLD. Fan, Q; Feng, N; Huang, P; Jiang, Z; Li, Z; Liang, J; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Wang, Z; Yan, F, 2018)	0.48
" The oral bioavailability of silymarin from CS-LPNs was 14."	( Chitosan-functionalized lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for oral delivery of silymarin and enhanced lipid-lowering effect in NAFLD. Fan, Q; Feng, N; Huang, P; Jiang, Z; Li, Z; Liang, J; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Wang, Z; Yan, F, 2018)	0.48
" To achieve better bioavailability of antitumor drugs that were loaded in RBCm-NPs, the functionalization of coated RBCm with specific targeting ability is essential."	( Anti-EGFR-iRGD recombinant protein modified biomimetic nanoparticles loaded with gambogic acid to enhance targeting and antitumor ability in colorectal cancer treatment. Hua, D; Huang, J; Liu, B; Qian, H; Qian, X; Sha, H; Yu, L; Zhang, H; Zhang, Z, 2018)	0.48
" Compared to conventional agents, they increase bioavailability and efficacy."	( Metabolite Responsive Nanoparticle-Protein Complex. Fruehauf, KR; Kim, TI; Nelson, EL; Patterson, JP; Shea, KJ; Wang, SW, 2019)	0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" LA-e-starch was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle (CA) analysis, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) as well as its water absorption rate evaluated."	( Synthesis and characterization of lactic acid esterified starch by an in-situ solid phase method. He, X; Li, P; Li, X; Wu, Y; Zuo, Y, 2020)	0.84
" Because 5-ASA is well absorbed in the small intestine, very high dose of 5-ASA is required to deliver it to the large intestine which is a target site."	( Transport characteristics of 5-aminosalicylic acid into colonic epithelium: Involvement of sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter SMCT1-mediated transport system. Fujita, T; Kono, Y; Yuri, T, 2020)	0.56
" The addition of a novel drug delivery system that improves bioavailability could improve exercise recovery."	( Curcumin Improves Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness and Postexercise Lactate Accumulation. Briskey, D; Mallard, AR; Rao, A; Richards BExSSc, A, 2021)	0.62
" In this Review, we describe how the bioavailability of lactate differs in the microenvironments of tumours and inflammatory diseases compared with normal tissues, thus contributing to the establishment of specific immunological states in disease."	( Lactate modulation of immune responses in inflammatory versus tumour microenvironments. Certo, M; Ho, PC; Mauro, C; Pucino, V; Tsai, CH, 2021)	0.62
" This study used poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as nanoparticle carriers loaded with tazarotene (Ta/PLGA NPs) for drug delivery and to overcome shortcomings associated with the low water solubility, short half-life, easy photolysis and low bioavailability of tazarotene itself."	( Tazarotene-loaded PLGA nanoparticles potentiate deep tissue pressure injury healing via VEGF-Notch signaling. Guo, J; Han, J; Liu, P; Si, R; Wang, A; Yang, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Z; Zhao, M, 2020)	0.56
" Developing a prolonged release parenteral nanosphere formulation of DLX would be overcoming pitfalls like acid-labile degradation, first-pass metabolism and erratic bioavailability along with long-term therapeutic benefit in the treatment of depression."	( Polymer-based prolonged-release nanoformulation of duloxetine: fabrication, characterization and neuropharmacological assessments. Ali, W; Kuhad, A; Prasad, P; Sarwal, A; Sharma, S; Singh, G, 2021)	0.62
"Poor bioavailability of antibiotics, toxicity, and development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria jeopardize antibiotic treatments."	( Prevention of infection caused by enteropathogenic E. coli O157:H7 in intestinal cells using enrofloxacin entrapped in polymer based nanocarriers. Astete, CE; Louie, SM; Paudel, S; Peña-Bahamonde, J; Rodrigues, DF; Sabliov, CM; Shakiba, S, 2021)	0.62
" However, oral bioavailability of topotecan was not satisfactory in previous studies."	( Oral delivery of topotecan in polymeric nanoparticles: Lymphatic distribution and pharmacokinetics. Jang, JH; Jeong, SH; Lee, YB, 2021)	0.62
"The primary purpose of this study was to develop an innovative chitosan (CS) modified polylactic acid (PLA) nanospheres for enhancing the bioavailability of 1, 2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT)."	( Surface-modified polylactic acid nanospheres with chitosan for antibacterial activity of 1, 2-benzisothiazolin-3-one. Liu, J; Shi, Q; Tao, H; Xie, X; Yao, J; Zhi, H, 2021)	1.16
" Although the accurate mechanisms are not fully understood; however, some mechanisms, such as sustained release forms with increased bioavailability, increasing oral bioavailability and improving the oral and non-oral absorption, counteracting excessive superoxide and decreasing blood pressure, etc."	( The High Potency of Polymeric Nanoparticles in the Drug Delivery System for Hypertension Treatment: A Systematic Review. Amin, A; Kiani, A; Mohammadipour, F, 2022)	0.72
" The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of bioactive compounds from yellow mustard flour and milk whey both with and without LAB fermentation."	( Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of bioactive compounds from yellow mustard flour and milk whey fermented with lactic acid bacteria. Escrivá, L; Font, G; Lozano, M; Manyes, L; Meca, G; Vila-Donat, P, 2021)	0.83
"Experimental data concerning the bioavailability of the different Mg-salts in human organism is inconsistent."	( A New Caco-2 Cell Model of in Vitro Intestinal Barrier: Application for the Evaluation of Magnesium Salts Absorption. Adamičková, A; Chomanicová, N; Gažová, A; Kyselovič, J; Šalingová, B; Valášková, S, 2021)	0.62
" The pharmacological availability (PA%) and bioavailability (FR%) for insulin-loaded ChAuNps/PLGA were 15."	( Controlled synthesis of in-situ gold nanoparticles onto chitosan functionalized PLGA nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery. Asal, HA; El-Hagrasy, MA; Shoueir, KR; Toson, EA, 2022)	0.72
"Bromelain (Br), a mixture of proteolytic enzymes from pineapple (Ananas comosus), has various therapeutic potentials; however, its low bioavailability has limited the clinical applications specifically in oral delivery as the most common convenient used route of administration."	( Bromelain Loaded Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery: Formulation and Characterization. Ebrahimian, M; Hashemi, E; Hashemi, M; Mahvelati, F; Malaekeh-Nikouei, B; Oroojalian, F, 2022)	0.72
"Rifampicin is one of the most commonly used antibiotics for treating tuberculosis, but shows low bioavailability and requires long-term administration, and hence its use may result in severe side effects."	( Optimization of rifampicin encapsulation in PLGA polymeric reservoirs. Castañeda-Fernandez, C; Chávez-Santos, RM; Espitia-Pinzón, C; Kozina, A; Martínez, R; Silva-Miranda, M, 2022)	0.72
" However, due to its minimal water solubility, it is necessary to prepare an optimal nano-sized vehicle to overcome the low bioavailability issue."	( Design and Development of a New Type of Hybrid PLGA/Lipid Nanoparticle as an Ursolic Acid Delivery System against Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells. Gubernator, J; Jaromin, A; Markowski, A; Migdał, P; Olczak, E; Pawlik, K; Zaremba-Czogalla, M; Zygmunt, A, 2022)	0.72
" Drug-loaded nanosystems, particularly nanoparticles (NPs), were successfully used to address numerous drug glitches, such as efficacy, bioavailability and safety."	( Brain drug delivery and neurodegenerative diseases: Polymeric PLGA-based nanoparticles as a forefront platform. Barreiro, S; Borges, F; Fernandes, C; Pinto, M; Remião, F; Silva, R; Silva, V, 2022)	0.72
"The aim of this study was to improve the bioavailability of polymyxin B (PMB) in pulmonary nebulized drug delivery."	( Mucus-permeable polymyxin B-hyaluronic acid/ poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle platform for the nebulized treatment of lung infections. Deng, L; Feng, Y; Li, R; Ouyang, Q; Qin, M; Sun, J; Wang, F; Wang, H; Wu, J; Yang, T; Yu, Q; Zhai, T; Zhan, Q, 2022)	0.72
" The 5-ALA skin permeation is considerably reduced due to its hydrophilic characteristics, decreasing its local bioavailability and therapeutic effect."	( PLGA-PVA-PEG Single Emulsion Method as a Candidate for Aminolevulinic Acid (5-ALA) Encapsulation: Laboratory Scaling Up and Stability Evaluation. Bagnato, VS; da Silva, GR; Dos Santos, AL; Dos Santos, MC; Dos Santos, SC; Inada, NM; Rodrigues de Lima, V; Sanches, EA; Soares, AC; Ţălu, Ş, 2022)	0.72
" The current research attempted to develop poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles loaded with raloxifene by modified emulsification solvent diffusion evaporation method to improve oral bioavailability by using Taguchi design."	( Formulation, optimization and characterization of raloxifene hydrochloride loaded PLGA nanoparticles by using Taguchi design for breast cancer application. Gandhi, S; Kavisri, M; Maddiboyina, B; Moovendhan, M; Nakkala, RK; Roy, H, 2023)	0.91
" However, low bioavailability and water solubility restrict the clinical applications of this compound."	( Surface Modification of Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Nanoparticles for the Sustained in vitro Release and the Enhanced Cytotoxicity of Chelidonine. Hamidia, Z; Monajemi, R; Shahanipour, K; Talebian, N, 2023)	0.91
"The addition of protonating acids to e-cigarette liquid formulations (e-liquids) enhances nicotine bioavailability in e-cigarette use."	( Assessing the impact of protonating acid combinations in e-cigarette liquids: a randomised, crossover study on nicotine pharmacokinetics. Baxter-Wright, S; Ebajemito, J; Frosina, J; Hardie, G; McEwan, M; Taluskie, K; Thissen, J, 2023)	0.91
" GRb1@PLGA@NPs formulated using the optimal process exhibited uniform distribution and stable quality, its relative oral bioavailability was significantly improved compared to free GRb1."	( Preparation, characterization and in vivo pharmacokinetic study of ginsenoside Rb1-PLGA nanoparticles. Du, L; Guo, Z; Li, Y; Lu, H; Xiao, Y, 2023)	0.91
" When this product was administered subcutaneously to rats, it produced a comparatively constant plasma exenatide concentration that lasted for 24 days and superior bioavailability than the exenatide microspheres (EXT-MS)."	( The Modified Exenatide Microspheres: PLGA-PEG-PLGA Gel and Zinc-Exenatide Complex Synergistically Reduce Burst Release and Shorten Platform Stage. Chen, Y; Gao, X; Jiang, W; Li, D; Wang, Q; Yang, X; Zhang, X, 2023)	0.91

Dosage Studied

A new dosage form of cisplatinum (CDDP) is designed to slowly release 70% of contained CDDP. The dosed amount of lactic acid, 390 mg per 200 g body weight, was 30 times higher than that normally detected in the stomach of rats.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" This preliminary study suggests that reduction of central noradrenergic activity by clonidine, at least at the dosage levels employed in the current study, only partially attenuates panic response to lactate."	( Noradrenergic function in panic disorder. Effects of intravenous clonidine pretreatment on lactate induced panic. Campeas, RB; Coplan, JD; Davies, SO; Dillon, DJ; Fyer, AJ; Gorman, JM; Klein, DF; Liebowitz, MR; Martinez, J, 1992)	0.28
" Studies on the dosage design of this new delivery system of leuprorelin are summarized."	( [Once-a-month injectable microcapsules of leuprorelin acetate]. Ogawa, Y; Okada, H; Toguchi, H; Yamamoto, M, 1991)	0.28
" dosing regimen."	( Treatment of experimental Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with 1,3-di(4-imidazolino-2-methoxyphenoxy)propane lactate. Dykstra, CC; Gorton, L; Hall, JE; Jones, SK; Tidwell, RR, )	0.13
"Published results of dose-response effects of adrenergic drugs (epinephrine [E]) vary so much between studies because of differences in animal models and duration of ischemia before drug administration."	( Comparison of different doses of epinephrine on myocardial perfusion and resuscitation success during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a pig model. Ahnefeld, FW; Bowdler, IM; Lindner, KH, 1991)	0.28
" At the dosage of CoQ10 used in the study (2 mg/kg/day) the therapy requires long administration time before a response is demonstrable."	( Multicenter trial with ubidecarenone: treatment of 44 patients with mitochondrial myopathies. Angelini, C; Bresolin, N; Carenzi, A; Castelli, E; Comi, G; Doriguzzi, C; Moroni, I; Scarlato, G, 1991)	0.28
" An attempt to analyze the ED50 of the three dose-response curves was inconclusive."	( Hepatic insulin resistance during canine sepsis. Law, WR; McLane, MP; Raymond, RM; Tomasik, TW, 1991)	0.28
" Theoretical multiple dosing profiles generated from the single dose clinical results show significant oscillations in plasma nafarelin levels depending on the particular dosing interval selected."	( Nafarelin controlled release injectable: theoretical clinical plasma profiles from multiple dosing and from mixtures of microspheres containing 2 per cent, 4 per cent and 7 per cent nafarelin. Burns, RA; Sanders, LM; Vitale, K, )	0.13
" Insulin dose-response curves revealed similar sensitivities and responsiveness."	( Effect of insulin on glucose utilization in epitrochlearis muscle of rats with streptozocin-induced NIDDM. Gavin, JR; Karl, IE; Levy, J, 1990)	0.28
" Several dosage forms for parenteral administration have been investigated using these polymers and a microencapsulation technique is chosen frequently for its unique properties."	( Biodegradable poly(lactic acid) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microcapsules: problems associated with preparative techniques and release properties. Jalil, R; Nixon, JR, )	0.46
" No change in diet or in the previous dosage of the antidiabetic drugs occurred during the study in any patient."	( Safety of ibopamine in type II diabetic patients with mild chronic heart failure. A double-blind cross-over study. Cicchetti, V; DiCarlo, A; Giannarelli, R; Marchetti, P; Navalesi, R; Sabino, F, 1990)	0.28
" The recommended dosage is 20 drops three times daily, to be taken for 5 to 10 years following cancer surgery."	( [GELUM oral-rd: blood pH regulator and oxygen activator. Documentation No.27]. Deplazes, G; Hauser, SP, 1990)	0.28
"We have evaluated the acute toxicity of an experimental new dosage form administered intraperitoneally in mice, consisting of cis-platinum loaded with lactic acid oligomer microspheres (CDDP-ms)."	( [Toxicity of cis-platinum loaded with lactic acid oligomer microspheres in mice]. Hagiwara, A; Hyon, SH; Ikeda, Y; Itoh, M; Iwamoto, A; Kusanoi, Y; Sasabe, T; Shimotsuma, M; Takahashi, T; Yoneyama, C, 1990)	0.75
"A new dosage form of cisplatinum (CDDP), lactic acid oligomer microspheres incorporating cisplatinum (CDDP-ms), is designed to slowly release 70% of contained CDDP."	( [Intracavitary microspheres incorporating cisplatinum in the treatment of malignant effusions--clinical trials]. Hagiwara, A; Ito, M; Iwamoto, A; Lee, M; Sasabe, T; Takahashi, T; Taniguchi, H; Wada, R; Yamaguchi, T; Yoneyama, C, 1990)	0.54
" Dose-response curves for MIX potentiation of cAMP-stimulated glycogenolysis and for MIX inhibition of the effects of insulin on cAMP-stimulated glycogenolysis suggested that at higher concentrations (250 microM) MIX may act at a site other than phosphodiesterase inhibition."	( Methylisobutylxanthine blocks insulin antagonism of cAMP-stimulated glycogenolysis at a site distinct from phosphodiesterase. Evidence favoring an insulin-insensitive calcium release mechanism. Gabbay, RA; Lardy, HA, 1986)	0.27
" At 15 min after the embolization procedure, dopamine was infused at a dosage sufficient to increase the maximum rate of LV pressure rise (LVdP/dtmax) by approximately 50%."	( Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of dopamine and insulin during acute left ventricular failure in dogs. Ekroth, R; Gunnes, P; Mjøs, OD; Reikerås, O; Sørlie, D, )	0.13
" Dose-response curves were constructed and the doses of isoprenaline required to increase heart rate by 25 beats/min (I25), forearm blood flow by 3 ml/100 ml/min (IF3), and finger tremor by 200% (IT200), and decrease diastolic blood pressure by 25 mm Hg (ID25), after each treatment were compared."	( A comparison of the cardioselectivity of five beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs. Pringle, TH; Riddell, JG; Shanks, RG, 1987)	0.27
" Late intratracheal dosing with aluminum after the quartz-induced alveolitis was well established reduced the inflammatory response and abrogated the effect of quartz on the respiratory burst, but did not alter fibronectin degradation by the leukocytes."	( Bronchoalveolar leukocyte response in experimental silicosis: modulation by a soluble aluminum compound. Brown, DM; Brown, GM; Donaldson, K, 1989)	0.28
" In septic rats, the dose-response curve for the insulin-induced increment in glucose utilization was shifted downward and to the right."	( In vivo insulin resistance during nonlethal hypermetabolic sepsis. Dobrescu, C; Lang, CH, 1989)	0.28
" The previously unstudied dose-response also was evaluated in our study."	( Effects of various doses of sodium dichloroacetate on hyperlactatemia in fed ischemic rats. Dimlich, RV; Kaplan, J; Timerding, BL; Van Ligten, PF, 1989)	0.28
" Because higher doses of DCA may be more effective, the main objective of our study was to examine the dose-response of brain tissue lactate to DCA."	( Effects of sodium dichloroacetate dose. Brain metabolites associated with cerebral ischemia. Cammenga, R; Dimlich, RV; Kaplan, J; Timerding, BL; Van Ligten, PF, 1989)	0.28
" In order to find out different effects during long-term application a medium dosage corresponding to 40 mg propranolol was applied for 4 weeks after the acute trials."	( [Effects of various beta-receptor blockers on metabolic and circulatory parameters during physical exertion]. Koebe, P; Merten, U; Nagel, N; Reinke, A; Rost, R, 1985)	0.27
" In conclusion, GNG and glycogenolysis were similarly sensitive to stimulation by glucagon in vivo, and the dose-response curves were markedly parallel."	( Similar dose responsiveness of hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to glucagon in vivo. Brown, L; Cherrington, AD; Davis, MA; Donahue, P; Hendrick, GK; Lacy, DB; Lacy, WW; Steiner, KE; Stevenson, RW; Williams, PE, 1987)	0.27
" The inclusion of a dosed physical training in the therapy and rehabilitation programme, respectively, of patients with chronic liver diseases can be recommended, particularly, since there is no causal medicamentous therapy of chronic liver diseases possible at present."	( [Effect of physical training on the aerobic-anaerobic transition in chronic liver diseases]. Buhl, H; Krause, P; Rogos, R, 1988)	0.27
" Pulse rate, blood pressure and blood levels of cyclic GMP, free fatty acid, cyclic AMP, glucose and lactic acid were measured in order to evaluate efficacy and dosage of Formoterol and to compare efficacy of this drug with that of Salbutamol."	( Evaluation of a new bronchodilator, Formoterol, using biochemical parameters. Ikuta, T; Inamizu, T; Nishimoto, Y; Onari, K; Tanabe, M; Yamakido, M, 1985)	0.49
" Furthermore, 2-deoxyglucose uptake in CS-045-treated adipocytes was increased and the insulin dose-response curve was shifted to the left."	( Characterization of new oral antidiabetic agent CS-045. Studies in KK and ob/ob mice and Zucker fatty rats. Fujiwara, T; Horikoshi, H; Ushiyama, I; Yoshioka, S; Yoshioka, T, 1988)	0.27
" The frequency of panic attacks induced in patients was related to the dosage of isoproterenol; 79% of the patients who received a mean of 18."	( Isoproterenol-induced panic attacks. Balon, R; Berchou, R; Lycaki, H; Ortiz, A; Pohl, R; Rainey, JM; Weinberg, P; Yeragani, VK, 1988)	0.27
" Further increase in dosage of both prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors failed to induce further reduction of integrated areas of coronary vasodilatation."	( Effects of prostaglandin synthesis inhibition on sympathetic-and parasympathetic-mediated coronary hemodynamic responses. Condorelli, M; Cuocolo, A; de Luca, N; Patrignani, P; Ricciardelli, B; Trimarco, B; Volpe, M, 1986)	0.27
" Isolated, perfused rat livers dosed with toxin showed rapid changes in the liver, including cessation of bile flow within 10 min and complete obliteration of normal lobular architecture within 60 min."	( Blood pressure and hepatocellular effects of the cyclic heptapeptide toxin produced by the freshwater cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa strain PCC-7820. Bruner, R; Carmichael, WW; Theiss, WC; Wyman, J, 1988)	0.27
" Plasma free insulin profiles reflected the dosage patterns and there was no change in insulin metabolic clearance rate in pregnancy."	( Observations on the metabolic basis for altered insulin dose distribution in diabetic pregnancy. Frier, BM; Home, PD; Johnstone, FD; Steel, JM; Young, RJ, )	0.13
" Physicochemical properties, biodegradability, and biocompatibility of the polymers, and evaluations in vitro and in vivo of specific dosage forms using the polymers, are included."	( Poly(hydroxy acids) in drug delivery. Juni, K; Nakano, M, 1987)	0.27
" The metformin dosage was 1 g twice daily in 9 of the patients and 850 mg thrice daily in the 10th subject."	( Mechanism of metformin action in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Disilvio, L; Featherbe, D; Hawa, MI; Jackson, RA; Jaspan, JB; Kurtz, AB; Sim, BM, 1987)	0.27
