losartan potassium profile

Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	11476710
MeSH ID	M0351838
PubMed CID	11751549
CHEMBL ID	995
SCHEMBL ID	42079
MeSH ID	M0351838

Synonym
dup-753
epoetin
cozaar
losartan potassium
MLS001304723
124750-99-8
MLS001165733
smr000550484
losartan potassium salt
HMS2234C14
AKOS015994707
HMS3373P19
HY-17512A
losartan (potassium)
OXCMYAYHXIHQOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KS-1081
AKOS025147310
2-butyl-4-chloro-1-[[2'-(1h-tetrazol-5-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl]-1h-imidazole-5-methanol potassium salt
AS-13609
HB2977
losartan potasssium
c22h22clkn6o
HMS3393M12
covance
mk-954
e-3340
nu-lotan
ex-89
losartan monopotassium salt
1h-imidazole-5-methanol, 2-butyl-4-chloro-1-((2'-(1h-tetrazol-5-yl)(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl)methyl)-, monopotassium salt
mk-0954
losacor
ocsaar
neo lotan
dup 753
lorzaar
losartan potassium [usan]
2-butyl-4-chloro-1-(p-(o-1h-tetrazol-5-ylphenyl)benzyl)imidazole-5-methanol, monopotassium salt
mk 0954
lorzaan
losacar
losaprex
hyzaar
2-butyl-4-chloro-1-(2'-(tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-1h-imidazole-5-methanol potassium
tenopres
lotim
niten
du pont 753
l-158086
EPO ,
erythropoietin
lortaan
smr000469593
MLS001401407
D00357
losartan potassium (jp17/usp)
cozaar (tn)
mk 954
potassium, losartan
salt, losartan monopotassium
dup753
monopotassium salt, losartan
HMS2051M12
HMS2090O22
tancin
CHEMBL995
aradois
presartan-50
du pont-753
zaart
mk0954
losata
A805291
[2-butyl-5-chloro-3-[[4-[2-(1,2,3-triaza-4-azanidacyclopenta-2,5-dien-5-yl)phenyl]phenyl]methyl]imidazol-4-yl]methanol; potassium;losartan potassium
L0232
2-butyl-4-chloro-1-[[2'-(1h-tetrazol-5-yl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl]methyl]imidazole-5-methanol potassium salt
AKOS015955543
HMS2235F20
CCG-100869
lifezar
3st302b24a ,
unii-3st302b24a
losartan potassium [usan:usp]
losartan potassium [ep monograph]
losartan potassium [usp monograph]
losartan potassium [hsdb]
losartan potassium component of hyzaar
losartan potassium [orange book]
losartan potassium [jan]
hyzaar component losartan potassium
losartan potassium [usp-rs]
losartan potassium [who-dd]
losartan potassium [vandf]
losartan monopotassium salt [mi]
losartan potassium [mart.]
HMS3369F08
AKOS025310168
NC00119
SCHEMBL42079
AB01275507-01
DTXSID3044209 ,
dup-753 potassium
AC-1072
losartanpotassium
losartan potassium, analytical standard
losartan potassium, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
sr-05000001514
SR-05000001514-1
losartan potassium, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
losartan potassium, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
losartan potassium; potassium 5-[4'-[[2-butyl-4-chloro-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1h-imidazol-1-yl]methyl]biphenyl-2-yl]tetrazol-1-ide
potassium 5-(4'-((2-butyl-4-chloro-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1h-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)biphenyl-2-yl)tetrazol-1-ide
potassium;[2-butyl-5-chloro-3-[[4-[2-(1,2,3-triaza-4-azanidacyclopenta-2,5-dien-5-yl)phenyl]phenyl]methyl]imidazol-4-yl]methanol
BCP05332
losartan potassium,(s)
BCP29397
124750-99-8 (ka+)
2-butyl-4-chloro-1-[[2'-(1h-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl]-1h-imidazole-5-methanol, monopotassium salt
FT-0625705
Q27257991
losartan potassium is known as a potent, synthetic at1 receptor antagonist.
BL164642
losartan potassium (usp-rs)
losartan potassium (mart.)
losartan potassium25 mg
losartan potatssium
losartan potassium (usp monograph)
losatan potassium
losartan potassium100 mg
monopotassium 5-((4'-(2-butyl-4-chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-1h-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)biphenyl-2-yl)-1h-tetrazol-1-ide
losartan potassium tablets, 25 mg
losartan potassium tablets, 50 mg
losartan potassium (ep monograph)
losartan potassium tablet
losartan potassium (usan:usp)
losartan potassium tablets, 100 mg
2-butyl-4-chloro-1-((2'-(1h-tetrazol-5-yl)(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl)methyl)-1h-imidazole-5-methanol, monopotassium salt
dtxcid1024209
losartan potassium50 mg
losortan potassium

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Tested human sera were toxic at rather low concentrations."	( The problem of toxicity in the bioassay for erythropoietin using mouse fetal liver cells. Goudsmit, R; von Preyss, B, 1976)	0.26
" The results suggest that AZT is toxic to the fetus in a dose-dependent manner and that treatment with erythropoietin, vitamin E, or interleukin-3 can ameliorate the AZT-induced fetal toxicity."	( Amelioration of zidovudine-induced fetal toxicity in pregnant mice. Agrawal, KC; Beckman, BS; Gogu, SR, 1992)	0.28
" Adverse effects are unusual."	( Side effects of erythropoietin therapy. Bennett, WM, 1991)	0.28
" These results further demonstrate interleukin-1 and lithium are effective in modulating the toxic action of AZT on hematopoietic progenitors and that RLV-infected animals serve as a useful viral model system to study the effect of agents capable of modulating hematopoiesis in the presence of the anti-viral drug AZT."	( Effect of interleukin-1, GM-CSF, erythropoietin, and lithium on the toxicity associated with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) in vitro on hematopoietic progenitors (CFU-GM, CFU-MEG, and BFU-E) using murine retrovirus-infected hematopoietic cells. Gallicchio, VS; Hughes, NK; Hulette, BC; Noblitt, L, 1991)	0.28
" Each treatment alternative has certain attendant adverse effects."	( Adverse effects of therapy for the correction of anemia in hemodialysis patients. Watson, AJ, 1989)	0.28
" We report here the ability of recombinant human IL-1 alpha to protect normal murine hematopoietic progenitors (CFU-GM, BFU-E, and CFU-Meg) from the toxic effects of AZT."	( Protection of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine induced toxicity to murine hematopoietic progenitors (CFU-GM, BFU-E and CFU-MEG) with interleukin-1. Doukas, MA; Gallicchio, VS; Gass, C; Hughes, NK; Hulette, BC, 1989)	0.28
" The low toxicity of CAI in vivo combined with the significant difference between toxicity for human and mouse progenitors in vitro suggests a relatively low adverse potential to the bone marrow for this new signal transduction inhibitory agent."	( In vitro and in vivo myelotoxicity of CAI to human and murine hematopoietic progenitor cells. Cole, K; Kohn, EC; Sandeen, MA; Volpe, DA, 1995)	0.29
" The adverse effect of DSG was partly reversed by the simultaneous administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and/or erythropoietin (EPO), suggesting the need for the administration of these cytokines in the case of bone marrow transplants treated with DSG."	( In vivo effects of the immunosuppressant 15-deoxyspergualin on hematopoiesis in murine allogeneic bone marrow chimeras. Its thrombopoietic activity and reversal of adverse effects with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and/or erythropoietin. Fujii, Y; Han, M; Hashino, S; Imai, K; Imamura, M; Kobayashi, H; Kobayashi, M; Kobayashi, S; Tanaka, J; Zhu, X, 1994)	0.29
"Since fish oil has been reported to reduce platelet aggregability, to reduce blood viscosity by increasing red blood cell deformability and to lower blood pressure, we studied the effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil on the occurrence of adverse effects in patients receiving recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO)."	( Does additional treatment with fish oil mitigate the side effects of recombinant human erythropoietin in dialysis patients? de Fijter, CW; Donker, AJ; Oe, LP; Popp-Snijders, C; Tran, DD; van der Meulen, J, )	0.13
"We studied the toxic effects of azidothymidine (AZT) on the hemopoietic colony growth (CFU-E, BFU-E and CFU-GM) of bone marrow in a murine model of AIDS (MAIDS)."	( Hemopoietic recovery from AZT toxicity with recombinant hemoglobin in a murine model of AIDS. Abraham, NG; Abu-Hijleh, MF; Lutton, JD; Moqattash, S, 1994)	0.29
" Limited studies in patients with failing renal allografts suggest a similar efficacy but provide little information concerning benefits, dose requirements, or adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin in correcting the anemia of patients with chronic renal allograft dysfunction. Boucher, A; Cattran, DC; First, MR; Jindal, K; Keown, PA; Muirhead, N; Munch, LC; Wong, C; Zaltzman, J, 1994)	0.29
" The most important adverse events reported for long-term administration are as follows: (a) arterial hypertension; (b) cerebral convulsion/hypertensive encephalopathy; (c) thrombo-embolism; (d) iron deficiency; (e) influenza-like syndrome."	( Adverse events of erythropoietin in long-term and in acute/short-term treatment. Singbartl, G, 1994)	0.29
" Adverse events were generally mild or moderate."	( Effectiveness and safety of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) in the treatment of anemia of chronic renal failure in non dialysis patients. European Multicentre Study Group. Heidland, A; Krahn, R; Kulzer, P; Schaefer, L; Schaefer, RM, 1994)	0.29
" Sixteen (14%) of 116 patients were unable to complete the treatment protocol because of adverse events (n = 11) or for personal reasons (n = 5); 2 patients (1 EPO and 1 placebo) experienced serious adverse events."	( A phase III trial of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy in nonanemic orthopedic patients subjected to aggressive removal of blood for autologous use: dose, response, toxicity, and efficacy. Abels, RI; Ciavarella, D; Friedman, KD; Goodnough, LT; Johnston, M; Khan, N; Price, TH; Sacher, R; Vogler, WR; Wissel, M, 1994)	0.29
"We examined the hypothesis that administering epoetin to maintain a lower target haemoglobin (Hb) results in a reduced side effect profile and a lower maintenance epoetin dose."	( Partial correction of dialysis-associated anaemia does not reduce erythropoietin dose or the incidence of side effects. Bending, MR; Eisinger, AJ; Mellotte, GJ; Morgan, SH; Smith, SA, 1993)	0.29
" We conclude that rHuEpo appears to be effective and safe in treating anaemia associated with multiple myeloma in patients requiring haemodialysis."	( Safety and efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin treatment of anaemia associated with multiple myeloma in haemodialysed patients. Benedet, P; Chapuis, B; Leski, M; Pechère Bertschi, A; Ruedin, P, 1993)	0.29
" Of the 837 adverse events that occurred, 277 were classified as serious and 560 as nonserious."	( Adverse events of subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin therapy: results of a controlled multicenter European study. Klinkmann, H; Scigalla, P; Wieczorek, L, 1993)	0.29
"" It was concluded that low-dose weekly SC rHuEPO administration is a safe and effective method for maintaining the hematocrit level of stable hemodialysis patients."	( Safety and efficacy of low-dose subcutaneous erythropoietin in hemodialysis patients. Bailey, JL; Macon, EJ; Mitch, WE; Parker, KP; Sands, JM; Stivelman, JC, 1997)	0.3
" During the maintenance phase (period of epoetin therapy after correction of iron deficiency), the use of low-dose intravenous iron supplementation (10 to 20 mg per haemodialysis treatment or 100 mg every second week) avoids iron overtreatment and minimises potential adverse effects."	( Safety aspects of parenteral iron in patients with end-stage renal disease. Hörl, WH; Sunder-Plassmann, G, 1997)	0.3
" These data indicate that early exposure to AZT in utero should have no irreversible adverse effects on the fetus."	( Fetal, infant, and maternal toxicity of zidovudine (azidothymidine) administered throughout pregnancy in Macaca nemestrina. Abkowitz, JL; Conrad, SH; Ha, JC; Mottet, NK; Nosbisch, C; Robinette, R; Ruppenthal, GC; Sackett, GP; Unadkat, JD, 1998)	0.3
" The purpose of this review is to provide an overview, based on the results of controlled studies, of the anticipated safety profile of rhEPO in various indications and to assess whether treatment with rhEPO influences the incidences of certain adverse events in these indications."	( The safety of treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin in clinical use: a review of controlled studies. Franke, W; Möcks, J; Sowade, B; Sowade, O; Warnke, H, 1998)	0.3
" In conclusion, rHuEPO at 150 U/kg per week is safe and effective in treating anemia in children with chronic renal disease."	( Safety and efficacy of erythropoietin in children with chronic renal failure. Avner, ED; Brandt, JR; Hickman, RO; Watkins, SL, 1999)	0.3
" This treatment can enhance erythropoiesis without adverse effects."	( Low dose desferrioxamine can improve erythropoiesis in iron-overload hemodialysis patients without side effects. Chen, JB; Hsu, KT; Lam, KK; Lee, CT; Liao, SC, 1999)	0.3
" The possible adverse effects of increased hematocrit, patient hospitalization, and epoetin requirements were also studied."	( Increasing the hematocrit has a beneficial effect on quality of life and is safe in selected hemodialysis patients. Spanish Cooperative Renal Patients Quality of Life Study Group of the Spanish Society of Nephrology. Jofre, R; López-Gómez, JM; Moreno, F; Sanz-Guajardo, D; Valderrábano, F, 2000)	0.31
" We prospectively examined adverse events and vital signs after administering 100 mg of IV iron sucrose in each of 10 consecutive dialysis treatment sessions and compared results with those recorded in each of three consecutive dialysis sessions without iron treatment."	( Safety and efficacy of iron sucrose in patients sensitive to iron dextran: North American clinical trial. Adhikarla, R; Cavallo, G; Charytan, C; Gagnon, S; Levin, N; Spinowitz, BS; Van Wyck, DB, 2000)	0.31
"Pathogenetically grounded and safe for patients with conservative CRF is a combination of low-dose subcutaneous EP drugs with hypotensive drugs (calcium antagonists, ACE inhibitors), loop diuretics and low-protein diet."	( [Erythropoietin drugs in patients with chronic renal failure at the stage of conservative treatment. Effectiveness and side effects]. Alekseeva, TB; Dasaeva, LA; Nikolaev, AIu, 2000)	0.31
"The results of this study indicate that the multidose formulation of epoetin beta is safe and well tolerated in patients with ESRD."	( Safety and tolerability of a multidose formulation of epoetin beta in dialysis patients. Collaborative Study Group. Auinger, M; Hertlová, M; Raftery, MJ, 2000)	0.31
" These two preparations of iron dextran have different physical and chemical characteristics that might affect the adverse events experienced by dialysis patients receiving iron dextran."	( Adverse events in chronic hemodialysis patients receiving intravenous iron dextran--a comparison of two products. Bergstralh, EJ; Loebertmann, CL; McCarthy, JT; Regnier, CE, )	0.13
" An adverse event (AE) was defined as any event which led to interruption of the prescribed course of iron therapy or precluded subsequent administration of parenteral iron in the presence of documented iron deficiency."	( Adverse events in chronic hemodialysis patients receiving intravenous iron dextran--a comparison of two products. Bergstralh, EJ; Loebertmann, CL; McCarthy, JT; Regnier, CE, )	0.13
" We assessed safety by recording blood pressure and adverse events after iron sucrose injection and comparing results with those for the same patients during an observation control period."	( Efficacy and safety of iron sucrose for iron deficiency in patients with dialysis-associated anemia: North American clinical trial. Al-Saloum, M; Charytan, C; Gagnon, S; Hafeez, T; Levin, N; Van Wyck, DB, 2001)	0.31
" Both r-HuEPO strengths with and without the new stabilizer were safe and well tolerated; the safety and tolerability profiles of both formulations for each r-HuEPO concentration were comparable."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability after subcutaneous administration of recombinant human erythropoietin formulated with different stabilizers. Cheung, WK; Natarajan, J; Sanders, M; Vercammen, E, 2000)	0.31
" NESP has been shown to be safe and efficacious in patients with chronic renal failure."	( A dose-finding and safety study of novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein (NESP) for the treatment of anaemia in patients receiving multicycle chemotherapy. Arseneau, J; Boccia, R; Colowick, AB; Demetri, G; Glaspy, J; Gordon, D; Harmon, D; Hynes, H; Jadeja, JS; Justice, G; Kessler, J; Kuter, D; O'Byrne, J; Prow, D; Richards, D; Rigas, J; Saven, A; Schwartzberg, L, 2001)	0.31
" NESP is well tolerated, adverse effects are similar to those seen with rHuEPO, and no antibodies have been detected in >1500 patients exposed to NESP thus far."	( An overview of the efficacy and safety of novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein (NESP). Macdougall, IC, 2001)	0.31
" Early placebo-controlled, randomized studies, as well as recent large, community-based trials in thousands of patients, have consistently shown recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO, epoetin alfa) to be effective and safe in the treatment of chemotherapy-associated anemia."	( The use of epoetin alfa in chemotherapy patients: a consistent profile of efficacy and safety. Itri, LM, 2002)	0.31
" This study confirms the value of pharmacologic regulation of transgene expression in the development of safe and effective gene therapies in which biologically active secreted proteins are produced."	( Regulated expression of erythropoietin from an AAV vector safely improves the anemia of beta-thalassemia in a mouse model. Clackson, T; Gao, GP; Johnston, J; Rivera, VM; Tazelaar, J; Wilson, JM, 2003)	0.32
" An understanding of these products is essential for the sports medicine practitioner to provide sound, safe advice to the athlete."	( Ergogenic aids: a review of basic science, performance, side effects, and status in sports. Hawkins, RJ; Kocher, MS; Tokish, JM, 2004)	0.32
" Ribavirin is directly toxic to red blood cells and is associated with hemolysis, which is usually dose-related but self-limited."	( Hematologic side effects of interferon and ribavirin therapy. Kowdley, KV, 2005)	0.33
" Based on the estimated risk and frequency of transfusions with and without erythropoietin, we calculated the absolute risk reduction of transfusion-related adverse events, the number needed to treat, and cost to avoid one transfusion-related adverse event by using erythropoietin."	( Number needed to treat and cost of recombinant human erythropoietin to avoid one transfusion-related adverse event in critically ill patients. Dorman, T; Horn, E; Lipsett, PA; Pronovost, PJ; Shermock, KM, 2005)	0.33
"From the perspective of avoidance of adverse events, erythropoietin does not appear to be an efficient use of limited resources for routine use in critically ill patients."	( Number needed to treat and cost of recombinant human erythropoietin to avoid one transfusion-related adverse event in critically ill patients. Dorman, T; Horn, E; Lipsett, PA; Pronovost, PJ; Shermock, KM, 2005)	0.33
" In addition, we investigated if a fortnightly dosage of epoetin beta was safe and as effective as previous weekly administration."	( The efficacy and safety of once-weekly and once-fortnightly subcutaneous epoetin beta in peritoneal dialysis patients with chronic renal anaemia. Bajo, A; de Vecchi, AF; Durand, PY; Grzeszczak, W; Rutkowski, B; Scanziani, R; Sulowicz, W; Vargemezis, V, 2005)	0.33
" Patients were followed for haemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, rh-EPO dose requirements, transaminase levels, and adverse drug reactions."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous iron therapy for HCV-positive haemodialysis patients. Altun, B; Arici, M; Erdem, Y; Genctoy, G; Kahraman, S; Turgan, C; Yasavul, U; Yilmaz, R, 2005)	0.33
" The incidence of adverse drug reactions was not associated with HCV serology."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous iron therapy for HCV-positive haemodialysis patients. Altun, B; Arici, M; Erdem, Y; Genctoy, G; Kahraman, S; Turgan, C; Yasavul, U; Yilmaz, R, 2005)	0.33
" This article provides an overview of the recent history and growing understanding of ESA-associated PRCA together with current approaches to the management of this rare side effect of an otherwise valuable therapy."	( Adverse event issue management: what have we learnt from pure red cell aplasia (PRCA)? Macdougall, IC, 2005)	0.33
"To define the adverse events following two different rates and methods of intravenous iron sucrose infusions in children with anaemia due to chronic renal impairment."	( Low incidence of adverse events following 90-minute and 3-minute infusions of intravenous iron sucrose in children on erythropoietin. Anbu, AT; Bradbury, MG; Kemp, T; O'donnell, K; Smith, PA, 2005)	0.33
"Two prospective observational studies were undertaken to characterize the adverse events following iron sucrose administration in children with renal impairment and on erythropoietin."	( Low incidence of adverse events following 90-minute and 3-minute infusions of intravenous iron sucrose in children on erythropoietin. Anbu, AT; Bradbury, MG; Kemp, T; O'donnell, K; Smith, PA, 2005)	0.33
" Sixty-five doses were administered over 3 min to 20 children, and six minor adverse events were documented."	( Low incidence of adverse events following 90-minute and 3-minute infusions of intravenous iron sucrose in children on erythropoietin. Anbu, AT; Bradbury, MG; Kemp, T; O'donnell, K; Smith, PA, 2005)	0.33
"Although 90 min infusion is associated with fewer adverse events, no life-threatening events were documented in either method."	( Low incidence of adverse events following 90-minute and 3-minute infusions of intravenous iron sucrose in children on erythropoietin. Anbu, AT; Bradbury, MG; Kemp, T; O'donnell, K; Smith, PA, 2005)	0.33
" No adverse events were recorded during the 30-day follow-up."	( A single bolus of a long-acting erythropoietin analogue darbepoetin alfa in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a randomized feasibility and safety study. de Boer, HC; Lipsic, E; Schoemaker, RG; van den Heuvel, AF; van der Meer, P; van Gilst, WH; van Veldhuisen, DJ; van Zonneveld, AJ; Voors, AA; Westenbrink, BD; Zijlstra, F, 2006)	0.33
"Intravenous single high-dose darbepoetin alfa in acute MI is both safe and well tolerated."	( A single bolus of a long-acting erythropoietin analogue darbepoetin alfa in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a randomized feasibility and safety study. de Boer, HC; Lipsic, E; Schoemaker, RG; van den Heuvel, AF; van der Meer, P; van Gilst, WH; van Veldhuisen, DJ; van Zonneveld, AJ; Voors, AA; Westenbrink, BD; Zijlstra, F, 2006)	0.33
" Adverse events were comparable between treatment groups."	( Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of quality of life, hematologic end points, and safety of weekly epoetin alfa in children with cancer receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Feusner, J; Hinds, PS; Hockenberry, M; Hord, JD; Rackoff, WR; Razzouk, BI; Williams, D, 2006)	0.33
"Repeated treatment of newborn rats with high-dose rEpo was safe under all conditions tested."	( Safety of high-dose recombinant erythropoietin in a neonatal rat model. Demers, EJ; Juul, SE; McPherson, RJ, 2007)	0.34
"Clinical data have repeatedly shown that the erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) Epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa are safe and efficacious to treat anemia in patients on dialysis when used in accordance with the product label The safety profile of ESAs has recently been updated based on reports from clinical investigations that studied off-label uses of ESAs at doses designed to raise the Hb to above 13."	( Safety of erythropoiesis stimulating agents in patients on dialysis: current issues for nephrology nurses. Carter, B; Keen, M, )	0.13
" Variables evaluated in the intent-to-treat population included adverse events (AEs), hemoglobin, and iron indices."	( The safety of intravenous iron sucrose use in the elderly patient. Charytan, C; Reed, J; Yee, J, 2007)	0.34
" Erythropoietin seems to act as an anti-oxidant, diminishing the toxic oxidative effects of VCM on renal tissues."	( Novel evidence suggesting an anti-oxidant property for erythropoietin on vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity in a rat model. Aslan, C; Cetin, H; Ciris, M; Oktem, F; Olgar, S; Ozguner, F; Uz, E, 2007)	0.34
" At last follow-up, 48% did not show anemia-related symptoms, and 19% experienced adverse events possibly or probably related to rEpo."	( Erythropoietin safety and efficacy in chronic allograft nephropathy. Baltar, J; Campistol, JM; Cofan, F; Moran, N; Ortega, F; Ortega, T; Rebollo, P, 2007)	0.34
" Thus, rEpo in patients with CAN is safe and effective, so administration should be initiated early to avoid adverse events deriving from anemia."	( Erythropoietin safety and efficacy in chronic allograft nephropathy. Baltar, J; Campistol, JM; Cofan, F; Moran, N; Ortega, F; Ortega, T; Rebollo, P, 2007)	0.34
" Selected adverse event rates did not differ between the epoetin and darbepoetin groups."	( Efficacy and safety of erythropoiesis-stimulating proteins in myelodysplastic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allen, IE; Crean, SM; Probst, CA; Ranganathan, G; Ross, SD; Sercus, B, 2007)	0.34
"Studies showing an adverse effect of ESA therapy on patient survival generally exhibit considerable methodological deficiencies."	( Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents: favorable safety profile when used as indicated. Dunst, J; Nowrousian, MR; Vaupel, P, 2008)	0.35
"When used as indicated, ESAs are valuable and safe drugs for the treatment of anemia and do not negatively affect patient survival."	( Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents: favorable safety profile when used as indicated. Dunst, J; Nowrousian, MR; Vaupel, P, 2008)	0.35
" Adverse events were those expected in this patient population."	( Anemia management in patients on peritoneal dialysis: efficacy and safety of epoetin delta. Spinowitz, BS, 2008)	0.35
" Both treatments were well tolerated with no notable differences in adverse events."	( Randomized, multicenter, controlled trial comparing the efficacy and safety of darbepoetin alpha administered every 3 weeks with or without intravenous iron in patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia. Altintas, S; Bastit, L; Gaede, B; Mossman, TW; Pintér, T; Smith, KE; Suto, TS; Vandebroek, A; Vansteenkiste, JF, 2008)	0.35
" However, studies in which ESAs were administered with the aim of reducing the need for RBC transfusions in patients with chemotherapy-associated anemia demonstrate that the use of these agents is not associated with any adverse effect on survival when compared with placebo controls."	( Safety update on erythropoiesis-stimulating agents: trials within and outside the accepted indications. Gascón, P, 2008)	0.35
" The incidence of adverse events (including on-study deaths) was similar in both groups."	( Treating anemia of cancer with every-4-week darbepoetin alfa: final efficacy and safety results from a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ben-Jacob, A; Gordon, D; Lillie, T; Miller, C; Nichols, G; Tomita, D, 2008)	0.35
" No excess adverse events occurred in the recombinant erythropoietin-treated infants compared with control infants."	( A phase I/II trial of high-dose erythropoietin in extremely low birth weight infants: pharmacokinetics and safety. Bauer, LA; Gleason, CA; Juul, SE; Ledbetter, KJ; Mayock, DE; McPherson, RJ, 2008)	0.35
" Only 2% of patients had treatment-related adverse events: thromboembolic pulmonary disease (0."	( A prospective observational study of the effectiveness, safety, and effect on fatigue of darbepoetin alfa for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced anaemia. Alegre, A; Cassinello, J; Gasquet, JA; González, A; Mel, JR; Montesinos, J; Rodríguez, CA; Saigí, E; Salar, A; Sánchez, J, 2008)	0.35