"The role of the increased hepatocellular redox-state [( NADH]/[NAD+] ratio) as a mechanism underlying hepatic triglyceride deposition after acute ethanol dosing has been investigated in the rat."	( The role of the hepatocellular redox state in the hepatic triglyceride accumulation following acute ethanol administration. Chakraborty, J; Ryle, PR; Thomson, AD, 1986)	0.27
" The microcapsule suspension showed prolongation of miosis and an improved bioavailability when compared with a standard eye dosage form."	( The in vivo evaluation of poly(lactic acid) microcapsules of pilocarpine hydrochloride. Jalsenjak, I; Pepeljnjak, S; Vidmar, V, )	0.42
" To characterize the defects, insulin dose-response curves for glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, glucose oxidation, glycolysis, and lactate release were measured in incubated rat epitrochlearis muscles."	( Specific defects in insulin-mediated muscle metabolism in acute uremia. Clark, AS; Goheer, MA; May, RC; Mitch, WE, 1985)	0.27
" During the first period, a placebo was administered; during the second half the patients took the Mg lactate in the same dosage as the other group."	( Therapeutic effect of a magnesium salt in patients suffering from mitral valvular prolapse and latent tetany. Andrade, R; Carvalho, J; França, A; Halpern, MJ; Laires, MJ; Nogueira Pereira, J; Pereira, T; Rodrigues, JC; Simões Fernandes, J, 1985)	0.27
"Biotin deficiency associated with total parenteral nutrition is an emerging clinical problem; criteria for diagnosis and dosage for treatment are unclear."	( Biotin deficiency complicating parenteral alimentation: diagnosis, metabolic repercussions, and treatment. Baker, H; Baswell, DL; Holman, RT; Mock, DM; Sweetman, L, 1985)	0.27
" In 8 experiments metoprolol was infused into a fetal vein in increasing dosage (0,04-0,32 mg/min)."	( [Effect of the beta-blocker metoprolol on the cardiovascular system and plasma catecholamines of the fetus in normoxia and acute hypoxia--animal experiment studies]. Kastendieck, E; Martius, J; Paulick, R; Wernze, H, )	0.13
" Exhalation of D-lactate-C accounted for 45-30% of the dosage given with a decreasing proportion at higher doses."	( Metabolism of D(-)lactic acid in rats given high intragastral doses. Giesecke, D; von Wallenberg, P, 1985)	0.6
" Ethanol dependence had been induced by intragastric administration of ethanol at a dosage of 9 to 15 grams per kilogram per day over a four-day period."	( Suppression of an ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats by 3-hydroxybutyrate. Derr, M; Derr, RF, 1985)	0.27
" The higher dosage of the peptide derivative (2."	( [Modification of rat brain metabolism by long-term treatment with a peptide derivative]. Piswanger, A; Windisch, M, 1985)	0.27
" At the same time there was a progressive shift of the insulin dose-response curve to the right, indicating diminished insulin sensitivity and a marked decrease in maximum insulin responsiveness."	( Glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in rat muscle: changes during 3-96 weeks of age. Belur, E; Dluz, SM; Goodman, MN; McElaney, MA; Ruderman, NB, 1983)	0.27
" It is concluded that high dosed caffeine causes peripheral insulin resistance in the human being as well as in the experimental animal."	( [Effect of caffeine on various metabolic parameters in vivo]. Förster, H; Sachs, M, 1984)	0.27
" Since the vascular type of primary dementia is found to be associated with metabolic variations which resemble that of a cerebral hypoxia, hypoxic brain damage was produced by means of a sublethal dosage of cyanide in two-year-old rats."	( The effect of naftidrofuryl on cyanide-induced hypoxic damage to glucose and energy metabolism in brain cortex of rats. Hoyer, S, 1984)	0.27
" Male Sprague-Dawley rats were rendered physically dependent on ethanol by intragastric administration of ethanol at a dosage of 9 to 15 grams per kilogram per day over a 4-day period."	( Suppression of an ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats by butyrate, lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. Derr, M; Derr, RF; Draves, K, 1983)	0.27
" In long barbital dosing (36 days), however, the metabolite level of carbohydrate was almost recovered to the non-treated level."	( Biochemical aspects of experimental barbital dependence II: Effect on glycometabolism. Kakuno, K; Nakao, K; Tagashira, E; Yanaura, S, 1983)	0.27
" The mean SNP dosage was 13."	( Central and splanchnic haemodynamics in the dog during controlled hypotension with sodium nitroprusside. Andreen, M; Irestedt, L; Lagerkranser, M, 1984)	0.27
"This study was performed in part to establish an endotoxin dosage in miniature swine that would yield reproducible cardiovascular and metabolic aberrations over a specific 6-h sampling period, minimizing lethality during that time."	( Endotoxin dose. I. Hemodynamic, metabolic, and lethal consequences in Yucatan minipigs. Chandrasena, LG; Cleek, JL; Fettman, MJ; Hand, MS; Phillips, RW, 1983)	0.27
" Chronic daily dosing caused lowering of these metabolites and a delay in the return of lactate to basal levels for 48 hr after the final dose."	( Prolonged hypolactatemia and increased total pyruvate dehydrogenase activity by dichloroacetate. Evans, OB; Stacpoole, PW, 1982)	0.26
" Our results indicate that use of OCA even with an estrogen dosage as low as 30 micrograms has an effect on resting and exercise fibrinolytic variables; an effect, however, which does not seem to interfere with maximal performance in trained women."	( Oral contraceptives and fibrinolysis among female cyclists before and after exercise. Bernink, MJ; Biersteker, MW; Bouma, BN; Erich, WB; Hospers, AJ; Huisveld, IA, 1982)	0.26
" Subcutaneous fat cells were also somewhat less sensitive to submaximal doses of insulin and this was reflected in rightward shift in the dose-response curves for 2-deoxyglucose uptake and fatty acid synthesis."	( Variations of glucose metabolism by fat cells from three adipose depots of the rat. Fried, SK; Lavau, M; Pi-Sunyer, FX, 1982)	0.26
" The dosed amount of lactic acid, 390 mg per 200 g body weight (30 times higher than that normally detected in the stomach of rats), was determined from the results of observation of acute toxicity of lactic acid in rats."	( Effect and fate of orally administered lactic acid in rats. Kawai, Y; Morotomi, M; Mutai, M; Sakai, K; Suegara, N; Yazawa, K, 1981)	0.85
"Cisplatin incorporated into polylactic acid/polyethylene glycol acid blend polymeric microspheres was prepared as a dosage (CDDP-MS) by the solvent evaporation method in an oil-in-oil emulsion system."	( [Experimental study on cisplatin microspheres incorporated in polylactic acid and polyethylene glycol acid]. Aiko, T; Hatate, Y; Kumanohoso, T; Nakamura, K; Natsugoe, S; Nedachi, M; Shimada, M; Tokuda, K; Yamada, K; Yoshizawa, H, 1995)	0.81
" Bleomycin (BLM) incorporated into small cylinders of PLA blends was prepared as a new dosage (BLM-PLA)."	( [A basic study on usefulness of bleomycin incorporated in poly DL-lactic acid]. Aikou, T; Fukuzaki, H; Kumanohoso, T; Nakamura, K; Natsugoe, S; Sagara, M; Shimada, M; Shimazu, H; Shinkawa, T, 1993)	0.52
" Energy supply was then changed to a glucose/xylitol (1:1) regimen in an equicaloric dosage of 4 mg/kgBW/min for six hours again."	( Enhancement of fatty acid mobilization and oxidation by glucose-xylitol compared to glucose alone in posttraumatic and septic patients. Georgieff, M; Gross, G; Schricker, T; Wölfel, R, )	0.13
" Ergothioneine, independently from the dosage used, failed to: (i) increase recovery of developed pressure upon reperfusion (14."	( In vitro administration of ergothioneine failed to protect isolated ischaemic and reperfused rabbit heart. Bernocchi, P; Cargnoni, A; Ceconi, C; Curello, S; Ferrari, R, 1995)	0.29
" A dose-response was observed, and single and double inoculation orally produced similar serum antibody levels."	( Oral delivery of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres containing ovalbumin as vaccine formulation: particle size study. Goto, S; Uchida, T, 1994)	0.29
" Dose-response curves were remarkably similar for all three compounds."	( Methyl mercury, mercuric chloride, and silver lactate decrease superoxide anion formation and chemotaxis in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Christensen, MM; Hansen, B; Nielsen, SL; Obel, N; Rungby, J, 1993)	0.29
" In vitro release studies have demonstrated that by varying the mean size of the nanoparticles and their drug loading, the release of the drug from the nanoparticles can be modulated to last from several hours to more than 30 days, thus allowing the preparation of an injectable extended-release dosage form."	( In vitro extended-release properties of drug-loaded poly(DL-lactic acid) nanoparticles produced by a salting-out procedure. Allémann, E; Doelker, E; Gurny, R; Leroux, JC, 1993)	0.53
"To evaluate the effect of dosage on the metabolic response to vegetables added to a mixed lunch meal, and to relate the amounts to the tripartite plate model."	( Dose-response effects of boiled carrots and effects of carrots in lactic acid in mixed meals on glycaemic response and satiety. Asp, NG; Gustafsson, K; Hagander, B; Nyman, M, 1994)	0.53
" To obtain a virtually complete metabolic pattern, rats were dosed by a single intraperitoneal dose of 1 mmol/kg 1-butyl [3-13C]acrylate."	( Metabolic pathways of 1-butyl [3-13C]acrylate. Identification of urinary metabolites in rat using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. Hrabal, R; Linhart, I; Mitera, J; Smejkal, J, )	0.13
" These two phenomena followed a similar time course and shared a parallel dose-response sensitivity to hrIL-1 beta."	( Nitric oxide and energy production in articular chondrocytes. Evans, CH; Georgescu, HI; Stadler, J; Stefanovic-Racic, M, 1994)	0.29
" To evaluate the relative importance of its role as substrate and regulatory factor, a dual dose-response evaluation was done by adding variable amounts of glucose and lactate to the medium in a recirculating perfused rat liver preparation."	( Coordinated regulation of hepatic glycogen formation in perfused rat liver by glucose and lactate. Radziuk, J; Zhang, Z, 1994)	0.29
" At the dosage used NBQX exerts an adverse effect."	( Effects of MK-801 and NBQX on acute recovery of piglet cerebral metabolism after hypothermic circulatory arrest. Aoki, M; Fackler, JC; Hickey, PR; Holtzman, D; Jonas, RA; Nomura, F; Stromski, ME; Tsuji, MK, 1994)	0.29
" Likewise, dose-response relationships concerning heat production at 60 min depended on the composition of the media."	( Dissipation of the calcium gradient in human erythrocytes results in increased heat production. Engström, I; Nilsson-Ehle, P; Ronquist, G; Waldenström, A, 1993)	0.29
" Insulin from the PIS device maintained normal blood glucose levels for 10 d in diabetic rats as an implantable dosage form."	( Controlled release of insulin from plasma-irradiated sandwitch device using poly-DL-lactic acid. Kuzuya, M; Matsuno, Y; Watanabe, S; Yamakawa, I, 1993)	0.51
" These data indicate that the acute effect of albuterol inhalation at twice the recommended dosage has no positive effect on endurance performance measures or pulmonary function in athletes who are not asthmatic."	( Effects of acute inhalation of albuterol on submaximal and maximal VO2 and blood lactate. Fleck, SJ; Lucia, A; Storms, WW; Vint, PF; Wallach, JM; Zimmerman, SD, 1993)	0.29
" Considering mean particle size, drug load, release characteristics and the status of the drug inside the matrix, the dosage form showed very good characteristics for inhalatory application."	( Low molecular weight PLA: a suitable polymer for pulmonary administered microparticles? Rohdewald, P; Wichert, B, )	0.13
" To determine the dose-response relationships between plasma lactate concentration and rates of lactate incorporation in plasma glucose (lactate gluconeogenesis, LGN), we infused 17 normal volunteers with sodium lactate for 180 min at rates ranging from 6 to 40 mumol kg-1 min-1 and measured [U-14C]lactate incorporation into plasma glucose, as well as rates of lactate and glucose appearance in plasma."	( Dose-response effects of lactate infusions on gluconeogenesis from lactate in normal man. Consoli, A; Gerich, JE; Jenssen, T; Nurjhan, N, 1993)	0.29
"18) higher efficiency of microbial growth than did pulse dosing in Exp."	( Effect of synchronization of energy and nitrogen supply on ruminal characteristics and microbial growth. Henning, PH; Meissner, HH; Steyn, DG, 1993)	0.29
" The optimal dosage of fluconazole and the impact of combination with flucytosine are not known."	( Treatment of experimental cryptococcal meningitis with fluconazole: impact of dose and addition of flucytosine on mycologic and pathophysiologic outcome. Elliott, BR; Kartalija, M; Kaye, K; Liu, Q; Sande, MA; Täuber, MG; Tureen, JH, 1996)	0.29
" In cocultures, astrocytes showed a dose-response curve similar to that obtained in single cultures, while endothelial cells showed an increased sensitivity to DNB cytotoxicity."	( An in vitro study of m-dinitrobenzene toxicity on the cellular components of the blood-brain barrier, astrocytes and endothelial cells. Abbott, NJ; Chan, MW; Ray, DE; Romero, IA, 1996)	0.29
" In a 2-DG dose-response experiment, gonadotropin-induced lactate production was prevented, but this inhibition did not necessarily prevent GVB."	( Glucose utilization during gonadotropin-induced meiotic maturation in cumulus cell-enclosed mouse oocytes. Downs, SM; Humpherson, PG; Leese, HJ; Martin, KL, 1996)	0.29
"Cisplatin incorporated into polylactic acid/polyethylene glycol acid blend polymeric microspheres was prepared as a dosage (CDDP-MS) by solvent evaporation method in oil-in-oil emulsion system."	( [Experimental study of cisplatin microspheres incorporated in polylactic acid and polyethylene glycol acid on peritoneal carcinomatosis in rats]. Aiko, T; Hatate, Y; Kumanohoso, T; Nakamura, K; Natsugoe, S; Nedachi, M; Shimada, M; Tokuda, K; Uemura, Y; Yamada, K; Yoshizawa, H, 1996)	0.81
" After 1-week recovery, dogs underwent control euglycemic insulin dose-response studies (n = 6) in the conscious state: at 1,000 mU/mm insulin infusion rate, myocardial glucose and lactate extraction increased seven- and threefold, respectively with no change in coronary artery blood flow or ventricular elasticity and end-systole (Ees)."	( Myocardial metabolism during graded intraportal verapamil infusion in awake dogs. Kline, JA; Leonova, E; Schroeder, JD; Watts, JA; Williams, TC, 1996)	0.29
" Injectable microspheres and in situ gel-forming implant systems of PLG (50:50) copolymer may therefore be considered as prospective implantable controlled-release dosage forms to deliver drugs in long-term therapy of chronic ailments."	( Biodegradable injectable implant systems for long term drug delivery using poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid copolymers. Chandrashekar, G; Udupa, N, 1996)	0.29
" Chronic administration of ranolazine did not increase the endurance capacity of rats with CHF induced by MI at the dosage and with the protocol used."	( Effects of ranolazine on the exercise capacity of rats with chronic heart failure induced by myocardial infarction. Aaker, A; Hirai, T; McCormack, JG; Musch, TI, 1996)	0.29
"To characterize the dose-response relationship of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in a spinal fusion model."	( Effective doses of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in experimental spinal fusion. Dawson, EG; Delamarter, RB; Kabo, JM; Kanim, LE; Liu, D; Sandhu, HS; Toth, JM; Zeegen, EN, 1996)	0.29
" DCA, proposes a simple pharmacokinetic model for its elimination, characterizes the dose-response relationship in terms of time course of effect, shows the dissociation between elimination of DCA and offset of response and will guide further studies of DCA in patients with head injury or stroke."	( Reduction of serum lactate by sodium dichloroacetate, and human pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships. Buffini, JD; Fox, AW; Hoehler, FK; Neichin, ML; Nicora, R; O'Rourke, R; Stoltz, RR; Sullivan, BW, 1996)	0.29
" All of the nanoparticle dosage forms decreased Cmax and increased Tmax and the mean residence time (MRT) values."	( The antihypertensive effect of orally administered nifedipine-loaded nanoparticles in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Atkinson, J; Fluckiger, L; Hoffman, M; Kim, YI; Lartaud-Idjouadiene, I; Maincent, P, 1997)	0.3
" The decalcification ratio of [45Ca]calcium polycarbophil in the stomach after oral dosing to rats was more than 70% at each designated time and quite closely followed in the in vitro decalcification curve, indicating that the greater part of the calcium ion is released from calcium polycarbophil under normal gastric acidic conditions."	( Decalcification of calcium polycarbophil in rats. Nagata, O; Saito, T; Takahara, E; Tamai, I; Tsuji, A; Yamada, T, 1997)	0.3
" In addition, no evidence of DNA laddering, indicative of cellular apoptosis, was detected at these dosage levels and treatment times."	( 2-Chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine, an antileukemic drug, has an early effect on cellular mitochondrial function. Hentosh, P; Tibudan, M, 1997)	0.3
" The pharmacokinetics of TRH following administration of this controlled-release parenteral dosage form have been also examined in rats."	( Controlled release of thyrotropin releasing hormone from microspheres: evaluation of release profiles and pharmacokinetics after subcutaneous administration. Futo, T; Heya, T; Mikura, Y; Miura, Y; Nagai, A; Shimizu, H; Toguchi, H; Tomida, Y, 1994)	0.29
"4 and 37 degrees C, it should allow for a safe and efficacious sustained release dosage form in PLGA microspheres."	( The stability of recombinant human growth hormone in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres. Boyd, B; Brooks, D; Chu, H; Cleland, JL; Duenas, ET; Hsu, C; Jones, AJ; Mac, A; Mukku, V; Yang, J; Yeung, D, 1997)	0.3
" In this dose-response study, we investigated the effects of blindly administered intravenous caffeine (3, 5, and 7 mg/kg) versus placebo in normal control subjects."	( Dose-response effects of intravenous caffeine in normal volunteers. Nickell, PV; Uhde, TW, )	0.13
"Although there seems to be a gene dosage effect in MERRF, we found no absolute relationship between the relative proportion of mutant genomes in blood and clinical severity."	( Gene dosage effect in one family with myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fibers (MERRF). Arenas, J; Arpa, J; Barreiro, P; Campos, Y; Cruz-Martínez, A; Gutiérrez-Molina, M; Lacasa, T; López-Pajares, R; Martin-Casanueva, MA; Morales, MC; Pérez-Conde, MC; Tatay, J, 1997)	0.3
" Meyer concentrate (G115) was added to the normal diet of study participants at a dosage level of either 200 or 400 mg/day, where 100 mg of the preparation is equivalent to 500 mg P gingseng root."	( No ergogenic effects of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) during graded maximal aerobic exercise. Engels, HJ; Wirth, JC, 1997)	0.3
" This was associated with a 3 fold increase in insulin concentrations, even in the presence of adrenaline at a dosage which inhibits glucose-induced insulin release."	( Glucose-lowering effect of BTS 67 582. Bailey, CJ; Page, T, 1997)	0.3
"Novel drug delivery technologies have now evolved to allow the clinical production of new dosage forms."	( Solvent evaporation processes for the production of controlled release biodegradable microsphere formulations for therapeutics and vaccines. Cleland, JL, )	0.13
" To examine the effect of supplementing energy metabolism on METH-induced dopamine content depletions, the striatum was perfused directly with decylubiquinone or nicotinamide to enhance the energetic capacity of the tissue during or after a neurotoxic dosing regimen of METH."	( Substrates of energy metabolism attenuate methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in striatum. Douglas, AJ; Lust, WD; Stephans, SE; Whittingham, TS; Yamamoto, BK, 1998)	0.3
" Dose-response curves for NE-induced perfusion pressure, VO2, and lactate production in SHR were shifted to the left compared with WKY."	( Altered muscle metabolism associated with vasoconstriction in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Colquhoun, EQ; Ye, JM, 1998)	0.3
" These effects were observed in a wide range of insulin concentrations, leading to a shift to the right in the dose-response curve."	( Pancreastatin inhibits insulin action in rat adipocytes. González-Yanes, C; Sánchez-Margalet, V, 1998)	0.3
" The antitumor effects of this sustained release dosage form of cisplatin were evaluated in vitro and in vivo in mice."	( Antitumor effect of cisplatin incorporated into polylactic acid microcapsules. Araki, H; Kodama, M; Tani, T, 1999)	0.55
" Consequently, the release rate of CyA from PLA microspheres can be improved by adding fatty acid esters and PLA microspheres with fatty acid esters seem to be a useful dosage form for autoimmune disease therapy."	( Modification of release rates of cyclosporin A from polyl(L-lactic acid) microspheres by fatty acid esters and in-vivo evaluation of the microspheres. Arimori, K; Nakano, H; Urata, T, 1999)	0.55
" Radioactivity in a femur 34 h after dosing was highest in the Ca lactate group and lowest in the Ca carbonate group among the three groups."	( Absorbability of calcium from a new calcium supplement prepared from bovine marrow-free bone in rats. Kamao, M; Ohtani, M; Okano, T; Tsugawa, N, 1998)	0.3
" Similar evidence for PDH activation was demonstrated at 2 and 24 h after dosing in both tissues."	( Biochemical and neurotoxicological effects of L-2-chloropropionic acid on rodent brain. Bachelard, HS; Jones, P; Lock, EA; Williams, RE, 1999)	0.3
" Based on these results, the primary toxic effect of lactide was considered to be irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) after subchronic oral dosing in dogs was considered to be 100 mg/kg/day."	( Toxicity of lactide in dogs after 2 and 13 weeks of daily oral dosing. Conn, RE; Giles, HD; Heath, JE; Hébert, CD; Hogan, DB; Modderman, JP, 1999)	0.3
" We conclude that the GH secretory response to exercise is related to exercise intensity in a linear dose-response pattern in young men."	( Impact of acute exercise intensity on pulsatile growth hormone release in men. Abbott, RD; Gutgesell, ME; Hartman, ML; Pritzlaff, CJ; Veldhuis, JD; Weltman, A; Weltman, JY; Wideman, L, 1999)	0.3
" The sterilization conditions need to be carefully adjusted for the final dosage form."	( Gamma irradiation for terminal sterilization of 17beta-estradiol loaded poly-(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. Kissel, T; Mohr, D; Wolff, M, 1999)	0.3
"The major challenge faced during the development of implantable dosage forms for site-specific delivery is monitoring the local concentration of the drug at or around the site of action."	( Development of an in vitro dissolution method using microdialysis sampling technique for implantable drug delivery systems. Dash, AK; Garavalia, MJ; Haney, PW, 1999)	0.3
" After baseline measurement for systemic, splanchnic, and femoral blood flow (by dye dilution); oxygen consumption; gastric mucosal pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2); total and splanchnic glucose production (by stable isotope tracer dilution); and regional lactate and amino acid balance, patients received either dobutamine, at a dosage (6 microg x kg(-1)min(-1)) sufficient to increase cardiac index by at least 25%, or placebo."	( Effect of dobutamine on splanchnic carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid balance after cardiac surgery. Ensinger, H; Georgieff, M; Rantala, A; Takala, J; Vogt, J, 1999)	0.3
" After the initial testing session, players were evenly and randomly included in a CREATINE (5 g of Cr, four times per day for 6 d) or a PLACEBO group (same dosage of maltodextrins) using a double-blind research design."	( Creatine supplementation and sprint performance in soccer players. Gorostiaga, E; Ibañez, J; Izquierdo, M; Mujika, I; Padilla, S, 2000)	0.31
" In addition, mini-matrix tablets were prepared to investigate the possibility of application as an implantable dosage form."	( Utilization of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for preparation of mini-depot tablets by direct compression. Kawashima, Y; Kobayashi, M; Murakami, H; Takeuchi, H, 2000)	0.31
"This system had advantages in terms of simplicity in design and predictability of drug release rate and may be useful as an implantable dosage form."	( Utilization of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for preparation of mini-depot tablets by direct compression. Kawashima, Y; Kobayashi, M; Murakami, H; Takeuchi, H, 2000)	0.31
" Guanosine-loaded microspheres could be prepared for once-a-week intravitreal injection with minimum required concentration maintained throughout the dosing interval."	( Kinetics of a model nucleoside (guanosine) release from biodegradable poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres: a delivery system for long-term intraocular delivery. Chowdhury, DK; Mitra, AK, 2000)	0.31
" The release profile of the microcapsules was designed to mimic a dosing regimen of multiple injections of TAK-778 solution."	( Enhancement of fracture repair in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes by a single injection of biodegradable microcapsules containing a bone formation stimulant, TAK-778. Hoshino, T; Makino, H; Muranishi, H; Nagai, H; Notoya, K; Ogawa, Y; Saito, K; Sohda, T, 2000)	0.31
" A parallel control study of drug interference with measurements of glucose and lactate in whole blood and of dose-response relationships in whole-blood samples and in plasma samples also was conducted."	( Whole-blood glucose and lactate. Trilayer biosensors, drug interference, metabolism, and practice guidelines. Kost, GJ; Nguyen, TH; Tang, Z, 2000)	0.31
"The purposes of the present studies were to test the hypotheses that lower dosages of oral pyruvate ingestion would increase blood pyruvate concentration and that the ingestion of a commonly recommended dosage of pyruvate (7 g) for 7 days would enhance performance during intense aerobic exercise in well-trained individuals."	( Pyruvate ingestion for 7 days does not improve aerobic performance in well-trained individuals. Dyck, DJ; Morrison, MA; Spriet, LL, 2000)	0.31
" Nevertheless, stable formulations obtained in this investigation supply a potential dosage form to encapsulate more easily soluble drugs."	( Colloidal carriers for benzathine penicillin G: nanoemulsions and nanocapsules. Caetano, MN; Pereira, VM; Pontes, A; Santos-Magalhães, NS, 2000)	0.31
" Dobutamine is capable of improving both contractile function and cellular energetics in the hypoperfused RV myocardium, but dosage should be carefully selected."	( Dobutamine enhances both contractile function and energy reserves in hypoperfused canine right ventricle. Bian, X; Downey, HF; Fu, M; Mallet, RT; Yi, KD, 2000)	0.31
" These results show that creatine supplementation in the dosage used in this study had no influence on muscle metabolic response or TBV."	( Effect of creatine supplementation on muscle metabolic response to a maximal treadmill exercise test in Standardbred horses. Essén-Gustavsson, B; Persson, SG; Schuback, K, 2000)	0.31
"Sustained release polymeric gene delivery systems offer increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased amounts of plasmid DNA (pDNA) uptake, and the possibility of control in dosing and sustained duration of pDNA administration."	( Sustained delivery and expression of DNA encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles. Cohen, H; Fishbein, I; Gao, J; Golomb, G; Kousaev, V; Levy, RJ; Slomkowski, S; Sosnowski, S, 2000)	0.31
" (11-21) Microcapsules or microspheres are injectable and able to provide pre-programmed durations of action, offering several advantages over the conventional dosage forms."	( Biodegradable poly (lactic acid) microspheres for drug delivery systems. Hyon, SH, 2000)	0.63
" Furthermore, a dose-response relationship was evident between the duration (in total) of training and the magnitude of muscle adaptations."	( Early and long-term changes of equine skeletal muscle in response to endurance training and detraining. Quiroz-Rothe, E; Rivero, JL; Serrano, AL, 2000)	0.31
" Simulations were employed to evaluate various dosing strategies for consideration in a pivotal Phase III clinical trial of DCA."	( Dichloroacetate: population pharmacokinetics with a pharmacodynamic sequential link model. Capparelli, EV; Dziewanowska, Z; Fox, AW; Lane, JR; Turkel, CC; Williams, PJ, 2001)	0.31
"Nine untrained women using low dosage monophasic oral contraceptives (OC) performed an intermittent treadmill test on two different occasions within one pill-cycle to determine the effect of OC on performance and some commonly used metabolic markers."	( Low dosage monophasic oral contraceptive use and intermittent exercise performance and metabolism in humans. De Vito, G; Lynch, NJ; Nimmo, MA, 2001)	0.31
" Efficacies equivalent to maximum tolerated systemic dosing were observed at OncoGel doses that were 10-fold lower."	( Biodegradable block copolymers for delivery of proteins and water-insoluble drugs. McRea, JC; Mestecky, J; Moldoveanu, Z; Morgan, M; Oh, H; Rathi, R; Rhee, BG; Seo, MH; Shih, C; Weitman, S; Zentner, GM, 2001)	0.31
" Under the aspect of long duration missions with application of adequate dosed countermeasures, a reliable estimate of the astronaut's work capacity is important to adjust the necessary inflight training."	( The influence of different space-related physiological variations on exercise capacity determined by oxygen uptake kinetics. Stegemann, J, 1992)	0.28
" Also, in spite of the variability in perceived responses to the recalled/imagined skin sensations, statistically significant dose-response and time-response patterns were observed in chemical (lactic acid and capsaicin) challenge studies."	( Evaluation of a quantitative clinical method for assessment of sensory skin irritation. Perkins, MA; Robinson, MK, 2001)	0.5
"The effect of cloned gene dosage on growth and product formation under hyperosmotic conditions has been studied using recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cell lines producing chimeric antibody."	( Effects of cloned gene dosage on the response of recombinant CHO cells to hyperosmotic pressure in regard to cell growth and antibody production. Lee, GM; Lee, MS; Ryu, JS, )	0.13
" This study addresses the essential role of dosage in studies using C1-INH."	( Application of C1-esterase inhibitor during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium: dose-related beneficial versus detrimental effects. Berg, O; Bhakdi, S; Bierbach, B; Darius, H; Götze, O; Hafner, G; Heimann, A; Horstick, G; Horstick, M; Kempski, O; Loos, M; Meyer, J; Petersen, S, 2001)	0.31
"01 IU/mL and an average aPTT of 24 seconds (2-fold increase) were obtained 7 hours after oral dosing of Eudragit RL/PCL NPs containing heparin, exhibiting an absolute bioavailability of 23%."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of oral heparin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles in rabbits. Hoffman, M; Jiao, Y; Lecompte, T; Maincent, P; Marchand-Arvier, M; Ubrich, N; Vigneron, C, 2002)	0.31
"The use of hypertonic saline Dextran (HSD) for resuscitation following trauma has many potential benefits, especially for the treatment of military casualties, but there is very limited data on the responses following multiple dosing with this fluid."	( The effects of repeated dosing with 7.5% sodium chloride/6% dextran following uncontrolled intra-abdominal hemorrhage. Clasper, JC; Horrocks, CL; Kenward, CE; Stapley, SA; Watkins, PE, 2002)	0.31
" Tooth color measurements revealed dose-response bleaching in vitro with the increases in L* and decreases in b* normally expected with effective bleaching."	( Peroxide interactions with hard tissues: effects on surface hardness and surface/subsurface ultrastructural properties. Duschner, H; Götz, H; Kozak, KM; White, DJ; Zoladz, JR, 2002)	0.31
" In contrast to the control group, a significant correlation was found between the maximal serum lactate level and the maximal dosage of inotropic drugs (r=0."	( Lactic acidosis following heart transplantation: a common phenomenon? Carrel, T; Hullin, R; Mohacsi, P; Pedrazzinia, G; Tanner, H; Tschanz, HU, 2002)	1.76
"We previously reported that in young adult males growth hormone (GH) release is related to exercise intensity in a linear dose-response manner (Pritzlaff et al."	( Gender governs the relationship between exercise intensity and growth hormone release in young adults. Abbott, R; Gutgesell, M; Hartman, ML; Pritzlaff-Roy, CJ; Veldhuis, JD; Weltman, A; Weltman, JY; Widemen, L, 2002)	0.31
" Oxygen uptake by and energy charge in jejunal tissue were unaffected at 1 and 3 h after dosing by gavage with indomethacin."	( Effects of indomethacin on energy metabolism in rat jejunal tissue in vivo. Bjarnason, I; Jacob, M; Simpson, RJ, 2002)	0.31
" After the initial testing session, subjects were assigned to either a CREATINE (5 g of Cr, 4 times per day for 6 days) or a PLACEBO group (same dosage of a glucose polymer) using a double-blind research design."	( Acute creatine supplementation and performance during a field test simulating match play in elite female soccer players. Burke, L; Cox, G; Mujika, I; Tumilty, D, 2002)	0.31
" Two different in vivo studies were performed, the first to find the dosage level of dexamethasone that effectively would suppress the acute inflammatory reaction and the second to show how effective the dexamethasone delivered by PLGA microspheres was in suppressing chronic inflammatory response to an implant."	( In vivo evaluation of a dexamethasone/PLGA microsphere system designed to suppress the inflammatory tissue response to implantable medical devices. Burgess, DJ; Hickey, T; Kreutzer, D; Moussy, F, 2002)	0.31
" There is a dose/response relationship in the serum Ig G response elicited after three consecutive oral administrations of microencapsulated antigen at a dosing range from 200 to 50 microg."	( Influence of dose and immunization route on the serum Ig G antibody response to BSA loaded PLGA microspheres. Gascón, AR; Gutierro, I; Hernández, RM; Igartua, M; Pedraz, JL, 2002)	0.31
" Accordingly, proper dosage of rhBMP-2 should be determined for successful clinical application."	( Tooth eruption into the newly generated bone induced by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. Baba, Y; Kawamoto, T; Kitamura, A; Kuroda, T; Motohashi, N; Suzuki, S, 2002)	0.31
" We observed the release characteristics of etanidazole in the dosage forms of microspheres and discs, subjected to different preparation conditions."	( PEG modulated release of etanidazole from implantable PLGA/PDLA discs. Lee, T; Wang, CH; Wang, F, 2002)	0.31
" A sustained-release of physostigmine with a low initial burst over 1 week was achieved from RG 502 microparticles, which would be used as an injectable dosage form in our further animal studies."	( Design of physostigmine-loaded polymeric microparticles for pretreatment against exposure to organophosphate agents. Chaw, CS; Moochhala, S; Tan, CW; Wang, L; Yang, YY, 2003)	0.32
" This novel approach to metabolic screening allows for the rapid evaluation of the effects of dosing cells with chemical agents."	( Real-time monitoring of lactate extrusion and glucose consumption of cultured cells using a lab-on-valve system. Ruzicka, J; Scampavia, L; Schulz, CM, 2002)	0.31
"The aim of the present work was to design a film dosage form for sustained delivery of ipriflavone into the periodontal pocket."	( Periodontal delivery of ipriflavone: new chitosan/PLGA film delivery system for a lipophilic drug. Conti, B; Genta, I; Modena, T; Pavanetto, F; Perugini, P, 2003)	0.32
" These studies show the possibility of preparation of a long-acting dosage form for IFN using a combination of pegylation and microencapsulation techniques."	( Stabilization of recombinant interferon-alpha by pegylation for encapsulation in PLGA microspheres. Diwan, M; Park, TG, 2003)	0.32
" Because of its short biological half life and dosing schedule, a long acting TBS formulation is required to improve patient compliance."	( Formulation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of terbutaline sulphate incorporated in PLGA (25/75) and L-PLA microspheres. Ercan, MT; Hincal, AA; Kas, HS; Sahin, S; Sargon, M; Selek, H, )	0.13
"The aim of the study was to assess the effect of maximal therapeutic dosing of sympathomimetic amines found in over-the-counter (OTC) decongestant preparations on endurance running."	( Physiological, subjective and performance effects of pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine during endurance running exercise. Chester, N; Mottram, DR; Reilly, T, 2003)	0.32
" The dosage of DCA should be adjusted for each patient."	( [Adverse effects of dichloroacetate in a girl with mitochondrial disorder]. Fukumizu, M; Hanaoka, S; Hirayama, Y; Izumi, M; Kaga, M; Murayama, K; Sasaki, M; Sugai, K, 2003)	0.32
" At a dosage of 50 Gy (total dosage during a radiotherapy treatment period) showed no apparent effects on the tri-phase release profile."	( Sustained release system for highly water-soluble radiosensitizer drug etanidazole: irradiation and degradation studies. Wang, CH; Wang, J; Yip, EY, 2003)	0.32
" These copolymers are potentially advantageous for drug delivery and other biomedical applications where rapid clearance of the polymer carrier and repeated dosing capability are essential to the success of the treatment."	( In vitro and in vivo degradation studies of a novel linear copolymer of lactide and ethylphosphate. Branham, KE; Chaubal, MV; Dang, W; English, JP; Spicer, E; Su, G; Zhao, Z, 2003)	0.32
" Multiple dosing given every 10 days demonstrated that the pharmacological effect and serum insulin levels from second or third doses were similar and comparable to that of the first dose."	( Preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of insulin-loaded poly(acryloyl-hydroxyethyl starch)-PLGA composite microspheres. DeLuca, PP; Jiang, G; Qiu, W, 2003)	0.32
" Yeast extract dosage and cell growth were proportional up to a yeast extract concentration of 30 g/L, and lactic acid productivity was linearly correlated up to a yeast extract dosage of 25 g/L."	( Lactic acid production through cell-recycle repeated-batch bioreactor. Oh, H; Ryu, HW; Wee, YJ; Yun, JS, 2003)	1.97
" The high flow--limit of gel originating from the tablets as well as its dynamic viscosity should enable durability of this dosage form on the vaginal mucosa."	( Studies on gynaecological hydrophilic lactic acid preparations. Part 5: The use of Eudragit E-100 as lactic acid carrier in intravaginal tablets. Hirnle, L; Kubis, AA; Małolepsza-Jarmołowska, K, 2003)	0.59
" A high flow-limit of the gel that originates from the tablets as well as its dynamic viscosity should allow for the durable dosage form in the vagina."	( Studies on gynaecological hydrophilic lactic acid preparations, part 6: use of Eudragit E-100 as lactic acid carrier in intravaginal tablets. Hirnle, L; Kubis, AA; Małolepsza-Jarmołowska, K, 2003)	0.59
" However, critical hemoglobin was significantly higher in the animals receiving the higher anesthetic dosage (1."	( Tolerance to acute isovolemic hemodilution. Effect of anesthetic depth. De Hert, S; Degroote, F; Mathieu, N; Schmartz, D; Van der Linden, P; Vincent, JL; Zhang, H, 2003)	0.32
" This work develops new dosage forms of paclitaxel for controlled release application, which do not require the adjuvant and, thus, can avoid its associated side effects."	( Release of paclitaxel from polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) microparticles and discs under irradiation. Feng, SS; Lee, TK; Ng, CW; Shoemakers, P; Wang, CH; Wang, J; Win, KY, )	0.13
" This may be minimized by the use of slow-release gene transfer preparations with more prolonged expression and longer dosing intervals for the patient."	( Poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide)/DNA microspheres to facilitate prolonged transgene expression in airway epithelium in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. Alton, EW; Geddes, DM; Stern, M; Ulrich, K, 2003)	0.32
" Caffeine dosing in the PM (trial D 22."	( Effect of repeated caffeine ingestion on repeated exhaustive exercise endurance. Bell, DG; McLellan, TM, 2003)	0.32
" Therefore, dosing can be changed from the conventional twice a day to once every 2 weeks."	( Microspheres containing insulin-like growth factor I for treatment of chronic neurodegeneration. Carrascosa, C; Carro, E; Espejo, L; Lopez-Lopez, C; Torrado, JJ; Torrado, S; Torres-Aleman, I, 2004)	0.32
"Nebulization of nanoparticles-based ATDs forms a sound basis for improving drug bioavailability and reducing the dosing frequency for better management of pulmonary tuberculosis."	( Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle-based inhalable sustained drug delivery system for experimental tuberculosis. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Prasad, B; Sharma, A; Sharma, S; Zahoor, A, 2003)	0.32
"Patient non-compliance is the major drawback associated with the long-duration chemotherapy of tuberculosis (TB); hence, reduction in dosing frequency forms an important therapeutic strategy."	( Nanoparticle encapsulated antitubercular drugs as a potential oral drug delivery system against murine tuberculosis. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, S; Zahoor, A, 2003)	0.32
" Each group followed a different CR dosage (10 g, 25 g and 35 g x day(-1) for 4 days) and placebo (Pl) in the 1(st) and 2(nd) week, respectively."	( Creatine supplementation: effects on urinary excretion and anaerobic performance. Bourdas, D; Havenetidis, K, 2003)	0.32
"URCR was an effective measure of each CR dosage administered as well as of the excretion pattern that each group followed throughout the SP."	( Creatine supplementation: effects on urinary excretion and anaerobic performance. Bourdas, D; Havenetidis, K, 2003)	0.32
" In the B-group, cardiac index was kept significantly higher for a long period of time, and dosage of concomitantly used catecholamine could be significantly reduced."	( [Effects of olprinone hydrochloride after coronary artery bypass grafting]. Arai, T, 2004)	0.32
"Eudragit RL (ERL) and RS (ERS) are polymethacrylate co-polymers, used in film coating of sustained release dosage forms, possessing some hydrophilic properties due to the presence of quaternary ammonium groups (QAG), where ERL contains more of such groups, hence more permeable, than ERS."	( Lactic acid-induced modifications in films of Eudragit RL and RS aqueous dispersions. Abd-Elbary, A; El-Samaligy, M; Omari, DM; Sallam, A, 2004)	1.77
" From these results, we expected that the polymeric discs containing LM or GM would be a good dosage form as a topically implantable device which can get rid of lag period from PLGA matrix."	( Effect of lactide/glycolide monomers on release behaviors of gentamicin sulfate-loaded PLGA discs. Cho, SH; Khang, G; Kim, JM; Kim, MS; Kim, YS; Lee, HB; Yoo, JY, 2004)	0.32