"1-ml intravitreal injection of rhEPO at a dose of up to 1000 U does not appear to cause adverse effects on retinal vasculature, retinal anatomy, or ERG function in albino rabbits."	( Intravitreal recombinant human erythropoietin: a safety study in rabbits. Cai, H; Chang, S; Del Priore, LV; Forbes, M; Song, BJ; Tsai, JC, 2008)	0.35
" Primary (safety) endpoints were the occurrence of anti-erythropoietin antibodies and the evaluation of adverse events (AEs)."	( Long-term safety and tolerability of epoetin zeta, administered intravenously, for maintenance treatment of renal anemia. Baldamus, C; Bronn, A; Koytchev, R; Krivoshiev, S; Siebert-Weigel, M; Wolf-Pflugmann, M, 2008)	0.35
"IVit of EPO in a wide range is well tolerated and safe for rabbit eyes."	( Pharmacokinetic and toxicity study of intravitreal erythropoietin in rabbits. Dai, W; Li, WY; Lu, L; Shi, WD; Sinclair, SH; Weng, H; Wu, YL; Xu, GT; Xu, GX; Xu, JY; Ye, W; Zhang, JF; Zhang, Y, 2008)	0.35
"Over 10 years after their approval as cancer supportive and palliative care agents, erythropoietin and the bisphosphonates began to show unexpected, serious adverse events, which resulted in dramatic changes in how they were subsequently prescribed to cancer patients."	( Side effects and pharmaceutical company bias: adverse event reporting in cancer supportive and palliative care trials. Jatoi, A; Nguyen, PL, 2008)	0.35
"The importance of adverse event reporting in cancer supportive and palliative agents should go beyond that which is mandated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)."	( Side effects and pharmaceutical company bias: adverse event reporting in cancer supportive and palliative care trials. Jatoi, A; Nguyen, PL, 2008)	0.35
" These benefits, however, can be offset by adverse iatrogenic muscle pain caused by bupivacaine."	( Erythropoietin protects against local anesthetic myotoxicity during continuous regional analgesia. Bellance, N; Capdevila, X; Delage, JP; Galbes, O; Letellier, T; Masson, F; Miraux, S; Nouette-Gaulain, K; Passerieux, E; Pertuiset, C; Prévost, B; Rossignol, R; Smolkova, K; Sztark, F, 2009)	0.35
"30) and the value in patients with haemoglobin levels above the safe level reduced from 57."	( [Pharmacotherapy quality and patient safety in haemodialysis patients treated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents]. Albert Balaguer, EV; Climente Martí, M; de Diego Santos, T; Jiménez Torres, NV, )	0.13
"Intravitreal administration of EPO (at doses up to 625 ng) does not cause adverse effects on retinal function as assessed by ERG."	( Safety of intravitreally administered recombinant erythropoietin (an AOS thesis). Tsai, JC, 2008)	0.35
" DA is generally well tolerated and has side effect profile similar to recombinant human erythropoietin."	( Drug safety profile of darbepoetin alfa for anemia of chronic kidney disease. Agarwal, AK, 2009)	0.35
" The objective of this review is to assess the frequency of adverse drug events associated with four different iron formulations: two iron dextran products known as high and low molecular weight iron dextran, iron sucrose, and sodium ferric gluconate complex."	( Safety issues with intravenous iron products in the management of anemia in chronic kidney disease. Hayat, A, 2008)	0.35
" No deleterious systemic adverse effects were apparent."	( Single high-dose intramyocardial administration of erythropoietin promotes early intracardiac proliferation, proves safety and restores cardiac performance after myocardial infarction in rats. Furlani, D; Gäbel, R; Klopsch, C; Li, W; Ma, N; Steinhoff, G; Ugurlucan, M; Yerebakan, C, 2009)	0.35
" Our study suggests that adjuvant chemotherapy is safe in elderly patients."	( Predictors of toxicity and toxicity profile of adjuvant chemotherapy in elderly breast cancer patients. Buzaianu, EM; Garg, P; Gupta, R; Guthrie, TH; Rana, F, )	0.13
"The switch seemed to be safe with no increase in viral copies."	( Switching to sirolimus in renal transplant recipients with hepatitis C virus: a safe option. Camacho, R; Gallego, R; Gonzalez, F; Henriquez, F; Hernández, R; Hortal, L; Oliva, E; Palop, L; Quintana, B; Sablón, N; Santana, R; Vega, N, )	0.13
" Darbepoetin alfa was well tolerated, with an adverse event (AE) profile similar to placebo."	( The safety and tolerability of darbepoetin alfa in patients with anaemia and symptomatic heart failure. Abraham, WT; Anker, SD; Ghali, JK; Klapholz, M; Knusel, B; Ponikowski, P; Sun, Y; van Veldhuisen, DJ; Wasserman, SM, 2009)	0.35
" Primary outcomes were adverse events, safety, and death or tracheotomy."	( Erythropoietin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and tolerability. Antozzi, C; Beretta, P; Caldiroli, D; Campanella, A; Ciano, C; Ferrara, G; Filippini, G; Ghelma, F; Ghezzi, P; Lauria, G; Maggi, L; Mantegazza, R; Martini, A; Penza, P, )	0.13
" Deep vein thrombosis was diagnosed by Doppler result or adverse event report."	( An open-label, randomized, parallel-group study of perioperative epoetin alfa versus standard of care for blood conservation in major elective spinal surgery: safety analysis. Enny, C; Jones, SC; Langholff, W; Leitz, G; Stowell, CP, 2009)	0.35
"1%) in the standard of care group had a diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis either by Doppler or by adverse event report with normal Doppler."	( An open-label, randomized, parallel-group study of perioperative epoetin alfa versus standard of care for blood conservation in major elective spinal surgery: safety analysis. Enny, C; Jones, SC; Langholff, W; Leitz, G; Stowell, CP, 2009)	0.35
" group, the incidence of adverse events (AEs) was higher in the comparator ESA group in the Phase II/III population (C."	( C.E.R.A. safety profile: a pooled analysis in patients with chronic kidney disease. Aldigier, JC; Beyer, U; Dougherty, FC; Locatelli, F; Mann, JF; Sanz Guajardo, D; Schmidt, R; Sulowicz, W; Van Vlem, B, 2010)	0.36
" No serious adverse effects such as hypoglycemia, liver impairment, or heart failure were observed in any of the patients."	( Clinical effectiveness and safety evaluation of long-term pioglitazone treatment for erythropoietin responsiveness and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients on hemodialysis. Abe, M; Maruyama, N; Maruyama, T; Matsumoto, K; Okada, K; Soma, M, 2010)	0.36
"Prolonged EPO therapy after MI in a large animal model is safe and leads to an increase in viable myocardium, increased vascular density, and prevents further deterioration of left ventricular function."	( Prolonged therapy with erythropoietin is safe and prevents deterioration of left ventricular systolic function in a porcine model of myocardial infarction. Amabile, N; Angeli, FS; Bartlett, L; Boyle, A; Burjonroppa, S; Chatterjee, K; Grossman, W; Shapiro, M; Virmani, R; Yeghiazarians, Y; Zhang, Y, 2010)	0.36
" Adverse events (AE) were recorded at the 4th and 8th weeks and classified by intensity and causality."	( Efficacy and safety of iorEPOCIM for chemotherapy- or radiotherapy-induced anemia in pediatric cancer patients. Caballero, I; Cabanas, R; González, A; Martínez, L; Mendoza, I; Piedra, P; Saurez, G; Uranga, R; Vargas, A; Verdecia, M, 2010)	0.36
" The most frequent adverse events were fever (19."	( Efficacy and safety of iorEPOCIM for chemotherapy- or radiotherapy-induced anemia in pediatric cancer patients. Caballero, I; Cabanas, R; González, A; Martínez, L; Mendoza, I; Piedra, P; Saurez, G; Uranga, R; Vargas, A; Verdecia, M, 2010)	0.36
"iorEPOCIM proved to be safe and effective at the doses and frequencies used in this patient population."	( Efficacy and safety of iorEPOCIM for chemotherapy- or radiotherapy-induced anemia in pediatric cancer patients. Caballero, I; Cabanas, R; González, A; Martínez, L; Mendoza, I; Piedra, P; Saurez, G; Uranga, R; Vargas, A; Verdecia, M, 2010)	0.36
"Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (CIPN) is a side effect limiting cisplatin (CDDP) and docetaxel (DOCE) treatment."	( Different effects of erythropoietin in cisplatin- and docetaxel-induced neurotoxicity: an in vitro study. Cavaletti, G; Chiorazzi, A; Maggioni, D; Meregalli, C; Nicolini, G; Tredici, G, 2010)	0.36
" The profile and the frequency of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were similar in both treatment groups (21."	( Epoetin theta: efficacy and safety of IV administration in anaemic haemodialysis patients in the maintenance phase in comparison to epoetin beta. Bias, P; Buchner, A; Elsässer, R; Essaian, A; Gertz, B; Kes, P; Kohler, E, 2010)	0.36
"Bone marrow derived stem/progenitor cell transplantation after acute myocardial infarction is safe and effective for improving left ventricular systolic function."	( A multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of intracoronary cell infusion mobilized with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and darbepoetin after acute myocardial infarction: study design and rationale o Choi, DJ; Kang, HJ; Kim, HS; Kim, MG; Kim, MK; Park, YB; Yoon, JH, 2011)	0.37
" No adverse event related to the treatment occurred."	( A pilot study of chronic, low-dose epoetin-{beta} following percutaneous coronary intervention suggests safety, feasibility, and efficacy in patients with symptomatic ischaemic heart failure. Bergmann, MW; Busjahn, A; Dietz, R; Haufe, S; Jordan, J; Luft, FC; Mehling, H; Münch, I; Schulz-Menger, J; von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff, F; Wassmuth, R, 2011)	0.37
"Low-dose epoetin-β treatment following PCI is safe and feasible, and has possible beneficial effects on global ejection fraction and measures of exercise capacity."	( A pilot study of chronic, low-dose epoetin-{beta} following percutaneous coronary intervention suggests safety, feasibility, and efficacy in patients with symptomatic ischaemic heart failure. Bergmann, MW; Busjahn, A; Dietz, R; Haufe, S; Jordan, J; Luft, FC; Mehling, H; Münch, I; Schulz-Menger, J; von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff, F; Wassmuth, R, 2011)	0.37
" Incidence of adverse effects was comparable to that in thalassemic patients."	( Efficacy and safety of administration of oral iron chelator deferiprone in patients with early myelodysplastic syndrome. Cermak, J; Hochova, I; Jonasova, A; Neuwirtova, R; Siskova, M; Vondrakova, J; Walterova, L, 2011)	0.37
"combined G-CSF and EPO based- intracoronary infusion of PBSCs in patients RAMI is safe and feasible."	( Safety and feasibility of combined granulocyte colony stimulating factor and erythropoetin based-stem cell therapy using intracoronary infusion of peripheral blood stem cells in patients with recent anterior myocardial infarction: one-year follow-up of a Alwi, I; Aziz, A; Inggriani, S; Irawan, C; Kosasih, A; Lison, L; Santoso, T; Saputra, A; Wintery, M, 2011)	0.37
" After the intervention, the increase in both hemoglobin and absolute neutrophil counts did not differ between the 2 side effect management strategies."	( Randomized trial comparing dose reduction and growth factor supplementation for management of hematological side effects in HIV/hepatitis C virus patients receiving pegylated-interferon and ribavirin. Aberg, JA; Aboulafia, D; Bonilla, H; Dimova, R; Doonquah, L; Dove, L; Galpin, J; Glesby, MJ; Hassanein, T; Jacobson, IM; Johnston, B; Liu, RC; Pearce, D; Rodriguez, J; Talal, AH; Zeremski, M, 2011)	0.37
" Although a number of adverse event related to hypertension occurred, their incidence did not appear to be related to Hb or its rate of increase."	( Darbepoetin alfa (KRN321) is safe and effective when administered subcutaneously once every 2 or 4 weeks to patients on peritoneal dialysis in Japan. Akizawa, T; Fukuhara, S; Hiramatsu, M; Iwasaki, M; Kubota, M; Morita, S; Yamakawa, M, 2011)	0.37
" Aside from these two events, reported adverse events were as expected for patients with Stage III - V CKD and similar in both treatment groups."	( Safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of subcutaneous biosimilar epoetin-α (HX575) in non-dialysis patients with renal anemia: a multi-center, randomized, double-blind study. Eckardt, KU; Haag-Weber, M; Hörl, WH; Roger, SD; Roth, K; Vetter, A, 2012)	0.38
" The profile and the frequency of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were comparable in both groups (17."	( Epoetin theta: efficacy and safety of subcutaneous administration in anemic pre-dialysis patients in the maintenance phase in comparison to epoetin beta. Bias, P; Buchner, A; Essaian, A; Gertz, B; Kes, P; Zellner, D, 2012)	0.38
" This article reviews the published data on the effectiveness of intravenous ascorbic acid in increasing the hemoglobin levels of patients with hyporesponse to epoetin alfa, as well as adverse effects of the administration of intravenous ascorbic acid specifically in relation to hyperoxalemia."	( Is intravenous ascorbic acid an effective and safe option for increasing hemoglobin levels in patients with a hyporesponse to epoetin alfa? Kear, TM, )	0.13
"Using the EMA dossiers and journal publications, this article reviews clinical safety data for these products, with emphasis on serious/severe adverse events and a special consideration of immunogenicity, venous thromboembolism, and mortality."	( Clinical safety of biosimilar recombinant human erythropoietins. Abraham, I; MacDonald, K, 2012)	0.38
" Reversibility of toxic effects was evaluated at high dose 14 days after treatment period."	( Short-term intra-nasal erythropoietin administration with low sialic acid content is without toxicity or erythropoietic effects. Barzaga, P; Beausoleil, I; Bueno, V; Couret, M; Gabilondo, T; Guerra, I; Lagarto, A; Lopez, R; Sanchez, JA; Valdes, O; Vega, Y, 2012)	0.38
" No deaths or serious adverse effects were seen."	( Erythropoietin for neuroprotection in neonatal encephalopathy: safety and pharmacokinetics. Ballard, RA; Bauer, LA; Bonifacio, SL; Chang, T; Durand, DJ; Ferriero, DM; Glass, HC; Glidden, DV; Gonzalez, FF; Juul, SE; Mayock, DE; Song, D; Wu, YW, 2012)	0.38
" Only registered side effect was slight increase in arterial pressure, controlled with antihypertensive drugs."	( [Efficacy and safety of CERA in anemia correction in predialysis patients--Croatian experience]. Bubić, I; Prkacin, I; Racki, S, 2012)	0.38
"The results of this observational study suggest that the use of CERA is effective and safe and leads to a successful correction of anemia in CKD patients who have not yet started renal replacement therapy."	( [Efficacy and safety of CERA in anemia correction in predialysis patients--Croatian experience]. Bubić, I; Prkacin, I; Racki, S, 2012)	0.38
" No serious adverse events necessitating discontinuation of therapy in both groups."	( Therapeutic superiority and safety of combined hydroxyurea with recombinant human erythropoietin over hydroxyurea in young β-thalassemia intermedia patients. Adly, AA; Elalfy, MS; Elghamry, IR; Elhenawy, YI; Ismail, EA, 2013)	0.39
"HU was effective in management of TI; however, combination with rHuEPO gave a superior therapeutic effect resulting in the best clinical and hematological responses without adverse events."	( Therapeutic superiority and safety of combined hydroxyurea with recombinant human erythropoietin over hydroxyurea in young β-thalassemia intermedia patients. Adly, AA; Elalfy, MS; Elghamry, IR; Elhenawy, YI; Ismail, EA, 2013)	0.39
" Although they can reduce the risks associated with ABT and improve quality of life, the use of ESAs is still associated with adverse effects."	( Effectiveness and safety of erythropoiesis-stimulating agent use in the perioperative period. Chee, YE; Irwin, MG; Tran, DH; Wong, GT, 2014)	0.4
" However, large studies assessing safety in anemic patients with chronic renal disease have found adverse effects including cardiovascular, stroke and thromboembolic events."	( Effectiveness and safety of erythropoiesis-stimulating agent use in the perioperative period. Chee, YE; Irwin, MG; Tran, DH; Wong, GT, 2014)	0.4
" None of the participants experienced any serious adverse effects."	( Safety and efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin treatment of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Ahn, JY; Cho, JW; Jang, W; Kim, HT; Kim, JS; Oh, E; Oh, KW; Park, J; Shin, KJ; Youn, J, 2014)	0.4
"rhEPO in neonates with perinatal arterial ischemic stroke had no adverse effects on red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets counts, or coagulation."	( Feasibility and safety of erythropoietin for neuroprotection after perinatal arterial ischemic stroke. Benders, MJ; de Vries, LS; Groenendaal, F; Isgum, I; Roks, M; van Bel, F; van der Aa, NE; van Straaten, HL; Viergever, MA, 2014)	0.4
" I also describe the potential safety signals identified by FDA using its Adverse Event Reporting System, and their importance in ensuring the safe use of drugs in the post-marketing phase."	( [Topics from "Overseas Drug Safety Information" in the past five years]. Amanuma, K, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events were equally distributed between CEPO and placebo."	( Safety and tolerability of carbamylated erythropoietin in Friedreich's ataxia. Boesch, S; Büchner, B; Filla, A; Jacobi, H; Klockgether, T; Klopstock, T; Manicom, K; Mariotti, C; Nachbauer, W; Nanetti, L; Sacca, F; Schöls, L; vom Hagen, JM, 2014)	0.4
"CEPO was safe and well tolerated in a 2-week treatment phase."	( Safety and tolerability of carbamylated erythropoietin in Friedreich's ataxia. Boesch, S; Büchner, B; Filla, A; Jacobi, H; Klockgether, T; Klopstock, T; Manicom, K; Mariotti, C; Nachbauer, W; Nanetti, L; Sacca, F; Schöls, L; vom Hagen, JM, 2014)	0.4
"9%) was the most common adverse event."	( Efficacy & safety of continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA) in treating renal anaemia in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease not on dialysis. Bhansali, A; Dutta, P; Kohli, HS; Vankar, SG, 2014)	0.4
" Adverse findings for both ior(®) EPOCIM and Eprex(®) were similar and were a consequence of thrombotic events (ulcerative skin lesions, swollen hock joints/lameness, stomach ulcers) and decreased body weight gains, all known adverse reactions to this class of drug in rats."	( Safety and biosimilarity of ior(®) EPOCIM compared with Eprex(®) based on toxicologic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic studies in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Bolger, GT; Ledon, N; Pucaj, K; Riddle, K; Taylor, SR, 2014)	0.4
" Out of 68 adverse events (AEs) seen during study period, 33 were serious adverse events (SAEs)."	( A single arm, prospective, open label, multicentre study for evaluation of efficacy and safety of IV CERA for treatment of chronic renal anaemia in dialysis patients not currently treated with ESA. Dalal, SS; Isaac, R; Jha, RM; Kukreja, AA; Mittal, D; Nainan, GK; Pathak, VR; Pophale, RR; Rajapurkar, MM; Raju, TR; Rana, DS; Ray, DS; Saxena, S; Shah, BV; Thiagarajan, CM, 2014)	0.4
"We evaluate the effect of the protoconized anemia therapy on adverse events using the Hb and ferritin levels of individual patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD)."	( Effect of protoconized therapy for renal anemia on adverse events of patients with maintenance hemodialysis. Furuta, M; Hasuike, Y; Kida, A; Kuragano, T; Nagasawa, Y; Nakanishi, T; Nanami, M; Yahiro, M, 2014)	0.4
"Using an anemia treatment protocol according to the individual Hb and ferritin levels of hemodialysis patients might stabilize the Hb and ferritin levels, which in turn could contribute to the lower frequency of adverse events in MHD patients."	( Effect of protoconized therapy for renal anemia on adverse events of patients with maintenance hemodialysis. Furuta, M; Hasuike, Y; Kida, A; Kuragano, T; Nagasawa, Y; Nakanishi, T; Nanami, M; Yahiro, M, 2014)	0.4
"In the TREAT and RED-HF trials, patients who received a high darbepoetin dose had an increased risk of adverse events."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations on the erythropoietin effect and adverse events of darbepoetin. Czock, D; Keller, F; Ludwig, U, 2015)	0.42
"Darbepoetin trough levels should not be less than the threshold concentration but peak levels above the ceiling concentration could be associated with an increased risk of adverse events."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations on the erythropoietin effect and adverse events of darbepoetin. Czock, D; Keller, F; Ludwig, U, 2015)	0.42
" Adverse events were documented."	( A comparative study of efficacy and safety of the lyophilized powder alpha-erythropoietin and the liquid form alpha-erythropoietin for hemoglobin maintenance in patients with hemodialysis treatment. Choovichian, P; Satirapoj, B; Supasyndh, O, 2014)	0.4
"The present study demonstrated that the lyophilizedpowder ofEPO alpha was effective and safe as the standard liquid form of EPO alpha when it was administered by IV route in hemoglobin maintenance of anemia treatment."	( A comparative study of efficacy and safety of the lyophilized powder alpha-erythropoietin and the liquid form alpha-erythropoietin for hemoglobin maintenance in patients with hemodialysis treatment. Choovichian, P; Satirapoj, B; Supasyndh, O, 2014)	0.4
" The AGEs-induced toxic effects on SCs were partially blocked by AGER siRNA or AGER inhibitor FPS-ZM1."	( Erythropoietin attenuates advanced glycation endproducts-induced toxicity of Schwann cells in vitro. Chen, T; Li, L; Li, Z; Liu, H; Liu, Z; Yu, T, 2015)	0.42
" Long-term systemic gene delivery of EPO-R76E was safe in terms of retinal vasculature, histology and the ERG in vivo."	( Safety and angiogenic effects of systemic gene delivery of a modified erythropoietin. Bond, WS; de Lucas Cerrillo, AM; Rex, TS, 2015)	0.42
"Early high-dose rhEpo administration to very premature infants is safe and causes no excess in mortality or major adverse events."	( Safety of Early High-Dose Recombinant Erythropoietin for Neuroprotection in Very Preterm Infants. Bucher, HU; Dame, C; Fauchère, JC; Koller, BM; Ruegger, C; Tschopp, A, 2015)	0.42
" Adverse events were documented for 1 mo."	( Darbepoetin administration to neonates undergoing cooling for encephalopathy: a safety and pharmacokinetic trial. Anderson, J; Baserga, MC; Beachy, JC; Christensen, RD; DiGeronimo, RJ; Juul, SE; Loertscher, MC; Mayock, DE; Ohls, RK; Roberts, JK; Sherwin, CM; Spigarelli, MG; Stockmann, C; Walsh, WF; Ward, RM; Yoder, BA, 2015)	0.42
" The outcomes of interest included the incidence of AKI, dialysis requirement, mortality, and adverse event."	( Efficacy and Safety of Erythropoietin to Prevent Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Critical Illness or Perioperative Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Huang, F; Lin, Z; Luo, Q; Xia, X; Yu, X; Zhao, C, 2015)	0.42
" Moreover, EPO had no effect on the risk of adverse events, but estimations of RR were difficult due to their relatively infrequent occurrence."	( Efficacy and Safety of Erythropoietin to Prevent Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Critical Illness or Perioperative Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Huang, F; Lin, Z; Luo, Q; Xia, X; Yu, X; Zhao, C, 2015)	0.42
" The primary study endpoint was the frequency of adverse events of special interest (AESI) occurring in patients receiving epoetin-ζ over a 1-year study observation period."	( Results from a safety cohort of patients with renal anemia receiving the biosimilar epoetinzeta: The PASCO I study. Audhya, P; Dellanna, F; Fluck, RJ; Iwanowitsch, A; Lonnemann, G; Meissner, R; Wild, CA, 2015)	0.42
"The PASCO I study contributes significantly to current knowledge about the frequency of adverse events associated with the use of epoetin-ζ for the treatment of renal anemia and demonstrates a pattern of adverse events comparable with data for other existing epoetin products in Europe."	( Results from a safety cohort of patients with renal anemia receiving the biosimilar epoetinzeta: The PASCO I study. Audhya, P; Dellanna, F; Fluck, RJ; Iwanowitsch, A; Lonnemann, G; Meissner, R; Wild, CA, 2015)	0.42
" Drug-related adverse events, including headache and abdominal pain were reported in 3 Japanese subjects, while headache was reported in 3 Caucasians."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of single, oral doses of GSK1278863, a novel HIF-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects. Caltabiano, S; Hara, K; Takahashi, N; Wakamatsu, A, 2015)	0.42
" The mechanism underlying these effects of HBSP is related to the activation of the RISK (reperfusion injury salvage kinase, Akt/GSK-3β/ERK) and SAFE (STAT-3) pathways."	( Helix B Surface Peptide Protects against Acute Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via the RISK and SAFE Pathways in a Mouse Model. Lin, L; Lin, Y; Liu, P; Liu, Y; Miao, F; Tang, X; You, W, 2016)	0.43
"We made a literature search on PubMed looking for adverse effects of ESA in CKD patients."	( An overview on safety issues related to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for the treatment of anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Del Vecchio, L; Locatelli, F, 2016)	0.43
"EA in combination with EPO is safe and effective in treating patients with HH."	( Efficacy and safety of erythrocytapheresis and low-dose erythropoietin for treatment of hemochromatosis. Brückl, D; Kamhieh-Milz, J; Kamhieh-Milz, S; Salama, A, 2017)	0.46
"3mg/kg for monkeys were considered to be the study NOAEL (the no observed adverse effect level), which were more than ten times the intended human therapeutic dose."	( Chronic preclinical safety evaluation of EPO-018B, a pegylated peptidic erythropoiesis-stimulating agent in monkeys and rats. Chen, YC; Gong, XL; Gu, XL; Li, JZ; Lu, GC; Xia, ZN; Zhu, H, 2016)	0.43
"Erythropoietin is safe and effective for both mother and fetus, although an ideal pregnancy dose has not yet been established."	( Efficacy and safety of adjuvant recombinant human erythropoietin and ferrous sulfate as treatment for iron deficiency anemia during the third trimester of pregnancy. Angeles-Torres, AC; Castro-Cortina, N; Castro-Melendez, SE; Escobar-Valencia, A; Quiroga-Garza, A; Sanchez-Gonzalez, LR, 2016)	0.43
"To evaluate the whether intravitreal erythropoietin (EPO) administration has any beneficial or adverse effect in patients with late-stage optic neuropathy (ON) or not."	( Intravitreal erythropoietin injection in late-stage optic neuropathy: a safety study on human. Acar, U; Aykas, S; Erdurmus, M; Kucuk, B; Sevinc, MK; Sobaci, G, 2018)	0.48
" The working hypothesis was that intranasal NeuroEPO produce <10% of severe adverse reactions in the evaluated groups."	( Nasal administration of the neuroprotective candidate NeuroEPO to healthy volunteers: a randomized, parallel, open-label safety study. Alfonso-Muñoz, E; Álvarez-Delgado, M; Amaro-González, D; Barrero-Viera, L; Cruz-Gómez, Y; David-Baldo, M; Díaz-Machado, A; Festary-Casanovas, T; García-García, I; García-Rodríguez, JC; González-Delgado, CA; González-Gamiz, G; Howland-Álvarez, I; Jiménez-Rodríguez, D; Lagarto-Parra, A; Ledo-de la Luz, AA; Martín-Trujillo, A; Pérez-Rodríguez, S; Piedra-Sierra, P; Pomares-Iturralde, Y; Rivero-Vázquez, I; Rodríguez-Fernández, Y; Santos-Morales, O; Sosa-Testé, I; Tamayo-Rodríguez, M; Viada-González, C, 2017)	0.46
" Twenty types of adverse events occurred, with headache (20%) and increase of hepatic enzymes (20%) as the most reported ones."	( Nasal administration of the neuroprotective candidate NeuroEPO to healthy volunteers: a randomized, parallel, open-label safety study. Alfonso-Muñoz, E; Álvarez-Delgado, M; Amaro-González, D; Barrero-Viera, L; Cruz-Gómez, Y; David-Baldo, M; Díaz-Machado, A; Festary-Casanovas, T; García-García, I; García-Rodríguez, JC; González-Delgado, CA; González-Gamiz, G; Howland-Álvarez, I; Jiménez-Rodríguez, D; Lagarto-Parra, A; Ledo-de la Luz, AA; Martín-Trujillo, A; Pérez-Rodríguez, S; Piedra-Sierra, P; Pomares-Iturralde, Y; Rivero-Vázquez, I; Rodríguez-Fernández, Y; Santos-Morales, O; Sosa-Testé, I; Tamayo-Rodríguez, M; Viada-González, C, 2017)	0.46