" Hence, injectable PLG nanoparticles hold promise for increasing drug bioavailability and reducing dosing frequency for better management of tuberculosis."	( Subcutaneous nanoparticle-based antitubercular chemotherapy in an experimental model. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R, 2004)	0.32
" Urine samples were collected daily for 9 days from both dosed and control animals."	( A metabonomic investigation of the biochemical effects of mercuric chloride in the rat using 1H NMR and HPLC-TOF/MS: time dependent changes in the urinary profile of endogenous metabolites as a result of nephrotoxicity. Bright, J; Knight, R; Lenz, EM; Major, H; Wilson, ID, 2004)	0.32
" Influence of temperature, time and creatinine dosage on the polymerization and formed PLLA's properties were examined."	( Ring opening polymerization of L-lactide initiated by creatinine. Li, H; Wang, C; Zhao, X, 2004)	0.32
"5 mg) to a patient with severe, hyperdynamic septic shock requiring high dosage of noradrenalin."	( Terlipressin increased the concentration of L-lactate in the rectal lumen in a patient with septic shock. Jørgensen, VL; Perner, A; Waldau, T, 2004)	0.32
"2 h for a subsequent intravenous dose 4-6 h later, and 11 h after continued oral dosing of 12."	( Chronic treatment of mitochondrial disease patients with dichloroacetate. Barshop, BA; Haas, RH; Levine, F; Loupis-Geller, A; McGowan, KA; Naviaux, RK; Nyhan, WL, )	0.13
" Therefore, nanoparticle based antitubercular chemotherapy forms a sound basis for a reduction in dosing frequency and also offers the possibility of reducing the drug dosage."	( Chemotherapeutic efficacy of poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle encapsulated antitubercular drugs at sub-therapeutic dose against experimental tuberculosis. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, A; Sharma, S, 2004)	0.32
" The in vivo dose-response curves were similar for all agents, with mean enhancement up to 20."	( Effect of shell type on the in vivo backscatter from polymer-encapsulated microbubbles. Forsberg, F; Goldberg, BB; Lathia, JD; Le, NT; Liu, JB; Merton, DA; Wheatley, MA, 2004)	0.32
"32 SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal group, model group, low dosage group, (treated with Astragalus membranaceus 10 g x kg(-1)); high dosage group (treated with Astragalus membranaceus 20 g x kg(-1))."	( [Effects of Astragalus membranaceus injection on nitric oxide and endothelin concentration of intestinal mucosa after hemorrhage shock-reperfusion in rats]. Chen, BX; Hei, ZQ; Lin, SQ; Liu, KX; Zhang, JJ, 2004)	0.32
"The intestinal pathology showed that intestinal mucosa epithelial cells damage in model group was severe, in low dosage group was medium, in high dosage group was slight, and no obvious damage was found in normal group."	( [Effects of Astragalus membranaceus injection on nitric oxide and endothelin concentration of intestinal mucosa after hemorrhage shock-reperfusion in rats]. Chen, BX; Hei, ZQ; Lin, SQ; Liu, KX; Zhang, JJ, 2004)	0.32
"Therapeutic hypothermia may alter the required dosage of analgesics and sedatives, but no data are available on the effects of mild hypothermia on plasma fentanyl concentration during continuous, long-term administration."	( The effect of mild hypothermia on plasma fentanyl concentration and biotransformation in juvenile pigs. Bauer, R; Fritz, HG; Holzmayr, M; Lupp, A; Moeritz, KU; Walter, B, 2005)	0.33
" In vitro studies confirmed a dose-response effect of the poly(glycolide) concentration on the degradation rate and the pH value changes."	( Electrospun fine-textured scaffolds for heart tissue constructs. Bien, H; Chu, B; Chung, CY; Entcheva, E; Fang, D; Hsiao, BS; Yin, L; Zong, X, 2005)	0.33
" The combination of PLGA/TPGS/PEG as safe pharmaceutical excipient to formulate particulate delivery system is beneficial in improving the pharmaceutical properties for further powder dosage application."	( Novel powder formulations for controlled delivery of poorly soluble anticancer drug: application and investigation of TPGS and PEG in spray-dried particulate system. Feng, SS; Mu, L; Ning, HZ; Tan, CS; Teo, MM, 2005)	0.33
"Since acylated peptide impurities were isolated from octreotide microspheres following incubation in an in vivo environment, the present investigation was undertaken to determine the dosage form dynamics responsible for facilitating acylation."	( Impurity formation studies with peptide-loaded polymeric microspheres Part II. In vitro evaluation. DeLuca, PP; Murty, SB; Na, DH; Thanoo, BC, 2005)	0.33
" The microsphere formulation is the most interesting dosage form of the PLGA-based controlled release devices."	( Synthesis, characterization, biodegradation, and drug delivery application of biodegradable lactic/glycolic acid polymers: Part III. Drug delivery application. Wu, XS, 2004)	0.32
"Ketorolac tromethamine has to be given every 6 hr intramuscularly in patients for acute pain, so to avoid frequent dosing and patient inconvenience we found it to be a suitable candidate for parenteral controlled delivery by biodegradable microspheres for the present study."	( Formulation, characterization, and evaluation of ketorolac tromethamine-loaded biodegradable microspheres. Sinha, VR; Trehan, A, )	0.13
" From these data, acute salbutamol intake at therapeutical dosage did appear to improve peak power and mean power during a supramaximal exercise, but the mechanisms involved need further investigation."	( Effects of acute salbutamol intake during a Wingate test. Beaupied, H; Benhamou, L; Collomp, K; Courteix, D; De Ceaurriz, J; Jaffre, C; Le Panse, B; Lecoq, AM; Portier, H; Richard, O, 2005)	0.33
" Reproducible shifts in the dose-response of skeletal muscle to caffeine and halothane are the basis of the current in vitro diagnostic caffeine-halothane contracture test."	( Effects of caffeine, halothane, and 4-chloro-m-cresol on skeletal muscle lactate and pyruvate in malignant hyperthermia-susceptible and normal swine as assessed by microdialysis. Bina, S; Bünger, R; Cowan, G; Karaian, J; Mongan, P; Muldoon, S, 2006)	0.33
" MH susceptibility leads to a leftward shift of the dose-response curve for IM lactate after local injection of halothane and caffeine."	( The dose-response relationship and regional distribution of lactate after intramuscular injection of halothane and caffeine in malignant hyperthermia-susceptible pigs. Anetseder, M; Hager, M; Müller, R; Roewer, N; Schöll, H; Schuster, F, 2006)	0.33
"Oral naltrexone is effective in the treatment of alcohol dependence; however, a major limitation of its clinical utility is poor patient adherence to the daily dosing schedule."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable naltrexone. Dong, Q; Dunbar, JL; Ehrich, EW; Lasseter, KC; Silverman, BL; Turncliff, RZ, 2006)	0.33
" A 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was obtained at baseline, 3 hours, and 51 hours after dosing to correspond to the Tmax after oral ingestion."	( An evaluation of the impact of oral magnesium lactate on the corrected QT interval of patients receiving sotalol or dofetilide to prevent atrial or ventricular tachyarrhythmia recurrence. Coleman, CI; Guertin, D; Henyan, NN; Kluger, J; McBride, BF; Min, B; Silver, BB; White, CM, 2006)	0.33
" ALN NP exhibited a significant cytotoxic effect, in a dose-response relationship, on macrophage-like RAW264 cells in cell culture."	( Alendronate-loaded nanoparticles deplete monocytes and attenuate restenosis. Cohen-Sela, E; Danenberg, HD; Epstein, H; Gao, J; Gati, I; Golomb, G; Reich, R; Rosenzweig, O, 2006)	0.33
"5 g/L, respectively, whereas the dosage of cellulase reduced from 20 to 15 IU/g of substrate in the batch process."	( Lactic acid production from cellulosic material by synergetic hydrolysis and fermentation. Shen, X; Xia, L, 2006)	1.78
" We concluded that polymeric nanoparticle based oral 4-drug combination bears significant potential to shorten the duration of TB chemotherapy, besides reducing the dosing frequency."	( Chemotherapeutic efficacy of nanoparticle encapsulated antitubercular drugs. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, S, )	0.13
"This report describes the use of exercise testing to guide clinical decision making for dosing of an aqua aerobic fitness intervention and illustrates positive effects of the intervention on cardiovascular fitness in 2 people with MS."	( Outcomes of an aquatic exercise program including aerobic capacity, lactate threshold, and fatigue in two individuals with multiple sclerosis. Madras, D; Pariser, G; Weiss, E, 2006)	0.33
" The high flow--limit of the gel originating from the tablets as well as its dynamic viscosity should ensure the durability of this dosage form on the vaginal mucosa."	( Studies on gynaecological hydrophilic lactic acid preparations, Part 7: use of chitosan as lactic acid carrier in intravaginal tablets (globuli vaginales). Małolepsza-Jarmołowska, K, 2006)	0.6
"The objective of this study was to prepare an oral dosage formulation of mifepristone that will improve the oral bioavailability of mifepristone and sustain the release of mifepristone for at least 3 days to effectively control reproduction, especially in coyotes."	( Improved bioavailability of orally administered mifepristone from PLGA nanoparticles. He, W; Horn, SW; Hussain, MD, 2007)	0.34
" A volume therapy with exclusively crystalloids or colloids with the chosen colloid hyperoncotic, hyperchloremic HES solution (10% hydroxyethyl starch: 10% Hemohes) or the crystalloid solution with high lactate content (Sterofundin) is neither acceptable nor practicable, even if only due to exceeding the maximum dosage as recommended by the manufacturer."	( [The design of the VISEP trial. Critical appraisal]. Boldt, J; Engelmann, L; Mertzlufft, F; Sirtl, C; Stuttmann, R; Zander, R, 2007)	0.34
" Parenteral depots including biodegradable polymer microspheres offer the possibility of reduced dosing frequency but are limited by the inability to adequately control delivery rates."	( Macromolecule release from monodisperse PLG microspheres: control of release rates and investigation of release mechanism. Berkland, C; Kim, K'; Pack, DW; Pollauf, E; Raman, C; Silverman, R, 2007)	0.34
" Dose-response experiments revealed that this ginseng extract increased cell viability at a wide range of concentrations."	( Neuroprotective effect of a ginseng (Panax ginseng) root extract on astrocytes primary culture. Carretero, ME; Gómez-Serranillos, MP; Naval, MV; Villar, AM, 2007)	0.34
" Blood samples for analysis of glucose and lactate were taken at 30-45 min intervals before and after drug dosing and body temperature was monitored by telemetry."	( Serotonin mediates rapid changes of striatal glucose and lactate metabolism after systemic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") administration in awake rats. Cumming, P; Gramsbergen, JB, 2007)	0.34
" A randomized controlled study was designed to examine the dose-response effect of dobutamine (5-20 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)) on systemic and regional circulations and oxygen metabolism in a neonatal swine model of hypoxia/reoxygenation."	( The hemodynamic effects of dobutamine during reoxygenation after hypoxia: a dose-response study in newborn pigs. Abozaid, S; Al-Salam, Z; Bigam, D; Cheung, PY; Johnson, S, 2007)	0.34
" The fatigue task altered the dose-response relationship to intramuscular acidic saline injections."	( Muscle fatigue increases the probability of developing hyperalgesia in mice. Lisi, TL; Moore, SA; Sluka, KA; Yokoyama, T, 2007)	0.34
" The SN-38 hypomicrons increased the solubility of SN-38 in water and were valuable for the development of the novel dosage form of SN-38."	( [Preparation and characterization of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin-loaded hypomicron of amphiphilic block copolymer]. Luan, LB; Wu, QL, 2007)	0.34
" A high flow-limit of the gel that originates from the tablets as well as its dynamic viscosity should allow for the durable dosage form in the vagina."	( Studies on gynecological hydrophilic lactic acid preparations. Part 8: use of chitosan as lactic acid carrier in intravaginal tablets. Małolepsza-Jarmołowska, K, )	0.4
"In a previous study, we have described the elaboration of PLLA-based nanoparticles loaded with non radioactive dirhenium decacarbonyl [Re(2)(CO)(10)], a novel neutron-activatable radiopharmaceutical dosage form for intra-tumoral radiotherapy."	( Dirhenium decacarbonyl-loaded PLLA nanoparticles: influence of neutron irradiation and preliminary in vivo administration by the TMT technique. Canet-Soulas, E; Faraj, AA; Fessi, H; Hamoudeh, M; Mehier, H, 2008)	0.35
"Our results suggest that nanoencapsulation might be useful for developing a suitable oral dosage form for streptomycin and perhaps for other antibiotics that are otherwise injectable."	( Nanoparticle-based oral drug delivery system for an injectable antibiotic - streptomycin. Evaluation in a murine tuberculosis model. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R, 2007)	0.34
" More patients received superhigh dosage of norepinephrine or dopamine in the nonsurvivor group."	( [The application of pulmonary artery catheterization in treatment of septic shock patients]. Liu, DW; Xie, ZY, 2007)	0.34
" Increasing the time that the drugs spend in the intestine after dosing would allow for greater absorption and increased bioavailability."	( The use of charge-coupled polymeric microparticles and micromagnets for modulating the bioavailability of orally delivered macromolecules. Cheng, J; Farokhzad, OC; Jeong, SY; Khademhosseini, A; Langer, RS; Luther, G; Sherifi, I; Teply, BA; Tong, R; Yim, CH, 2008)	0.35
" QTc, blood pressure and heart rate over 12h, and plasma lactate and glucose over 3h following dosing were assessed."	( Tolerability of high cumulative doses of the HFA modulite beclomethasone dipropionate/formoterol combination inhaler in asthmatic patients. Acerbi, D; Borrill, Z; Meuleners, L; Piccinno, A; Poli, G; Singh, D; Woodcock, A, 2008)	0.35
" The two delivery devices were then tested for gene delivery and dosage effects using a macrophage cell line with both assays taking advantage of a 96-well high throughput format to quantify and compare each vector type."	( A comparison between polymeric microsphere and bacterial vectors for macrophage P388D1 gene delivery. Fuller, J; Langer, R; Parsa, S; Pfeifer, BA; Wang, Y, 2008)	0.35
" Also the effects of some important parameters on the magnetic biodegradable microspheres were investigated, such as magnetite dosage in the preparation system, stirring rate of the suspension medium, and concentration of the external aqueous phase."	( Preparation and characterization of interferon-loaded magnetic biodegradable microspheres. Dai, Y; Jia, W; Li, X; Liu, L; Sun, J; Sun, L; Wang, J; Weng, J; Zhang, Z; Zhou, S, 2008)	0.35
" These results collectively suggested that IDMC-PLLA/PLGA microparticles prepared using SEDS would have potentials in anti-tumor applications as a controlled drug release dosage form without harmful organic solvent residue."	( Preparation, characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity of indomethacin-loaded PLLA/PLGA microparticles using supercritical CO2 technique. Chen, A; Huang, Z; Kang, Y; Liao, L; Liao, X; Pu, X; Wu, J; Yao, Y; Yin, G, 2008)	0.35
" Heparin dosage was 4-20 U/kg/h and active clotting time was maintained between 146 and 360 seconds."	( Clinical outcomes and experience of 20 pediatric patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in Fuwai Hospital. Feng, Z; Hu, S; Li, S; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Long, C; Sheng, X; Wang, X; Zhao, J, )	0.13
"Nanoparticles can be designed to have several advantages for controlled and targeted drug delivery, including controlled deposition, sustained release, reduced dosing frequency, as well as an appropriate size for avoiding alveolar macrophage clearance or promoting transepithelial transport."	( Biodegradable polymeric nanocarriers for pulmonary drug delivery. Kissel, T; Nguyen, J; Rytting, E; Wang, X, 2008)	0.35
" Sampling of venous blood for chemiluminescence plasma NOx dosage was achieved at the following time points: (1) before anesthesia induction; (2) after anesthesia induction; (3) before heparin infusion; (4) after heparin infusion; (5) CPB-30 minutes; (6) CPB-60 minutes; (7) before protamine infusion; (8) after protamine infusion; and (9) on return to the recovery area."	( Plasma nitrate/nitrite (NOx) is not a useful biomarker to predict inherent cardiopulmonary bypass inflammatory response. Baldo, CF; Bassetto, S; Capellini, VK; Celotto, AC; Evora, PR; Rodrigues, AJ; Viaro, F, )	0.13
" The results have confirmed that the D-optimal experimental design technique can be successfully employed for designing the long acting microsphere dosage form."	( D-optimal designing and optimization of long acting microsphere-based injectable formulation of aripiprazole. Nahata, T; Saini, TR, 2008)	0.35
" These data provide a rationale for developing controlled release dosage form of gAdp as a therapeutic tool for oxidative stress-related pathology in patients with diabetes."	( Reversal of oxidative stress in endothelial cells by controlled release of adiponectin. Abel, ED; Jeong, JH; Kim, SW; Kim, YH; Mossalam, M, 2008)	0.35
" We examined the dose-response of milrinone on the intestinal circulation, oxygen metabolism, and injury in a newborn piglet model of asphyxia-reoxygenation."	( Intestinal hemodynamic effects of milrinone in asphyxiated newborn pigs after reoxygenation with 100% oxygen: a dose-response study. Bigam, DL; Charrois, G; Cheung, PY; Jewell, LD; Joynt, C; Korbutt, G, 2009)	0.35
" It Given every 6 hr intramuscularly in patients for acute pain, to avoid frequent dosing and patient inconvenience Ketorolac from ethamine was found suitable for parenteral depot system by biodegradable microspheres for the present study."	( Development, characterization, and evaluation of ketorolac tromethamine-loaded biodegradable microspheres as a depot system for parenteral delivery. Sinha, VR; Trehan, A, 2008)	0.35
" The resultant microparticles were also formulated in two dosage forms, an aqueous suspension and a dry tablet, to test the effect of formulation on the retention capacity of microparticles on the preocular space of rabbits in vivo."	( Mucoadhesive microdiscs engineered for ophthalmic drug delivery: effect of particle geometry and formulation on preocular residence time. Choy, YB; Edelhauser, HF; McCarey, BE; Park, JH; Prausnitz, MR, 2008)	0.35
" With OTS dosage increasing during modification, the mechanical properties of PLLA/OTS-modified HA porous composites increased obviously."	( OTS-modified HA and its toughening effect on PLLA/HA porous composite. Cheng, K; Weng, W; Yang, C, 2009)	0.35
" Results showed that administration of human AM/AMBP-1 reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, attenuated organ injury, and improved the survival rate in a seemingly dose-response fashion."	( Human adrenomedullin combined with human adrenomedullin binding protein-1 is protective in gut ischemia and reperfusion injury in the rat. Blau, SA; Wang, P; Wu, R; Zhang, F; Zhou, M, 2009)	0.35
"Thermal analysis has been widely used for obtaining information about drug-polymer interactions and for pre-formulation studies of pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Thermal behavior and stability of biodegradable spray-dried microparticles containing triamcinolone. da Silva, AA; de Matos, JR; de Oliveira, AG; do Egito, ES; Formariz, TP; Rossanezi, G; Scarpa, MV, 2009)	0.35
" There was no significant difference between implants with 3 mg and 2 mg P24 peptide, but the osteogenic capability of the two dosage groups was significantly better than that of the 1 mg group."	( Preparation and ectopic osteogenesis in vivo of scaffold based on mineralized recombinant human-like collagen loaded with synthetic BMP-2-derived peptide. Cui, F; Guo, X; Wang, Y; Wu, B; Wu, Y; Zheng, Q, 2008)	0.35
"The D-AMB-coated PLGA-DMSA nanoparticle showed antifungal efficacy, fewer undesirable effects and a favourable extended dosing interval."	( Amphotericin B in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) nanoparticles against paracoccidioidomycosis. Amaral, AC; Bentes, R; Bocca, AL; Felipe, MS; Lacava, ZG; Morais, PC; Nunes, J; Peixoto, DL; Primo, FL; Ribeiro, AM; Simioni, AR; Tedesco, AC; Titze-de-Almeida, R, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacological effect of PLGA/HPbetaCD/insulin LPP was confirmed by dose-response studies performed on both normoglycaemic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats."	( Insulin-loaded PLGA/cyclodextrin large porous particles with improved aerosolization properties: in vivo deposition and hypoglycaemic activity after delivery to rat lungs. d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca, R; Giovino, C; La Rotonda, MI; Miro, A; Quaglia, F; Sorrentino, R; Ungaro, F, 2009)	0.35
" Especially when treated at an early stage with a higher dosage of NPs, the average survival time of rats was prolonged 88."	( Growth inhibition against intracranial C6 glioma cells by stereotactic delivery of BCNU by controlled release from poly(D,L-lactic acid) nanoparticles. Albadany, A; Chang, J; Guo, Y; Kang, C; Li, Y; Pu, P; Sheng, J; Yu, S; Yuan, X; Zhang, Z; Zhong, Y, 2009)	0.56
" We tested the hypothesis that in long-distance athletes, changes in ANS parameters are dose-response related to individual volume/intensity training load and could predict athletic performance."	( Dose-response relationship of autonomic nervous system responses to individualized training impulse in marathon runners. Castagna, C; D'Ottavio, S; Iellamo, F; Lombardo, M; Manzi, V; Massaro, M; Padua, E; Volterrani, M, 2009)	0.35