"NeuroEPO was a safe product, well tolerated at the nasal mucosa level and did not stimulate erythropoiesis in healthy volunteers."	( Nasal administration of the neuroprotective candidate NeuroEPO to healthy volunteers: a randomized, parallel, open-label safety study. Alfonso-Muñoz, E; Álvarez-Delgado, M; Amaro-González, D; Barrero-Viera, L; Cruz-Gómez, Y; David-Baldo, M; Díaz-Machado, A; Festary-Casanovas, T; García-García, I; García-Rodríguez, JC; González-Delgado, CA; González-Gamiz, G; Howland-Álvarez, I; Jiménez-Rodríguez, D; Lagarto-Parra, A; Ledo-de la Luz, AA; Martín-Trujillo, A; Pérez-Rodríguez, S; Piedra-Sierra, P; Pomares-Iturralde, Y; Rivero-Vázquez, I; Rodríguez-Fernández, Y; Santos-Morales, O; Sosa-Testé, I; Tamayo-Rodríguez, M; Viada-González, C, 2017)	0.46
"Concerns have been expressed that large numbers of nonvalue-added reports have been accumulating in adverse drug reaction (ADR) databases, for example, via patient support programs."	( When More Is Less: An Exploratory Study of the Precautionary Reporting Bias and Its Impact on Safety Signal Detection. De Bruin, ML; Klein, K; Leufkens, HGM; Scholl, JHG; Stolk, P; van Puijenbroek, EP, 2018)	0.48
"Results of the present meta-analysis suggest that the use of EPO may prevent death following TBI without causing adverse events, such as deep vein thrombosis."	( Efficacy and safety of erythropoietin in patients with traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ahn, C; Cho, Y; Choi, KS; Jang, BH; Kim, W; Lee, J; Lim, TH; Shin, H; Yi, HJ, 2019)	0.51
" Vital signs and adverse events were recorded during the therapy."	( Combination therapy with erythropoietin, magnesium sulfate and hypothermia for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: an open-label pilot study to assess the safety and feasibility. Asada, Y; Harada, S; Ichiba, H; Iwami, H; Matsumura, H; Nonomura, M; Tanaka, Y, 2019)	0.51
" Death, serious adverse events or changes in vital signs likely due to intervention were not observed during hospital care."	( Combination therapy with erythropoietin, magnesium sulfate and hypothermia for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: an open-label pilot study to assess the safety and feasibility. Asada, Y; Harada, S; Ichiba, H; Iwami, H; Matsumura, H; Nonomura, M; Tanaka, Y, 2019)	0.51
"Iron restricted anemia is prevalent in surgical patients and is associated with an increased risk of allogeneic red blood cell (RBC) transfusion and adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of erythropoietin and iron therapy to reduce red blood cell transfusion in surgical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curley, G; Gauthier, MF; Hare, GMT; Kei, T; Mazer, CD; Mistry, N; Pavenski, K; Schweizer, TA; Shehata, N; Tanzini, RM; Thorpe, K; Ward, S, 2019)	0.51
" Although the analysis was probably under-powered for some outcomes, no difference in the incidence of serious adverse events was observed with ESA and iron compared with iron alone."	( Efficacy and safety of erythropoietin and iron therapy to reduce red blood cell transfusion in surgical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curley, G; Gauthier, MF; Hare, GMT; Kei, T; Mazer, CD; Mistry, N; Pavenski, K; Schweizer, TA; Shehata, N; Tanzini, RM; Thorpe, K; Ward, S, 2019)	0.51
" Cumulative probabilities of recording an adverse event, either in terms of lack of effectiveness or safety issue, were the same for two switching categories CONCLUSIONS: In this large-scale Italian observational multi-database study, switching versus non-switching as well as switching from biosimilar/originator ESA α to any other epoetin in CKD patients is not associated with any effectiveness and safety outcomes."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Switching Originator and Biosimilar Epoetins in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in a Large-Scale Italian Cohort Study. Addis, A; Belleudi, V; Cananzi, P; Davoli, M; Gini, R; Ientile, V; Ingrasciotta, Y; Pastorello, M; Scondotto, S; Tari, M; Traversa, G; Trifirò, G; Trotta, F, 2019)	0.51
" Incidence of serious adverse events was 31."	( A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase III Noninferiority Study of the Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Darbepoetin Alfa for Chemotherapy-Induced Anemia in Patients With Advanced NSCLC. Barrios, CH; De Oliveira Brandao, C; Fleishman, AN; Gascón, P; Gordon, D; Henry, DH; Hirsh, V; Kang, JH; Kubota, K; Nagarkar, R; Orlov, S; Park, JK; Sánchez, JC; Šmakal, M; Steinmetz, T; Syrigos, KN; Thomas, G; Tomita, DK; Zhang, L, 2020)	0.56
"A monthly maintenance intravenous dose of 100 mg iron sucrose may be a practical, effective, and safe in the short term, treatment of anemia in PD patients resulting in improved hemoglobin levels, iron indices, and erythropoietin response."	( Efficacy and safety of a low monthly dose of intravenous iron sucrose in peritoneal dialysis patients. Anagnostou, N; Intzevidou, E; Katsaounou, C; Kougioumtzidou, O; Lamprou, V; Lemonidis, N; Lysitska, A; Minasidis, I; Mitsopoulos, E; Papadopoulou, D; Pateinakis, P, 2020)	0.56
" Among 184 patients observed, total number of 121 adverse events (AEs) were identified in 49 of the patients."	( Safety and Efficacy of Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol-epoetin Beta in Anemia Treatment in Patients on Hemodialysis: a Macedonian Experience. Donev, D; Ilievska, K; Kacarska-Fotevska, II; Volckova, N, 2020)	0.56
"03 μg/kg can be considered as the NOAELs (no observed adverse effect levels) in rats and monkeys, respectively."	( Single-and repeat-dose toxicity of HM10760A, a long-acting erythropoietin, in rats and monkeys. Bae, SM; Choi, IY; Choi, J; Kim, D; Kim, DK; Kim, HH; Lim, HK, 2020)	0.56
" The assessed outcomes include mortality, neurological recovery and associated adverse effects."	( Efficacy and safety of erythropoietin for traumatic brain injury. Chen, Y; He, H; Hu, K; Jiang, Z; Liu, M; Shi, D; Sun, B; Wang, AJ; Wang, X; Williams, Z; Zhang, T; Zhao, G, 2020)	0.56
" Regarding adverse effects, EPO treatment did not increase the incidence of thromboembolic events or other associated adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of erythropoietin for traumatic brain injury. Chen, Y; He, H; Hu, K; Jiang, Z; Liu, M; Shi, D; Sun, B; Wang, AJ; Wang, X; Williams, Z; Zhang, T; Zhao, G, 2020)	0.56
" EPO does not improve in-hospital mortality, nor does it increase adverse events including thrombotic, cardiovascular and other associated complications."	( Efficacy and safety of erythropoietin for traumatic brain injury. Chen, Y; He, H; Hu, K; Jiang, Z; Liu, M; Shi, D; Sun, B; Wang, AJ; Wang, X; Williams, Z; Zhang, T; Zhao, G, 2020)	0.56
" The most common adverse events were nasopharyngitis, diarrhea and shunt stenosis, which occurred at similar frequencies in both groups."	( Efficacy and safety of vadadustat compared with darbepoetin alfa in Japanese anemic patients on hemodialysis: a Phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind study. Kaneko, G; Kawaguchi, Y; Kokado, Y; Komatsu, Y; Kondo, K; Matsuda, H; Nangaku, M; Ueta, K, 2021)	0.62
"Recombinant human erythropoietin might be a promotor for neurodevelopment among premature infants with limited adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of high and low dose recombinant human erythropoietin on neurodevelopment of premature infants: A meta-analysis. Qin, H; Qin, N, 2021)	0.62
"Our study demonstrates that a therapy with sucrosomial iron in hemodialysis patients is safe and can maintain stable hemoglobin levels in a three-month period with a possible beneficial effect on oxidative stress parameters."	( Preliminary experience on the use of sucrosomial iron in hemodialysis: focus on safety, hemoglobin maintenance and oxidative stress. Angelini, C; Astori, E; Colombo, G; Cucchiari, D; Dalle-Donne, I; Finazzi, S; Landoni, L; Milzani, A; Reggiani, F, 2022)	0.72
" Pooled safety endpoints included time to major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE; myocardial infarction, stroke, and all-cause mortality [ACM]) and MACE+ (MACE plus congestive heart failure or unstable angina requiring hospitalization), ACM, and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)."	( Efficacy and Cardiovascular Safety of Roxadustat in Dialysis-Dependent Chronic Kidney Disease: Pooled Analysis of Four Phase 3 Studies. Barratt, J; Csiky, B; Esposito, C; Reusch, M; Schömig, M; Sulowicz, W; Young, J, 2021)	0.62
" Adverse events occurred in 43 (81%) participants in the erythropoietin group and in 42 (81%) in the placebo group."	( Safety and efficacy of erythropoietin for the treatment of patients with optic neuritis (TONE): a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled study. Albrecht, P; Beisse, F; Diem, R; Grotejohann, B; Heinrich, SP; Hug, MJ; Ihorst, G; Küchlin, S; Lagrèze, WA; Ungewiss, J; Volkmann, M; Wolf, S; Wörner, M, 2021)	0.62
" Prespecified adverse events of interest following administration, including blood transfusions requirement, blood pressure and hemoglobin excursions, the relationship between C - Reactive Protein (CRP) and hemoglobin, were assessed."	( Comparative Efficacy and Safety Study of Darbepoetin Alfa El-Ashmawy, NE; Ibrahim, AO; Khedr, EG; Kotb, NS; Salem, F, 2022)	0.72
" Rates of treatment-emergent and serious adverse events (AEs) were also compared between treatment groups to assess safety and tolerability."	( Efficacy and Safety of Daprodustat for Treatment of Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease in Incident Dialysis Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Blackorby, A; Carroll, K; Cizman, B; Cobitz, AR; Jha, V; Johansen, KL; Lopes, RD; Macdougall, IC; McMurray, JJV; Meadowcroft, AM; Obrador, GT; Paul, G; Perkovic, V; Ranganathan, P; Sedani, S; Singh, AK; Solomon, S; Stankus, N; Strutz, F; Waikar, SS; Wanner, C; Wheeler, DC; Wiecek, A, 2022)	0.72
" Adverse event rates were 76% for daprodustat vs 72% for darbepoetin alfa."	( Efficacy and Safety of Daprodustat for Treatment of Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease in Incident Dialysis Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Blackorby, A; Carroll, K; Cizman, B; Cobitz, AR; Jha, V; Johansen, KL; Lopes, RD; Macdougall, IC; McMurray, JJV; Meadowcroft, AM; Obrador, GT; Paul, G; Perkovic, V; Ranganathan, P; Sedani, S; Singh, AK; Solomon, S; Stankus, N; Strutz, F; Waikar, SS; Wanner, C; Wheeler, DC; Wiecek, A, 2022)	0.72
" The outcome indicators were focused on hemoglobin (Hb), the percentage of patients within the target Hb, the need for RBC (Red Blood Cell) transfusions, and serious adverse events (SAEs)."	( Efficacy and safety of vadadustat compared to darbepoetin alfa on anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. Huang, Q; Liao, Z; Liu, X; Wang, J; Xia, Y, 2023)	0.91
" Vadadustat may become an effective and safe alternative for the treatment of patients with anemia and CKD, especially in NDD-CKD patients."	( Efficacy and safety of vadadustat compared to darbepoetin alfa on anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. Huang, Q; Liao, Z; Liu, X; Wang, J; Xia, Y, 2023)	0.91
" We examined the toxic effects of BPS on gastric and renal functions, as well as the efficacy of allopurinol as a treatment."	( Evaluation of the therapeutic role of allopurinol on bisphenol S gastric and renal toxicity in adult male albino rats: An in vivo study. Fattah, AA; Hosny, SA; Khalifa, FN; Matter, LM; Moawad, AM; Ramadan, NM, 2022)	0.72
"To comprehensively analyze the safety profile of vadadustat in patients with dialysis-dependent and non-dialysis-dependent CKD-related anemia, we pooled the safety populations from each of the four trials in the phase 3 clinical program (n = 7,373) and compared the risk of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) for each treatment arm."	( Overall Adverse Event Profile of Vadadustat versus Darbepoetin Alfa for the Treatment of Anemia Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease in Phase 3 Trials. Agarwal, R; Anand, S; Chertow, GM; Eckardt, KU; Luo, W; Parfrey, PS; Sarnak, MJ; Solinsky, CM; Vargo, DL; Winkelmayer, WC, 2022)	0.72
"3%), treatment-emergent serious adverse events (58."	( Overall Adverse Event Profile of Vadadustat versus Darbepoetin Alfa for the Treatment of Anemia Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease in Phase 3 Trials. Agarwal, R; Anand, S; Chertow, GM; Eckardt, KU; Luo, W; Parfrey, PS; Sarnak, MJ; Solinsky, CM; Vargo, DL; Winkelmayer, WC, 2022)	0.72
"Among patients with CKD-related anemia treated with vadadustat, we observed similar rates of adverse events relative to those treated with darbepoetin alfa."	( Overall Adverse Event Profile of Vadadustat versus Darbepoetin Alfa for the Treatment of Anemia Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease in Phase 3 Trials. Agarwal, R; Anand, S; Chertow, GM; Eckardt, KU; Luo, W; Parfrey, PS; Sarnak, MJ; Solinsky, CM; Vargo, DL; Winkelmayer, WC, 2022)	0.72
" There were no significant differences in the incidence of adverse events between the EPIAO® and EPREX® groups."	( Biosimilar erythropoietin in anemia treatment (BEAT)-Efficacy and safety of a 1:1 dose conversion from EPREX® to EPIAO® in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis: A prospective, randomized, double blind, parallel group study. Alexandrov, IV; Davydkin, IL; Isachkina, AN; Khadikova, NG; Kvitkova, LV; Li, M; Li, X; Miao, B; Mironova, TP; Omelchenko, AM; Perlin, DV; Selyutin, AA; Shilo, VY; Shutov, EV; Solovyova, OM; Tutin, AP; Vareesangthip, K; Vetchinnikova, ON; Zuev, AV, 2022)	0.72
"The prespecified on-treatment analysis of ASCEND-ND (NCT02876835) raised concerns about a higher relative risk of cancer-related adverse events (AEs) with daprodustat vs darbepoetin in patients with anaemia of CKD."	( Analysis of on-treatment cancer safety events with daprodustat versus conventional erythropoiesis-stimulating agents-post hoc analyses of the ASCEND-ND and ASCEND-D trials. Atkins, MB; Barker, T; Blackorby, A; Carroll, K; Claggett, BL; Cobitz, AR; DiMino, T; Mallett, S; McCausland, FR; McMurray, JJV; Meadowcroft, A; Perkovic, V; Singh, AK; Snapinn, S; Solomon, SD; Wanner, C; Wiecek, A; Wittes, J, 2023)	0.91
"To assess whether high dose erythropoietin (Epo) treatment of cooled infants with neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy results in a higher risk of prespecified serious adverse events (SAEs)."	( Safety of High Dose Erythropoietin Used with Therapeutic Hypothermia as Treatment for Newborn Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: Secondary Analysis of the HEAL Randomized Controlled Trial. Comstock, BA; Cornet, MC; Glass, HC; Gonzalez, FF; Heagerty, PJ; Juul, SE; Mayock, DE; Schreiber, MD; Wu, YW, 2023)	0.91
"HIF-PHIs may be a convenient and safe alternative to ESAs in patients with NDD-CKD and anemia."	( An updated meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor treatment of anemia in nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease. Jia, L; Li, P; Zhang, HL; Zhao, H, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Previous pharmacokinetic studies with radiolabeled erythropoietin have relied on results of nonspecific methods to derive pharmacokinetic parameters."	( A sensitive and specific erythropoietin immunoprecipitation assay: application to pharmacokinetic studies. Modi, NB; Sawyer, ST; Schmidt, RL; Veng-Pedersen, P; Widness, JA, 1992)	0.28
" A suboptimal pharmacodynamic response was seen at the lower dose."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of erythropoietin during therapy in an infant with renal failure. DeAlarcon, PA; Guillery, EN; Kling, PJ; Peters, C; Veng-Pedersen, P; Widness, JA, 1992)	0.28
" Pharmacokinetic study revealed that the halflife of EPOCH was extended compared to normal but the degree of extension was same as that of in dialyzed patients."	( [Pharmacokinetics and clinical effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on the anemia of predialysis patients]. Itoh, A; Kobayashi, M; Sakamoto, N; Watanabe, Y; Yamamoto, N; Yamazaki, C, 1992)	0.28
"1-1 and terminal half-life 13."	( Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin in dialysis patients after single and multiple subcutaneous administrations. Eckardt, KU; Ehmer, B; Fischer, HC; Kampf, D; Schmalisch, C; Schostak, M, 1992)	0.28
" Repeated administration of rh-EPO caused a slight reduction of the biological half-life in 5/6-nephrectomized rats as well as in non-nephrectomized rats, suggesting stimulation of a compensatory metabolism in extrarenal tissues."	( Pharmacokinetics and distribution of recombinant human erythropoietin in rats with renal dysfunction. Kinoshita, H; Ohishi, N; Okazaki, A; Tokura, S, 1992)	0.28
" To determine if developmental pharmacokinetic differences might in part be responsible for this lack of efficacy, Ep pharmacokinetic studies were carried out in four groups of sheep: late gestation fetal, neonatal, adult and pregnant."	( Developmental differences in erythropoietin pharmacokinetics: increased clearance and distribution in fetal and neonatal sheep. Chestnut, DH; Modi, NB; Schmidt, RL; Veng-Pedersen, P; Widness, JA, 1992)	0.28
"The present study examined the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of recombinant human erythropoietin (SNB-5001) in partially nephrectomized rats."	( [Effects of partial nephrectomy on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human erythropoietin (SNB-5001) in rats]. Kohsaka, K; Masunaga, H; Sawai, T; Takahira, R, 1992)	0.28
" The half-life of a-phase was prolonged with increasing doses."	( Pharmacokinetics and distribution of recombinant erythropoietin in rats. Kato, M; Kinoshita, H; Ohishi, N; Okazaki, A; Tokura, S, 1992)	0.28
" The terminal elimination half-life after intravenous administration of epoetin beta was 20% longer than the terminal elimination half-life of epoetin alfa."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of epoetin alfa and epoetin beta. Abraham, PA; Halstenson, CE; Katz, SA; Macres, M; Schnieders, JR; Sobota, JT; Watanabe, M, 1991)	0.28
"Comparative pharmacokinetic and distribution studies of human recombinant erythropoietin (rh-EPO, Epoch, CAS 11096-26-7) and human urinary erythropoietin (u-EPO) were performed in rats."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and distribution of human urinary erythropoietin and recombinant human erythropoietin in rats. Kato, M; Kinoshita, H; Ohishi, N; Okazaki, A; Tokura, S, 1991)	0.28
" The plasma concentration of SNB-5001 reached Cmax at 6-7 hr after the subcutaneous injection and gradually decreased."	( [Pharmacokinetics and the time course of pharmacodynamics of recombinant human erythropoietin (SNB-5001)]. Masunaga, H; Murase, Y; Sawai, T; Takahira, R; Tsuda, E, 1991)	0.28
" Pharmacokinetic and therapeutic studies have examined the use of epoetin administered intravenously, intraperitoneally and subcutaneously, and there is accumulating evidence that the last route has several advantages."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of epoetin (recombinant human erythropoietin). Coles, GA; Macdougall, IC; Roberts, DE; Williams, JD, 1991)	0.28
" Intravenous administration gave results close to those obtained in hemodialysis patients, with a half-life of 11."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of recombinant erythropoietin administered by the intravenous, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal routes in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Belpaire, FM; Boelaert, JR; Bogaert, MG; Daneels, RF; De Cre, MJ; Matthys, EG; Schurgers, ML, 1989)	0.28
"The present studies were performed to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of erythropoietin in intact and anephric dogs by use of unlabeled crude native erythropoietin (nEp) and iodine 125-labeled purified recombinant erythropoietin (rEp) given by intravenous infusion for 15 minutes."	( Pharmacokinetics of erythropoietin in intact and anephric dogs. Brookins, J; Fisher, JW; Fu, JS; Lertora, JJ; Rice, JC, 1988)	0.27
" The estimated half-life of absorption was significantly longer after injection in the thigh than after abdominal application (14."	( The pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin after subcutaneous injection at different sites. Jensen, JD; Jensen, LW; Madsen, JK, 1994)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic study revealed that none of the parameters changed between the initial and final treatments in any of the groups."	( Pharmacokinetic study of recombinant human erythropoietin treatment in pre-dialysis end stage renal disease patients. Sakamoto, N; Watanabe, Y; Yamazaki, C, 1993)	0.29
" The pharmacokinetic profile of epoetin was studied directly after the first subcutaneous administration of 60 U/kg body weight."	( Pharmacokinetics of epoetin in haemodialysis patients after subcutaneous administration: influence of chronic treatment. Diderich, PP; Helbing, AR; Janssen, JW; Op de Hoek, CT; Schouten, JP; Voorhorst, G, 1993)	0.29
" Mean area under the curve to 72 hours was 2020 mU/ml per hour (range, 568 to 6609); mean elimination half-life and mean residence time were, respectively, 25."	( Pharmacokinetics and hematologic response to subcutaneous administration of recombinant human erythropoietin in children undergoing long-term peritoneal dialysis: a multicenter study. Bassi, S; Boccazzi, A; Cantaluppi, A; Cazzin, M; Edefonti, A; Ferrari, V; Montini, G; Perfumo, F; Sarchi, C; Zacchello, G, 1993)	0.29
" Following administration of 4,000 units/m2, rHuEPO SC effective serum erythropoietin concentrations increased from a mean baseline level (+/- SD) of 23 +/- 13 units/l to a mean peak concentration of 265 +/- 123 units/l, which was reached after 14."	( Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin applied subcutaneously to children with chronic renal failure. Braun, A; Ding, R; Fies, T; Kurtz, A; Schärer, K; Seidel, C, 1993)	0.29
"In the infants who received Epo subcutaneously, the elimination half-life was 17."	( Pharmacokinetics and effectiveness of recombinant erythropoietin administered to preterm infants by continuous infusion in total parenteral nutrition solution. Christensen, RD; Ohls, RK; Veerman, MW, 1996)	0.29
" This paper provides an updated review of recently published pharmacokinetic studies involving the administration of selected drugs to patients receiving PD."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Abdel-Rahman, E; Johnson, CA; Taylor, CA; Zimmerman, SW, 1996)	0.29
" To determine whether EPO pharmacokinetics are perturbed by ablation of the kidneys or liver or by anesthesia, EPO pharmacokinetic parameters were determined in adult sheep."	( In vivo 125I-erythropoietin pharmacokinetics are unchanged after anesthesia, nephrectomy and hepatectomy in sheep. Kisthard, JA; Lowe, LS; Peters, C; Schmidt, RL; Veng-Pedersen, P; Widness, JA, 1996)	0.29
" In both cases pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated using a one-compartment open model and first-order input and output rates."	( Pharmacokinetics and haematological parameters of recombinant human erythropoietin after subcutaneous administrations in horses. Audran, M; Bressolle, F; Gareau, R; Jaussaud, P; Souillard, A, 1996)	0.29
" Intravenous administration to normal mice of the encapsulated rhEpo shows the pharmacokinetic bicompartmental profile typical of the free rhEpo."	( Pharmacokinetic properties and in-vivo biological activity of recombinant human erythropoietin encapsulated in red blood cells. Garin, MI; López, RM; Luque, J, 1997)	0.3
" The above dose-dependent pharmacokinetic parameters of EPO could be due to saturable metabolism of EPO in rabbits."	( Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin in rabbits and 3/4 nephrectomized rats. Kim, IC; Lee, MG; Park, SJ; Yoon, WH, 1997)	0.3
" The half-life in the beta-phase was prolonged at lower doses of antiserum."	( Immunological response to repeated administration of recombinant human erythropoietin in rats: biphasic effect on its pharmacokinetics. Kamiyama, H; Kato, M; Kato, Y; Kumaki, K; Miura, K; Okazaki, A; Sugiyama, Y, 1997)	0.3
" The purpose of the present study was to compare two pharmacodynamic approaches to relate serum erythropoietin (Epo) concentrations to the effect of rHuEpo on sTfr, and fr, the "indirect effect" and the "effect compartment" models."	( Comparison of a direct and indirect population pharmacodynamic model: application to recombinant human erythropoietin in athletes. Audran, M; Bressolle, F; Gareau, R; Gomeni, R; Pham, TN, 1997)	0.3
" No population pharmacokinetic analysis, however, has been performed following subcutaneous administration with consideration given for endogenous production."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of subcutaneous erythropoietin administration with nonlinear mixed effect model including endogenous production. Hayashi, N; Higuchi, S; Kinoshita, H; Yukawa, E, 1998)	0.3
"To understand the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin alfa) and to continue to optimize dosing regimens by determining whether administration of single high doses of epoetin alfa is as effective as repeated administration."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human erythropoietin after single and multiple subcutaneous doses to healthy subjects. Cheung, WK; Goon, BL; Guilfoyle, MC; Wacholtz, MC, 1998)	0.3
" Previous studies indicating that EPO pharmacokinetic (PK) behaviour is nonlinear suggest that EPO elimination takes place by a saturable mechanism."	( A comparison of nonlinear pharmacokinetics of erythropoietin in sheep and humans. Lowe, LS; Pereira, LM; Schmidt, RL; Veng-Pedersen, P; Widness, JA, 1999)	0.3
" Standard pharmacokinetic methods were employed for analysis of the serum concentration time data."	( Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal epoetin alfa in patients on peritoneal dialysis using an 8-hour "dry dwell" dosing technique. Johnson, CA; Kosorok, MR; Taylor, CA; Zimmerman, SW, 1999)	0.3
"Novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein (NESP) is a hyperglycosylated analogue of recombinant human erythropoietin (Epoetin) which has an increased terminal half-life in animal models."	( Pharmacokinetics of novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein compared with epoetin alfa in dialysis patients. Breen, C; Browne, J; Egrie, J; Elston, O; Gray, SJ; Jenkins, B; Macdougall, IC, 1999)	0.3
" The plasma pharmacokinetic profile of rHuEPO was studied after the first and third injections."	( Pharmacokinetics of several subcutaneous doses of erythropoietin: potential implications for blood transfusion. Farrè, M; Joven, J; Masdeu, G; Sans, T; Vilella, E, 2000)	0.31
" The erythropoietic response is not dependent on the peak concentration of rHuEPO achieved but on the duration of time that rHuEPO levels are maintained above a critical concentration."	( Physiological and pharmacodynamic considerations for route of EPO administration. Besarab, A, 2000)	0.31
" This pharmacodynamic analysis suggests that the maintenance of effective plasma concentration might be important for the efficacy of rh-EPO."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human erythropoietin in rats. Kato, M; Miura, K; Okano, K; Saito, K; Sakamoto, Y; Uchimura, T, 2001)	0.31
"Previous clinical studies have demonstrated two distinctive pharmacokinetic behaviors of erythropoietin (EPO): changes in pharmacokinetics (PK) after a period of rhEPO treatment and nonlinear pharmacokinetics."	( Receptor-based model accounts for phlebotomy-induced changes in erythropoietin pharmacokinetics. Chapel, SH; Schmidt, RL; Veng-Pedersen, P; Widness, JA, 2001)	0.31
" The additional sialic acid content has resulted in an approximately 3-fold greater half-life relative to rHuEPO in patients with chronic renal failure."	( Pharmacokinetics of novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein (NESP) in cancer patients: preliminary report. Heatherington, AC; Mercer, AJ; Schuller, J, 2001)	0.31
"The contribution of the bone marrow to in vivo erythropoietin (EPO) elimination was evaluated by determining EPO pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters in five adult sheep in a paired manner before and after chemotherapy-induced marrow ablation."	( Changes in erythropoietin pharmacokinetics following busulfan-induced bone marrow ablation in sheep: evidence for bone marrow as a major erythropoietin elimination pathway. Chapel, S; Hohl, RJ; McGuire, EM; Schmidt, RL; Veng-Pedersen, P; Widness, JA, 2001)	0.31
"The pharmacodynamic responses were equivalent between groups despite expected differences in total erythropoietin exposure."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of epoetin alfa once weekly and three times weekly. Cheung, W; Gunawardena, K; Minton, N, 2001)	0.31
" The pharmacokinetic profile of darbepoetin alfa is distinct from that of rHuEPO, the major difference being the much longer elimination half-life and slower clearance in vivo of darbepoetin alfa leading to prolonged erythropoietic activity."	( Optimizing the use of erythropoietic agents-- pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations. Macdougall, IC, 2002)	0.31
" Owing to its increased carbohydrate content, the terminal half-life of darbepoetin alfa is 2-3-fold greater than that of r-HuEPO in patients with chronic kidney disease or cancer."	( An overview of the pharmacokinetic disposition of darbepoetin alfa. Stewart, CE; Zamboni, WC, 2002)	0.31
"The aim of this multicenter, randomized, open-label study was to compare the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of darbepoetin alfa, a new erythropoiesis-stimulating protein, and recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin) after repeated intravenous dosing in patients with chronic kidney disease receiving hemodialysis."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of darbepoetin alfa and epoetin in patients undergoing dialysis. Allon, M; Heatherington, AC; Kaupke, C; Kleinman, K; Maroni, BJ; Messer-Mann, L; Olson, K; Walczyk, M, 2002)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic profiles were measured during weeks 1 and 12 and at hemoglobin steady state (defined as a hemoglobin concentration within the target range for 4 consecutive weeks after week 12 with no change in study drug dose) or between weeks 36 and 40, whichever occurred first."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of darbepoetin alfa and epoetin in patients undergoing dialysis. Allon, M; Heatherington, AC; Kaupke, C; Kleinman, K; Maroni, BJ; Messer-Mann, L; Olson, K; Walczyk, M, 2002)	0.31
"At each of the 3 time points evaluated, the terminal half-life of darbepoetin alfa was 2 to 3 times longer and the clearance approximately 4 times slower than those of epoetin."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of darbepoetin alfa and epoetin in patients undergoing dialysis. Allon, M; Heatherington, AC; Kaupke, C; Kleinman, K; Maroni, BJ; Messer-Mann, L; Olson, K; Walczyk, M, 2002)	0.31
"The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles and safety data for darbepoetin alfa demonstrate that it can be administered less frequently than epoetin in patients with chronic kidney disease receiving hemodialysis, thus simplifying anemia management."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of darbepoetin alfa and epoetin in patients undergoing dialysis. Allon, M; Heatherington, AC; Kaupke, C; Kleinman, K; Maroni, BJ; Messer-Mann, L; Olson, K; Walczyk, M, 2002)	0.31
"Darbepoetin alfa is a novel erythropoiesis-stimulating protein with a two- to threefold longer half-life than recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin) in adult patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)."	( Pharmacokinetics of darbepoetin alfa in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. Bunchman, TE; Heatherington, A; Jabs, K; Kale, AS; Lerner, G; Maroni, BJ; Messer-Mann, L; Olson, K; Warady, BA, 2002)	0.31
"To determine by pharmacodynamic (PD) analysis physiologically relevant parameters of the cellular kinetics of erythropoiesis in acute anemia."	( An integrated pharmacodynamic analysis of erythropoietin, reticulocyte, and hemoglobin responses in acute anemia. Al-Huniti, NH; Chapel, S; Cook, RT; Schmidt, RL; Veng-Pedersen, P; Widness, JA, 2002)	0.31
" Because the half-life of circulating rhEpo is relatively short (4-8 h), the drug is usually administered 2-3 times weekly."	( The enigma of the metabolic fate of circulating erythropoietin (Epo) in view of the pharmacokinetics of the recombinant drugs rhEpo and NESP. Jelkmann, W, )	0.13
" The half-life of the terminal part of the curves seemed to be slightly higher in athletes (36-42 vs 32 hours) than in untrained individuals and total clearance tended to be greater (17."	( Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of recombinant human erythropoietins in doping control. Audran, M; Bressolle, F; Gaudard, A; Varlet-Marie, E, 2003)	0.32
"The aim of this study was to develop a pharmacokinetic model that takes into account the negative feedback loop of endogenous erythropoietin production observed after repeated recombinant human erythropoietin administration."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of recombinant human erythropoietin in athletes. Audran, M; Bressolle, F; Gaudard, A; Gomeni, R; Varlet-Marie, E, 2003)	0.32
"This study describes a pharmacokinetic (PK) model to account for serum recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) concentrations in healthy volunteers following intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) dosing; it also characterizes the pharmacodynamics (PD) of SC rHuEpo effects on reticulocytes, red blood cells (RBC), and hemoglobin (Hb) in blood."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of recombinant human erythropoietin after single and multiple doses in healthy volunteers. Cheung, WK; Jusko, WJ; Minton, N; Ramakrishnan, R; Wacholtz, MC, 2004)	0.32
"The purpose of this study was to model the pharmacokinetics of the pegylated human erythropoietin (PEG-EPO) after single-dose administration in rats, and to evaluate the influence of weight, sex, and pregnancy status on the pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of pegylated human erythropoietin in rats. Greway, T; Hemeryck, A; Jolling, K; Piotrovskij, V; Ruixo, JJ, 2004)	0.32
"The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for interspecies allometric scaling of pegylated r-HuEPO (PEG-EPO) pharmacokinetics to man."	( Mixed-effects modelling of the interspecies pharmacokinetic scaling of pegylated human erythropoietin. Greway, T; Hemeryck, A; Jolling, K; Perez Ruixo, JJ; Vermeulen, A, 2005)	0.33
"The aim of this study was to determine pharmacokinetic parameters after subcutaneous administration of a single dose (400 IU/kg) of lyophilized recombinant human erythropoietin-alpha (rhEPOalpha) to preterm newborns."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of lyophilized recombinant human erythropoietin-alpha following single-dose subcutaneous administration in premature newborns. Costa, MT; Melo, AM; Porta, V; Vaz, FA, 2005)	0.33
" Serum erythropoietin (EPO) concentration was determined before and 1, 4, 6, 12, 24,48 and 72 h after subcutaneous administration of 400 IU/kg rhEPOalpha, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of lyophilized recombinant human erythropoietin-alpha following single-dose subcutaneous administration in premature newborns. Costa, MT; Melo, AM; Porta, V; Vaz, FA, 2005)	0.33
" Mean values (range) of the pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: C(max), 739."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of lyophilized recombinant human erythropoietin-alpha following single-dose subcutaneous administration in premature newborns. Costa, MT; Melo, AM; Porta, V; Vaz, FA, 2005)	0.33
" In contrast, a corresponding Fc-Epo(NDS) was secreted almost exclusively as a unit dimer, was relatively stable to removal of N-linked oligosaccharides, had much improved pharmacokinetic properties and had a significantly improved effect on RBC production."	( Improvement of Fc-erythropoietin structure and pharmacokinetics by modification at a disulfide bond. Brunkhorst, B; Campbell, I; Degon, S; Gillies, SD; Kong, SM; Lan, Y; Lauder, S; Lo, KM; Marelli, B; McKenzie, S; Nguyen, LA; Qi, A; Way, JC; Webster, G, 2005)	0.33
" In a subset of patients evaluated with intensive pharmacokinetic sampling, an increase in endogenous erythropoietin concentration (up to 4-fold) lasting approximately 1 week following chemotherapy administration was observed in both groups."	( Effects of chemotherapy on endogenous erythropoietin levels and the pharmacokinetics and erythropoietic response of darbepoetin alfa: a randomised clinical trial of synchronous versus asynchronous dosing of darbepoetin alfa. Applebaum, S; Austin, M; Berdeaux, D; Berg, R; Glaspy, J; Henry, D; Lloyd, R; Patel, R; Rossi, G; Tchekmedyian, S, 2005)	0.33
" Its pharmacokinetic properties and simplicity of administration suggest that it will be an attractive form of iron replacement therapy."	( Pharmacokinetic study of ferumoxytol: a new iron replacement therapy in normal subjects and hemodialysis patients. Bolton, WK; Davis, R; Jacobs, PM; Landry, R; Shenouda, M, )	0.13
"A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for recombinant human erythropoietin (Epoetin alfa) in healthy subjects was developed to describe the time profiles of changes in serum Epoetin alfa and the pharmacological responses of percent reticulocytes, total red blood cell counts, and hemoglobin after single and multiple subcutaneous administration of Epoetin alfa."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of recombinant human erythropoietin after multiple subcutaneous doses in healthy subjects. Cheung, WK; Jusko, WJ; Krzyzanski, W; Minton, N; Wacholtz, MC, 2005)	0.33
"Changes in the reticulocyte subtype distribution (high, medium and low reticulocytes count (HR, MR, LR)) measured by flow cytometry following phlebotomy-induced stress erythropoiesis (abruptly dropping hemoglobin to 3-4 g/dl over 4-5 hr) and the pharmacodynamic (PD) relationship to the stimulated erythropoietin (EPO) was investigated in sheep."	( Pharmacodynamic analysis of changes in reticulocyte subtype distribution in phlebotomy-induced stress erythropoiesis. Al-Huniti, NH; Schmidt, RL; Veng-Pedersen, P; Widness, JA, 2005)	0.33
" No significant correlations were observed between pharmacokinetic parameters and pharmacodynamic effects."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous epoetin alfa in children with cancer. Burghen, E; Freeman, BB; Hinds, P; Iacono, LC; Razzouk, BI; Stewart, CF, 2006)	0.33
" Interesting but insignificant trends were noted in pharmacodynamic effects."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous epoetin alfa in children with cancer. Burghen, E; Freeman, BB; Hinds, P; Iacono, LC; Razzouk, BI; Stewart, CF, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacodynamic studies were carried out following oral administration of mucoadhesive tablets for 6 consecutive days at an EPO dose of 500 IU/kg."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies following oral administration of erythropoietin mucoadhesive tablets to beagle dogs. Ito, Y; Ohashi, Y; Shibata, N; Sugioka, N; Takada, K; Venkatesan, N; Yoshimitsu, J, 2006)	0.33
" Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed, including analysis of intensive pharmacokinetic profiles collected over 168 hours during week 1 of both the first and third cycles of chemotherapy."	( Pharmacokinetics of darbepoetin alfa after intravenous or subcutaneous administration in patients with non-myeloid malignancies undergoing chemotherapy. Dittrich, C; Heatherington, AC; Rossi, G; Schueller, J; Sullivan, JT, 2006)	0.33
"05 mL/h/kg, with a mean terminal half-life of 38."	( Pharmacokinetics of darbepoetin alfa after intravenous or subcutaneous administration in patients with non-myeloid malignancies undergoing chemotherapy. Dittrich, C; Heatherington, AC; Rossi, G; Schueller, J; Sullivan, JT, 2006)	0.33
"Darbepoetin alfa is cleared slowly after IV administration to patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy, resulting in a terminal half-life of 38."	( Pharmacokinetics of darbepoetin alfa after intravenous or subcutaneous administration in patients with non-myeloid malignancies undergoing chemotherapy. Dittrich, C; Heatherington, AC; Rossi, G; Schueller, J; Sullivan, JT, 2006)	0.33
"Indirect pharmacodynamic response (IDR) models were developed for agents which alter the generation of cell populations with arbitrary lifespan distributions."	( Pharmacodynamic models for agents that alter production of natural cells with various distributions of lifespans. Jusko, WJ; Krzyzanski, W; Woo, S, 2006)	0.33
"Population pharmacokinetic (PPK) analysis usually employs nonlinear mixed effects models using first-order linearization methods."	( Profile likelihood-based confidence intervals using Monte Carlo integration for population pharmacokinetic parameters. Funatogawa, I; Funatogawa, T; Yafune, A, 2006)	0.33
"To describe the erythropoietin pharmacokinetic profile after once-weekly epoetin alfa treatment in critically ill patients."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of once-weekly subcutaneous epoetin alfa in critically ill patients: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Beaver, JS; Creteur, J; Diltoer, M; Hubloue, I; Piagnerelli, M; Roman, A; Spapen, HD; Stevens, E; Vercammen, E; Vincent, JL, 2006)	0.33
" Darbepoetin alfa, an erythropoiesis-stimulating protein, exhibits a lower clearance and longer terminal half-life in serum than recombinant human erythropoietin, thereby allowing for a reduced dosing frequency."	( An extended terminal half-life for darbepoetin alfa: results from a single-dose pharmacokinetic study in patients with chronic kidney disease not receiving dialysis. Cooke, B; Jang, G; Marino, R; Ni, L; Padhi, D, 2006)	0.33
" Patients received a single subcutaneous dose of darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp) 1 microg/kg on day 1, and blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analyses predose, 6 and 12 hours postdose and up to 28 days postdose."	( An extended terminal half-life for darbepoetin alfa: results from a single-dose pharmacokinetic study in patients with chronic kidney disease not receiving dialysis. Cooke, B; Jang, G; Marino, R; Ni, L; Padhi, D, 2006)	0.33
"The mean terminal half-life in serum of darbepoetin alfa was determined to be 69."	( An extended terminal half-life for darbepoetin alfa: results from a single-dose pharmacokinetic study in patients with chronic kidney disease not receiving dialysis. Cooke, B; Jang, G; Marino, R; Ni, L; Padhi, D, 2006)	0.33
"Based on an extended sampling schedule of 4 weeks, the terminal half-life of darbepoetin alfa was approximately 70 hours."	( An extended terminal half-life for darbepoetin alfa: results from a single-dose pharmacokinetic study in patients with chronic kidney disease not receiving dialysis. Cooke, B; Jang, G; Marino, R; Ni, L; Padhi, D, 2006)	0.33
" While the traditional dimeric Fc fusion molecule generally increases the half-life compared with the unconjugated effector molecule, the monomer configuration has been shown to result in an even greater extension of the circulating half-life, which improves pharmacokinetic parameters for protein therapeutics, whether administered by pulmonary delivery or injection."	( Monomeric Fc fusions: impact on pharmacokinetic and biological activity of protein therapeutics. Bitonti, AJ; Dumont, JA; Low, SC; Peters, RT, 2006)	0.33
"To assess the pharmacokinetic profile and time-course of trough concentrations and hemoglobin levels associated with subcutaneous weekly administration of epoetin beta in lung cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of weekly epoetin beta in lung cancer patients. Fujisaka, Y; Horiike, A; Kodama, T; Kunitoh, H; Nokihara, H; Ohe, Y; Saijo, N; Sekine, I; Tamura, T; Yamamoto, N, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic parameters (C(max), AUC(inf) and T(1/2)) were determined after the first single dose administration on a model-independent basis, and the relationship between the dose and these parameters was examined for linearity."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of weekly epoetin beta in lung cancer patients. Fujisaka, Y; Horiike, A; Kodama, T; Kunitoh, H; Nokihara, H; Ohe, Y; Saijo, N; Sekine, I; Tamura, T; Yamamoto, N, 2006)	0.33
"To develop and evaluate a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model of the long-acting erythropoiesis-stimulating protein, darbepoetin alfa in healthy subjects."	( Population pharmacokinetics of darbepoetin alfa in healthy subjects. Agoram, B; Sullivan, JT; Sutjandra, L, 2007)	0.34
" We compared the two epoetins in two 12-week efficacy studies (S1, S2) with twice-weekly dosing, and a single-dose crossover pharmacokinetic (PK) study in severely anemic hemodialysis patients."	( Comparison of two epoetin brands in anemic hemodialysis patients: results of two efficacy trials and a single-dose pharmacokinetic study. Milutinović, S; Plavljanić, E; Trkulja, V, 2006)	0.33
" The goals of this phase 1, open-label, uncontrolled study were to assess the pharmacokinetic profile and safety of darbepoetin alfa in pediatric patients with CIA."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of darbepoetin alfa for the treatment of pediatric patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia. Adamson, PC; Berg, S; Blumer, J; Hastings, C; Loew, T; Rossi, G, 2007)	0.34
" After the first dose, the pharmacokinetic properties of darbepoetin alfa were assessed during a 14-day sampling period."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of darbepoetin alfa for the treatment of pediatric patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia. Adamson, PC; Berg, S; Blumer, J; Hastings, C; Loew, T; Rossi, G, 2007)	0.34
"5 (3) ng/ml, and the median time to peak concentration was 71."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of darbepoetin alfa for the treatment of pediatric patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia. Adamson, PC; Berg, S; Blumer, J; Hastings, C; Loew, T; Rossi, G, 2007)	0.34
"The pharmacokinetic profile of darbepoetin alfa indicated that it was slowly absorbed and exhibited a long terminal half-life in these pediatric study patients with CIA."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of darbepoetin alfa for the treatment of pediatric patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia. Adamson, PC; Berg, S; Blumer, J; Hastings, C; Loew, T; Rossi, G, 2007)	0.34
"The aim of this analysis was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model to describe the pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) in healthy subjects, after intravenous and subcutaneous administration over a wide dose range, and to examine the influence of demographic characteristics and other covariates on the pharmacokinetic parameters of rHuEPO."	( Population pharmacokinetics meta-analysis of recombinant human erythropoietin in healthy subjects. Jacqmin, P; Olsson-Gisleskog, P; Perez-Ruixo, JJ, 2007)	0.34
" Different pharmacokinetic models were fitted to the dataset using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling software (NONMEM, Version V, Level 1)."	( Population pharmacokinetics meta-analysis of recombinant human erythropoietin in healthy subjects. Jacqmin, P; Olsson-Gisleskog, P; Perez-Ruixo, JJ, 2007)	0.34
"The population pharmacokinetic model developed is suitable to describe the pharmacokinetic behaviour of rHuEPO after intravenous and subcutaneous administration in healthy subjects, over a wide dose range."	( Population pharmacokinetics meta-analysis of recombinant human erythropoietin in healthy subjects. Jacqmin, P; Olsson-Gisleskog, P; Perez-Ruixo, JJ, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacokinetic data regarding the penetration of circulating rEpo into brain tissue is needed to optimize neuroprotective strategies."	( Pharmacokinetics of high-dose recombinant erythropoietin in plasma and brain of neonatal rats. Bauer, LA; Juul, SE; Kellert, BA; McPherson, RJ; Statler, PA, 2007)	0.34
" Compared with baseline, post-ablation pre-transplant and early post-transplant EPO PKs demonstrated declines in clearance increases in terminal elimination half-life of 36 and 95%, respectively."	( Change in erythropoietin pharmacokinetics following hematopoietic transplantation. Al-Huniti, NH; Freise, KJ; Goldman, FD; Hohl, RJ; Schmidt, RL; Veng-Pedersen, P; Widness, JA, 2007)	0.34
"Population pharmacokinetic analysis usually employs nonlinear mixed-effects models."	( The bayesian bias correction method of the first-order approximation of nonlinear mixed-effects models for population pharmacokinetics. Funatogawa, I; Funatogawa, T, 2007)	0.34
"Most pharmacodynamic (PD) models of cellular response assume a time-invariant (i."	( Pharmacodynamic analysis of time-variant cellular disposition: reticulocyte disposition changes in phlebotomized sheep. Freise, KJ; Schmidt, RL; Veng-Pedersen, P; Widness, JA, 2007)	0.34
" time curves, pharmacokinetic experiment was performed with rats."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies following percutaneous absorption of erythropoietin micropiles to rats. Ito, Y; Ohashi, Y; Shiroyama, K; Sugioka, N; Takada, K; Yoshimitsu, J, 2007)	0.34
" had a prolonged and comparable half-life after intravenous (mean 134 h) and subcutaneous (mean 139 h) administration."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous and subcutaneous continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (C.E.R.A.) in patients with chronic kidney disease. Dougherty, FC; Jordan, P; Liogier, X; Macdougall, IC; Opatrna, S; Pannier, A; Reigner, B; Robson, R, 2006)	0.33
" The pharmacodynamic response to epoetin delta appeared to be as expected for an epoetin."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of epoetin delta in two studies in healthy volunteers and two studies in patients with chronic kidney disease. Dowell, JA; Pratt, RD; Smith, WB, 2007)	0.34
" The objective of this study was to develop a pharmacodynamic (PD) model to describe chemotherapy-induced anemia in rats."	( Pharmacodynamic model for chemotherapy-induced anemia in rats. Jusko, WJ; Krzyzanski, W; Woo, S, 2008)	0.35
" has a unique pharmacological profile, including a longer elimination half-life and slower clearance rate."	( C.E.R.A.: pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and efficacy in patients with chronic kidney disease. Locatelli, F; Reigner, B, 2007)	0.34
" (methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta), a continuous erythropoietin receptor activator, differs from traditional erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in its pharmacokinetic and receptor binding properties."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta are unaffected by the site of subcutaneous administration. Dougherty, FC; Fishbane, S; Jordan, P; Liogier, X; Pannier, A; Reigner, B, 2007)	0.34
"The purpose of this study was to apply the target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) pharmacokinetic (PK) model to describe binding, internalization, and turnover of erythropoietin receptor (EPOR)."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of erythropoietin receptor in healthy volunteers. Krzyzanski, W; Wyska, E, 2008)	0.35
" This open-label, randomized study was performed to characterize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of four dosing regimens of epoetin alfa administered subcutaneously in anemic patients who had chronic kidney disease and were not on dialysis."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of extended dosing of epoetin alfa in anemic patients who have chronic kidney disease and are not on dialysis. Beaver, JS; Massarella, J; McGowan, T; Vaccaro, NM; Wolfson, M, 2008)	0.35
"Extended dosing interval regimens of epoetin alfa yielded modest pharmacokinetic differences but a similar pharmacodynamic response, suggesting that less frequent, higher dosages of epoetin alfa may be as effective as the current three-times-weekly regimen in anemic patients who have chronic kidney disease and are not on dialysis."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of extended dosing of epoetin alfa in anemic patients who have chronic kidney disease and are not on dialysis. Beaver, JS; Massarella, J; McGowan, T; Vaccaro, NM; Wolfson, M, 2008)	0.35
"Extensive pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data collected from 88 subjects who received a single subcutaneous dose of rHuEPO (dose range 20-160 kIU) were analysed."	( Pharmacodynamic analysis of recombinant human erythropoietin effect on reticulocyte production rate and age distribution in healthy subjects. Hing, J; Krzyzanski, W; Pérez-Ruixo, JJ, 2008)	0.35
"This analysis quantifies the population pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous and intravenous epoetin delta, an epoetin produced in a human cell line, in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease and estimates the effects of covariate factors on epoetin delta and epoetin alfa pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling of epoetin delta in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. Dowell, JA; Gastonguay, M; Knebel, W; Palmen, M, 2008)	0.35
"A new class of basic indirect pharmacodynamic models for agents that alter the loss of natural cells based on a lifespan concept are presented."	( Basic pharmacodynamic models for agents that alter the lifespan distribution of natural cells. Krzyzanski, W; Perez-Ruixo, JJ; Vermeulen, A, 2008)	0.35
"The pharmacokinetic properties of a new recombinant erythropoietin preparation (epoetin zeta, CAS 604802-70-2) compared to a reference product (epoetin alfa, CAS 113427-24-0) were analyzed after a single intravenous bolus injection of 10,000 IU in a two-period crossover design in 24 healthy volunteers."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of two recombinant human erythropoietin preparations: epoetin zeta and epoetin alfa. 1st Communication: A monocentric, open, randomized, single dose, two-period crossover trial in healthy volunteers. Arsova, S; Bronn, A; Dimitrova, V; Kirkov, V; Koytchev, R; Kromminga, A; Richter, W; Siebert-Weigel, M; Wolf-Pflugmann, M, 2008)	0.35
"The subcutaneous bioavailability of a new recombinant erythropoietin preparation (epoetin zeta, CAS 604802-70-2) and the pharmacokinetic properties of this drug compared to a reference product (epoetin alfa, CAS 113427-24-0) were analyzed after a single intravenous bolus injection or subcutaneous injection of 10,000 IU in a three-period crossover design in 48 healthy volunteers."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of two recombinant human erythropoietin preparations: epoetin zeta and epoetin alfa. 2nd Communication: A monocentric, double-blind, randomized, single dose, three-period crossover trial in healthy volunteers. Arsova, S; Bronn, A; Dimitrova, V; Kirkov, V; Koytchev, R; Kromminga, A; Richter, W; Siebert-Weigel, M; Wolf-Pflugmann, M, 2008)	0.35
" We investigated the role of this pathway in ESA clearance by determining the pharmacokinetic profiles after intravenous (IV) dosing in rats and mice of recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) and rHuEPO derivatives with different receptor binding activities and biochemical properties."	( Investigation of the effects of altered receptor binding activity on the clearance of erythropoiesis-stimulating proteins: Nonerythropoietin receptor-mediated pathways may play a major role. Agoram, B; Aoki, K; Doshi, S; Elliott, S; Gegg, C; Jang, G; Molineux, G; Narhi, L, 2009)	0.35