" It could be also used with reliability for the determination of the drug in other pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Development and validation of a reverse phase liquid chromatography method for the quantification of rasagiline mesylate in biodegradable PLGA microspheres. Barcia, E; Fernández, M; Negro, S, 2009)	0.35
" Hence, these microspheres may be potentially useful in the clinical setting with the need for further investigation for optimal dosing of TCP–PLGA microspheres."	( Biodegradable microspherical implants containing teicoplanin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis. Ahiskali, R; Cevher, E; Mülazimoğlu, L; Orhan, Z; Sensoy, D; Yildiz, A, 2010)	0.36
" A Zn/BMS-686117 adduct suspension, with a molar ratio of zinc:BMS-686117 of 3:1, was dosed subcutaneously to dogs along with two other solution formulations."	( Sustained release subcutaneous delivery of BMS-686117, a GLP-1 receptor peptide agonist, via a zinc adduct. Burton, LS; Desikan, S; Hussain, M; Ni, N; Qian, F; Smith, RL; Wang, YF, 2009)	0.35
" Reproducible, quantitative delivery of as few as 16+/-2 MPs per spot was demonstrated and two-component MP dosing arrays were constructed, achieving MP delivery which was independent of formulation, with minimal cross-contamination."	( A high-throughput microparticle microarray platform for dendritic cell-targeting vaccines. Acharya, AP; Clare-Salzler, MJ; Keselowsky, BG, 2009)	0.35
" administration of Ac-PLP-BPI-NH(2)-2 microparticles can provide pharmacological efficacy and reduction in dosing frequency without increased toxicity."	( Immune response to controlled release of immunomodulating peptides in a murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. Kiptoo, P; Siahaan, TJ; Topp, EM; Williams, TD; Zhao, H, 2010)	0.36
"For the patients with septic shock with refractory hypotension, low-dose hydrocortisone can decrease the time course and dosage of vasopressors, improve tissue oxygen supply, thus can reverse septic shock more rapidly."	( [The effect of low-dose hydrocortisone on requirement of norepinephrine and lactate clearance in patients with refractory septic shock]. Gan, Q; Hu, B; Li, JG; Li, L; Liang, H; Liu, C; Luo, Y; Yu, Z; Zhou, Q, 2009)	0.35
" In normal rats, Michaelis-Menten kinetics were able to describe the dose-response of the fitted exchange rate constants with a 13."	( Kinetic modeling of hyperpolarized 13C1-pyruvate metabolism in normal rats and TRAMP mice. Albers, MJ; Bok, R; Chen, AP; Hurd, RE; Kurhanewicz, J; Nelson, SJ; Park, I; Tropp, J; Vigneron, DB; Yen, YF; Zhang, V; Zierhut, ML, 2010)	0.36
"Non-viral polymeric gene delivery systems offer increased protection from nuclease degradation, enhanced plasmid DNA (pDNA) uptake, and controlled dosing to sustain the duration of pDNA action."	( Gene delivery nanoparticles fabricated by supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions. Ambati, BK; Kompella, UB; Mayo, AS, 2010)	0.36
" Acoustically, the agent provided 19 dB of enhancement in vitro at a dosage of 10 microg/ml, with a half life of over 15 min."	( Development and optimization of a doxorubicin loaded poly(lactic acid) contrast agent for ultrasound directed drug delivery. Burstein, OM; Eisenbrey, JR; Forsberg, F; Kambhampati, R; Liu, JB; Wheatley, MA, 2010)	0.6
"PLA injectable millicylindrical implants loaded with RE:TA-beta-CD IC are optimal dosage forms for 1-month slow and continuous delivery of chemopreventive FBR anthocyanins."	( Formulation and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of black raspberry extract-loaded PLGA/PLA injectable millicylindrical implants for sustained delivery of chemopreventive anthocyanins. Desai, KG; Mallery, SR; Olsen, KF; Schwendeman, SP; Stoner, GD, 2010)	0.36
" Dose-response curves of the haemolytic activity of TOE in vitro were sigmoid shaped in both erythrocyte suspension and diluted whole blood, with the former more sensitive to TOE."	( In vitro and in vivo haemolytic studies of tentacle-only extract from jellyfish Cyanea capillata. He, Q; Li, Y; Liu, SH; Wang, QQ; Xiao, L; Zhang, J; Zhang, LM, 2010)	0.36
" Wistar rats were orally administered with a daily dosage of 200 mg kg(-1) Erlotinib-HCl either as free drug or as Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) encapsulated nanoparticles."	( Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoencapsulation reduces Erlotinib-induced subacute toxicity in rat. Franklin, G; Kalaichelvan, VK; Manavalan, R; Marslin, G; Reddy, PN; Sheeba, CJ, 2009)	0.35
" Multivariate analysis showed that statin dosage was independently associated with MD (OR:1."	( Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by statin contributes to endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Chan, HT; Dai, YL; Fong, B; Lau, CP; Lee, SW; Li, SW; Luk, TH; Siu, CW; Tam, S; Tse, HF; Yiu, KH, 2010)	0.36
" Nadroparin microparticles of nadroparin are promising oral dosage form performing sustained and well controlled anti-Xa, anti-IIa activities and anti-Xa/anti-IIa ratio."	( Oral administration of a microencapsulated low-molecular-weight heparin to rabbits: anti-Xa and anti-IIa profiles. Javot, L; Lecompte, T; Maincent, P; Sapin, A; Scala-Bertola, J; Vigneron, C, 2010)	0.36
"The work was aimed at determining the concentration of lactate as a marker of ischaemia in patients with lower-limb atherosclerosis obliterans (hereinafter referred to as LLASO) on the background of dosed physical load (terrain cure and general physical exercises)."	( [Lactate as a marker of ischaemia in patients with atherosclerosis obliterans of the lower limb arteries on the background of dosed physical load]. Koshkina, IV; Sergeeva, NA; Siniakin, KI, 2009)	0.35
" Sustained release nanoparticles (NP) offer increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased amounts of AS uptake, and the possibility of control in dosing and sustained duration of AS administration."	( Biodistribution of antisense nanoparticles in mammary carcinoma rat model. Adwan, H; Berger, MR; Elazar, V; Golomb, G; Lifshitz-Shovali, R; Rohekar, K; Zepp, M, 2010)	0.36
" Moreover, results suggest that there is a dose-response relationship between frequency of interval training and the magnitude of LT improvement."	( Dose-response relationship between interval training frequency and magnitude of improvement in lactate threshold. Bushman, TT; Crain, RD; Dalleck, L; Derksen, LA; Gajda, MM; Koger, EM, 2010)	0.36
"Firstly, the particle diameter distribution, shape, encapsulation efficiency, drug-loaded dosage and release curve of VA-PLGA microspheres were evaluated in vitro."	( Intra-discal vancomycin-loaded PLGA microsphere injection for MRSA discitis: an experimental study. Liu, F; Liu, J; Ni, B; Wang, F; Zhu, YZ; Zhu, Z, 2011)	0.37
" To overcome these problems of conventional dosage form, novel drug delivery systems are explored like nanoparticles."	( Biodegradable levofloxacin nanoparticles for sustained ocular drug delivery. Ali, A; Aqil, M; Bhatnagar, A; Gupta, H; Khar, RK; Mittal, G, 2011)	0.37
"Sustained release nanoformulations of second line anti-tubercular drugs can help in reducing their dosing frequency and improve patient's compliance in multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB)."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution studies of orally administered nanoparticles encapsulated ethionamide used as potential drug delivery system in management of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. Khuller, GK; Kumar, G; Malhotra, S; Pandhi, P; Shafiq, N; Sharma, S, 2011)	0.37
" CyA-MS might be possible to treat ulcerative colitis effectively by decreasing the total dosage without the elevation of the serum level or the side effects of CyA."	( The effective therapy of cyclosporine A with drug delivery system in experimental colitis. Fukata, N; Fukui, T; Koyabu, M; Kusuda, T; Matsushita, M; Miyoshi, H; Nishio, A; Okazaki, K; Tabata, Y; Uchida, K, 2011)	0.37
" Surface-modified NPs could be used to improve patient compliance with drug treatment as a result of decreased dosing frequency."	( Repaglinide-loaded long-circulating biodegradable nanoparticles: rational approach for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Jain, S; Saraf, S, 2009)	0.35
" It was also observed that The RAPA entrapment efficiency reached its highest at 20% of addition dosage of RAPA."	( High entrapment efficiency of chitosan/polylactic acid/tripolyphotspate nanosized microcapsules for rapamycin by an emulsion-evaporation approach. Deng, Y; Fu, J; He, N; Jin, S; Wang, D; Wang, H; Wang, T; Yang, W, 2010)	0.62
" Because of the chronic nature of many of these diseases, sustained-release dosage forms of curcumin could be of significant clinical value."	( Highly loaded, sustained-release microparticles of curcumin for chemoprevention. Panyam, J; Shahani, K, 2011)	0.37
" Conventional dosage forms like creams and ointments are commonly prefered for the therapy."	( Microparticulate based topical delivery system of clobetasol propionate. Badıllı, U; Sen, T; Tarımcı, N, 2011)	0.37
" The evidence of a dose-response relation between exercise intensity and affect sets the stage for a reconsideration of the rationale behind current guidelines for exercise intensity prescription."	( The pleasure and displeasure people feel when they exercise at different intensities: decennial update and progress towards a tripartite rationale for exercise intensity prescription. Ekkekakis, P; Parfitt, G; Petruzzello, SJ, 2011)	0.37
" The quantity of red blood cell infusion, blood loss and the dosage of noradrenalin in encephalopathy group were significantly larger compared with non-encephalopathy group."	( [Peri-operative characteristics of cerebral oxygen metabolism in patients with encephalopathy after orthotopic liver transplantation]. Cai, J; Hei, ZQ; Shen, N; Sun, HY, 2011)	0.37
" A sustained release dosage form is beneficial in terms of reducing the injection frequency and improving the therapeutic effectiveness."	( Sustained release of transgenic human factor IX: preparation, characterization, and in vivo efficacy. Chang, LC; Chua, AC; Lai, SM; Lin, YJ; Yang, CY, 2011)	0.37
" The purpose of this study was to investigate a novel treatment for TB meant to improve patient compliance by reducing drug dosage frequency."	( Antimycobacterial activity of 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanone, a synthetic analogue of neolignan, entrapped in polymeric microparticles. Barata, LE; Bentley, MV; de Souza, AO; Minarini, PR; Silva, CL; Soares, EG, 2012)	0.38
"Pediatric medication dosing and administration, faced with inherent challenges of dose to body weight adjustment and variable delivery vehicles, may lead to inadvertent errors effectively resulting in overdose."	( Zidovudine (AZT) overdose in a healthy newborn receiving postnatal prophylaxis. Esteban-Cruciani, N; Hoffman, RS; Lee, S; Livshits, Z; Nelson, LS, 2011)	0.37
" The patient's mother cited several key factors leading to the dosing error."	( Zidovudine (AZT) overdose in a healthy newborn receiving postnatal prophylaxis. Esteban-Cruciani, N; Hoffman, RS; Lee, S; Livshits, Z; Nelson, LS, 2011)	0.37
" This experiment aimed at studying the dose-response effect of five dietary concentrations of ZnO on small intestinal bacteria and metabolite profiles."	( Dose-dependent effects of dietary zinc oxide on bacterial communities and metabolic profiles in the ileum of weaned pigs. Neumann, K; Pieper, R; Vahjen, W; Van Kessel, AG; Zentek, J, 2012)	0.38
" Using pharmacokinetic computer simulations, it was estimated that the steady-state octreotide serum drug levels would be predicted to fall in the range of 40-130 pg/10 μL and 20-100 pg/10 μL following repeat dosing of the Oakwood formulations and Sandostatin LAR(®) every 28 days and every 42 days at a dose of 3 mg/rat, respectively."	( Sustained-release delivery of octreotide from biodegradable polymeric microspheres. DeLuca, PP; Mansour, HM; Rhee, YS; Sohn, M; Thanoo, BC; Woo, BH, 2011)	0.37
" The BME at a dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight was administered orally to rats for 2 weeks in order to evaluate the following biomarkers of physical fatigue: swimming time, change in body weight, lipid peroxidation, lactic acid (LA), glycogen, antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and blood parameters, namely blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatine kinase (CK)."	( Effect of bacoside extract from Bacopa monniera on physical fatigue induced by forced swimming. Anand, T; Bawa, AS; Khanum, F; Pandareesh, MD; Phani Kumar, G; Swamy, MS, 2012)	0.56
" Preprandial data measured at various days showed that MEGA dosage tended to increase the molar proportion of propionate (P=0·09) and lower the acetate to propionate ratio (P=0·07) in the rumen fluid."	( Intraruminal administration of Megasphaera elsdenii modulated rumen fermentation profile in mid-lactation dairy cows. Ametaj, BN; Dunn, SM; Mazzolari, A; Terrill, SJ; Yang, WZ; Zebeli, Q, 2012)	0.38
" Investigating their ability to retain/depot antigen and induce time and dosage dependent adaptive humoral responses to immunization, we here present a basic study of the adjuvantic properties PLGA and PLA particles may have in salmon vaccines."	( PLGA/PLA micro- and nanoparticle formulations serve as antigen depots and induce elevated humoral responses after immunization of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fredriksen, BN; Grip, J, 2012)	0.38
" We then will briefly address immunogenicity concerns and outline current best practices for using state-of-the-art analytical assays to monitor protein stability for both conventional and novel therapeutic protein dosage forms."	( Protein instability and immunogenicity: roadblocks to clinical application of injectable protein delivery systems for sustained release. Carpenter, JF; Crommelin, DJ; Friess, W; Jiskoot, W; Middaugh, CR; Randolph, TW; Schöneich, C; Volkin, DB; Winter, G, 2012)	0.38
" He completed 6 weeks of meningeal dosed ampicillin."	( Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) cerebritis versus Listeria monocytogenes meningoencephalitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus on chronic corticosteroid therapy: the diagnostic importance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of lactic acid levels. Cunha, BA; McCaffrey, LM; Petelin, A, )	0.31
"Therapeutic aerosol bioengineering (TAB) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) therapies using inhalable microparticles offers a unique opportunity to target drugs to the site of infection in the alveolar macrophages, thereby increasing dosing in the lungs and limiting systemic exposure to often toxic drugs."	( Therapeutic aerosol bioengineering of targeted, inhalable microparticle formulations to treat Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb). Cryan, SA; Dillon, P; Gallagher, PJ; Keane, J; Lawlor, C; O'Leary, S; O'Sullivan, MP; Rice, B; Shoyele, S, 2012)	0.38
" Changes in mineral distribution effected by F were most pronounced in MeC lesions, with remineralization/mineral redeposition in the original lesion body at the expense of sound enamel beyond the original lesion in a dose-response manner."	( Effect of fluoride, lesion baseline severity and mineral distribution on lesion progression. Butler, A; Hara, AT; Lippert, F; Lynch, RJ, 2012)	0.38
"The present mechanistic in vitro study aimed to investigate dose-response effects of zinc and fluoride on caries lesion remineralization and subsequent protection from demineralization."	( Dose-response effects of zinc and fluoride on caries lesion remineralization. Lippert, F, 2012)	0.38
"The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of caffeine supplementation on sprint cycling performance and to determine if there was a dose-response effect."	( Caffeine and sprinting performance: dose responses and efficacy. Foley, P; Glaister, M; McInnes, G; Patterson, SD; Pattison, JR; Pedlar, CR, 2012)	0.38
"Paclitaxel dosage form on nanoparticles of 200-300 nm based on lactic and glycolic acid copolymer was obtained by the co-precipitation method."	( Cytotoxic effect of paclitaxel incorporated in nanoparticles based on lactic and glycolic acid copolymer. Alyautdin, RN; Balaban'yan, VY; Baranov, DS; Bojat, V; Hamdy, YM; Oganesyan, EA, 2011)	0.37
" Reducing metformin dosage and monitoring metformin concentrations will allow the safe use of metformin in CKD, provided that renal function is stable."	( Metformin therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease. Day, RO; Duong, JK; Furlong, TJ; Graham, GG; Greenfield, JR; Kirkpatrick, CM; Kumar, SS; Roberts, DM; Williams, KM, 2012)	0.38
" In addition, proper siRNA dosing seems to be important for a positive therapeutic outcome in vivo."	( MRI-assessed therapeutic effects of locally administered PLGA nanoparticles loaded with anti-inflammatory siRNA in a murine arthritis model. Colombo, S; Foged, C; Jensen, LB; Lammers, T; Nicolay, K; Nielsen, HM; Schiffelers, RM; Storm, G; Strijkers, GJ; te Boekhorst, BC; Varkouhi, AK, 2012)	0.38
" The RGD-targeted Pt(IV)-encapsulated NPs displayed enhanced cytotoxicity as compared to cisplatin administered in its conventional dosage form in model prostate and breast cancer epithelial cells in vitro."	( α(V)β(3) integrin-targeted PLGA-PEG nanoparticles for enhanced anti-tumor efficacy of a Pt(IV) prodrug. Banyard, J; Bielenberg, DR; Farokhzad, OC; Graf, N; Kolishetti, N; Lippard, SJ; Muus, C, 2012)	0.38
" With the ability to control the release of drug dosage locally within the spinal cord, drug-eluting microfibrous patches demonstrate the importance of appropriate local release-kinetics of rolipram, proving their usefulness as a therapeutic platform for the study and repair of SCI."	( Drug-eluting microfibrous patches for the local delivery of rolipram in spinal cord repair. Beattie, MS; Bresnahan, JC; Downing, TL; Farmer, DL; Lee, AL; Li, S; Nout, Y; Wang, A; Yan, ZQ, 2012)	0.38
" The presented model is effective for understanding the drug release mechanisms and for the design of this type of dosage form."	( Modeling of drug release from biodegradable triple-layered microparticles. Lee, WL; Li, S; Loo, SC; Low, ZY; Shi, WX, 2012)	0.38
" The work supports extended-release heparin as an inhalation dosing strategy in experimental therapeutic applications aimed at improving the pharmacodynamics of heparin in the treatment of AHR and lung inflammation."	( Inhaled extended-release microparticles of heparin elicit improved pulmonary pharmacodynamics against antigen-mediated airway hyper-reactivity and inflammation. Araman, A; Birchall, JC; Broadley, KJ; Gumbleton, M; John, E; Özsoy, Y; Yildiz, A, 2012)	0.38
" Stimulation of J774 macrophages with a concentration as low as 1 μg ml (-1) of encapsulated rMOMP-187 evoked high production levels of the Th1 cytokines IL-6 (874 pg ml(-1)) and IL-12p40 (674 pg ml(-1)) as well as nitric oxide (8 μM) at 24 h post-stimulation, and in a dose-response and time-kinetics manner."	( Biodegradable PLGA85/15 nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle for Chlamydia trachomatis recombinant MOMP-187 peptide. Dennis, VA; Singh, SR; Taha, MA, 2012)	0.38
" Furthermore, the HDNP maintained significantly higher concentrations of brimonidine in aqueous humor and cornea as well as timolol maleate in the aqueous humor, cornea, and conjunctiva up to 7 days as compared to saline, DH, and PLGA nanoparticle dosage forms, without inducing ocular inflammation or discomfort."	( Hybrid dendrimer hydrogel/PLGA nanoparticle platform sustains drug delivery for one week and antiglaucoma effects for four days following one-time topical administration. Holden, CA; Kadam, RS; Kompella, UB; Tyagi, P; Yang, H, 2012)	0.38
" The dosage of 5 mg ketamine/kg body mass was rarely sufficient to obtain surgical tolerance in group INJE."	( [Comparison of three different anesthesia procedures in calves with respect to possible pain-associated reactions]. Hefti, A; Metzner, M; Sauter-Louis, C; Schlemmer, I, )	0.13
" This information may prove particularly helpful in the design of future studies, such as when calculating proper dosing levels or determining experimental end points in order to more comprehensively evaluate a controlled release system's performance."	( A retrospective mathematical analysis of controlled release design and experimentation. Freeman, BA; Kay, JE; Little, SR; Rothstein, SN; Schopfer, FJ, 2012)	0.38
" However, some patients encounter hepatotoxicity after repeated APAP dosing at therapeutic doses."	( Enhancement of acetaminophen-induced chronic hepatotoxicity in restricted fed rats: a nonclinical approach to acetaminophen-induced chronic hepatotoxicity in susceptible patients. Hashimoto, T; Kobayashi, A; Kondo, K; Kuno, H; Shoda, T; Sugai, S; Suzuki, Y; Takahashi, A; Toyoda, K; Yamada, N, 2012)	0.38
" This study was designed to evaluate the safety of vaginal dosing and effects of Acidform on mucosal immune mediators, antimicrobial properties of genital secretions, and vaginal microbiota."	( Phase I randomized safety study of twice daily dosing of acidform vaginal gel: candidate antimicrobial contraceptive. Carpenter, CA; Einstein, MH; Fredricks, DN; Herold, BC; Keller, MJ; Liu, C; Lo, Y, 2012)	0.38
"The objectives of our study were to investigate the dose-response relationship of the TASER X26 discharge duration in an anesthetized swine model."	( Repetitive TASER X26 discharge resulted in adverse physiologic events with a dose-response relationship related to the duration of discharge in anesthetized swine model. Ahn, JH; Choi, SC; Min, YG; Park, EJ, 2013)	0.39
" This dosage form permits the prolonged drug release."	( Evaluation of the effects of thalidomide-loaded biodegradable devices in solid Ehrlich tumor. Dantas Cassali, G; Ligorio Fialho, S; Maria de Souza, C; Pereira, BG; Silva-Cunha, A, 2013)	0.39
" Risperidone accelerates the hydrolytic degradation of PLGA, presumably within the microenvironment of the drug-loaded particles, and this phenomenon must be taken into consideration in designing PLGA dosage forms of tertiary amine drugs."	( Accelerated polymer biodegradation of risperidone poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres. Blasi, P; DeLuca, PP; Selmin, F, 2012)	0.38
" It exerted a stronger, quicker effect on the reduction of HEK293 cell growth in vitro in comparison with free GEM and had an in vivo antitumoral effect on the proliferation of xenograft tumors at a drug dosage tenfold less than its saline solution."	( Gemcitabine-loaded biocompatible nanocapsules for the effective treatment of human cancer. Celano, M; Cosco, D; Fresta, M; Moretti, S; Paolino, D; Puxeddu, E; Russo, D, 2013)	0.39
" This need for frequent dosing with multiple medications makes compliance difficult."	( Hybrid dendrimer hydrogel/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle platform: an advanced vehicle for topical delivery of antiglaucoma drugs and a likely solution to improving compliance and adherence in glaucoma management. Leffler, CT; Yang, H, 2013)	0.39
" Catecholamine dosage was significantly reduced after ECMO implantation."	( Single-center experience with extracorporeal life support in 103 nonpostcardiotomy patients. Arlt, M; Camboni, D; Hilker, M; Keyser, A; Lubnow, M; Lunz, D; Philipp, A; Rupprecht, L; Schmid, C; Schopka, S; Zacher, R; Zimmermann, M, 2013)	0.39
" Recent research shows that surface functionalization of nanoparticles and development of new nanoparticulate dosage forms help overcome these delivery challenges and improve in vivo performance."	( Concepts and practices used to develop functional PLGA-based nanoparticulate systems. Desu, HR; Sah, E; Sah, H; Thoma, LA; Wood, GC, 2013)	0.39
" Polymeric porous particles of PGE1 produced the same effects at a reduced dosing frequency compared to plain PGE1 and caused minimal off-target effects on systemic hemodynamics."	( Inhaled PLGA particles of prostaglandin E₁ ameliorate symptoms and progression of pulmonary hypertension at a reduced dosing frequency. Ahsan, F; Gupta, N; Gupta, V; Komatsu, M; McMurtry, IF; Mehvar, R; Nozik-Grayck, E; Oka, M; Shaik, IH, 2013)	0.39
" The authors adopted a dose-response design to investigate the effects of various uphill interval-training programs on physiological and performance measures."	( Effects of different uphill interval-training programs on running economy and performance. Barnes, KR; Hopkins, WG; Kilding, AE; McGuigan, MR, 2013)	0.39
"0mg/kg, the Lactosome ABC phenomenon can be evaded apparently by dosing ICG-Lactosome over 50mg/kg regardless of anti-Lactosome IgM production."	( Evasion from accelerated blood clearance of nanocarrier named as "Lactosome" induced by excessive administration of Lactosome. Hara, E; Hara, I; Kimura, S; Kurihara, K; Makino, A; Ozeki, E; Shimizu, A; Sugai, M, 2013)	0.39
" In this condition, dosage with metformin should be stopped and patients should receive urgent medical attention."	( The Role of Metformin in Metformin-Associated Lactic Acidosis (MALA): Case Series and Formulation of a Model of Pathogenesis. Day, RO; Duong, JK; Furlong, TJ; Graham, GG; Greenfield, JR; Roberts, DM; Williams, KM, 2013)	0.65
" The nephropathy was induced using intravenous injections of aristolochic acid at a dosage of 10 mg/kg per day for 5 days and was characterized biochemically and histologically."	( Urinary d-lactate levels reflect renal function in aristolochic acid-induced nephropathy in mice. Chen, SM; Huang, TC; Lee, JA; Li, YC, 2013)	0.39
"Although pulmonary dosing of large porous particles has been shown to sustain drug delivery for a few days, there are no reports on safety or long term delivery."	( Supercritical fluid technology based large porous celecoxib-PLGA microparticles do not induce pulmonary fibrosis and sustain drug delivery and efficacy for several weeks following a single dose. Dhanda, DS; Kompella, UB; Mirvish, SS; Tyagi, P, 2013)	0.39
" However, the dose-response relationship between the volume of BR ingested and the physiological effects invoked has not been investigated."	( Beetroot juice and exercise: pharmacodynamic and dose-response relationships. Bailey, SJ; Blackwell, JR; Jeukendrup, AE; Jones, AM; Kelly, J; Skiba, PF; Vanhatalo, A; Winyard, PG; Wylie, LJ, 2013)	0.39
" Furthermore, the synergism observed between TRAIL and doxorubicin suggests that the doxorubicin dosage could be substantially reduced and its side effects minimized."	( Doxorubicin-loaded porous PLGA microparticles with surface attached TRAIL for the inhalation treatment of metastatic lung cancer. Byeon, HJ; Kim, I; Kim, TH; Lee, ES; Lee, KC; Oh, KT; Shin, BS; Youn, YS, 2013)	0.39
" On the other hand, in low PLGA-PEO NPs dosed cultures, significant stimulation of phagocytic activity of granulocytes (119%) > monocytes (117%) and respiratory burst of phagocytes (122%) was recorded."	( Immunotoxicity and genotoxicity testing of PLGA-PEO nanoparticles in human blood cell model. Barancokova, M; Bartusova, M; Bilanicova, D; Cagalinec, M; Ciampor, F; Drlickova, M; Dusinska, M; Horvathova, M; Jahnova, E; Kazimirova, A; Kuricova, M; Liskova, A; Neubauerova, E; Pojana, G; Staruchova, M; Tulinska, J; Vavra, I; Volkovova, K, 2015)	0.42
" Once the MS were optimised, the target loading of rhEGF was increased to 1% (PLGA-Alginate MS), and particles were sterilised by gamma radiation to provide the correct dosage for in vivo studies."	( rhEGF-loaded PLGA-Alginate microspheres enhance the healing of full-thickness excisional wounds in diabetised Wistar rats. Aguirre, JJ; Gainza, G; Hernández, RM; Igartua, M; Pedraz, JL, 2013)	0.39
" This delivery system of anastrozole is expected to reduce the side effects associated with the conventional cancer therapy by reducing dosing frequency."	( Application of multiple regression analysis in optimization of anastrozole-loaded PLGA nanoparticles. Kumar, A; Sawant, KK, 2014)	0.4
" For this, AMB nanoencapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) nanoparticles (Nano-D-AMB) has been developed, and its efficacy was evaluated in the treatment of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in C57BL/6 mice, to test if our nano-drug delivery system could favor the reduction of the dose frequency required to achieve the same therapeutic level of free D-AMB, and so, an extended dosing interval."	( Leishmanicidal activity of amphotericin B encapsulated in PLGA-DMSA nanoparticles to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in C57BL/6 mice. Báo, SN; Cintra e Silva, Dde O; de Carvalho, RF; de Souza Filho, J; Lacava, ZG; Martins, OP; Miranda-Vilela, AL; Ribeiro, IF; Sampaio, RN; Tedesco, AC, 2013)	0.39
" A biweekly simulation of multiple dosing revealed that Formulation C, the selected formulation, with a high load and large particle size would provide adequate initial and maintenance levels of the active moiety (Risperidone and its metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone)."	( Microsphere delivery of Risperidone as an alternative to combination therapy. D'Souza, S; DeLuca, P; Faraj, J, 2013)	0.39
"Acute exercise perturbs haemorheology in an intensity dose-response fashion; however, many of the haemorheological effects appear to be secondary to haemoconcentration, rather than increased lactate concentration."	( Exercise-induced blood lactate increase does not change red blood cell deformability in cyclists. Connes, P; Sabapathy, S; Simmonds, MJ, 2013)	0.39
" Thus, when formulated in a dry tablet dosage form, the NMs in this work show more than a 10-fold increase in preocular retention in vivo compared to conventional spherical microparticles."	( Nanostructured mucoadhesive microparticles for enhanced preocular retention. Choi, SY; Choy, YB; Kim, MJ; Lee, JE; Lee, SH; Park, CG; Park, KH; Park, M; Shin, GS, 2014)	0.4
" A method was developed to simulate the dosing rate and cumulative dose released in the peritoneal cavity based on the in vitro release data."	( Paclitaxel-loaded polymeric microparticles: quantitative relationships between in vitro drug release rate and in vivo pharmacodynamics. Au, JL; Lu, Z; Tsai, M; Wientjes, MG, 2013)	0.39
" In this study, injectable biodegradable and biocompatible polymeric particles were employed for controlled-release dosage forms and the encapsulation of antibodies into polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) based microspheres was explored."	( Encapsulation of immunoglobulin G by solid-in-oil-in-water: effect of process parameters on microsphere properties. Amighi, K; Denis, L; Goole, J; Marquette, S; Peerboom, C; Yates, A, 2014)	0.4
" The osteogenic effect of simvastatin-loaded bone cement was in a critical sized defect in vivo to test the hypothesis the biologic response would be different depending on the dosage of simvastatin applied to bone cement."	( The effect of simvastatin-loaded polymeric microspheres in a critical size bone defect in the rabbit calvaria. Coelho, PG; Galli, S; Ichikawa, T; Jimbo, R; Kozai, Y; Naito, Y; Ozeki, T; Tagami, T; Terukina, T; Vandeweghe, S, 2014)	0.4
" An analytical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) method was established and validated which enables determination of nanoparticle content in solid dosage forms as well as quantification of particle release during dissolution testing."	( Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) for the quantification of nanoparticle release from tablets during dissolution testing. Engel, A; Langer, K; Mulac, D; Plöger, M, 2014)	0.4
" Antileishmanial activity as revealed from selectivity index in wild-type strain was found to be significant for AGnp with TPGS in about one-tenth of the dosage of the free AG and one-third of the dosage of the AGnp without TPGS."	( In vitro susceptibilities of wild and drug resistant leishmania donovani amastigote stages to andrographolide nanoparticle: role of vitamin E derivative TPGS for nanoparticle efficacy. Bera, T; Das, S; Halder, A; Mondal, S; Mukherjee, A; Roy, P, 2013)	0.39
" As such, there are difficulties in obtaining a predictive model that could be of fundamental significance in design, development, and optimization for medical applications and toxicity evaluation of PLGA-based multiparticulate dosage form."	( Heuristic modeling of macromolecule release from PLGA microspheres. Jachowicz, R; Lau, R; Mendyk, A; Pacławski, A; Szlęk, J, 2013)	0.39
" Serum albumin was reduced by feeding the medium and a high dosage of DON, probably due to the ribotoxic action of DON."	( Organ damage and hepatic lipid accumulation in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) after feed-borne exposure to the mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON). Burkhardt-Holm, P; Kloas, W; Pietsch, C; Rovira, P; Schulz, C, 2014)	0.4
" Within this article a multiparticulate dosage form has been developed, consisting of poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microcapsules containing prebiotic Bimuno™ incorporated into an alginate-chitosan matrix containing probiotic Bifidobacterium breve."	( Microencapsulation of a synbiotic into PLGA/alginate multiparticulate gels. Charalampopoulos, D; Cook, MT; Khutoryanskiy, VV; Tzortzis, G, 2014)	0.4
"PLGA/PLA polymeric nanoparticles could potentially enhance the effectiveness of convective delivery of drugs, such as carboplatin, to the brain, by enabling a more sustained dosage over a longer time than otherwise possible."	( NMR cryoporometry characterisation studies of the relation between drug release profile and pore structural evolution of polymeric nanoparticles. Edler, KJ; Gopinathan, N; Lowe, JP; Rigby, SP; Yang, B, 2014)	0.4
" This illustrates that correct conclusions on dose-response relationships in future vaccination studies can only be drawn, if a selective method for adjuvant and protein quantification will be applied."	( Characterization of protein-adjuvant coencapsulation in microparticles for vaccine delivery. Lendlein, A; Mathew, S; Wischke, C, 2014)	0.4
" The concentrations of plasma lactate in pre-(A), post-dialyzer (V) sites and ultrafiltrate were measured after each dosage of CVVH was carried out for 30 minutes."	( Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous hemofiltration on plasma lactate in critically ill patients. Chen, J; Chen, M; Guan, X; Huang, S; Li, L; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Ma, J; Ouyang, B; Wu, J, 2014)	0.4
" In vivo study, SM-loaded PLGA microspheres are thought to have the potential to maintain SM concentration within target ranges for a long time, decreasing side effects caused by concentration fluctuation, ensuring the efficiency of treatment and improving patient compliance by reducing dosing frequency."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability of salmeterol by loaded PLGA microspheres: preparation, in vitro, and in vivo evaluation. Xu, J; Zhang, H, 2016)	0.43
" To obtain a complete inhibition of the effector limb activation, the advised dosage must be respected."	( Eculizumab in anti-factor h antibodies associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Adams, B; Corazza, F; Dahan, K; Davin, JC; Diamante Chiodini, B; Ismaili, K; Khaldi, K, 2014)	0.4
" This fully validated method allows the direct determination of fulvestrant in dosage form and biological samples."	( Optimization of a validated stability-indicating RP-LC method for the determination of fulvestrant from polymeric based nanoparticle systems, drugs and biological samples. Gumustas, M; Hascicek, C; Ozkan, SA; Sengel-Turk, CT, 2014)	0.4
" For example, twice-a-year depot injections with leuprolide are available compared to the once-a-day injection of the solution dosage form."	( Injectable controlled release depots for large molecules. Bailey, BA; Schwendeman, AS; Schwendeman, SP; Shah, RB, 2014)	0.4
"First-line cancer chemotherapy necessitates high parenteral dosage and repeated dosing of a combination of drugs over a prolonged period."	( Inhibition of 3-D tumor spheroids by timed-released hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs from multilayered polymeric microparticles. Chong, HC; Guo, WM; Ho, VH; Lee, WL; Loo, SC; Saha, A; Tan, EY; Tan, NS; Widjaja, E, 2014)	0.4
"5 kg of wheat flour was orally dosed at 0 and 12 h of the experimental period to ACID, while the basal diet (grass hay, ad libitum) was restored to control."	( Experimental acute rumen acidosis in sheep: consequences on clinical, rumen, and gastrointestinal permeability conditions and blood chemistry. Ahmed, S; Bani, P; Bertoni, G; Jahan, N; Minuti, A; Piccioli-Cappelli, F; Trevisi, E, 2014)	0.4
" OPTN could be acted as a novel and new dosage form to be used in cancer treatment study."	( A novel oleanolic acid-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticle for liver cancer treatment. Bao, X; Chu, QC; Gao, M; Guan, X; Jiang, N; Liu, KX; Tian, Y; Xu, H; Zhang, CH, 2015)	0.42
"01), norepinephrine dosage >0."	( Risk factors associated with adverse outcome following extracorporeal life support: analysis from 360 consecutive patients. El-Sayed Ahmad, A; Keller, H; Marinos, S; Meybohm, P; Moritz, A; Papadopoulos, N; Zacharowski, K; Zierer, A, 2015)	0.42
" The loading dosage of Nisin caused no significant changes in the size and morphology of nanofibers when Nisin content was below 9 wt%."	( Synthesis of antimicrobial Nisin-phosphorylated soybean protein isolate/poly(L-lactic acid)/ZrO2 membranes. Chu, C; Jiang, S; Ma, X; Sun, M; Wang, H, 2015)	0.64
"001), and received larger dosage of vasoactive drugs [DA (μg × kg⁻¹ × min⁻¹): 14."	( [Prognostic value of decreased vasopressin modulation in the late-phase of septic shock patients]. Li, D; Sun, J; Wang, C; Yang, X; Zhou, Q, 2014)	0.4
" Our results suggested that the addition of CS/PLA-PIC NPs increases the survival, heart rate and hatching in time dependent manner at the dosage of 20μg/ml."	( Toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 on embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio): potential activity of piceatannol encapsulated chitosan/poly (lactic acid) nanoparticles. Baskar, SK; Dhanapal, J; Ravindrran, MB, 2015)	0.62
" Further, the poor pharmacokinetic profile due to non-selective distribution to organs other than brain reduces the efficacy of dosage regimen."	( Protein-functionalized PLGA nanoparticles of lamotrigine for neuropathic pain management. Kolate, A; Lalani, J; Lalani, R; Misra, A; Patil, S, 2015)	0.42
" In the present study, neuroprotective properties of creatylglycine ethyl ester fumarate (CrGEt) in rats with focal cerebral ischemia were explored in a wide dosage range (30-280 mg/kg, intravenous and intragastric)."	( Neuroprotective activity of creatylglycine ethyl ester fumarate. Barygin, OI; Isaeva, AV; Korzhevskii, DE; Morozov, VA; Portsel, MN; Tihonov, DB; Veselkina, OS; Vlasov, TD, 2015)	0.42
" At maximum dosage and time (15 μM and 96 h), Sorafenib-loaded PLGA and HMC-coated liposomes killed 88."	( Comparison of sorafenib-loaded poly (lactic/glycolic) acid and DPPC liposome nanoparticles in the in vitro treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Arora, J; Boonkaew, B; Callaghan, C; Chava, S; Dash, S; He, J; John, VT; Lee, BR; Liu, J; Maddox, MM; Mandava, SH, 2015)	0.42
"Systemic administration of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) is frequently associated with a number of side effects; therefore, sometimes it cannot be applied in sufficient dosage after allogeneic or xenogeneic cell transplantation."	( 3D-Printed Drug/Cell Carrier Enabling Effective Release of Cyclosporin A for Xenogeneic Cell-Based Therapy. Cho, DW; Choi, YJ; Jang, J; Shim, JH; Song, TH, 2015)	0.42
" However, higher TCS dosage caused obvious microbial inhibition."	( Roles of 3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide in regulating extracellular electron transfer of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Cheng, YY; Li, WW; Wang, YP; Yu, HQ; Yu, SS; Zhang, HL, 2015)	0.42
" Based on FDA-approved polymer, solvent and dosage forms, this gentle process allowed the incorporation of the GSNO labile drug into scaffolds made of either poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) or PLGA/poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) blend."	( Nitric oxide-eluting scaffolds and their interaction with smooth muscle cells in vitro. Boudier, A; Fries, I; Gaucher, C; Gostyńska, A; Leroy, P; Lulek, J; Parent, M; Rychter, M, 2015)	0.42
" Plasma and urinary glutathione-related metabolomes and liver function parameters were measured during the dosing period."	( [Investigation of Predisposition Biomarkers to Identify Risk Factors for Drug-induced Liver Injury in Humans: Analyses of Endogenous Metabolites in an Animal Model Mimicking Human Responders to APAP-induced Hepatotoxicity]. Kobayashi, A; Kondo, K; Sugai, S, 2015)	0.42
" Steers were ruminally dosed with a 2-L solution of neutralized DL-lactate (0."	( Direct-fed microbials containing lactate-producing bacteria influence ruminal fermentation but not lactate utilization in steers fed a high-concentrate diet. Harmon, DL; Kenney, NM; McLeod, KR; Vanzant, ES, 2015)	0.42
" Local delivery of analgesics by using nanofibers allows site-specificity and requires a lower overall drug dosage with lower adverse side effects."	( Nanofibers used for the delivery of analgesics. Liu, SJ; Tseng, YY, 2015)	0.42
" Our results suggest that the use of a hybrid system may allow a decrease in the dosage regimen without the loss of therapeutic effect."	( Novel nanosystem to enhance the antitumor activity of lapatinib in breast cancer treatment: Therapeutic efficacy evaluation. Huo, ZJ; Liu, K; Liu, P; Pang, B; Wang, SJ; Wang, ZQ; Zuo, WS, 2015)	0.42
" The novel dendro-PLGA nanoconjugate not only stabilize the insulin but also work as sustained release reservoir for insulin which reduces the frequency of dosage and side effect associate with denatured protein."	( Synthesis and characterization of dendro-PLGA nanoconjugate for protein stabilization. Gajbhiye, V; Jain, NK; Kesharwani, P; Tiwari, A, 2015)	0.42
" Further investigation is needed to determine the optimal dosage for loading rifapentine."	( Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus-induced chronic osteomyelitis with bone-like hydroxyapatite/poly amino acid loaded with rifapentine microspheres. Cao, ZD; Jiang, DM; Li, YJ; Wang, X; Wang, ZL; Wu, J; Yan, L; Yi, YF, 2015)	0.42
" It was determined that: a) all three TRMs are required for maximum promotion of angiogenesis, blood vessel maturation and prevention of the FBR; b) VEGF has to be administered at higher doses than PDGF; c) an increase in dexamethasone dosing must be accompanied by a proportional increase in growth factor dosing; and d) modification of the TRM ratio can achieve a constant capillary density throughout the implantation period which is important for applications such as biosensors to maintain sensitivity and a stable sensor baseline."	( Multiple tissue response modifiers to promote angiogenesis and prevent the foreign body reaction around subcutaneous implants. Burgess, DJ; Kastellorizios, M; Papadimitrakopoulos, F, 2015)	0.42