" For the pharmacokinetic study, after IVit of 5 U EPO into left eyes, 44 rabbits were killed at different intervals, and the EPO levels in vitreous, aqueous, retina and serum were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay."	( Pharmacokinetic and toxicity study of intravitreal erythropoietin in rabbits. Dai, W; Li, WY; Lu, L; Shi, WD; Sinclair, SH; Weng, H; Wu, YL; Xu, GT; Xu, GX; Xu, JY; Ye, W; Zhang, JF; Zhang, Y, 2008)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic profile of EPO in ocular compartments was summarized as follows."	( Pharmacokinetic and toxicity study of intravitreal erythropoietin in rabbits. Dai, W; Li, WY; Lu, L; Shi, WD; Sinclair, SH; Weng, H; Wu, YL; Xu, GT; Xu, GX; Xu, JY; Ye, W; Zhang, JF; Zhang, Y, 2008)	0.35
" At doses up to 10-fold higher than therapeutic levels, EPO has a pharmacokinetic profile with faster clearance, which is favorable for episodic IVit."	( Pharmacokinetic and toxicity study of intravitreal erythropoietin in rabbits. Dai, W; Li, WY; Lu, L; Shi, WD; Sinclair, SH; Weng, H; Wu, YL; Xu, GT; Xu, GX; Xu, JY; Ye, W; Zhang, JF; Zhang, Y, 2008)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic profile of EPO in the OPCAB group was similar to that for the CPB groups: Vc = 39."	( The pharmacokinetic profile of recombinant human erythropoietin is unchanged in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Cheung, WK; Djaiani, G; Fedorko, L; Karkouti, K; Katznelson, R; McCluskey, SA; Mehta, B; Poonawala, H, 2009)	0.35
"To describe the pharmacokinetic profiles of six different dosing regimens for epoetin alfa, and whether more rapid and robust reticulocytosis can be elicited with more frequent administration of epoetin alfa in anemic critically ill patients."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of six epoetin alfa dosing regimens in anemic critically ill patients without acute blood loss. Arroliga, AC; Beaver, JS; Guntupalli, KK; Kelly, K; Langholff, W; Marino, K, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetics of epoetin alfa did not predict pharmacodynamic response in anemic critically ill patients."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of six epoetin alfa dosing regimens in anemic critically ill patients without acute blood loss. Arroliga, AC; Beaver, JS; Guntupalli, KK; Kelly, K; Langholff, W; Marino, K, 2009)	0.35
" The fact that contemporary PK/PD modeling continues to evolve and seeks to emulate systems level properties should provide enhanced capabilities to scale-up pharmacodynamic data."	( Scaling pharmacodynamics from in vitro and preclinical animal studies to humans. Jusko, WJ; Mager, DE; Woo, S, 2009)	0.35
"To prolong serum half-life of human Erythropoietin for better efficacy, a new form of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo-L-Fc) was generated by fusion of a full length human erythropoietin gene and the Fc fragment of human IgG1 with flexible linker sequence."	( [Expression of rhEPO-L-Fc fusion protein and analysis of its bioactivity and pharmacokinetics]. Huang, Y; Huang, Z; Qin, Y; Zhu, Q, 2008)	0.35
"This study was conducted to characterize and compare the pharmacokinetic and safety profiles and the bioequivalence of a newly developed albumin-free rhEPO (Aropotin [TS Corporation, Seoul, South Korea]) with 2 existing rhEPO formulations (Espogen [LG Life Sciences, Seoul, South Korea]; Recormon [Roche, Basel, Switzerland]) with albumin in healthy Korean subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic, tolerability, and bioequivalence comparison of three different intravenous formulations of recombinant human erythropoietin in healthy Korean adult male volunteers: an open-label, randomized-sequence, three-treatment, three-way crossover Bae, KS; Cho, SH; Choe, S; Ghim, JL; Jung, JA; Kim, UJ; Lim, HS, 2009)	0.35
" The objective of this study was to develop a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model for CNTO 528 in healthy male subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the erythropoietin Mimetibody construct CNTO 528 in healthy subjects. Bai, SA; Bouman-Thio, E; Burggraaf, J; Cohen, A; Davis, HM; Franson, K; Jang, H; Krzyzanski, W; Miller, B; Pérez-Ruixo, JJ; Yohrling, J; Zhou, H, 2009)	0.35
" An open, linear, two-compartment model was used to characterize the pharmacokinetic parameters of CNTO 528."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the erythropoietin Mimetibody construct CNTO 528 in healthy subjects. Bai, SA; Bouman-Thio, E; Burggraaf, J; Cohen, A; Davis, HM; Franson, K; Jang, H; Krzyzanski, W; Miller, B; Pérez-Ruixo, JJ; Yohrling, J; Zhou, H, 2009)	0.35
" The purpose of this study is to investigate conditions for equivalence between M-M and TMDD pharmacokinetic models and provide guidelines for selection between these two approaches."	( Selection between Michaelis-Menten and target-mediated drug disposition pharmacokinetic models. Krzyzanski, W; Mager, DE; Yan, X, 2010)	0.36
" Epo's clearance determined from simultaneous pharmacokinetic studies with 125I-recombinant human Epo showed a significant increase after phlebotomy-induced anemia that was similar to the increase in EpoR."	( Evidence of receptor-mediated elimination of erythropoietin by analysis of erythropoietin receptor mRNA expression in bone marrow and erythropoietin clearance during anemia. Goldman, FD; Nalbant, D; Saleh, M; Veng-Pedersen, P; Widness, JA, 2010)	0.36
"72 L, and half-life = 105 hours in accordance with previous reported values."	( Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for C.E.R.A. in both ESA-naive and ESA-treated chronic kidney disease patients with renal anemia. Chanu, P; Charoin, JE; Gieschke, R; Pannier, A; Reigner, B, 2010)	0.36
" Hematide exhibits a prolonged plasma half-life and slow clearance by either IV or SC administration."	( Erythropoiesis equivalence, pharmacokinetics and immune response following repeat hematide administration in cynomolgus monkeys. Beaumier, P; Fong, KL; Schatz, PJ; Woodburn, KW, )	0.13
"The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of a new recombinant human erythropoietin (test) formulation with an existing branded (reference) formulation after a single subcutaneous administration."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of two recombinant human erythropoietin formulations after single subcutaneous administration: an open-label, sequence-randomized, two-treatment crossover study in healthy Korean male volunteers. Jang, IJ; Kim, BH; Kim, KP; Kim, TE; Shin, SG; Yu, KS, 2010)	0.36
" Serial blood samples were taken up to 120 hours after drug administration for the pharmacokinetic assessments and up to 240 hours for reticulocyte counts as the pharmacodynamic end point."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of two recombinant human erythropoietin formulations after single subcutaneous administration: an open-label, sequence-randomized, two-treatment crossover study in healthy Korean male volunteers. Jang, IJ; Kim, BH; Kim, KP; Kim, TE; Shin, SG; Yu, KS, 2010)	0.36
"In this small, selected group of healthy male volunteers, there were no significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters or effects on reticulocytes between a test formulation and a reference formulation of recombinant human erythropoietin."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of two recombinant human erythropoietin formulations after single subcutaneous administration: an open-label, sequence-randomized, two-treatment crossover study in healthy Korean male volunteers. Jang, IJ; Kim, BH; Kim, KP; Kim, TE; Shin, SG; Yu, KS, 2010)	0.36
"We investigated the safety and feasibility of sorafenib in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis by examining the influence of pharmacokinetic parameters to their benefit and also the occurrence of drug-related adverse events of sorafenib."	( Clinical results and pharmacokinetics of sorafenib in chronic hemodialysis patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma in a single center. Hashimoto, Y; Iizuka, J; Ishimori, I; Kennoki, T; Kimata, N; Kobayashi, H; Kondo, T; Murakami, J; Nakazawa, H; Takagi, T; Tanabe, K; Yoshida, K, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacokinetic study was performed after a steady state was reached with 200 mg twice daily in six patients."	( Clinical results and pharmacokinetics of sorafenib in chronic hemodialysis patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma in a single center. Hashimoto, Y; Iizuka, J; Ishimori, I; Kennoki, T; Kimata, N; Kobayashi, H; Kondo, T; Murakami, J; Nakazawa, H; Takagi, T; Tanabe, K; Yoshida, K, 2011)	0.37
" In the pharmacokinetic study, the geometric mean of maximum concentration and area under the curve from 0 to 10 h of plasma concentration were similar on the day of hemodialysis and the day off hemodialysis."	( Clinical results and pharmacokinetics of sorafenib in chronic hemodialysis patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma in a single center. Hashimoto, Y; Iizuka, J; Ishimori, I; Kennoki, T; Kimata, N; Kobayashi, H; Kondo, T; Murakami, J; Nakazawa, H; Takagi, T; Tanabe, K; Yoshida, K, 2011)	0.37
" A dense-sampling 48-hour pharmacokinetic profile was recorded at steady state after 11 doses of 100 IU epoetin alfa per kg of bodyweight."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of one US-marketed and two European-marketed epoetin alfas: a randomized prospective study. Lissy, M; Ode, M; Roth, K, 2011)	0.37
" Moreover, an equivalent pharmacodynamic response was achieved with all compared epoetin alfa products, as confirmed by the hemoglobin AUEC ratio's 90% CI falling within the predefined acceptance margins of 96."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of one US-marketed and two European-marketed epoetin alfas: a randomized prospective study. Lissy, M; Ode, M; Roth, K, 2011)	0.37
"A feedback receptor regulation model was incorporated into a pharmacodynamic model to describe the stimulation of hemoglobin (Hb) production by endogenous erythropoietin (EPO)."	( Pharmacodynamic analysis of stress erythropoiesis: change in erythropoietin receptor pool size following double phlebotomies in sheep. Saleh, MI; Veng-Pedersen, P; Widness, JA, 2011)	0.37
" A physiologically based recirculation model and a pharmacokinetic tracer interaction methodology (TIM) were used to compare the in vivo interaction kinetics with EPOR between the two ESAs in adult sheep."	( Differential pharmacokinetic analysis of in vivo erythropoietin receptor interaction with erythropoietin and continuous erythropoietin receptor activator in sheep. El-Komy, MH; Schmidt, RL; Veng-Pedersen, P; Widness, JA, 2011)	0.37
"High costs of production and relatively short serum half-life of mammalian cell-derived recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) necessitate finding and developing superior hosts/technologies for more efficient production of longer-acting erythropoietic agents."	( Evaluation of bioactivity and pharmacokinetic characteristics of PEGylated P.pastoris-expressed erythropoietin. Faghihi, H; Hedayati, MH; Khanahmad, H; Maleki, A; Najafabadi, AR; Roohvand, F; Shafiee, A; Tajerzadeh, H, 2011)	0.37
"To characterize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of the recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres in rats."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of recombinant human erythropoietin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres in rats. Du, HJ; Fan, YY; He, JT; Jiang, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, HX; Zhou, XL, 2012)	0.38
"The aim of this study was to develop an integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model and assess the comparability between epoetin alfa HEXAL/Binocrit (HX575) and a comparator epoetin alfa by a model-based approach."	( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model-based comparability assessment of a recombinant human Epoetin Alfa and the Biosimilar HX575. Balser, S; Berghout, A; Fink, M; Krzyzanski, W; Lowe, PJ; Yan, X, 2012)	0.38
"Our objective was to show, using two examples, that a pharmacokinetic (PK) similarity analysis can be performed using nonlinear mixed-effects models (NLMEM)."	( Pharmacokinetic similarity of biologics: analysis using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. Balser, S; Dubois, A; Gsteiger, S; Mentré, F; Pigeolet, E; Pillai, G; Steimer, JL, 2012)	0.38
" As expected, the PEGylated rhEPO exhibited a significant improvement in half-life of serum when compared with the non-PEGylated version."	( The impact of sialic acids on the pharmacokinetics of a PEGylated erythropoietin. Gomathinayagam, S; Hamilton, SR; Hong, L; Li, H; Liu, L; Prueksaritanont, T; Rayfield, WJ; van Maanen, M; Yin, KC, 2012)	0.38
" We gave up to 6 doses every 48 hours starting at <24 hours of age and performed pharmacokinetic and safety analyses."	( Erythropoietin for neuroprotection in neonatal encephalopathy: safety and pharmacokinetics. Ballard, RA; Bauer, LA; Bonifacio, SL; Chang, T; Durand, DJ; Ferriero, DM; Glass, HC; Glidden, DV; Gonzalez, FF; Juul, SE; Mayock, DE; Song, D; Wu, YW, 2012)	0.38
" The relevant pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated after noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis using Kinetica software (Thermo Scientific, ver."	( The pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin in Balkan endemic nephropathy patients. Djukanović, L; Ležaić, V; Marić, I; Miljković, B; Pejovic, V; Petković, N; Simić-Ogrizović, S; Vučićević, K, 2013)	0.39
"020) and elimination half-life (50."	( The pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin in Balkan endemic nephropathy patients. Djukanović, L; Ležaić, V; Marić, I; Miljković, B; Pejovic, V; Petković, N; Simić-Ogrizović, S; Vučićević, K, 2013)	0.39
"Pharmacokinetic analysis of beta-erythropoietin detected a significantly longer elimination half-life in BEN than in non BEN patients."	( The pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin in Balkan endemic nephropathy patients. Djukanović, L; Ležaić, V; Marić, I; Miljković, B; Pejovic, V; Petković, N; Simić-Ogrizović, S; Vučićević, K, 2013)	0.39
" We have demonstrated that serum half-life of rhEPO-Fc was 29."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human EPO-Fc fusion protein in vivo. Feng, M; Han, G; Huang, H; Ju, D; Li, J; Liu, Y; Shi, X; Sun, BN; Sun, CR; Sun, LH; Tao, Q; Yang, J; Yao, M; Ye, D; Ye, L; Zhou, P; Zhu, H, 2013)	0.39
" RBCTx simulations were based on previously published RBCTx criteria and data-driven Epo pharmacodynamic optimization of literature-derived RBC life span and blood volume data corrected for phlebotomy loss."	( Pharmacodynamically optimized erythropoietin treatment combined with phlebotomy reduction predicted to eliminate blood transfusions in selected preterm infants. Cress, G; Nalbant, D; Rosebraugh, MR; Veng-Pedersen, P; Widness, JA, 2014)	0.4
"When administered intravenously, the area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0-∞), clearance (CL) and terminal half-life (t 1/2) of DA were 263."	( Pharmacokinetics of darbepoetin alfa after single, intravenous or subcutaneous administration in Japanese pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. Akizawa, T; Hataya, H; Hattori, M; Ito, N; Ito, S; Uemura, O, 2014)	0.4
" This study aimed to investigate the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics and tolerability profiles of GC1113 in humans after single intravenous or subcutaneous administration and to compare the results with those for darbepoetin alfa."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and tolerability of intravenous or subcutaneous GC1113, a novel erythropoiesis-stimulating agent. Cho, JY; Han, H; Jang, IJ; Jeon, H; Lee, J; Lim, KS; Shin, D; Shin, KH; Shin, SG; Yoon, SH; Yu, KS, 2014)	0.4
" The reticulocyte counts were measured for pharmacodynamic assessments."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and tolerability of intravenous or subcutaneous GC1113, a novel erythropoiesis-stimulating agent. Cho, JY; Han, H; Jang, IJ; Jeon, H; Lee, J; Lim, KS; Shin, D; Shin, KH; Shin, SG; Yoon, SH; Yu, KS, 2014)	0.4
"This study examined the safety, pharmacodynamic (PD), and pharmacokinetic (PK) biosimilarity of the human recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) products ior(®) EPOCIM and Eprex(®) following a 28-day repeated intravenous dose administration in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats with a 14-day recovery period."	( Safety and biosimilarity of ior(®) EPOCIM compared with Eprex(®) based on toxicologic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic studies in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Bolger, GT; Ledon, N; Pucaj, K; Riddle, K; Taylor, SR, 2014)	0.4
"84 times elimination half-life of 83 h) and shorter than the 336 h when dosing every other week."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations on the erythropoietin effect and adverse events of darbepoetin. Czock, D; Keller, F; Ludwig, U, 2015)	0.42
"Neonates ≥36 weeks gestation and <12 h postpartum with moderate to severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy who were undergoing hypothermia treatment were recruited in this randomized, multicenter, investigational, new drug pharmacokinetic study."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Darbepoetin Alfa in Conjunction with Hypothermia for the Treatment of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Baserga, MC; Beachy, J; Roberts, JK; Sherwin, CM; Spigarelli, MG; Stockmann, C; Ward, RM, 2015)	0.42
" Darbepoetin alfa (Darbe) has comparable biological activity to erythropoietin, but has extended circulating half-life (t(1/2))."	( Darbepoetin administration to neonates undergoing cooling for encephalopathy: a safety and pharmacokinetic trial. Anderson, J; Baserga, MC; Beachy, JC; Christensen, RD; DiGeronimo, RJ; Juul, SE; Loertscher, MC; Mayock, DE; Ohls, RK; Roberts, JK; Sherwin, CM; Spigarelli, MG; Stockmann, C; Walsh, WF; Ward, RM; Yoder, BA, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacodynamic evaluation was performed in a subset of subjects."	( Randomized placebo-controlled dose-ranging and pharmacodynamics study of roxadustat (FG-4592) to treat anemia in nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD) patients. Besarab, A; Hemmerich, S; Hertel, J; Klaus, SJ; Lee, T; Leong, R; Neff, TB; Provenzano, R; Yu, KH; Zabaneh, R, 2015)	0.42
" The primary PD end point was the geometric mean ratio (GMR) of the 2 treatments for area under the effect curve for Hb from day 1 through 48 hours after the final dose of study drug administration on day 26, and the primary PK end point was the GMR of the 2 treatments for AUC0-48 and Cmax for epoetin after the final dose of study drug on day 26."	( Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Equivalences of Epoetin Hospira and Epogen(®) After Multiple Subcutaneous Doses to Healthy Male Subjects. Kumbhat, S; Martin, N; Ramaiya, A; Reid, S; Stalker, D; Zhang, J, 2016)	0.43
" Mean terminal half-life (t ½) appeared to be longer (17."	( Effect of Moderate Hepatic Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Roxadustat, an Oral Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor. Adel, MD; Alexiev, A; Groenendaal-van de Meent, D; Krebs-Brown, A; Mateva, L; Noukens, J; Rijnders, S; Schaddelee, M, 2016)	0.43
" The influence of hyperhydration on the serum and urinary pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of rHuEPO was also investigated."	( Hyperhydration Effect on Pharmacokinetic Parameters and Detection Sensitivity of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in Urine and Serum Doping Control Analysis of Males. Al-Maadheed, M; Athanasiadou, I; Dokoumetzidis, A; El Saftawy, W; Georgakopoulos, C; Valsami, G; Voss, SC, 2019)	0.51
"Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling provides an integrated framework to predict the disposition of small molecule drugs in children and is increasingly being used for dose recommendation and optimal design of paediatric studies and in regulatory submissions."	( Development and Application of a Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Predict the Pharmacokinetics of Therapeutic Proteins from Full-term Neonates to Adolescents. Abduljalil, K; Gardner, I; Gill, KL; Jamei, M; Johnson, TN; Pan, X; Stader, F, 2020)	0.56
" Maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve for patients receiving roxadustat were slightly more than dose proportional and elimination half-life ranged from 14."	( Oral Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor Roxadustat (FG-4592) for Treatment of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Placebo-Controlled Study of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profiles in Hemodialysis Patients. Chou, J; Hemmerich, S; Neff, TB; Provenzano, R; Tumlin, J; Yu, KP; Zabaneh, R, 2020)	0.56
" The primary objective was to compare the pharmacokinetic profile of different formulations of epoetin alfa after a single subcutaneous administration to healthy volunteers of 40 000 IU of Eprex/Erypo® and Hemax® PFS."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of three products of epoetin alfa as single subcutaneous dose in healthy volunteers. Beider, L; di Girolamo, G; Diez, RA; Fornari, MC; González Bagnes, MF; González, CD; González, E; Keller, GA, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Aggregate formation of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-EPO) on heat-treatment was followed by gel permeation chromatography combined with a low-angle laser light scattering technique under various conditions with respect to pH and salt concentration in order to provide basic knowledge about the change strictly required to be monitored for medicinal proteins."	( Heat-induced aggregation of recombinant erythropoietin in the intact and deglycosylated states as monitored by gel permeation chromatography combined with a low-angle laser light scattering technique. Endo, Y; Nagai, H; Ochi, K; Takagi, T; Watanabe, Y, 1992)	0.28
" A program of weekly phlebotomy combined with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) therapy was tried to eliminate the iron congestion."	( Treatment of a patient with end-stage renal disease, severe iron overload and ascites by weekly phlebotomy combined with recombinant human erythropoietin. Karai, M; Nomura, S; Osawa, G, 1990)	0.28
"In this study we evaluated the in vivo effects of interleukin-11 (IL-11) and stem cell factor (SCF), in combination with erythropoietin (EPO) on murine erythropoiesis."	( In vivo effects of interleukin-11 and stem cell factor in combination with erythropoietin in the regulation of erythropoiesis. de Haan, G; Dontje, B; Engel, C; Loeffler, M; Nijhof, W, 1995)	0.29
" day(-1)) combined with physical exercise (estimated energy expenditure approximately 24000 kJ."	( Erythropoietin in 29 men during and after prolonged physical stress combined with food and fluid deprivation. Gunga, HC; Günther, T; Kanduth, B; Kirsch, K; Röcker, L; Vormann, J; Wittels, P, 1996)	0.29
"The authors compared the effect of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in combination with iron with that of iron therapy only in the treatment of postpartum anaemia."	( Use of recombinant human erythropoietin in combination with parenteral iron in the treatment of postpartum anaemia. Breymann, C; Huch, A; Huch, R; Zimmermann, R, 1996)	0.29
" Thus, the androgen therapy in combination with hematopoietic growth factors such as G-CSF and/or Epo may be effective in patients with RA."	( Androgen therapy in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and erythropoietin in a patient with refractory anemia. Harada, M; Katayama, Y; Kojima, K; Omoto, E, 1996)	0.29
"The effects of recombinant thrombopoietin (TPO) alone and in combination with erythropoietin (EPO) and early-acting cytokines such as interleukin 3 (IL-3), stem cell factor (SCF) and GM-CSF on highly purified mobilized human CD34+ progenitor cells were studied in a serum-depleted culture system."	( Effects of recombinant human thrombopoietin alone and in combination with erythropoietin and early-acting cytokines on human mobilized purified CD34+ progenitor cells cultured in serum-depleted medium. Birkmann, J; Gallmeier, WM; Kaiser, G; Kappauf, H; Oez, S; Smetak, M, 1997)	0.3
" From these results, we conclude that EPO given in combination with G-CSF is a safe and effective alternative for the treatment of anemia of a subset of AA patients."	( Treatment of the anemia of aplastic anemia patients with recombinant human erythropoietin in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: a multicenter randomized controlled study. Multicenter Study Group. Asano, S; Bessho, M; Hirashima, K; Ikeda, Y; Kohgo, Y; Mizoguchi, H; Nakahata, T; Niitsu, Y; Nomura, T; Ogawa, N; Tomonaga, M; Toyama, K; Yoshida, Y, 1997)	0.3
" Therefore, we conducted a 6-month, prospective, randomized trial comparing low-dose rHuEPO alone and in combination with androgens for the treatment of the anemia of end-stage renal failure."	( A 6-month study of low-dose recombinant human erythropoietin alone and in combination with androgens for the treatment of anemia in chronic hemodialysis patients. Buhsmer, JP; Burke, JF; Dunn, SR; Gaughan, WJ; Liss, KA; Mangold, AM; Michael, B, 1997)	0.3
" We assessed PEG-rHuMGDF combined with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), interleukin 3 (IL-3), IL6, stem cell factor (SCF) or erythropoietin in 40 MDS, 33 AML and 16 normal bone marrow samples."	( Megakaryopoiesis in vitro in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukaemia: effect of pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor in combination with other growth factors. Adams, JA; Brereton, ML; Briggs, M; Hann, A; Harrison, BD; Liu Yin, JA, 2000)	0.31
"Ten anemic patients with favorable myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) were first treated with two 5-week courses of amifostine alone (each course consisted of 200 mg/m(2) of the drug given intravenously three times a week for 3 weeks), followed by an additional two courses combined with subcutaneous erythropoietin (EPO) (150 U/kg, three times a week for 8 weeks)."	( Amifostine alone and in combination with erythropoietin for the treatment of favorable myelodysplastic syndrome. Dispenzieria, A; Elliott, MA; Hanson, CA; Hook, CC; Letendre, L; Schroeder, G; Steensma, DP; Tefferi, A, 2001)	0.31
") once per week for 5 doses in combination with 2,000 international units (IU) EPO (Eprex, Cilag-Janssen), subcutaneously given simultaneously also for 5 doses."	( The effect of i.v. iron alone or in combination with low-dose erythropoietin in the rapid correction of anemia of chronic renal failure in the predialysis period. Agbaria, Z; Baruch, R; Blum, M; Deutsch, V; Iaina, A; Irony, M; Schwartz, D; Silverberg, DS; Steinbruch, S; Yachnin, T, 2001)	0.31
" We have treated 10 patients with 250 mg/m2 amifostine thrice weekly in combination with erythropoietin for 4 consecutive weeks followed by 2 weeks observation."	( Amifostine in combination with erythropoietin and G-CSF promotes multilineage hematopoiesis in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Eibl, M; Jaeger, G; Linkesch, W; Neumeister, P; Sormann, S; Zinke, W, 2001)	0.31
"Postoperative intravenous iron supplementation alone or in combination with a single dose of r-HuEPO (300 U/kg) is not effective in correcting anemia after cardiac surgery."	( Postoperative intravenous iron used alone or in combination with low-dose erythropoietin is not effective for correction of anemia after cardiac surgery. Achouh, PE; Antakly, MC; Haddad, FA; Hayek, GM; Jebara, VA; Madi-Jebara, SN; Sleilaty, GS; Yazigi, AG, 2004)	0.32