" Tetradrine-tashionone II(A) -PLGA composite microspheres had slow-release effect, and it could significantly reduce the burst release, prolong the therapeutic time, decrease the dosage of drugs and provide a new idea and method to prepare traditional Chinese medicine compound."	( [Studies on preparation by SPG membrane emulsification method and in vitro characterization of tetradrine-tashionone II(A)-PLGA composite microspheres]. Fu, TM; Guo, LW; Lu, J; Pan, LM; Zhang, M; Zhu, HX, 2015)	0.42
"In conclusion, EPTN could be used in the treatment of liver cancer acted as a kind of promising intravenous dosage forms."	( A Promising Emodin-Loaded Poly (Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid)-d-α-Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol 1000 Succinate Nanoparticles for Liver Cancer Therapy. Deng, S; Gao, M; Guan, X; Liu, H; Lv, L; Tian, Y; Xu, H; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.43
" However, an inadequate ablation dosage can leave a residual tumor or cause a variety of complications."	( A smart, phase transitional and injectable DOX/PLGA-Fe implant for magnetic-hyperthermia-induced synergistic tumor eradication. Cai, X; Chen, H; Chu, L; Gao, W; Li, P; Lu, G; Mei, Z; Ran, H; Song, J; Wang, R; Wang, Z; Xu, C; Yang, C; Zhang, N; Zheng, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Further studies are warranted regarding optimal dosing and effects in clinically ill foals."	( Effects of administration of a synthetic low molecular weight/low molar substitution hydroxyethyl starch solution in healthy neonatal foals. Hay-Kraus, BL; Hepworth-Warren, KL; Sun, Y; Wang, C; Wong, DM, 2015)	0.42
" Higher intracellular drug concentration was measured for cells dosed with the triple ARV-NP combination compared to the equivalent unformulated drugs."	( Nanoparticle-Based ARV Drug Combinations for Synergistic Inhibition of Cell-Free and Cell-Cell HIV Transmission. Bever, AM; Blakney, AK; Bright, DK; Cao, S; Jiang, Y; Suydam, IT; Woodrow, KA, 2015)	0.42
"Encapsulating antibiotics such as rifampicin in biodegradable nanoparticles provides several advantages compared to free drug administration, including reduced dosing due to localized targeting and sustained release."	( Thioridazine in PLGA nanoparticles reduces toxicity and improves rifampicin therapy against mycobacterial infection in zebrafish. Anes, E; Bogoeva, V; Fenaroli, F; Griffiths, G; Hildahl, J; Kalluru, R; Pires, D; Speth, M; Vibe, CB; Wilson, SR, 2016)	0.43
" Intravenously dosed tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been shown to rapidly lyse ILTs in acute stroke and myocardial infarctions."	( Fibrinolytic PLGA nanoparticles for slow clot lysis within abdominal aortic aneurysms attenuate proteolytic loss of vascular elastic matrix. Ramamurthi, A; Sivaraman, B; Sylvester, A, 2016)	0.43
" The higher dosage of DOX needed to kill the cancer cells will be released when the synthesized carriers are subject to the pH stimuli surrounding these cells."	( Synthesis of doxorubicin-PLGA loaded chitosan stabilized (Mn, Zn)Fe2O4 nanoparticles: Biological activity and pH-responsive drug release. Buatong, N; Maneeprakorn, W; Montha, W; Pon-On, W; Tang, IM, 2016)	0.43
" A frequent dosing regimen is often necessary because of their short plasma half-lives, causing poor patient compliance (e."	( Design of PLGA-based depot delivery systems for biopharmaceuticals prepared by spray drying. Wan, F; Yang, M, 2016)	0.43
"Epirubicin (EPI) elicits poor-oral bioavailability hence commercially available as injection for intravenous administration which follows a rapid increase and fast decay in plasma drug concentration often needs a frequent dosing that may lead to serious side effects."	( Improved oral efficacy of epirubicin through polymeric nanoparticles: pharmacodynamic and toxicological investigations. Alam, MA; Panda, AK; Singh, AT; Talegaonkar, S; Tariq, M, 2016)	0.43
" In contrast, oral treatment at a dose of 800mg/kg/d exhibited little efficacy whereas severe toxicity existed if the dosage is higher."	( High efficacy of intravesical treatment of metformin on bladder cancer in preclinical model. Chen, AF; Cheng, Y; Guo, P; Huang, Y; Li, L; Li, X; Liu, Z; Lv, H; Peng, M; Su, Q; Tao, T; Tao, X; Xue, L; Yang, X; Zeng, Q, 2016)	0.43
" The liver-targeting RPTN, which displayed enhanced pharmacological effects and decreased toxicity for the loaded drug RBG, is therefore a promising intravenous dosage form that may be useful in the treatment of liver cancer."	( Liver-targeting Resibufogenin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate nanoparticles for liver cancer therapy. Chu, Q; Deng, S; Gao, M; Guan, X; Huo, X; Liu, H; Liu, K; Ma, X; Tian, Y; Xu, H, 2016)	0.43
" It is obvious that patient compliance can be improved greatly if insulin could be formulated in an oral dosage form."	( Dextran-b-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) polymersome for oral delivery of insulin: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Abnous, K; Alabdollah, F; Alibolandi, M; Hadizadeh, F; Mohammadi, M; Ramezani, M; Sadeghi, F, 2016)	0.43
" These results suggest that the developed platform has great potential to enhance the efficacy for implants in cases where the cell dosage is critical for efficacy, such as islet transplantation and ischemic tissues."	( Improvement of islet engrafts by enhanced angiogenesis and microparticle-mediated oxygenation. Ashtiani, MK; Baharvand, H; Bonakdar, S; Hajizadeh-Saffar, E; Hojjati-Emami, S; Montazeri, L; Najar-Asl, M; Noori-Keshtkar, M; Tahamtani, Y, 2016)	0.43
" An FK506 dosage curve was acquired to determine the minimum in vitro concentration for optimal axonal outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells, then PLGA devices were designed and tested in a diffusion chamber, and finally the bioactivity of the released media was evaluated by measuring axon growth in DRG cells exposed to the media for 72 h."	( Controlled Delivery of FK506 to Improve Nerve Regeneration. Agarwal, J; Gale, BK; Ho, S; Labroo, P; Sant, H; Shea, J, 2016)	0.43
" In conclusion, QPTN could be used as a potential intravenous dosage form for the treatment of liver cancer owing to the enhanced pharmacological effects of QT with increased liver targeting."	( Quercetin-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate nanoparticles for the targeted treatment of liver cancer. Deng, S; Gao, D; Gao, M; Guan, X; Liu, H; Lv, L; Tian, Y; Xu, H; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.43
" Inhaled particles containing RAP alone in daily, alternate-day and weekly dosing regimens reduced bacterial burden in lungs and spleens, inducing autophagy and phagosome-lysosome fusion."	( Preparation and Preclinical Evaluation of Inhalable Particles Containing Rapamycin and Anti-Tuberculosis Agents for Induction of Autophagy. Gupta, A; Gupta, P; Gupta, UD; Kumar, S; Meena, J; Misra, A; Mitra, K; Panda, AK; Pandya, S; Sachan, M; Sharma, D; Sharma, S; Singh, K, 2016)	0.43
" Other two groups were the intravenous (IV) resuscitation (group VR) with lactated Ringer's solution with the same dosage and no fluid rehydration (group NR)."	( Pyruvate in oral rehydration salt improves hemodynamics, vasopermeability and survival after burns in dogs. Bai, XD; Guo, SJ; Hu, S; Hu, XH; Li, ZY; Liu, R; Wang, SM; Zhou, FQ, 2016)	0.43
" This warrants a prolonged dosing regimen in high doses for an anthelmintic like doxycycline hydrochloride (DOX)."	( Subcutaneously Administered Ultrafine PLGA Nanoparticles Containing Doxycycline Hydrochloride Target Lymphatic Filarial Parasites. Chourasia, MK; Gangwar, M; Meher, JG; Misra-Bhattacharya, S; Singh, Y; Srinivas, A, 2016)	0.43
" Two sustained release formulations, one incorporating 20% Brij 98 and the other incorporating 3% MgCO3 in the oil phase, were selected for dosing in Sprague-Dawley rats and compared to a single injection of an equivalent dose of fenretinide drug suspension."	( Design of Controlled Release PLGA Microspheres for Hydrophobic Fenretinide. Mitra, A; Mittal, S; Schwendeman, SP; Wischke, C; Zhang, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Thus, these particles have significant potential for cisplatin delivery with controlled dosage and release period that are crucial chemotherapy parameters."	( Electrohydrodynamic encapsulation of cisplatin in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery. Barbara, PR; Browning, RJ; Edirisinghe, M; Harker, AH; Knowles, JC; Parhizkar, M; Reardon, PJ; Stride, E, 2016)	0.43
" The salmon sperm DNA adsorption capacity of Mg-Al-lactate-NS and Mg-Al-acetate-NS were evaluated by varying the adsorbent dosage and contacting time, which suggested that Mg-Al-lactate-NS had much higher adsorption capacity (649."	( Delaminated Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets as an Efficient Vector for DNA Delivery. Bao, W; O'Hare, D; Umar, A; Wan, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Q, 2016)	0.43
" Fifty-two critically ill patients with severe infections receiving standard dosing of linezolid participated in this prospective observational study."	( Predictors of Inadequate Linezolid Concentrations after Standard Dosing in Critically Ill Patients. Frechen, S; Frey, L; Fuhr, U; Holdt, LM; Maier, B; Scharf, C; Taubert, M; Vogeser, M; Zander, J; Zoller, M, 2016)	0.43
" Moreover, RAP lowered the volume of transfusion and dosage blood products."	( Short-Term Effects and Safety Analysis of Retrograde Autologous Blood Priming for Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Patients with Cardiac Valve Replacement Surgery. Cheng, M; Li, JQ; Tian, WC; Wu, TC, 2015)	0.42
" Identifying dosage effect of light-emitting diode therapy on muscular fatigue in quadriceps."	( Identifying Dosage Effect of Light-Emitting Diode Therapy on Muscular Fatigue in Quadriceps. Dobson, JL; Hemmings, TJ; Kendall, KL, 2017)	0.46
" No dose-response effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse concentration on 5-km running performance in recreational athletes."	( No Dose-Response Effect of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Concentration on 5-km Running Performance in Recreational Athletes. Clarke, ND; Delextrat, A; Kagka, M; Ramsbottom, R; Thomas, JR, 2017)	0.46
" The PLGA-GA NS loaded with cyclosporine A (CsA), a model peptide, upon peroral dosing to rodents led to maximum plasma concentration of CsA at 6 h as opposed to 24 h with PLGA-NS with at least 2-fold higher levels in brain at 72 h."	( The Next Generation Non-competitive Active Polyester Nanosystems for Transferrin Receptor-mediated Peroral Transport Utilizing Gambogic Acid as a Ligand. Arora, M; Ganugula, R; Kumar, MN; Saini, P, 2016)	0.43
" PLGA-based multiparticulate dosage forms are usually prepared as microspheres where the size is from 5 to 100 µm, depending on the route of administration."	( Empirical search for factors affecting mean particle size of PLGA microspheres containing macromolecular drugs. Jachowicz, R; Kazemi, P; Lau, R; Mendyk, A; Pacławski, A; Szlęk, J, 2016)	0.43
" In addition, GCMs had a longer interval between dosing (two weeks) and a lower dosage(2."	( Effects of Pluronic F127-PEG multi-gel-core on the release profile and pharmacodynamics of Exenatide loaded in PLGA microspheres. Cai, C; Gong, H; Gou, J; Ren, T; Tang, X; Wang, P; Wang, Q; Zhang, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Surface modified NPs (MOX-PEG-WSC NPs) were prepared to provide controlled delivery and circulate in the bloodstream for an extended period of time, thus minimizing dosing frequency."	( Effect of PEG and water-soluble chitosan coating on moxifloxacin-loaded PLGA long-circulating nanoparticles. Devi, VK; Mustafa, S; Pai, RS, 2017)	0.46
"The development of antibacterial drugs to overcome various pathogenic species, which inhabit the oral cavity, faces several challenges, such as salivary flow and enzymatic activity that restrict dosage retention."	( Sustained Release of Antibacterial Lipopeptides from Biodegradable Polymers against Oral Pathogens. Bachrach, G; Beyth, N; Beyth, S; Domb, AJ; Eckhard, LH; Houri-Haddad, Y; Shai, Y; Sol, A; Zeharia, R, 2016)	0.43
"At both 6- and 24-hour measurements, the fluid volume was lower and norepinephrine dosage was higher in the control group than in the study group (P < ."	( Global end-diastolic volume index vs CVP goal-directed fluid resuscitation for COPD patients with septic shock: a randomized controlled trial. Chen, Q; Lin, H; Shao, J; Wang, D; Yu, J; Zheng, R, 2017)	0.46
" In a separate dose-response experiment cortex from healthy rats was incubated for 120 min in ammonium acetate in concentrations up to 80 mM prior to respirometry."	( Accumulation of lactate in the rat brain during hyperammonaemia is not associated with impaired mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Bjerring, PN; Larsen, FS; Witt, AM, 2017)	0.46
"Comparing with traditional drug dosage form, controlled release systems offer more effective and favorable route to deliver drugs in optimum dose to specific sites with long term release duration."	( Construction of poly (vinyl alcohol)/poly (lactide-glycolide acid)/vancomycin nanoparticles on titanium for enhancing the surface self-antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility. Liu, X; Liu, Z; Wu, S; Yeung, KWK; Zhu, Y, 2017)	0.46
"To assess the dose-response relationships between different training-load methods and aerobic fitness and performance in competitive road cyclists."	( Methods of Monitoring Training Load and Their Relationships to Changes in Fitness and Performance in Competitive Road Cyclists. Abt, G; Akubat, I; Hesselink, MKC; Myers, T; Sanders, D, 2017)	0.46
" The strongest dose-response relationships with changes in the 8MT test were observed for iTRIMP (r = ."	( Methods of Monitoring Training Load and Their Relationships to Changes in Fitness and Performance in Competitive Road Cyclists. Abt, G; Akubat, I; Hesselink, MKC; Myers, T; Sanders, D, 2017)	0.46
"Training-load quantification methods that integrate individual physiological characteristics have the strongest dose-response relationships, suggesting this to be an essential factor in the quantification of training load in cycling."	( Methods of Monitoring Training Load and Their Relationships to Changes in Fitness and Performance in Competitive Road Cyclists. Abt, G; Akubat, I; Hesselink, MKC; Myers, T; Sanders, D, 2017)	0.46
" Toxicity was examined by an in vitro blood hemolysis assay, and in vivo nephrotoxicity after single and multiple dosing for a week by blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and plasma creatinine (PCr) measurements."	( Oral administration of amphotericin B nanoparticles: antifungal activity, bioavailability and toxicity in rats. AlQuadeib, BT; Horrocks, B; Radwan, MA; Šiller, L; Wright, MC, 2017)	0.46
" In the low dosage range (<100μg), CAMP factor had no obvious toxicity in mice."	( Development of a single-dose recombinant CAMP factor entrapping poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres-based vaccine against Streptococcus agalactiae. Barkema, HW; Chen, L; De Buck, J; Han, B; Kastelic, JP; Liu, G; Shahid, M; Szenci, O; Yin, J, 2017)	0.46
" PLGA exhibited excellent loading capacity for NUC with adjustable dosing ratios."	( PLGA nanoparticles for the oral delivery of nuciferine: preparation, physicochemical characterization and in vitro/in vivo studies. Gu, S; Li, X; Liu, G; Liu, Y; Mi, Y; Wu, X; Zhang, B, 2017)	0.46
"The practice of treating PAH patients with oral or intravenous sildenafil suffers from the limitations of short dosing intervals, peripheral vasodilation, unwanted side effects, and restricted use in pediatric patients."	( Inhaled sildenafil as an alternative to oral sildenafil in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Ahsan, F; McMurtry, IF; Nozik-Grayck, E; Patel, B; Rashid, J; Stenmark, KR, 2017)	0.46
" The haloperidol content in the finished dosage forms were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)."	( Visualization and Non-Destructive Quantification of Inkjet-Printed Pharmaceuticals on Different Substrates Using Raman Spectroscopy and Raman Chemical Imaging. Bar-Shalom, D; Edinger, M; Genina, N; Rantanen, J, 2017)	0.46
" From these results, it was revealed that E2-loaded PLGA nanoparticles with iontophoresis were useful to recover bone mineral density of cancellous bone, and it was also suggested that they extend the dosing interval of E2."	( Estradiol-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for improving low bone mineral density of cancellous bone caused by osteoporosis: Application of enhanced charged nanoparticles with iontophoresis. Hida, Y; Kobayashi, S; Makino, K; Takeuchi, I, 2017)	0.46
" Approaches that can decrease the overall dose of curcumin (for example, by increasing its potency or reducing its clearance rate) may allow the development of sustained release curcumin dosage forms as a practical approach to cancer chemoprevention."	( Chemopreventive efficacy of curcumin-loaded PLGA microparticles in a transgenic mouse model of HER-2-positive breast cancer. Grill, AE; Koniar, B; Panyam, J; Shahani, K, 2018)	0.48
" No additional statistically significant improvements were observed during months 4-9, although effect sizes for the change in CE and GE at higher workloads indicated a dose-response pattern in men (CE at 75W: M1 g=0."	( Effects of resistance training frequency on cardiorespiratory fitness in older men and women during intervention and follow-up. Fernández-Lezaun, E; Kyröläinen, H; Mäkinen, T; Schumann, M; Walker, S, 2017)	0.46
"To identify the dose-response relationship between measures of training load (TL) and changes in aerobic fitness in academy rugby union players."	( The Dose-Response Relationship Between Training Load and Aerobic Fitness in Academy Rugby Union Players. Abt, G; Akubat, I; Myers, T; Sanders, D; Taylor, CA; Taylor, RJ, 2018)	0.48
"In rugby players, bTRIMP and iTRIMP display a curvilinear dose-response relationship with changes in maximal aerobic fitness."	( The Dose-Response Relationship Between Training Load and Aerobic Fitness in Academy Rugby Union Players. Abt, G; Akubat, I; Myers, T; Sanders, D; Taylor, CA; Taylor, RJ, 2018)	0.48
" The data will be beneficial to the development of new dosage forms of 20(R)-Rg3 and extensive application."	( Enhanced antitumor activity in A431 cells via encapsulation of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 in PLGA nanoparticles. Du, M; Fu, L; Fu, Y; Ge, B; Liu, J; Yan, Q; Zhang, S, 2017)	0.46
" Infused recombinant enzyme is beneficial, yet its delivery to the lungs is limited and requires higher dosing than liver and spleen, leading to potentially adverse reactions."	( Enhanced Delivery and Effects of Acid Sphingomyelinase by ICAM-1-Targeted Nanocarriers in Type B Niemann-Pick Disease Mice. Dhami, R; Garnacho, C; Muro, S; Schuchman, EH; Solomon, M, 2017)	0.46
" However, frequent dosing and negative patient compliance have been encountered over CA4P by injection administration due to its quite short-term action and acute side effects."	( Water-Soluble Combretastatin A4 Phosphate Orally Delivered via Composite Nanoparticles With Improved Inhibition Effect Toward S180 Tumors. Qiu, L; Shen, Y; Wu, L, 2017)	0.46
" In this training period, stimol group (n = 11) athletes were given stimol 3 times a day as 1 g for breakfast, 1 g for lunch, and 1 g for dinner while the placebo group (n = 11) athletes were given only placebo in the same dosage and the same color at the same time."	( The Effect of Citrulline/Malate on Blood Lactate Levels in Intensive Exercise. Burmaoglu, G; Eroğlu, H; Kishali, NF; Kiyici, F, 2017)	0.46
" The dose-response curve indicated a lactate threshold greater than 20 mmol/L was significantly associated with mortality."	( Serum lactate level and mortality in metformin-associated lactic acidosis requiring renal replacement therapy: a systematic review of case reports and case series. Kuo, CC; Ting, IW; Tsai, CW; Wu, JY; Yeh, HC, 2017)	0.7
"Our study suggests that predialysis level of serum lactate level is an important marker of mortality in MALA patients requiring RRT with a linear dose-response relationship."	( Serum lactate level and mortality in metformin-associated lactic acidosis requiring renal replacement therapy: a systematic review of case reports and case series. Kuo, CC; Ting, IW; Tsai, CW; Wu, JY; Yeh, HC, 2017)	0.7
"PLGA (50:50) nanoparticles were prepared to sustain the release of Ethionamide in order to decrease the dose and dosing frequency."	( PLGA Ethionamide Nanoparticles for Pulmonary Delivery: Development and in vivo evaluation of dry powder inhaler. Debnath, SK; Omri, A; Saisivam, S, 2017)	0.46
"An NGF dosage curve was acquired to determine the minimum in vitro concentration for optimal neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells; PLGA based drug delivery devices were then designed and tested in vitro and in vivo across 15 mm rat sciatic nerve gap injury model."	( Novel drug delivering conduit for peripheral nerve regeneration. Agarwal, J; Davis, B; Edwards, K; Gale, B; Goodwin, I; Ho, S; Labroo, P; Sant, H; Shea, J, 2017)	0.46
" This innovative device has the potential for broad applicability and allows for easier customization to change the type of drugs and dosage of individual drugs without devising a completely new biomaterial-drug conjugate each time."	( Novel drug delivering conduit for peripheral nerve regeneration. Agarwal, J; Davis, B; Edwards, K; Gale, B; Goodwin, I; Ho, S; Labroo, P; Sant, H; Shea, J, 2017)	0.46
" Moreover, the cell proliferation assay proved that the released KSL-W antibacterial dosage had no cytotoxicity to the growth of osteoblast MC3T3-E1."	( Fabrication of Antimicrobial Peptide-Loaded PLGA/Chitosan Composite Microspheres for Long-Acting Bacterial Resistance. Cui, F; Li, Y; Liu, H; Ma, G; Na, R; Sun, X; Wang, X; Zhao, L, 2017)	0.46
" Acid-base assessment with lactate, total protein, and LDH dosage on the serum, and acid-base assessment with lactate, total protein, and LDH dosage, cytology, and bacterial culture on the fluid were performed to each patient."	( Lactate determination in pleural and abdominal effusions: a quick diagnostic marker of exudate-a pilot study. Amelia, A; Bosso, G; Fascione, MC; Masarone, M; Numis, FG; Pagano, A; Paladino, F; Porta, G; Rinaldi, L; Rosato, V; Schiraldi, F; Serra, C, 2018)	0.48
" This process could greatly reduce the dosage of neutralizing agent and potentially be used in industry."	( Efficient in situ separation and production of L-lactic acid by Bacillus coagulans using weak basic anion-exchange resin. Liu, L; Liu, P; Ouyang, J; Qian, Z; Zhang, Y; Zheng, Z, 2018)	0.74
"To evaluate Bacterial Meningitis Score (BMS) on its own and in association with Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) lactate dosage in order to distinguish bacterial from aseptic meningitis."	( USE OF SCORE AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID LACTATE DOSAGE IN DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF BACTERIAL AND ASEPTIC MENINGITIS. Franco, ACBF; Gilio, AE; Pires, FR; Troster, EJ, )	0.13
"2 point BMS in association with CSF lactate dosage had the same sensitivity and negative predictive value, with increased specificity for diagnosis of bacterial meningitis when compared with 1-point BMS."	( USE OF SCORE AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID LACTATE DOSAGE IN DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF BACTERIAL AND ASEPTIC MENINGITIS. Franco, ACBF; Gilio, AE; Pires, FR; Troster, EJ, )	0.13
" The effects of exenatide were examined on the following prespecified covariates within the first 6 hours from study drug initiation: lactate level, blood glucose level, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and combined dosage of norepinephrine and dopamine."	( The Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analog Exenatide Increases Blood Glucose Clearance, Lactate Clearance, and Heart Rate in Comatose Patients After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Engstrøm, T; Frydland, M; Hassager, C; Høfsten, DE; Kjaergaard, J; Køber, L; Lindholm, MG; Møller, JE; Schmidt, H; Thomsen, JH; Wiberg, S; Winther-Jensen, M, 2018)	0.48
"First, in the dose-finding study, the appropriate daily dosing schedules were 1,500 mg (0."	( Metformin Treatment in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3A, 3B, or 4. Belpaire, F; Bennis, Y; De Broe, ME; Hurtel-Lemaire, AS; Kajbaf, F; Lalau, JD, 2018)	0.48
"Asystole as the initial arrest rhythm, administration of >4 adrenaline doses, and higher post-arrest blood lactate concentration were independently associated with lower 12-month survival; an adrenaline dosing interval of 3-<5 min and open chest compressions were independently associated with greater 12-month survival."	( Paediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest: Factors associated with survival and neurobehavioural outcome one year later. Berger, J; Christensen, JR; Dean, JM; Holubkov, R; Meert, K; Moler, FW; Newth, CJL; Ofori-Amanfo, G; Slomine, BS; Telford, R, 2018)	0.48
" In conclusion, βHB did not improve high-intensity cycling or cognitive performance measures; however, these findings might be partially explained by the absolute dosing protocol used for βHB in the present study as opposed to a relative (g/kg) dosing protocol used in previous research."	( Exogenous ketone salts do not improve cognitive responses after a high-intensity exercise protocol in healthy college-aged males. Basham, SA; Chander, H; Knight, AC; Krings, BM; McAllister, MJ; Price, FG; Smith, JW; Waldman, HS, 2018)	0.48
" Photobiomodulation therapy on physiological and performance parameters during running tests: Dose-response effects."	( Photobiomodulation Therapy on Physiological and Performance Parameters During Running Tests: Dose-Response Effects. Baroni, BM; Dellagrana, RA; Diefenthaeler, F; Rossato, M; Sakugawa, RL, 2018)	0.48
" Little is known about the dose-response effect of RE on glycemic control."	( Acute metabolic responses following different resistance exercise protocols. Aguiar, SS; Costa, F; de Moraes, MR; de Souza, MK; Haro, AS; Neves, RVP; Prestes, J; Rosa, TDS; Sales, MM; Simões, HG; Sousa, CV; Willardson, JM, 2018)	0.48
"Mannosylated polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) enable improvement of brain bioavailability and reduction of dosing due to efficient drug delivery at the target site."	( Targeted delivery of mannosylated-PLGA nanoparticles of antiretroviral drug to brain. Parikh, RH; Patel, BK; Patel, N, 2018)	0.48
" The proposed DDI study design aims to adequately inform metformin dosing during comedication."	( ITC Commentary on Metformin Clinical Drug-Drug Interaction Study Design That Enables an Efficacy- and Safety-Based Dose Adjustment Decision. Chu, X; Cook, JA; Custodio, JM; Galetin, A; Giacomini, KM; Lee, CA; Paine, MF; Ray, AS; Ware, JA; Wittwer, MB; Zamek-Gliszczynski, MJ; Zhang, L, 2018)	0.48
" Thus, there is a need to develop a formulation which can eliminate the need of frequent dosing and enhance patient's acquiescence."	( Hepatitis B Antigen Loaded Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles: Formulation Optimization and In-vivo Immunization in BALB/c Mice. Dewangan, HK; Maurya, L; Singh, S; Srivastava, A, 2018)	0.48
" However, the severe side effect during long term and high dosage usage limit its application."	( Dual-functional lipid polymeric hybrid pH-responsive nanoparticles decorated with cell penetrating peptide and folate for therapy against rheumatoid arthritis. Lee, RJ; Li, Y; Sun, F; Sun, X; Teng, L; Yu, C; Zhang, X; Zhao, J; Zhao, M; Zhou, Y, 2018)	0.48
" 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine (DMH) at a dosage of 30 mg/kg of body weight was injected weekly to induce CRC for 18 weeks."	( Phytic acid improves intestinal mucosal barrier damage and reduces serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines in a 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colorectal cancer model. Chen, C; Cheng, L; Li, X; Liu, C; Song, Y; Yang, F, 2018)	0.48
" J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 225-234, 2020-The aim of the current investigation was to assess the dose-response relationship for various methods of monitoring training load (TL) and changes in aerobic and anaerobic fitness in hurling players."	( Methods of Monitoring Training Load and Their Association With Changes Across Fitness Measures in Hurling Players. Akubat, I; Collins, K; Hughes, B; Malone, S, 2020)	0.56
" Moreover, oxytocin requires frequent dosing as it is rapidly metabolized in blood."	( Nanoparticle formulations that allow for sustained delivery and brain targeting of the neuropeptide oxytocin. Braz Gomes, K; D'Souza, C; D'Souza, MJ; Mulla, NS; Murnane, KS; Zaman, RU, 2018)	0.48
" In trial 1, the treatment with LW was isonitrogenously dosed against soybean meal (SBM) as a control (no LW) and factorialized with either a wheat- or corn-based concentrate (55% inclusion rate, dry matter basis)."	( Investigation of ammonium lactate supplementation on fermentation end products and bacterial assimilation of nitrogen in dual-flow continuous culture. Firkins, JL; Plank, JE; Poppy, GD; Wagner, BK; Wenner, BA, 2018)	0.48
" However, limited insight into BMP dosage and the cross-talk between BMP and CaP materials, hampers the optimization of in vivo bone formation and subsequent clinical translation."	( Deciphering the combined effect of bone morphogenetic protein 6 and calcium phosphate on bone formation capacity of periosteum derived cells-based tissue engineering constructs. Geeroms, C; Geris, L; Ji, W; Kerckhofs, G; Luyten, FP; Marechal, M, 2018)	0.48
" Although PG is generally considered safe, the dosage can exceed safety thresholds in neonates."	( Spectroscopic detection of brain propylene glycol in neonates: Effects of different pharmaceutical formulations of phenobarbital. Pouwels, PJW; van de Lagemaat, M; van de Pol, LA; Witjes, BCM; Zonnenberg, IA, 2019)	0.51
"The Quantum system has been successfully used to produce large quantities of functional T-cells at clinical dosing scale and within a short timeframe."	( Large-scale expansion and characterization of CD3 Coeshott, C; Jones, M; Nankervis, B; Vang, B, 2019)	0.51
" Lactate dosage was performed at ED-HDU admission (T0), after 2 h (T2), 6 h (T6) and 24 h (T24); lactate clearance was calculated at T2 and T6 [T2: ((LAC T0-LAC T2/LAC T0)*100)]; T6: [(LAC T0-LAC T6/LAC T0)*100]."	( Prognostic value of serial lactate levels in septic patients with and without shock. Caldi, F; Donnini, C; Giacomelli, I; Innocenti, F; Meo, F; Pini, R; Ralli, ML; Tassinari, I; Tozzi, C; Zanobetti, M, 2019)	0.51
" Using a standard multi-well plate reader, dose-response curve experiments allowed the sensitivity of the methodology to detect metabolic toxicity induced by classical mitochondrial toxicants."	( MitoToxy assay: A novel cell-based method for the assessment of metabolic toxicity in a multiwell plate format using a lactate FRET nanosensor, Laconic. Alegría, K; Arce-Molina, R; Barros, LF; Ceballo, S; Contreras-Baeza, Y; San Martín, A; Sandoval, PY, 2019)	0.51
" formic acid) hindered hydrolysis yields, the addition of hemicellulases and the enzyme dosage optimization resulted in 85%, 89% and 95% of glucose, xylose and arabinose release from soluble oligomers, respectively."	( Efficient utilization of hydrolysates from steam-exploded gardening residues for lactic acid production by optimization of enzyme addition and pH control. Ballesteros, I; Cubas-Cano, E; González-Fernández, C; Tomás-Pejó, E, 2020)	0.78
" Le diagnostic définitif s’obtient par angio-CT et exploration chirurgicale, mais le dosage du L-lactate intervient fréquemment lors de la stratégie diagnostique au moment de la suspicion clinique."	( [Lactate and acute mesenteric ischemia: diagnostic value]. Buchs, N; Maulini, M; Nendaz, M; Yan, DJ, 2020)	0.56
" Compared to the NTS control group, the middle dosage (10 mg/kg/day) of SSC significantly alleviated the development of nephritis based on urine protein measurements (34."	( Utilizing methylglyoxal and D-lactate in urine to evaluate saikosaponin C treatment in mice with accelerated nephrotoxic serum nephritis. Chen, BL; Chen, SM; Hua, SC; Lee, JA; Lee, TH; Lin, CE; Lin, CY; Lin, PY; Tsai, PY, 2020)	0.56
"In situ forming implants are attractive long-acting implant dosage forms due to their: i) ability to control drug release; ii) simple manufacturing process; and iii) minimally invasive administration."	( Effect of implant formation on drug release kinetics of in situ forming implants. Burgess, DJ; Choi, S; Kastellorizios, M; Suh, MS; Tipnis, N; Wang, Y; Zou, Y, 2021)	0.62
" The most frequent dosage used in the studies was 8 g of citrulline malate."	( Effect of citrulline on post-exercise rating of perceived exertion, muscle soreness, and blood lactate levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Jang, KM; Kim, SJ; Park, J; Rhim, HC, 2020)	0.56
" In this work, a thin agarose hydrogel layer surrounding the tested dosage form was proposed to mimic the tissue."	( In-vitro drug release testing of parenteral formulations via an agarose gel envelope to closer mimic tissue firmness. Kožák, J; Lamprecht, A; Rabišková, M, 2021)	0.62
" Treatment details such as reconstitution, injection volume and dosage were documented."	( Clinical experience of poly-L-lactic acid injections for body contouring treatment. Ebersole, TG; Edwartz, C; Moak, TN; Shridharani, SM; Tisch, GM, 2021)	0.91
" Dosage and injection volume varied between patients depending on anatomic location and desired outcome."	( Clinical experience of poly-L-lactic acid injections for body contouring treatment. Ebersole, TG; Edwartz, C; Moak, TN; Shridharani, SM; Tisch, GM, 2021)	0.91
" Normalization of glycemic index can be achieved by dosing combinations of metformin with other anti-diabetic drugs."	( Assessment of safety and tolerability of remogliflozin etabonate (GSK189075) when administered with total daily dose of 2000 mg of metformin. Andrews, S; Cheatham, B; Dobbins, R; Hanmant, B; Hussey, EK; O'Connor-Semmes, R; Sagar, K; Tao, W; Wilkison, WO, 2021)	0.62
" All subjects were on a stable metformin dosing regimen."	( Assessment of safety and tolerability of remogliflozin etabonate (GSK189075) when administered with total daily dose of 2000 mg of metformin. Andrews, S; Cheatham, B; Dobbins, R; Hanmant, B; Hussey, EK; O'Connor-Semmes, R; Sagar, K; Tao, W; Wilkison, WO, 2021)	0.62
" mI/Cr ratio correlated with cumulative glucocorticoids dosage (r = 0."	( Axonal dysfunction is associated with interferon-γ levels in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: a multivoxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Appenzeller, S; Castellano, G; Cendes, F; Fernandes, PT; Frittoli, RB; Lapa, AT; Marini, R; Niewold, TB; Pereira, DR; Postal, M; Rittner, L; Sinicato, NA, 2022)	0.72
"Traditional dosage forms of granisetron (GRN) decrease patient compliance associated with repeated drug administration because of the short half-life of the drug."	( Formulation Optimization and In Vitro Characterization of Granisetronloaded Polylactic-co-glycolic Acid Microspheres Prepared by a Dropping-in-liquid Emulsification Technique. Ahmed, AMQ; Cao, QR; Chen, LQ; Du, HH; Sun, W, 2022)	0.72
" The results demonstrate that PRG NPs could successfully achieve both reduced administered dosage and burst release, and therefore that PSPIDS is a promising long-acting composite system for hydrophobic drugs."	( Novel injectable progesterone-loaded nanoparticles embedded in SAIB-PLGA in situ depot system for sustained drug release. Cao, Z; Gou, J; He, H; Tang, X; Wang, Y; Yin, T; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.62
"Novel formulations of donepezil (DNP)-loaded microspheres based on a bio-degradable polymer of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) with a one-month duration of effect were developed, aimed at reducing dosing frequency and adverse effects and improving patient adherence."	( Long-acting injectable donepezil microspheres: Formulation development and evaluation. Cho, HY; Choi, GW; Kang, DW; Kim, JH; Lee, S, 2021)	0.62
" Intensive therapy was of a complex nature, including infusion-detoxification therapy, correction of acid-base state disorders, hypoxic disorders, by using the substrate antihypoxant "Cytoflavin" in a daily dosage of 60 ml, for 15 days, against the background of basic infusion therapy and vasopressor support ."	( [CLINICAL CASE OF ACUTE SEVERE COMBINED POISONING WITH NARCOTIC SUBSTANCES OF DEPENDENT AND PSYCHOSTIMULATING EFFECTS]. Antonova, A; Batotsyrenov, B; Kovalenko, A; Lodyagin, A; Loladze, A; Sinenchenko, A, 2022)	0.72
" However, the in vivo experiments indicate that applying a higher dosage or using other drugs targeting these metabolic pathways might be more promising."	( Targeting pancreatic cancer with combinatorial treatment of CPI-613 and inhibitors of lactate metabolism. Goldstein, L; Joksch, M; Krause, B; Kumstel, S; Lindner, T; Schönrogge, M; Schreiber, T; Stenzel, J; Vollmar, B; Wendt, EHU; Zechner, D; Zhang, X, 2022)	0.72
" The authors sought to provide evidence through a retrospective data analysis that helps investigate the relationship between intraoperative opioid dosage and postoperative lactic acidosis after cardiac surgery."	( Sufentanil: a risk factor for lactic acidosis in patients after heart valve surgery. Ge, YP; Jiang, W; Luo, TG; Pan, YC; Shi, Q; Xiao, ZH; Zhan, YF; Zheng, BS, 2022)	1.2
" The rate of lactic acid decline was significantly faster in the group with a higher sufentanil dosage than in the lower group."	( Sufentanil: a risk factor for lactic acidosis in patients after heart valve surgery. Ge, YP; Jiang, W; Luo, TG; Pan, YC; Shi, Q; Xiao, ZH; Zhan, YF; Zheng, BS, 2022)	1.38
" Further research is needed to determine whether dose-response or adjunct use of OliP alongside longer-term training programs can further modulate exercise-associated adaptations in recreationally active individuals, or indeed support athletic performance."	( The Effect of a Hydroxytyrosol-Rich, Olive-Derived Phytocomplex on Aerobic Exercise and Acute Recovery. Chichger, H; Coso, JD; Lillis, JB; López-Samanes, Á; Pinto, JM; Roberts, JD; Willmott, AGB; Zacca, R, 2023)	0.91
" The effects of different material parameters (the dosage of PLA-g-MAH, type and content of chemical foaming agent) on the microstructure and physical properties of composite were investigated."	( The Facile and Efficient Fabrication of Rice Husk/poly (lactic acid) Foam Composites by Coordinated the Interface Combination and Bubble Hole Structure. Guo, H; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Pang, Y; Sun, J; Wang, B; Xu, L; Zhang, W; Zhao, Z, 2023)	1.16
"In this study, donepezil-loaded PLGA and PLA microspheres (Dp-PLGA-M/Dp-PLA-M) and Dp-PLA-M wrapped in a polyethylene glycol-b-polycaprolactone (PC) hydrogel (Dp-PLA-M/PC) were prepared to reduce the dosing frequency of injections to treat Alzheimer's disease patients."	( Preparation and evaluation of injectable microsphere formulation for longer sustained release of donepezil. Choi, S; Ji, YB; Ju, HJ; Kim, HE; Kim, MS; Lee, HB; Lee, S; Noh, JH; Park, K, 2023)	0.91
"Exercise in young adults (18-25 yr) suppresses appetite in a dose-response relationship with exercise intensity."	( Intense interval exercise induces lactate accumulation and a greater suppression of acylated ghrelin compared with submaximal exercise in middle-aged adults. Bornath, DPD; Hazell, TJ; Jarosz, C; Kenno, KA; McCarthy, SF; Medeiros, PJ; Tucker, JAL, 2023)	0.91
" Microbial community analysis revealed an increasing enrichment of key functional chain elongation bacteria, including Eubacterium, Megasphaera, Caproiciproducens, and Pseudoramibacter, but a suppression on acrylate pathway microorganism Veillonella, as the dosage of pretreated AC increasing."	( The role of hydrochloric acid pretreated activated carbon in chain elongation of D-lactate to caproate: Adsorption and facilitation. Feng, Y; He, Q; Ke, Q; Ke, S; Ma, J; Shi, Z; Tan, L; Xie, S; Zhao, Q, 2023)	0.91
"During pediatric cardiac arrest, contemporary guidelines recommend dosing epinephrine at regular intervals, including in patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)."	( Epinephrine Dosing Use During Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Single-Center Retrospective Cohort. Floh, AA; Goco, G; Guerguerian, AM; Haller, C; Honjo, O; Kucher, NM; Marquez, AM; Moga, MA; Todd, M; Vargas-Gutierrez, M, 2023)	0.91
" The median (interquartile range) of total epinephrine dosing was 65 mcg/kg (37-101 mcg/kg), with the last dose given 6 minutes (2-16 min) before the initiation of ECMO flows."	( Epinephrine Dosing Use During Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Single-Center Retrospective Cohort. Floh, AA; Goco, G; Guerguerian, AM; Haller, C; Honjo, O; Kucher, NM; Marquez, AM; Moga, MA; Todd, M; Vargas-Gutierrez, M, 2023)	0.91
"There is limited evidence to support the idea that regular dosing of epinephrine during cardiac arrest is associated with increased in afterload after ECMO cannulation."	( Epinephrine Dosing Use During Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Single-Center Retrospective Cohort. Floh, AA; Goco, G; Guerguerian, AM; Haller, C; Honjo, O; Kucher, NM; Marquez, AM; Moga, MA; Todd, M; Vargas-Gutierrez, M, 2023)	0.91
" Serum albumin concentration, serum lactate, MAP, and vasopressor dosage were found to be modifiers of treatment effectiveness and should be considered when deciding to initial albumin infusion."	( Identification of indications for albumin administration in septic patients with liver cirrhosis. Chen, H; Hu, W; Huang, W; Huang, Y; Ma, C; Peng, Q; Sun, Q; Wang, H; Wang, J; Xie, J; Yang, M; Zhang, C, 2023)	0.91
" In our study, patients were administered a daily dosage of 2 × 600 mg of diosmin for 3 months, and we evaluated several factors associated with oxygen management, angiogenesis, and inflammation using biochemical assays."	( Effect of Diosmin on Selected Parameters of Oxygen Homeostasis. Dresler, S; Feldo, M; Płachno, BJ; Samborski, D; Sowa, I; Sowa, P; Wójciak, M, 2023)	0.91
" Future studies should focus on potential dose-response effects and the involved mechanisms."	( Repeated Short-Term Bouts of Hyperoxia Improve Aerobic Performance in Acute Hypoxia. Dünnwald, T; Faulhaber, M; Gatterer, H; Kennedy, MD; Menz, V; Rausch, LK; Schneider, S; Schobersberger, W, 2023)	0.91
" PLGA is a biodegradable polymer that can extend drug release from these dosage forms for up to six months after administration."	( Manufacturing dexamethasone intravitreal implants: Process control and critical quality attributes. Costello, MA; Li, Q; Liu, J; Lynd, NA; Qin, B; Smith, WC; Wang, Y; Xu, X; Zhang, F, 2023)	0.91
"The current work is focused on developing mannose-coated PLGA nanoparticles for delivering Donepezil and Memantine in one dosage form."	( Combining donepezil and memantine via mannosylated PLGA nanoparticles for intranasal delivery: Characterization and preclinical studies. Bhatta, RS; Ghose, S; Handa, M; Patil, GP; Sanap, SN; Shukla, R; Singh, DP, 2023)	0.91