" Patients with no signs of acute rejection were switched to MMF (500-2,000 mg/day) in combination with a low dose of sirolimus (1 mg/day)."	( Low-dose sirolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil improves kidney graft function late after renal transplantation and suggests pharmacokinetic interaction of both immunosuppressive drugs. Kunzendorf, U; Renders, L; Schöcklmann, HO; Steinbach, R; Valerius, T, 2004)	0.32
"Low-dose sirolimus therapy in combination with concentration-adjusted MMF therapy leads to improvement of organ function late after renal transplantation."	( Low-dose sirolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil improves kidney graft function late after renal transplantation and suggests pharmacokinetic interaction of both immunosuppressive drugs. Kunzendorf, U; Renders, L; Schöcklmann, HO; Steinbach, R; Valerius, T, 2004)	0.32
"The aim of this study was to investigate the curative effect of amifostine (AMF) combined with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) on the aged patients with myelodysplastic syndrome."	( [Short-term curative effect of amifostine combined with rhEPO on aged patients wilh myelodysplastic syndrome]. Fan, H; Lu, XC; Yang, Y; Yao, SQ; Zhu, HL; Zhuang, XM, 2005)	0.33
"To investigate the efficaciousness of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) combined with recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) in the treatment of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), the hematological changes in the blood and bone marrow along with clinical features after treatment with G-CSF and EPO in 15 patients were observed."	( [Effect of recombinant human G-CSF combined with EPO in treatment of patients with MDS]. Li, ZY, 2005)	0.33
"In IBD patients with refractory anaemia the administration of darbepoetin in combination with intravenous iron sucrose can raise haemoglobin levels."	( Effectiveness of darbepoetin-alfa in combination with intravenous iron sucrose in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and refractory anaemia: a pilot study. Karmiris, K; Kouroumalis, EA; Koutroubakis, IE; Makreas, S; Niniraki, M; Xidakis, C, 2006)	0.33
"The effect of erythropoietin (Epo) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) alone or in combination with the hepatoprotective antioxidant curcumin (Cur) was evaluated in a model of delayed liver regeneration."	( Synergistic effect of erythropoietin but not G-CSF in combination with curcumin on impaired liver regeneration in rats. Carter, J; Cho, SY; Lederer, A; Menger, MD; Neuhaus, P; Neumann, UP; Nüssler, AK; Rayes, N; Schirmeier, A; Seehofer, D, 2008)	0.35
"Sprague Dawley rats underwent 70% liver resection with simultaneous cecal ligation and puncture and were randomised to five groups: no treatment, G-CSF (100 microg/kg), Epo (1,000 IU/kg), each alone or in combination with Cur (100mg/kg)."	( Synergistic effect of erythropoietin but not G-CSF in combination with curcumin on impaired liver regeneration in rats. Carter, J; Cho, SY; Lederer, A; Menger, MD; Neuhaus, P; Neumann, UP; Nüssler, AK; Rayes, N; Schirmeier, A; Seehofer, D, 2008)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to investigate the curative effects of amifostine (AMF) combined with recombinant human beta-erythropoietin (rhbeta-EPO) on patients with pure erythroid aplasia (PEA)."	( [Short-term curative effect of amifostine combined with rhbeta-EPO on patients with pure erythroid aplasia]. Fan, H; Guo, B; Li, SX; Lu, XC; Zhai, B; Zhu, HL, 2008)	0.35
"In the current meta-analysis of published literature, erythroid response (ER) rates with EPO as a single agent versus its combination with granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were compared."	( An assessment of erythroid response to epoetin alpha as a single agent versus in combination with granulocyte- or granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor in myelodysplastic syndromes using a meta-analysis approach. Duh, MS; Lefebvre, P; Moyo, V; Mundle, S; Rastogi, R; Vekeman, F, 2009)	0.35
"001) or in combination with G-CSF/GM-CSF (50."	( An assessment of erythroid response to epoetin alpha as a single agent versus in combination with granulocyte- or granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor in myelodysplastic syndromes using a meta-analysis approach. Duh, MS; Lefebvre, P; Moyo, V; Mundle, S; Rastogi, R; Vekeman, F, 2009)	0.35
"In the current meta-analysis, higher doses of EPO demonstrated better ER rates compared with EPO at standard doses alone or in combination with G-CSF/GM-CSF."	( An assessment of erythroid response to epoetin alpha as a single agent versus in combination with granulocyte- or granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor in myelodysplastic syndromes using a meta-analysis approach. Duh, MS; Lefebvre, P; Moyo, V; Mundle, S; Rastogi, R; Vekeman, F, 2009)	0.35
"To explore the efficacy and mechanism of Yixuesheng capsule (, YXS) combined with recombination human erythropoietin (RHE) in treating male neoplastic anemia (NA)."	( Clinical observation on the treatment of male neoplastic anemia with Yixuesheng capsule combined with recombination human erythropoietin. Chen, JF; Cheng, Z; Wu, JL, 2009)	0.35
"YXS capsule combined with RHE shows a better therapeutic effect in treating NA than that of RHE alone, and the effect might be through stimulation by YXS of erythropoiesis which could promote the secretion of testosterone."	( Clinical observation on the treatment of male neoplastic anemia with Yixuesheng capsule combined with recombination human erythropoietin. Chen, JF; Cheng, Z; Wu, JL, 2009)	0.35
" EPO used in combination with MMC significantly decreased SCE levels and increased PRI and MI values induced by MMC alone both in vitro and in vivo."	( In vitro and in vivo cytogenetic effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges alone or in combination with mitomycin C. Chrisafi, S; Digkas, EN; Hatzimichail, A; Lialiaris, TS; Passadaki, T; Tsalkidis, A; Vargemezis, V, 2010)	0.36
" iron, both combined with rHuEPO, for the treatment of anemia in a population of 148 advanced cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy."	( Efficacy and safety of oral lactoferrin supplementation in combination with rHuEPO-beta for the treatment of anemia in advanced cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: open-label, randomized controlled study. Gramignano, G; Macciò, A; Madeddu, C; Mantovani, G; Mulas, C; Sanna, E, 2010)	0.36
"To determine the efficacy of oxymetholone, an androgenic steroid, in combination with rHuEPO on hematologic and muscle mass in CAPD patients."	( The efficacy of oxymetholone in combination with erythropoietin on hematologic parameters and muscle mass in CAPD patients. Aramwit, P; Palapinyo, S; Supasyndh, O; Wiwatniwong, S, 2010)	0.36
"To evaluate the effects of erythropoietin (EPO) combined with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) on left ventricular function and ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and investigate the possible mechanism."	( [Effect of erythropoietin combined with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction in rats]. Chen, YD; Ding, R; Dong, W; Fu, ZH; Gai, LY; Wang, F, 2011)	0.37
"EPO combined with G-CSF can prevent left ventricular remodeling and improve cardiac systolic and diastolic functions by inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis, reducing tissue collagen deposition and inducing neovascularisation."	( [Effect of erythropoietin combined with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction in rats]. Chen, YD; Ding, R; Dong, W; Fu, ZH; Gai, LY; Wang, F, 2011)	0.37
" Specifically, we studied whether EPO combined with G-CSF enhanced MMP expression and increased the in vitro motility of MSCs."	( Erythropoietin combined with granulocyte colony‑stimulating factor enhances MMP-2 expression in mesenchymal stem cells and promotes cell migration. Chen, L; Cheng, F; Liu, Q; You, Y; Yu, Q; Zhang, Y; Zou, C, )	0.13
"05); however, rHuEPO treatment alone or combined with chemotherapy or hypoxia did not influence cell survival."	( Recombinant human erythropoietin in combination with chemotherapy increases breast cancer metastasis in preclinical mouse models. Allan, AL; Beausoleil, MS; Boasie, A; Chu, JE; Hedley, BD; Ormond, DG; Xenocostas, A, 2011)	0.37
" The present study was dedicated to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of erythropoietin (EPO) combined with enteral nutrition (EN) in anemic Crohn's disease (CD) patients, in terms of hemoglobin level, treatment success rate, adverse events, and predictor of this therapy."	( Efficacy of erythropoietin combined with enteral nutrition for the treatment of anemia in Crohn's disease: a prospective cohort study. Chen, J; Gu, G; Han, G; Hong, Z; Li, J; Liu, S; Ren, H; Ren, J; Wang, G; Yan, D, 2013)	0.39
"EPO combined with EN can improve the hemoglobin level in anemic CD patients."	( Efficacy of erythropoietin combined with enteral nutrition for the treatment of anemia in Crohn's disease: a prospective cohort study. Chen, J; Gu, G; Han, G; Hong, Z; Li, J; Liu, S; Ren, H; Ren, J; Wang, G; Yan, D, 2013)	0.39
"The allogenic UCB therapy combined with rhEPO in the present study was safe and suggested potential therapeutic efficacy for patients with TBI."	( Allogenic umbilical cord blood therapy combined with erythropoietin for patients with severe traumatic brain injury: three case reports. Jang, SJ; Kang, MS; Kim, M; Kim, SH; Lee, JH; Min, K; Song, J, 2013)	0.39
" Their results revealed that MRPCs in combination with EPO or suramin are able to attenuate renal damage and promote renal recovery after ischemia/reperfusion injury in a mouse model."	( Mouse adult renal progenitor cells in combination with erythropoietin or suramin--a potential new strategy for the treatment of acute kidney injury. Wang, PR, 2013)	0.39
"Epo in combination with enalapril caused additive reduction of cardiac fibrosis and microvessel disease in 5/6 nephrectomized rats presumably by decreasing myocardial oxidative stress."	( Erythropoietin combined with ACE inhibitor prevents heart remodeling in 5/6 nephrectomized rats independently of blood pressure and kidney function. Aldebssi, F; Bekeredjian, R; Gross-Weissmann, ML; Gut, N; Piecha, G; Ritz, E; Schaefer, S; Schirmacher, P, 2013)	0.39
" Because laboratory blood loss is a primary cause of anemia leading to RBCTx in VLBW infants, our purpose was to simulate the extent to which RBCTx can be reduced or eliminated by reducing laboratory blood loss in combination with pharmacodynamically optimized erythropoietin (Epo) treatment."	( Pharmacodynamically optimized erythropoietin treatment combined with phlebotomy reduction predicted to eliminate blood transfusions in selected preterm infants. Cress, G; Nalbant, D; Rosebraugh, MR; Veng-Pedersen, P; Widness, JA, 2014)	0.4
"Severe hematopoietic loss is one of the major therapeutic targets after radiation-combined injury (CI), a kind of injury resulting from radiation exposure combined with other traumas."	( Ciprofloxacin enhances stress erythropoiesis in spleen and increases survival after whole-body irradiation combined with skin-wound trauma. Burns, TM; Fukumoto, R; Kiang, JG, 2014)	0.4
"The aim was to investigate the ability of an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA), alone or in combination with endurance training, to induce changes in human skeletal muscle fibre and vascular morphology."	( Erythropoietin administration alone or in combination with endurance training affects neither skeletal muscle morphology nor angiogenesis in healthy young men. Christensen, B; Dalgas, U; Larsen, MS; Nellemann, B; Sieljacks, P; Thams, L; Vissing, K, 2014)	0.4
"To evaluate the efficiency of treatment for renal anemia in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN), by using erythropoietin and its combination with hypoxic altitude chamber training (HACT)."	( [[Effect of erythropoietin and its combination with hypoxic altitude chamber training on the clinical and functional manifestations of chronic glomerulonephritis]. Aver'ianova, NI; Fomin, VV; Kaliev, KP; Kaliev, R; Murkamilov, IT, 2014)	0.4
" Along with standard renal protective therapy, all the patients received either epoetin beta (n=31; Group 1) or its combination with HACT (n=32; Group 2)."	( [[Effect of erythropoietin and its combination with hypoxic altitude chamber training on the clinical and functional manifestations of chronic glomerulonephritis]. Aver'ianova, NI; Fomin, VV; Kaliev, KP; Kaliev, R; Murkamilov, IT, 2014)	0.4
" Erythropoietin in combination with HACT used in CGN provides a higher anti-anemic efficacy and a more pronounced antiproteinuric effect."	( [[Effect of erythropoietin and its combination with hypoxic altitude chamber training on the clinical and functional manifestations of chronic glomerulonephritis]. Aver'ianova, NI; Fomin, VV; Kaliev, KP; Kaliev, R; Murkamilov, IT, 2014)	0.4
"To observe the one-year neurologic prognostic outcome of newborns with moderate and severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) who received recombinant human erythropoietin (rhuEPO) combined with exogenous monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) treatment to provide new guidelines for clinical treatment."	( Influence of one-year neurologic outcome of treatment on newborns with moderate and severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy by rhuEP0 combined with ganglioside (GM1). Fang, F; Li, JL; Wang, WD; Ye, MY; Zeng, F; Zhang, AM; Zhu, XY, 2015)	0.42
" The control group received GMl treatment and observation group received rhuEPO combined with GMl treatment."	( Influence of one-year neurologic outcome of treatment on newborns with moderate and severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy by rhuEP0 combined with ganglioside (GM1). Fang, F; Li, JL; Wang, WD; Ye, MY; Zeng, F; Zhang, AM; Zhu, XY, 2015)	0.42
" NSC transplantation combined with EPO intraperitoneal injection may benefit axon regeneration in rats with transected spinal cord injury, and accelerate the functional recovery of the hindlimb locomotor."	( Effect of neural stem cell transplantation combined with erythropoietin injection on axon regeneration in adult rats with transected spinal cord injury. Huo, HJ; Jiang, JM; Wang, XL; Xiao, YL; Yan, HB; Zhao, Y; Zuo, Y, 2015)	0.42
"The aim of the present study is to investigate the protection effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in combination with EPO against hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) injury in neonatal mice."	( Mesenchymal stem cells in combination with erythropoietin repair hyperoxia-induced alveoli dysplasia injury in neonatal mice via inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling. Chao, S; Li, K; Liu, X; Luan, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, L; Zhang, Z, 2016)	0.43
" The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of treatment with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in combination with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) on BPD‑induced mouse lung injury, and discuss the underlying mechanism."	( Protective effects of BMSCs in combination with erythropoietin in bronchopulmonary dysplasia-induced lung injury. Jing, RS; Kong, F; Li, KL; Luan, Y; Pan, YY; Sun, C; Wang, YB; Zhang, L; Zhang, ZH, 2016)	0.43
" The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of different ratio combinations of Astragalus and Angelica on bone marrow hematopoiesis suppression induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX) and to probe the interaction and mechanism of Astragalus combined with Angelica in promoting hematopoiesis."	( Effects of Astragalus Combined with Angelica on Bone Marrow Hematopoiesis Suppression Induced by Cyclophosphamide in Mice. Chen, LB; Deng, CQ; Huang, XP; Li, F; Tang, R; Zhang, KS, 2017)	0.46
"We explored the clinical efficacy of vitamin A combined with vitamin B in the prevention and treatment of premature infants with anemia."	( Clinical study of vitamin A combined with vitamin B in prevention and treatment of anemia in premature infants. Chai, C; Hou, C; Wang, X, 2019)	0.51
" Vitamin A combined with recombinant human erythropoietin (group A), vitamin B combined with recombinant human erythropoietin (group B), vitamin A combined with vitamin B combined with recombinant human erythropoietin treatment (recorded as group C)."	( Clinical study of vitamin A combined with vitamin B in prevention and treatment of anemia in premature infants. Chai, C; Hou, C; Wang, X, 2019)	0.51
"Vitamin A combined with vitamin B can effectively prevent anemia in premature infants, which has important clinical significance."	( Clinical study of vitamin A combined with vitamin B in prevention and treatment of anemia in premature infants. Chai, C; Hou, C; Wang, X, 2019)	0.51
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Shengxue mixture combined with intraosseous blood infusion for treatment of aplastic anemia patients."	( [Efficacy of Shengxue Mixture Combined with Intraosseous Infusion for Treatment of Aplastic Anemia]. Liu, SX; Liu, YG; Luo, M; Qi, MF; Wang, PH, 2017)	0.46
"Shengxue mixture combined with Intraosseous infusion is a fast, efficient, safe method for the treatment of aplastic anemia."	( [Efficacy of Shengxue Mixture Combined with Intraosseous Infusion for Treatment of Aplastic Anemia]. Liu, SX; Liu, YG; Luo, M; Qi, MF; Wang, PH, 2017)	0.46
" we investigated the effect of the strong human EF1-α promoter combined with six cis-acting elements on transgene expression in transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells."	( Enhanced transgene expression using cis-acting elements combined with the EF1 promoter in a mammalian expression system. Guo, X; Li, YM; Wang, TY; Wang, W; Wang, XY; Wang, YF; Yang, XJ, 2018)	0.48
"Anemic patients with lower risk myelodysplastic syndromes are frequently treated with erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA), eventually in combination with granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)."	( Efficacy of granulocyte colony stimulating factor in combination with erythropoiesis stimulating agents for treatment of anemia in patients with lower risk myelodysplastic syndromes: A systematic review. Affentranger, L; Bohlius, J; Bonadies, N; Hallal, M, 2019)	0.51
"To investigate the effectiveness of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) combined with iron in treatment of anemia in elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures during perioperative period."	( [Clinical study of recombinant human erythropoietin combined with iron to correct perioperative anemia in elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures]. Duan, X; Liu, J; Long, Y; Wang, T; Xiang, Z, 2019)	0.51
"The application of rHuEPO combined with iron before operation in elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures can rapidly increase the hemoglobin level after operation, shorten the hospital stay, and do not increase the risk of deep venous thrombosis after operation."	( [Clinical study of recombinant human erythropoietin combined with iron to correct perioperative anemia in elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures]. Duan, X; Liu, J; Long, Y; Wang, T; Xiang, Z, 2019)	0.51
"To explore the clinical efficacy of iron sucrose combined with recombinant human erythropoietin(EPO) for the treatment of anemia in elderly patients with hip fracture."	( [Clinical observation of iron sucrose combined with recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of anemia of hip fracture in elderly patients]. Dai, ZH; Huang, H; Xu, HY, 2019)	0.51
" Among them, 32 cases in group A were treated with iron sucrose alone, 32 cases in group B were treated with recombinant human erythropoietin alone, and 32 cases in group C were treated with iron sucrose combined with recombinant human erythropoietin."	( [Clinical observation of iron sucrose combined with recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of anemia of hip fracture in elderly patients]. Dai, ZH; Huang, H; Xu, HY, 2019)	0.51
"This study evaluated whether recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) treatment combined with chronic hypoxia provided an additive erythropoietic response and whether the athlete biological passport (ABP) sensitivity improved with hypoxia."	( Hematological adaptations and detection of recombinant human erythropoietin combined with chronic hypoxia. Bejder, J; Bonne, TC; Breenfeldt Andersen, A; Huertas, JR; Linkis, J; Nordsborg, NB; Olsen, NV, 2021)	0.62
" But no study assesses the safety and efficacy of ESAs combined with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)."	( Erythropoietin combined with traditional Chinese medicine for chemotherapy-induced anemias: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis. Dou, CH; Huang, J; Song, SZ; Wang, LF, 2020)	0.56
"This study will be performed to test the efficacy and safety of ESAs combined with TCM for CIA in patients with cancer."	( Erythropoietin combined with traditional Chinese medicine for chemotherapy-induced anemias: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis. Dou, CH; Huang, J; Song, SZ; Wang, LF, 2020)	0.56
" Shortening the CERA treatment interval combined with iron supplementation may lead to the more efficient treatment of HD patients with iron deficiency."	( Potential effective treatment of shortening continuous erythropoietin receptor activator treatment interval combined with iron supplementation in hemodialysis patients. Azushima, K; Fujikawa, T; Kawai, Y; Kawano, T; Kinguchi, S; Kuji, T; Mitsuhashi, H; Ohnishi, T; Tamura, K; Toya, Y; Ueda, E; Wakui, H; Yamaguchi, S, 2021)	0.62
"Primary microglia were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and then treated with ADM, EPO, or ADM combined with EPO."	( Adalimumab combined with erythropoietin improves recovery from spinal cord injury by suppressing microglial M1 polarization-mediated neural inflammation and apoptosis. Liang, L; Liu, Y; Sun, Q; Zhang, F, 2023)	0.91
" Furthermore, ADM combined with EPO therapy exhibited greater effects than either monotherapy in terms of inhibiting microglial M1 polarization, neuroinflammation, and neural apoptosis."	( Adalimumab combined with erythropoietin improves recovery from spinal cord injury by suppressing microglial M1 polarization-mediated neural inflammation and apoptosis. Liang, L; Liu, Y; Sun, Q; Zhang, F, 2023)	0.91
"ADM combined with EPO improves recovery from SCI by suppressing microglial M1 polarization-mediated neural inflammation and apoptosis."	( Adalimumab combined with erythropoietin improves recovery from spinal cord injury by suppressing microglial M1 polarization-mediated neural inflammation and apoptosis. Liang, L; Liu, Y; Sun, Q; Zhang, F, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" We conclude that oral iron is poorly absorbed in most CAPD patients and that the oral iron absorption test may be helpful in identifying patients who are effective iron absorbers."	( Failure of CAPD patients to respond to an oral iron absorption test. Domoto, DT; Martin, KJ, 1992)	0.28
"To compare the bioavailability of intraperitoneal erythropoietin (EPO) administered undiluted versus diluted in 2 L of dialysis fluid."	( The pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal erythropoietin administered undiluted or diluted in dialysate. Bargman, JM; Jones, JE; Petro, JM, 1992)	0.28
"When EPO was administered undiluted, there was a greater than ninefold increase in bioavailability of the hormone as measured by the area under the curve (AUC), compared to when the same dose was diluted in 2 L of dialysis fluid."	( The pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal erythropoietin administered undiluted or diluted in dialysate. Bargman, JM; Jones, JE; Petro, JM, 1992)	0.28
"The previous studies that reported low bioavailability of intraperitoneal EPO used the hormone diluted in dialysate."	( The pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal erythropoietin administered undiluted or diluted in dialysate. Bargman, JM; Jones, JE; Petro, JM, 1992)	0.28
"Erythrocyte ferritin may be a better estimator of iron bioavailability than the conventional markers of iron stores (serum ferritin and transferrin saturation)."	( Assessment of iron status by erythrocyte ferritin in uremic patients with or without recombinant human erythropoietin therapy. Alonso, N; Aparicio, A; Arrobas, M; Caravaca, F; Cubero, J; Esparrago, J; Garcia, MC; Groiss, J; Pizarro, JL; Vagace, JM, 1992)	0.28
" delivery, disposition of the hormone is rate-limited by absorption, and bioavailability for these extravascular routes is poor."	( Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin in children with renal failure. Bowmer, CJ; Brocklebank, JT; Evans, JH; Ng, PC, 1991)	0.28
" The bioavailability of epoetin administered intraperitoneally in dialysis fluid is about 3 to 8%, but this may be increased by injecting the drug into a dry peritoneal cavity."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of epoetin (recombinant human erythropoietin). Coles, GA; Macdougall, IC; Roberts, DE; Williams, JD, 1991)	0.28
" The data support the hypothesis that aluminum interferes with the bioavailability of stored iron for erythropoiesis and thus may result in a microcytic anemia in patients with ESRD or may blunt their response to r-HuEPO therapy."	( Bioavailability of iron in hemodialysis patients treated with erythropoietin: evidence for the inhibitory role of aluminum. Ali, MA; Churchill, DN; Donnelly, SM, 1990)	0.28
" The biochemical evidence of functional iron deficiency and the response to aluminum chelation therapy support the hypothesis that the inhibitory effect of aluminum on erythropoiesis is mediated by the interference of aluminum with the bioavailability of iron."	( The role of aluminum in the functional iron deficiency of patients treated with erythropoietin: case report of clinical characteristics and response to treatment. Donnelly, SM; Smith, EK, 1990)	0.28
" The complete bioavailability of subcutaneous rhEPO after injection of 150 U/kg was 31."	( Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nielsen, OJ, 1990)	0.28
" dose and the bioavailability over 72 h was 36 (+/- 23)%."	( The pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin after intravenous and subcutaneous administration to healthy subjects. Danielson, BG; Salmonson, T; Wikström, B, 1990)	0.28
" The bioavailability of subcutaneous EPO (21."	( Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Coles, GA; Dharmasena, AD; Macdougall, IC; Neubert, P; Roberts, DE; Williams, JD, 1989)	0.28
" However, peak concentration, time to reach peak serum level, area under the curves, and bioavailability were substantially lower after intraperitoneal than after subcutaneous administration in group 2a and group 2b patients."	( Intraperitoneal recombinant human erythropoietin therapy: influence of the duration of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis treatment and peritonitis. Huang, TP; Lin, CY, 1995)	0.29
" In conclusion, the mean residence time was longer after administration in the thigh, probably due to delayed absorption, but bioavailability was not significantly different."	( The pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin after subcutaneous injection at different sites. Jensen, JD; Jensen, LW; Madsen, JK, 1994)	0.29
" After sc administration, the bioavailability was significantly lower in the patients (23."	( Reduced production, absorption, and elimination of erythropoietin in uremia compared with healthy volunteers. Jensen, JD; Jensen, LW; Madsen, JK; Pedersen, EB, 1994)	0.29
" In a pilot study we confirmed the lower bioavailability of the drug in 2 children when given SC compared with the IV route (24% and 43%, respectively)."	( Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin applied subcutaneously to children with chronic renal failure. Braun, A; Ding, R; Fies, T; Kurtz, A; Schärer, K; Seidel, C, 1993)	0.29
" The maximum concentration of erythropoietin after subcutaneous doses of rHuEPO was variable, but bioavailability was high (42%) compared with values reported in adults."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin in preterm infants after intravenous and subcutaneous administration. Brown, MS; Christensen, RD; Jones, MA; Ohls, RK, 1993)	0.29
" The bioavailability from a subcutaneous depot was 80% in dogs, 76% in rats, and 70% in mice."	( Kinetics of subcutaneous versus intravenous epoetin-beta in dogs, rats and mice. Bleuel, H; Hoffmann, R; Kaufmann, B; Neubert, P; Ochlich, PP; Schaumann, W, 1996)	0.29
" In addition, untreated CRF mice showed markedly increased serum levels of low molecular weight binding proteins for IGF-1, potentially reducing the bioavailability of IGF-1."	( Subtherapeutic erythropoietin and insulin-like growth factor-1 correct the anemia of chronic renal failure in the mouse. Brox, AG; Gagnon, RF; Guyda, H; Zhang, F, 1996)	0.29
"The nonlinear pharmacokinetics (1000, 5000, and 10000 IU/kg) and tissue distribution (5000 IU/kg) of erythropoietin (EPO) after intravenous administration of recombinant human EPO (rhuEPO) to rabbits, extent of absolute bioavailability (F) of EPO after subcutaneous administration (5000 IU/kg) to rabbits, and pharmacokinetics of EPO after intravenous administration to 3/4 nephrectomized rats (1000 IU/kg) were investigated."	( Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin in rabbits and 3/4 nephrectomized rats. Kim, IC; Lee, MG; Park, SJ; Yoon, WH, 1997)	0.3
"0001) in the rhEPO group indicate that the iron requirement for hemoglobin synthesis is probably covered by the breakdown of stored iron and an increase in the rate of absorption of orally administered Fe2+."	( The estimation of efficacy of oral iron supplementation during treatment with epoetin beta (recombinant human erythropoietin) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Franke, W; Messinger, D; Scigalla, P; Sowade, B; Sowade, O; Warnke, H, 1998)	0.3
"The absorption rate of epoetin alfa after subcutaneous administration was independent of dose, whereas clearance was dose-dependent in that it decreased with increasing dose."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human erythropoietin after single and multiple subcutaneous doses to healthy subjects. Cheung, WK; Goon, BL; Guilfoyle, MC; Wacholtz, MC, 1998)	0.3
" The area under the curve was 5,818 mU/h/mL, and relative bioavailability was similar to that found using subcutaneous (SC) dosing."	( Intraperitoneal erythropoietin in children on peritoneal dialysis: A study of pharmacokinetics and efficacy. Brandt, JR; Godwin, DA; Hansen, C; Kausz, AT; Palmer, RB; Watkins, SL, 1999)	0.3
" However, bioavailability is improved by instilling the dose into a dry peritoneum."	( Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal epoetin alfa in patients on peritoneal dialysis using an 8-hour "dry dwell" dosing technique. Johnson, CA; Kosorok, MR; Taylor, CA; Zimmerman, SW, 1999)	0.3
" The peak concentration of subcutaneous NESP was approximately 10% of that following intravenous administration, and bioavailability was approximately 37% by the subcutaneous route."	( Pharmacokinetics of novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein compared with epoetin alfa in dialysis patients. Breen, C; Browne, J; Egrie, J; Elston, O; Gray, SJ; Jenkins, B; Macdougall, IC, 1999)	0.3
" As rHuEPO efficacy depends on the bioavailability of iron, we monitored the effect of consistent iron supplementation on hematocrit levels and rHuEPO dosage."	( [Clinical and economic significance of iron replacement in anemia treated with recombinant human erythropoietin in patients on hemodialysis]. Bahbouh, R; Herink, J; Horácková, M; Půtová, I; Rychlík, I; Safárová, R; Vanková, S, 2001)	0.31
" The mean bioavailability of NESP after subcutaneous administration is approximately 37%, similar to that reported for rHuEPO."	( An overview of the efficacy and safety of novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein (NESP). Macdougall, IC, 2001)	0.31
" Also potentially modulating response to EPO is diurnal variation in the bioavailability of serum iron."	( Gender modulates responsiveness to recombinant erythropoietin. Delosreyes, G; Friedman, EA; Ifudu, O; Rajwani, I; Reydel, K; Uribarri, J; Vlacich, V, 2001)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated 90% oral bioavailability of 2 SCFADs, and targeted plasma levels were maintained for several hours after single oral doses equivalent to 10% to 20% of doses required for butyrate."	( Short-chain fatty acid derivatives induce fetal globin expression and erythropoiesis in vivo. Boosalis, MS; Dover, GJ; Faller, DV; Pace, BS; Perrine, SP; White, GL, 2002)	0.31
"8 h and a mean bioavailability of 54%."	( Pharmacokinetics of darbepoetin alfa in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. Bunchman, TE; Heatherington, A; Jabs, K; Kale, AS; Lerner, G; Maroni, BJ; Messer-Mann, L; Olson, K; Warady, BA, 2002)	0.31
" Absorption was slow (t(max) approximately 24 hours), and the bioavailability of SC rHuEpo increased with dose (ranging from 46%-100%)."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of recombinant human erythropoietin after single and multiple doses in healthy volunteers. Cheung, WK; Jusko, WJ; Minton, N; Ramakrishnan, R; Wacholtz, MC, 2004)	0.32
" HepG2-cells were used to investigate effects of ascorbic acid on iron bioavailability for the intracellular labile iron pool (LIP) from IVI by using the fluorescent calcein-assay, and cellular ferritin content was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)."	( Intravenous iron preparations and ascorbic acid: effects on chelatable and bioavailable iron. Goldenberg, H; Laggner, H; Scheiber-Mojdehkar, B; Sturm, B; Ternes, N, 2005)	0.33
" Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and its accumulation has been associated with reducing NO bioavailability and increasing superoxide generation."	( Erythropoietin increases asymmetric dimethylarginine in endothelial cells: role of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase. Bode-Böger, SM; Kielstein, JT; Martens-Lobenhoffer, J; Postel, SC; Scalera, F; Täger, M, 2005)	0.33
" The use of CNTs as LFNPS, improved the bioavailability of EPO to 11."	( Liquid filled nanoparticles as a drug delivery tool for protein therapeutics. Ito, Y; Shibata, N; Takada, K; Venkatesan, N; Yoshimitsu, J, 2005)	0.33
"75 microg/kg SC) pharmacokinetics were similar in CHF patients and healthy subjects, with a mean (+/-SD) bioavailability of 29 (+/-11)% and 37 (+/-8)%, respectively."	( Once-monthly administration of darbepoetin alfa for the treatment of patients with chronic heart failure and anemia: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigation. Agoram, B; Ball, S; Burton, PB; Cleland, JG; Fuentealba, P; Horowitz, JD; Rosser, D; Sullivan, JT; Tin, L; Yates, W, 2005)	0.33
" The values of bioavailability (BA) of EPO were 82."	( Self-dissolving microneedles for the percutaneous absorption of EPO in mice. Ito, Y; Shiroyama, K; Sugioka, N; Takada, K; Yoshimitsu, J, 2006)	0.33
" The covariate analysis showed that increasing body weight may be related to increasing clearance and central compartment volume, and that the absorption rate constant decreased with increasing age."	( Population pharmacokinetics of darbepoetin alfa in healthy subjects. Agoram, B; Sullivan, JT; Sutjandra, L, 2007)	0.34
" A SC control group was used to determine the absolute bioavailability (F (sys))."	( The absorption of darbepoetin alfa occurs predominantly via the lymphatics following subcutaneous administration to sheep. Charman, SA; Edwards, GA; Heatherington, AC; Martin, SW; McLennan, DN; Porter, CJ, 2006)	0.33
" The bioavailability was virtually complete following SC injection into the interdigital space (88."	( The absorption of darbepoetin alfa occurs predominantly via the lymphatics following subcutaneous administration to sheep. Charman, SA; Edwards, GA; Heatherington, AC; Martin, SW; McLennan, DN; Porter, CJ, 2006)	0.33
" In hemodialysis patients, subcutaneous epoetin omega apparently provides greater bioavailability and anti-anemic effect per administered dose (IU) than epoetin alpha."	( Comparison of two epoetin brands in anemic hemodialysis patients: results of two efficacy trials and a single-dose pharmacokinetic study. Milutinović, S; Plavljanić, E; Trkulja, V, 2006)	0.33
"36 h, respectively, and the bioavailability rate after subcutaneous administration was 47%."	( Pharmacokinetic study of darbepoetin alfa: absorption, distribution, and excretion after a single intravenous and subcutaneous administration to rats. Kato, K; Kitajima, SI; Misaizu, T; Mitsuoka, C; Ogata, H; Shindo, H; Yoshioka, E, 2007)	0.34
" The bioavailability of subcutaneous rHuEPO increased from 30% at low doses to 71% at the highest dose of 160 kIU and was described using a hyperbolic model."	( Population pharmacokinetics meta-analysis of recombinant human erythropoietin in healthy subjects. Jacqmin, P; Olsson-Gisleskog, P; Perez-Ruixo, JJ, 2007)	0.34
"9, which showed less bioavailability (BA) of EPO."	( Effect of fiber length of carbon nanotubes on the absorption of erythropoietin from rat small intestine. Hirako, N; Ito, Y; Sugioka, N; Takada, K; Venkatesan, N, 2007)	0.34
"The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of lymphatics to the systemic bioavailability of macromolecules following SC administration in a rat model."	( The role of the lymphatic system in subcutaneous absorption of macromolecules in the rat model. Amsili, S; Ezov, N; Gershkovich, P; Hoffman, A; Kagan, L; Mendelman, A, 2007)	0.34
" Although many authors and clinical practice guidelines recommend primary oral iron supplementation in ESA-treated PD patients, numerous studies have clearly demonstrated that, because of a combination of poor bioavailability of oral iron, gastrointestinal intolerance, and noncompliance, oral iron supplementation is insufficient for maintaining a positive iron balance in these patients over time."	( Intravenous versus oral iron supplementation in peritoneal dialysis patients. Johnson, DW, 2007)	0.34
" FG-2216 was orally bioavailable and induced significant and reversible Epo induction in vivo (82- to 309-fold at 60 mg/kg)."	( HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibition results in endogenous erythropoietin induction, erythrocytosis, and modest fetal hemoglobin expression in rhesus macaques. Donahue, RE; Hsieh, MM; Klaus, SJ; Langsetmo, I; Lin, A; Linde, NS; Metzger, M; Rodgers, GP; Smith, R; Tisdale, JF; Wong, C; Wynter, A, 2007)	0.34
" absorption rate and bioavailability parameters of rHuEPO were examined."	( Interspecies comparisons of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human erythropoietin. Jusko, WJ; Woo, S, 2007)	0.34
" Epo also enhances nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability through endothelial NO synthase transcription and activation, and exerts antiapoptotic actions through Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL."	( Erythropoietin in heart and vessels: focus on transcription and signalling pathways. Agati, L; Andreotti, F; Autore, C; Coluzzi, G; Conti, E; Lavorgna, A; Marzo, F; Rio, T; Santucci, E; Tarantino, F, 2008)	0.35
"03 L), absorption rate constant (0."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling of epoetin delta in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. Dowell, JA; Gastonguay, M; Knebel, W; Palmen, M, 2008)	0.35
"The subcutaneous bioavailability of a new recombinant erythropoietin preparation (epoetin zeta, CAS 604802-70-2) and the pharmacokinetic properties of this drug compared to a reference product (epoetin alfa, CAS 113427-24-0) were analyzed after a single intravenous bolus injection or subcutaneous injection of 10,000 IU in a three-period crossover design in 48 healthy volunteers."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of two recombinant human erythropoietin preparations: epoetin zeta and epoetin alfa. 2nd Communication: A monocentric, double-blind, randomized, single dose, three-period crossover trial in healthy volunteers. Arsova, S; Bronn, A; Dimitrova, V; Kirkov, V; Koytchev, R; Kromminga, A; Richter, W; Siebert-Weigel, M; Wolf-Pflugmann, M, 2008)	0.35
" Various strategies for EPO delivery have been investigated for increasing EPO bioavailability and decreasing side effects, including nano/micro particles, PEGylation of EPO and transport-mediated delivery systems."	( Erythropoiesis-stimulating protein delivery in providing erythropoiesis and neuroprotection. Chang, ZY; Chiang, CH; Lu, DW; Yeh, MK, 2008)	0.35
" In the initial part of the exercise bout there was a release of EPO from the exercising leg to the circulation, possibly corresponding to an increased bioavailability of EPO."	( Activation of the erythropoietin receptor in human skeletal muscle. Eisleitner, K; Fischer, H; Gustafsson, T; Jansson, E; Rullman, E; Rundqvist, H; Ståhlberg, M; Sundberg, CJ; Sundblad, P, 2009)	0.35
" Bioavailability (BA) values of EPO delivered from SDMAs were calculated to be 39."	( Self-dissolving micropile array chip as percutaneous delivery system of protein drug. Fukushima, K; Hasegawa, R; Ito, Y; Sugioka, N; Takada, K, 2010)	0.36
" The antiulcerogenic effects of erythropoietin may be related to its intrinsic ability to sustain the activities of free-radical scavenging enzymes and the bioavailability of glutathione."	( The role of erythropoietin in the protection of gastric mucosa from indometacin-induced gastric injury and its relationship with oxidant and antioxidant parameters in rats. Albayrak, F; Albayrak, Y; Bayir, Y; Dursun, H; Halici, Z; Koc, F; Odabasoglu, F; Polat, B; Suleyman, H; Uyanik, A, 2010)	0.36
" Its etiology is multifactorial, but the major cause is low dietary iron bioavailability exacerbated by parasitic infections such as malaria."	( Afebrile Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia decreases absorption of fortification iron but does not affect systemic iron utilization: a double stable-isotope study in young Beninese women. Ahouandjinou, E; Cercamondi, CI; Dossa, R; Egli, IM; Hounhouigan, J; Hurrell, RF; Salami, L; Tanno, T; Tjalsma, H; Wiegerinck, E; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2010)	0.36
" Further preclinical and clinical studies are needed to evaluate the potential significance of this alternative route for increasing EPO bioavailability and decreasing side effects."	( Intranasal erythropoietin therapy in nervous system disorders. Digicaylioglu, M; Genc, K; Genc, S; Oner, MG; Zadeoglulari, Z, 2011)	0.37
"Erythropoietin (EPO), the key hormone for erythropoiesis, also increases nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in endothelial cells (ECs), yet the definitive mechanisms are not fully understood."	( β Common receptor integrates the erythropoietin signaling in activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Chen, CY; Chiang, AN; Ching, LC; Kou, YR; Lee, TS; Pan, CC; Shyue, SK; Su, KH; Yu, YB, 2011)	0.37
"The results show, for the first time in a prospective randomized clinical study, equivalent bioavailability at steady state and similar potency of the US-marketed Epogen® and the European-marketed Binocrit®."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of one US-marketed and two European-marketed epoetin alfas: a randomized prospective study. Lissy, M; Ode, M; Roth, K, 2011)	0.37
" Growth factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well as erythropoietin (EPO) are known to modulate the bioavailability of nitric oxide and, thereby, contribute to the maintenance of a normal vascular tone."	( Exercise training restores the endothelial response to vascular growth factors in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Adams, V; Beck, EB; Blüher, M; Erbs, S; Hambrecht, R; Linke, A; Möbius-Winkler, S; Mohr, FW; Schuler, G; Stumvoll, M; Walther, T; Woitek, FJ, 2012)	0.38
" While heme is absorbed intact, the bioavailability of non-heme iron varies greatly depending on dietary composition."	( Intestinal iron absorption: regulation by dietary & systemic factors. Sharp, PA, 2010)	0.36
"Hepcidin regulates plasma iron bioavailability and subsequently iron availability for erythropoiesis."	( Early effects of erythropoietin on serum hepcidin and serum iron bioavailability in healthy volunteers. Bouguen, G; Deugnier, Y; Hamon, C; Lainé, F; Laviolle, B; Loréal, O; Massart, C; Morcet, J; Ropert, M; Westermann, M, 2012)	0.38
" In both LDC and intact rats, the total radioactivity recoveries in excreta after subcutaneous administration were high (70-80%), indicating that catabolism, not poor absorption, was the main cause for the observed low bioavailability (30-40%)."	( Lymphatic transport and catabolism of therapeutic proteins after subcutaneous administration to rats and dogs. Adreani, C; Chen, N; Cunningham, P; Fauty, S; Groff, M; Hamuro, L; Hong, X; Johnson, CV; Liu, L; Michel, K; Nunes, CN; Prueksaritanont, T; Shen, X; Wang, B; Wang, W; Yin, KC; Zou, Y, 2012)	0.38
"To analyze the interconnection between erythropoiesis and iron metabolism, one of the issues raised in this study was to know iron bioavailability under physiopathological conditions."	( Physiological focus on the erythropoietin-hepcidin-ferroportin axis. D'Anna, MC; Roque, ME, 2013)	0.39
" Moreover, EPO decreased the levels of superoxide anions and increased NO bioavailability in cerebral microvessels of hph1 mice."	( Erythropoietin increases bioavailability of tetrahydrobiopterin and protects cerebral microvasculature against oxidative stress induced by eNOS uncoupling. d'Uscio, LV; Katusic, ZS; Santhanam, AV, 2014)	0.4
" These modifications may result in lower efficacy, as well as bioavailability changes and antigenicity among the protein pharmaceuticals."	( Structural identification of modified amino acids on the interface between EPO and its receptor from EPO BRP, human recombinant erythropoietin by LC/MS analysis. Byeon, J; Choi, YJ; Kim, HH; Moon, DB; Song, KE; Suh, JK, 2014)	0.4
" In particular, reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) is a key pathophysiologic component of endothelial dysfunction."	( Pathogenesis and treatment of the cardiorenal syndrome: Implications of L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway impairment. Kaye, DM; Nanayakkara, S; Rajapakse, NW, 2015)	0.42
"Iron bioavailability has been identified as a factor that influences cellular hypoxia sensing, putatively via an action on the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway."	( Clinical iron deficiency disturbs normal human responses to hypoxia. Cheng, HY; Curtis, MK; Dorrington, KL; Frise, MC; Nickol, AH; Pollard, KA; Ratcliffe, PJ; Robbins, PA; Roberts, DJ, 2016)	0.43
"The higher bioavailability of iron bisglycinate chelate resulted in a lower load of elemental iron, a quarter of the dose, and achieved equivalent efficacy compared to iron sulfate."	( Efficacy of Supplementation with Iron Sulfate Compared to Iron Bisglycinate Chelate in Preterm Infants. Bagna, R; Bertino, E; Boetti, T; Cester, EA; Coscia, A; Mazzone, R; Saracco, P; Spada, E, 2018)	0.48
" The mice were then subjected to bioavailability assay and therapeutic effects evaluation."	( Intranasal administration of erythropoietin rescues the photoreceptors in degenerative retina: a noninvasive method to deliver drugs to the eye. Li, C; Qin, L; Qu, Y; Tao, Y; Wang, W; Xiong, Z; Yao, A; Zhang, J, 2019)	0.51
" EPO topical ocular administration has not been tested yet and its bioavailability could be improved by mucoadhesive hydrogels."	( New nanoparticles for topical ocular delivery of erythropoietin. Almeida, AJ; Braz, BS; Delgado, E; Gonçalves, L; Marto, J; Silva, B, 2020)	0.56
" Further preclinical trials are required to increase the therapeutic bioavailability (in vivo biological identity alteration, passage through the lung capillaries or the blood brain barrier, and timely degradation followed by removal of the nanocarriers from the body) and decrease the adverse effects (hematological complications, neurotoxicity, and cytotoxicity), especially of the nanocarrier."	( Targeted Delivery of Erythropoietin Hybridized with Magnetic Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Central Nervous System Injury: A Literature Review. Hwang, CH, 2020)	0.56
" JTZ-951 (enarodustat) has been characterized as a novel, orally bioavailable inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH), and has been developed as a novel therapeutic agent for anemia with CKD."	( JTZ-951 (enarodustat), a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, improves iron utilization and anemia of inflammation: Comparative study against recombinant erythropoietin in rat. Fukui, K; Kobayashi, H; Matsuo, A; Matsushita, M; Shinozaki, Y; Yoshiuchi, H, 2021)	0.62

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" These effects might be obtained with a lower dosage of the drug."	( Androgen trial in renal anaemia. Gibbons, AR; Gyde, OH; Harris, BR; Naik, RB; Robinson, BH, 1978)	0.26
" The epo dose-response curves for CFU-E colony counts and day-2 hemoglobin synthesis were similar, and the cell-number-response curves for these two paramaters were parallel."	( The relationship of hemoglobin synthesis to erythroid colony and burst formation. Eliason, JF; Goldwasser, E; Van Zant, G, 1979)	0.26
" Erythropoietin dose-response curves performed in two patients revealed a 10-fold increase in erythropoietin requirement for marrow CFU-E colony growth."	( Erythroid precursors in congenital hypoplastic (Diamond-Blackfan) anemia. Alter, BP; Clarke, BJ; Hillman, DG; Housman, DE; Nathan, DG, 1978)	0.26
" A method of correction for the influence of iron on the dose-response relationship of human sera is presented."	( Modified method of erythropoietin (ESF) bioassay in vitro using mouse fetal liver cells. I. Effect of serum iron on 59Fe incorporation into heme. de Klerk, G; Goudsmit, R; Hart, AA; Kruiswijk, C, 1978)	0.26
" The expression of results in erythropoietin units (implying quantitation) in the absence of similar dose-response relationships for Standard and Test materials can lead to errors in the estimated potency which differ markedly from the true potency."	( Technical comments on the bioassay of erythropoietin. Dunn, CD; Napier, JA, 1978)	0.26
" There was prominent stimulation of colony formation by erythropoietin, and the shape of the erythropoietin dose-response cruves appeared to be similar in both patients and controls."	( Polycythemia vera: hormonal modulation of erythropoiesis in vitro. Bersch, N; Cline, MJ; Golde, DW, 1977)	0.26
" Dose-response curves for serum ESA show highly significant parallelism with those obtained from sheep plasma erythropoietin and the International Reference Preparation of human urinary erythropoietin."	( Pathophysiological changes in serum erythropoiesis stimulating activity. Dunn, CD; Ford, TW; Napier, JA; Price, V, 1977)	0.26
" Phenylhdrazine hydrochloride, in the dosage of 60 mg/kg, was injected into mice subcutaneously on days 0, 1, and 3, and mice were sacrified on days 0, 2, 4, 7, and 10 for assessment of erythropoietic precursors."	( Erthropoietic precursors in mice with phenylhydrazine-induced anemia. Hara, H; Ogawa, M, 1976)	0.26
" The second and third responded similarly to either a combined cyclophosphamide + antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) treatment or to ALG administration preceded by a small dosage of cyclophosphamide, which had proved ineffective when administered alone."	( Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA): Response of three patients of cyclophosphamide and/or antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) and demonstration of two types of serum IgG inhibitors to erythropoiesis. Condorelli, M; Marmont, A; Peschle, C; Sanguineti, M, 1975)	0.25
" A dose-response relationship was demonstrated between the volume of thrombopoietically active production medium injected and the level of isotope that subsequently appeared in the circulating platelets."	( Thrombopoietin production by human embryonic kidney cells in culture. Barlow, GH; Clift, R; Lange, RD; McDonald, TP; Nolan, C; Tribby, II, 1975)	0.25
" This allows a full dose-response relationship to the sera to be determined and, by a comparison with an erythropoietin standard, detailed quantitative results can be obtained."	( A quantitative bioassay for erythropoietin using mouse fetal liver cells. Dunn, CD; Greenman, JM; Jarvis, JH, 1975)	0.25
"A reliable dose-response curve has been established by exposing normal mice to graded doses of exogenous erythropoietin (ESF)."	( Production of and response to erythropoietin in the splenectomized mouse. Alippi, RM; Alvarez Ugarte, CA; Bozzini, CE; Giglio, MJ; Martínez, MA; Soriano, G, 1976)	0.26
" The plasma ECSA and standard EPO showed parallel dose-response curves and additive effect on CFU-E stimulation."	( Neutralization and immunoaffinity chromatography of erythroid colony-stimulating activity in mouse plasma by an anti-erythropoietin monoclonal antibody. Enoki, Y; Sakata, S; Ueda, M, 1992)	0.28
" To comply with the manufacturer's recommendation to enter a vial only once, a dosing regimen had to be established that used a standard dose of 2,000 or 4,000 units."	( Clinical experience with erythropoietin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Eby, SR; Jensen, SR; McMurray, SD; McWilliams, MP; Rice, C, 1992)	0.28
" The amounts of these analogues gave straight logarithmic dose-response curves when plotted against the count of particles resistant to hemolysing reagent, which particles were mostly immature reticulocytes."	( In vivo biological activities of recombinant human erythropoietin analogues produced by CHO cells, BHK cells and C127 cells. Abe, S; Hayakawa, T; Miyashita, M; Mizuno, K; Ueda, M; Wada, M, 1992)	0.28
" The ECSA in fetal and neonatal plasmas showed dose-response curves parallel to standard Epo curve and additive effects with standard Epo on the colony formation."	( Developmental changes in plasma erythroid colony-stimulating activity in mice: cyclic erythropoiesis associated with rapid growth. Enoki, Y; Sakata, S, 1992)	0.28
" Maintenance Epo dosage was 120 +/- 32 U/kg bodyweight/week, roughly 4000 units/week."	( Low-dose subcutaneous erythropoietin corrects the anaemia of renal transplant failure. Belitsky, P; Hirsch, DJ; Jindal, KK; Whalen, MA, 1992)	0.28
" Various treatment schedules have been tried and compared; there are now reports of dosage frequencies varying from once daily to once weekly."	( Treatment of renal anemia with recombinant human erythropoietin. Macdougall, IC, 1992)	0.28
" Recombinant human (rHu) EPO (5000 units) in a dosing solution or in a rectal suppository was placed in the rectum of healthy rats and changes in serum EPO levels were monitored by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay."	( Effects of salicylate and other enhancers on rectal absorption of erythropoietin in rats. Kawanishi, G; Mizuno, A; Ueda, M, 1992)	0.28
" The following parameters were recorded: basal and hemoglobin target point, time and dosage of response, incidence of arterial hypertension, diastolic and systolic left ventricular diameters, interventricular septum and posterior wall thickness, ejection fraction, fractional fiber shortening, left ventricular mass index, cardiac output index and peripheral resistance index."	( Could CAPD modulate the hemodynamic changes induced by rHuEPO treatment? Fernández, A; Hortal, L; Jimenez, F; Laraudogoitía, E; Macía, M; Palop, L; Perdomo, M; Plaza, C; Vega, N, 1992)	0.28
" The intraperitoneal administration of rHuEPO in CAPD patients is sufficient in improving anemia, although it requires a much larger dosage to yield the same level of improvement as the one obtained with the intravenous administration."	( Effect of erythropoietin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients: comparison between intravenous and intraperitoneal administration. Hayashida, S; Mitui, H; Nasu, T; Ohtuka, H; Shinohara, Y, 1992)	0.28
" We now have shown that E-CSF also acts on CFU-E by increasing their sensitivity to Epo markedly, resulting in a tenfold left-shift in the Epo dose-response curve."	( B-lymphocyte-derived burst-promoting activity is a pleiotropic erythroid colony-stimulating factor, E-CSF. Feldman, L; Frazier, JG; Sytkowski, AJ, 1992)	0.28
" The original 8 to 12 week dosage was directed by protocol for units per dose at 3 doses per week (4 IV, 3 subcutaneous)."	( RBC improved survival due to recombinant human erythropoietin explains effectiveness of less frequent, low dose subcutaneous therapy. Kahn, SB; Kelch, B; Kim, KE; Pequignot, E; Schwartz, AB, 1992)	0.28
" The initial administration dosage was 6000IU/week."	( [Study of recombinant human erythropoietin treatment on the anemia of predialysis patients]. Furukawa, A; Hirohata, M; Imagawa, A; Kaifu, Y; Miki, S; Miyake, H; Nakazora, H; Numata, A; Obayashi, S; Sumikura, T, 1992)	0.28
" EPOCH was administered intravenously once a week with the dosage of 3,000-9,000 IU for 8 weeks."	( [Pharmacokinetics and clinical effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on the anemia of predialysis patients]. Itoh, A; Kobayashi, M; Sakamoto, N; Watanabe, Y; Yamamoto, N; Yamazaki, C, 1992)	0.28
" This adaptive process allows more accurate patient-specific predictions, and hence a more rational dosage planning."	( Drug delivery optimization through Bayesian networks. Bellazzi, R, 1992)	0.28
" Changes in haemoglobin concentrations were described by a linear additive dose-response model, defined by an efficacy constant (Keff) and the mean erythrocyte lifetime (MRTHb)."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human erythropoietin in haemodialysis patients. Brockmöller, J; Köchling, J; Looby, M; Neumayer, HH; Roots, I; Weber, W, 1992)	0.28
"Hematocrit changes, status of iron stores, incidence of peritonitis, and dosage of Erythropoietin."	( The effect of recombinant erythropoietin on the early hematocrit rise after CAPD initiation. Golper, TA, 1992)	0.28
" Also, r-HuEPO may allow modest dosage increments in chemotherapy or the addition of abdominopelvic radiotherapy."	( Recombinant human erythropoietin in patients with ovarian carcinoma and anaemia secondary to cisplatin and carboplatin chemotherapy: preliminary results. Belli, F; Cowan, R; James, RD; Welch, R; Wilkinson, PM, 1992)	0.28
" In recent years, r-HuEPO has been tested in other types of anaemia, some of which are fully discussed in this supplement together with various dosage regimens and routes of administration."	( Current and potential applications for erythropoietin. Pedrazzini, A, 1992)	0.28
" An r-HuEPO dosage of 150 U/kg was administered subcutaneously 3 times weekly and increased to 300 U/kg in patients who failed to raise plasma concentrations of transferrin receptor protein by at least one third."	( Effectiveness of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy in myelodysplastic syndromes. Adamson, JW; Allen, S; Haley, NR; Schuster, M, 1992)	0.28
" Reduction of the rHuEPO dosage and subcutaneous administration produce less rapid increases in the hematocrit and may lessen the incidence and severity of these side effects."	( Anemia of renal failure. Use of erythropoietin. Humphries, JE, 1992)	0.28
"The effect of intravenous recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) by two different dosage regimes was evaluated in 12 anemic children on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)."	( Human erythropoietin in children undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Hisano, S; Kaku, Y; Onoyama, K; Ueda, K, 1992)	0.28
" Serum dose-response curves were parallel to the standard dose-response curve."	( A sensitive sandwich ELISA for measuring erythropoietin in human serum. Kubanek, B; Noé, G; Rich, IN; Riedel, W, 1992)	0.28
" Further studies are needed to better define the optimal dosage required to correct anemia in myelodysplastic syndromes, and to clarify rhEpo mechanism of action in these diseases."	( Recombinant human erythropoietin for treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes. Bacci, P; Ferrini, PR; Grossi, A; Longo, G; Rafanelli, D; Vannucchi, AM, 1992)	0.28
" In rats, rabbits and dogs given the same doses of SNB-5001, each dose-response curve of hemopoiesis almost showed parallelism."	( [Pharmacodynamics and therapeutic usage of recombinant human erythropoietin (SNB-5001) in animal models]. Hirabayashi, M; Masunaga, H; Sawai, T; Takahira, R, 1992)	0.28
" A 2 month course of intravenous r-HuEPO given at stable dosage was followed by a 6 month course of subcutaneous r-Hu EPO."	( [Comparison of the efficacy and tolerance of recombinant human erythropoietin between intravenous and subcutaneous administration in chronic hemodialysis. Prospective multicenter study]. Leski, M; Pechère-Bertschi, A; Ruedin, P; Stoerman, C, 1992)	0.28
"1 micrograms/kg, the concentration in the bone marrow was about 2-fold higher than that of plasma, the concentration in the spleen was lower than that in the plasma 30 min after dosing of rh-EPO."	( Pharmacokinetics and distribution of recombinant erythropoietin in rats. Kato, M; Kinoshita, H; Ohishi, N; Okazaki, A; Tokura, S, 1992)	0.28
" Dose-response curve for the plasma was parallel to the EPO standard curve."	( Improved microbioassay for plasma erythropoietin based on CFU-E colony formation. Enoki, Y; Sakata, S, 1992)	0.28
"The clinical pharmacology of human recombinant erythropoietin (epoetin) was studied in order to compare the effectiveness of various routes and dosing schedules in dialysis patients."	( Clinical pharmacology and economics of recombinant human erythropoietin in end-stage renal disease: the case for subcutaneous administration. Besarab, A; Caro, J; Erslev, AJ; Flaharty, KK; McCrea, JB; Medina, F; Morris, E; Vlasses, PH, 1992)	0.28
" The dose-response curve of the binding to this type of membrane was linear."	( Hemodialysis membrane biocompatibility: the case of erythropoietin. Cheung, AK; DeSpain, M; Hohnholt, M; Leypoldt, JK, 1991)	0.28
" Conservative management of hematologic toxicity includes dosage reduction or cessation of therapy, diagnosis and treatment of chronic debilitating diseases, and supportive care, such as blood transfusions."	( Hematologic toxicity of zidovudine in HIV-infected patients. Brogan, KL; Zell, SC, 1990)	0.28
" In examining hematopoietic growth factor dose-response curves, both JCML GM and erythroid nonadherent progenitor cell populations displayed a marked and selective hypersensitivity to GM-CSF."	( Selective hypersensitivity to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by juvenile chronic myeloid leukemia hematopoietic progenitors. Bates, LJ; Castleberry, RP; Emanuel, PD; Gualtieri, RJ; Zuckerman, KS, 1991)	0.28
" Culturing cells in liquid cultures and in plasma clots, a similar dose-response was observed for granulocytic cells/liquid culture and granulocytic colonies/plasma clot with rhGM-CSF, and also for erythroid cells/liquid culture and erythroid colonies/plasma clot with rhEPO."	( A liquid culture method for the in vitro growth of hemopoietic progenitor cells from normal human adult peripheral blood allowing for analysis by multiparameter flow-cytometry. Huhn, D; Säuberlich, S; Serke, S, 1991)	0.28
" Analysis of the hematocrit values of the patients with the model, by use of NONMEM, a computer program for analysis of population data, reveals a nonlinear dose-response relationship with large interindividual variability (coefficient of variation) of about 50%."	( A pharmacodynamic model of erythropoietin therapy for uremic anemia. Gotch, FA; Sheiner, LB; Uehlinger, DE, 1992)	0.28
" The weekly rHuEPO dose did not differ, but the dosing frequency was less in CAPD than in HD patients."	( Response of continuous peritoneal dialysis patients to subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin differs from that of hemodialysis patients. Besarab, A; Golper, TA, )	0.13
" A dose-response trial compared epoetin, 25 U/kg (N = 42), 100 U/kg (N = 40), and 200 U/kg (N = 39) for 138 days."	( Blood pressure in hemodialysis patients during amelioration of anemia with erythropoietin. Abraham, PA; Macres, MG, 1991)	0.28
" The rHuEPO dosage was then adjusted according to the hematologic response."	( Once weekly versus twice weekly subcutaneous administration of recombinant human erythropoietin in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Lai, KN; Law, CB; Li, P; Lui, SF; Ting, SM, 1991)	0.28
" Additional studies are needed to further characterize the effects of CDDP on EPO production and secretion and to determine optimal dosing schedules for r-Hu EPO in pediatric patients who receive CDDP and other myelosuppressive chemotherapy."	( Erythropoietin deficiency: a complication of cisplatin therapy and its treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin. Bray, GL; Reaman, GH, 1991)	0.28
" The study was carried out through the dosage of the serum levels of neopterin, a substance produced by the macrophages and usable as a marker of their state of activation."	( Influence of therapy with recombinant erythropoietin on serum levels of neopterin in hemodialyzed subjects. Allegra, A; Aloisi, C; Buemi, M; Frisina, N, 1991)	0.28
" For the intraperitoneal group, despite a higher average rHuEPO dosage (133 +/- 7 U/kg body weight/week), the hemoglobin level was not significantly altered (7."	( Effect of subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration of recombinant human erythropoietin on blood pressure and vasoactive hormones in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Lai, KN; Law, E; Leung, JC; Lui, SF; Nicholls, MG, 1991)	0.28
" Blood pressure remained stable during the treatment period but additional or increased dosage of antihypertensive drugs was required in 5 patients."	( Correction of anemia in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis with subcutaneous recombinant erythropoietin twice a week: a long-term study. Chan, MK; Cheng, IK; Cy, C; Fang, GX; Wei, D; Yu, L, 1991)	0.28
" Dosing regimen, iron status, and serum Al will influence the response to EPO."	( Clinical efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of anemia in hemodialysis patients: influence of dosing regimen, iron status, and serum aluminum. Chien, LJ; Lai, YH; Tsai, JC; Tsai, JH; Tsai, ZY, 1991)	0.28
" Weekly dosing is more convenient for patients and may be less costly for Medicare providers."	( Weekly subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin corrects anemia of progressive renal failure. Bell, A; Perras, ST; Zappacosta, AR, 1991)	0.28
" Further research on the preferred route of administration and timing of the dosing is necessary."	( Erythropoietin use in peritoneal dialysis patients. Johnson, CA; Zimmerman, SW, 1991)	0.28
" The 5th patient had a significant rise in Hct when the dosage of rHuEPO was increased to 150 units/kg from the 4th to 7th week."	( Recombinant human erythropoietin therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with the anemia of chronic disease. Boiardi, L; Casali, B; Lasagni, D; Macchioni, P; Portioli, I; Rivasi, P; Rossi, F; Salvarani, C, 1991)	0.28
") dosing would be preferable in CAPD patients, we have evaluated its efficacy when given by these routes."	( Efficacy of recombinant erythropoietin after subcutaneous or intraperitoneal administration to patients on CAPD. Icardi, A; Molinelli, G; Paoletti, E, 1990)	0.28
" Persistent anemia can be related to iron deficiency, low excretory graft function, and high dosage of immunosuppressive agents leading to marrow suppression or nephrotoxicity."	( Erythropoiesis and erythropoietin levels in renal transplant recipients. Jelkmann, W; Wolff, M, 1991)	0.28
" As a result, siEPO and Hb do not show a dose-response relationship in HA residents, and variation in EPO does not explain the striking variation in Hb at high altitudes."	( Serum immunoreactive erythropoietin in high altitude natives with and without excessive erythrocytosis. Bozzini, CE; Carcagno, M; Criscuolo, M; León-Velarde, F; Monge, CC; Vidal, A, 1991)	0.28
" As targets are reached, downward dosage adjustments need to be smaller when using an initial low-dose regimen."	( Low-dose recombinant human erythropoietin therapy in chronic hemodialysis patients. Aronoff, GR; Brier, ME; Duff, DR; Golper, TA; Sloan, RS, 1991)	0.28
" Dosage was 25 units/kg either thrice (i."	( Experience with low dose intravenous and subcutaneous administration of recombinant human erythropoietin. Dawborn, JK; McMahon, LP, 1990)	0.28
" However, the significant reduction in median dosage requirement with the subcutaneous route should allow a greater number of patients to be treated more cost-effectively."	( Two years experience of daily self-administered subcutaneous erythropoietin. Branger, B; Deschodt, G; Granolleras, C; Nonnast-Daniel, B; Pollok, M; Shaldon, S, 1990)	0.28
" Anaemia was corrected in all patients, the delay in response to each dosage variation being about 4 weeks."	( [One-year treatment of 43 chronic hemodialysis patients with recombinant human erythropoietin]. Canaud, B; Cavalli, I; Drüeke, T; Jacquot, C; Judith, D; Moynot, A; Naret, C; Poisson, D; Polito, C; Zins, B, 1990)	0.28
" Thirdly, the Epo dose-response curve was left-shifted approximately 20-fold."	( Potentiation of the erythropoietin response by dimethyl sulfoxide priming of erythroleukemia cells: evidence for interaction of two signaling pathways. Chern, Y; Sytkowski, AJ; Yonekura, S, 1990)	0.28
" An 8-week randomized double-blind study involving various dosages of recombinant erythropoietin, as well as placebo, was followed by a 24-week open-label study in which dosage could be titrated to achieve a normal hematocrit."	( Multicenter study of recombinant human erythropoietin in correction of anemia in rheumatoid arthritis. Boccagno, JA; Harris, ER; Krantz, SB; Olsen, NJ; Pincus, T; Russell, IJ; Schnitzer, TJ; Wolfe, F, 1990)	0.28
"Patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed excellent hematologic responses to recombinant erythropoietin, without toxicity, during careful monitoring for appropriate dosage adjustment, although a meaningful change in rheumatologic clinical status was not seen."	( Multicenter study of recombinant human erythropoietin in correction of anemia in rheumatoid arthritis. Boccagno, JA; Harris, ER; Krantz, SB; Olsen, NJ; Pincus, T; Russell, IJ; Schnitzer, TJ; Wolfe, F, 1990)	0.28
"Ten children with renal failure (age range 2 years 6 months to 18 years 9 months; median 11 years 10 months), maintained by long-term hemodialysis, had successful correction of their anemia after intravenous administration of recombinant human erythropoietin in a dosage escalating every 2 weeks (75 to 150 to 300 to 450 IU/kg/wk)."	( Benefits and risks of anemia correction with recombinant human erythropoietin in children maintained by hemodialysis. Andreetta, B; Baraldi, E; Fabris, F; Montini, G; Pavanello, L; Suppiej, A; Zacchello, F; Zacchello, G; Zanconato, S, 1990)	0.28
"1 years) undergoing continuous ambulatory or cycling peritoneal dialysis were treated with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO), which was given intravenously once a week at a dosage of 300 units/kg."	( One year's experience with recombinant erythropoietin in children undergoing continuous ambulatory or cycling peritoneal dialysis. Brodehl, J; Hoyer, PF; Latta, K; Offner, G; Scigalla, P; Winkler, L, 1990)	0.28
" administration was short (about 6 h) in comparison with the commonly used dosing interval of 3 to 7 days."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies on recombinant human erythropoietin. Salmonson, T, 1990)	0.28
" The dose-response relationships obtained using epoetin-beta are presented."	( The practical aspects of therapy with rHuEPO. Spinowitz, B, 1990)	0.28
" Recombinant erythropoietin in the dosage and schedule of administration described in this study did not lead directly or indirectly to changes likely to precipitate seizures or intravascular thrombosis."	( Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on cerebral and cutaneous blood flow and on blood coagulability. Bowie, EJ; Ilstrup, DM; Jenson, BM; Johnson, WJ; McCarthy, JT; Osmundson, PJ; Yanagihara, T, 1990)	0.28
" These results, together with in vitro dose-response studies, suggest reduced sensitivity to erythropoietin (Epo) of the ageing erythron."	( Variations in erythropoiesis throughout a lifetime. Studies in a high-leukaemic mouse strain, the AKR/O strain, and a non-leukaemic strain, the WLO strain. Halvorsen, S; Hellebostad, M; Sanengen, T, 1990)	0.28
"Twenty uremic patients on regular hemodialysis received recombinant human Erythropoietin (rhEPO) in a dosage of 50 U/kg body wt (N = 9) and 80 U/kg body wt (N = 11), respectively, three times weekly."	( Recombinant human erythropoietin activates a broad spectrum of progenitor cells. Balcke, P; Geissler, K; Hinterberger, W; Jahn, C; Kurz, RW; Lechner, K; Stockenhuber, F, 1990)	0.28
" The mean rHuEPO dosage was 84 +/- 9 U/kg body wt/week."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration of recombinant human erythropoietin in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Chan, K; Chung, WW; Lai, KN; Leung, CB; Lui, SF, 1990)	0.28
" This prospective study was designed to determine whether subcutaneous r-huEPO at a reduced dosage was as effective as intravenous r-huEPO in maintaining constant hemoglobin levels."	( [The treatment of anemia of hemodialysis patients using recombinant human erythropoietin: comparison between intravenous and subcutaneous administration]. Blumberg, A; Zehnder, C, 1990)	0.28
" Dosing schedules in chronic renal failure involve a single intravenous bolus dose administered three times weekly after hemodialysis."	( Clinical pharmacology of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO). Flaharty, KK, )	0.13
" A satisfactory dose-response relationship for Epo levels was observed within the wide range of 3-250 mU/ml with a sensitivity of approximately 5 mU/ml."	( Regulatory mechanisms of erythropoietin levels in dialysis patients. Nagano, M; Saito, T; Tagawa, H; Takaku, F; Umezu, M; Urabe, A; Yamakado, M, 1990)	0.28
"2 h in the two groups, respectively, and is therefore too short for any accumulation to be expected when dosing three times per week."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous recombinant human erythropoietin in patients with chronic renal failure. Danielson, BG; Grahnén, A; Salmonson, T; Wikström, B, 1990)	0.28
" In the present report the first 9 weeks shall be presented in which all patients received an identical dosage of rh-EPO per kg body weight."	( Evaluation of indicators of erythropoiesis stimulated by recombinant human erythropoietin in renal anemia. Daniel, A; Gross, J; Lun, A; Schmidt, G; Stamminger, G; Syllm-Rapoport, I; Zoellner, K, 1990)	0.28
" Erythropoietin dose-response curves and studies with antierythropoietin sera suggested that HATG also increased the sensitivity of erythroid progenitor cells to very low concentrations of erythropoietin."	( Action of antithymocyte globulin on normal human erythroid progenitor cell proliferation in vitro: erythropoietic growth-enhancing factors are released from marrow accessory cells. D'Alessandro, L; Mangan, KF; Mullaney, MT, 1986)	0.27
" The validity of this ELISA for quantitating Ep in biological fluids was demonstrated by the parallelism obtained between pure recombinant Ep dose-response curves and those obtained with plasma and serum from healthy donors and patients with various hematologic disorders."	( An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for erythropoietin using monoclonal antibodies, tetrameric immune complexes, and substrate amplification. Eaves, AC; Krystal, G; Lansdorp, PM; Wognum, AW, 1989)	0.28
"In eleven patients with uraemia on intermittent haemodialysis treatment, recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) was used at a dosage schedule of 100 IU/kg bodyweight thrice weekly."	( Kinetics of erythropoiesis in dialysis patients receiving recombinant erythropoietin treatment. Deschryver, F; Drueke, T; Jacquot, C; Moynot, A; Najean, Y; Naret, C; Zins, B, 1989)	0.28
" Because the dose-response relationship for r-HuEPO therapy has been clearly documented, a target hematocrit and target rate of increase in hematocrit can be established."	( Monitoring considerations in recombinant human erythropoietin therapy. Ogden, DA, 1989)	0.28
" Although no dose-response relationship has been observed in the restoration of iron balance with oral iron supplements, those taking supplements show distinctly higher projected iron stores and daily iron balance than those not given supplements."	( Iron deficiency in patients with dialysis-associated anemia during erythropoietin replacement therapy: strategies for assessment and management. Van Wyck, DB, 1989)	0.28
"The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses and efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, dosage and administration, and formulary considerations of epoetin are described."	( Epoetin: human recombinant erythropoietin. Flaharty, KK; Grimm, AM; Vlasses, PH, 1989)	0.28
" Assessment of possible variables that might influence the dosage response was also undertaken, both in a retrospective and prospective manner."	( Recombinant human erythropoietin correction of anemia. Dialysis efficiency, waste retention, and chronic dose variables. Abdulhadi, MH; Garcia, J; Magnusson, MO; Paganini, EP, )	0.13
" Some patients demonstrate relative epoetin resistance and require a higher dosage to achieve target haemoglobin and haematocrit levels."	( Epoetin (recombinant human erythropoietin). A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential in anaemia and the stimulation of erythropoiesis. Faulds, D; Sorkin, EM, 1989)	0.28
" The dosing vehicle was injected into control animals."	( The mechanism of the transient depression of the erythropoietic rate induced in the rat by a single injection of uranyl nitrate. Bozzini, CE; Brandan, N; Giglio, MJ; Leal, TL, 1989)	0.28
" The highest frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MPCE) and a dose-response relationship between erythropoietin doses and MPCE frequency were seen 30 hr after injection of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) to mice administered 24 hr previously with erythropoietin."	( Effect of erythropoietin on the micronucleus test. Ishikawa, T; Matsukubo, K; Nagae, Y; Nagashima, T; Shimizu, H; Suzuki, Y; Watanabe, Y, 1989)	0.28
" The data show that perioperative dosage of rHuEPO significantly accelerates postoperative erythropoiesis."	( Perioperative recombinant human erythropoietin. Egrie, JC; Gould, SA; Levine, EA; Levine, HD; Moss, GS; Rosen, AL; Sehgal, HL; Sehgal, LR, 1989)	0.28
" (3) There are sigmoidal dose-response curves relating the EPO concentration in the plasma to the mitotic activity of CFU-E and proliferative erythropoietic precursors."	( A mathematical model of erythropoiesis in mice and rats. Part 1: Structure of the model. Loeffler, M; Pantel, K; Wichmann, HE; Wulff, H, 1989)	0.28
" Quantitative dose-response relationships for in vivo erythropoiesis are suggested."	( A mathematical model of erythropoiesis in mice and rats. Part 2: Stimulated erythropoiesis. Loeffler, M; Pantel, K; Wichmann, HE; Wulff, H, 1989)	0.28
"31%) and were on a regimen of peritoneal dialysis, were treated with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo), which was self-administered at home by subcutaneous injections thrice weekly at an initial dosage of 150 U/kg."	( Use of subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin in children undergoing continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis. Fine, RN; Salusky, IB; Sinai-Trieman, L, 1989)	0.28
" Initially, 50U/kg dry weight (DW) of r-HuEPO was administered intravenously at the end of every hemodialysis procedure for 4 weeks, then the dosage was increased to 100 and 200U/kg DW for poor responders."	( Clinical effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on anemia associated with chronic renal failure. A multi-institutional study in Japan. Akiyama, N; Akizawa, T; Kawaguchi, Y; Koshikawa, S; Mimura, N; Nihei, H; Otsubo, O; Suzuki, Y; Takaku, F; Urabe, A, 1988)	0.27
" An erythropoietin (Epo) dose-response curve of CFU-E showed a high Epo-sensitivity."	( Periodical appearance of erythropoietin-independent erythropoiesis in chronic myelogenous leukemia with cyclic oscillation. Hirata, J; Ibayashi, H; Kaneko, S; Kozuru, M; Motomura, S; Nishimura, J; Umemura, T, 1986)	0.27
" Depending on the applied rh EPO dosage an increase in hematocrit was observed."	( Biological characterization of recombinant human erythropoietin. Arnold, I; Krumwieh, D; Seiler, FR, 1988)	0.27
" The dosage was started at 24 IU/kg three times weekly, as an intravenous bolus at the end of the dialysis session, and then doubled every two weeks as long as the rise in haemoglobin was less than 2 g/dl."	( [Therapy of renal anemia with recombinant human erythropoietin]. Heidland, A; Krahn, R; Kürner, B; Schaefer, RM; Zech, M, 1988)	0.27
" Dose-response studies revealed that maximal GM and blast cell colony formation is achieved with 100 U/ml GM-CSF."	( Recombinant murine granulocyte-macrophage (GM) colony-stimulating factor supports formation of GM and multipotential blast cell colonies in culture: comparison with the effects of interleukin-3. Arai, K; Ihle, JN; Koike, K; Miyajima, A; Miyake, T; Ogawa, M; Shimizu, T; Yokota, T, 1987)	0.27
" The dose-response curve was similar for erythroid progenitors BFU-E from normal controls and patients with chronic renal failure."	( Effect of human recombinant erythropoietin on human hemopoietic progenitor cells in vitro. Ganser, A; Hoelzer, D; Scigalla, P; Völkers, B, 1988)	0.27
" The dose-response curve for the plasma was parallel to that for the standard Epo preparation."	( Plasma erythropoietin assay by a fetal mouse liver cell culture method with special reference to effective elimination of erythroid colony inhibitor(s) in plasma. Enoki, Y; Kohzuki, H; Nakatani, A; Ohga, Y; Sakata, S; Shimizu, S, 1987)	0.27
" However, the Ep dose-response curve showed that a peak of erythroid colony formation occurred at a lower concentration than in the healthy controls."	( Erythropoiesis during an erythroblastic phase of chronic myeloproliferative disorder associated with monosomy 7. Kajitani, S; Kojima, S; Mimaya, J; Tonouchi, T; Yokochi, T, 1987)	0.27
" In each of two validated RIAs developed using U-HuEPO-derived reagents, dose-response lines and potency estimates for samples were compared when 125I-U-HuEPO and anti-U-HuEPO antisera were sequentially replaced to give assay variants using R-HuEPO-derived reagents."	( Development of radioimmunoassays for human erythropoietin using recombinant erythropoietin as tracer and immunogen. Cotes, PM; Egrie, JC; Gaines Das, RE; Lane, J; Tam, RC, 1987)	0.27
" On the other hand, the erythroid differentiation could be linearly enhanced by increasing dosage of FCS, reaching a maximum after four days in culture."	( Enhancement of erythroid differentiation in clones of human leukemic cell line K562 by fetal calf serum. Enoki, Y; Kohzuki, H; Nakatani, A; Sakata, S; Tomita, S, 1985)	0.27
" Severe diminution of CFU-C was found in all the patients studied and the absence of a dose-response to colony stimulating factor (CSF) was demonstrated."	( Myelopoiesis and erythropoiesis of bone marrow cells cultured in vitro in patients recovered from aplastic anaemia. Biljanović-Paunović, L; Jovcić, G; Mijović, A; Pavlović-Kentera, V; Ruvidić, R; Stojanović, N, 1985)	0.27
" Dose-response curves for IGF-II were parallel to and shifted by one to two orders of magnitude to the left relative to those for insulin."	( Interactions of insulin, insulinlike growth factor II, and platelet-derived growth factor in erythropoietic culture. Dainiak, N; Kreczko, S, 1985)	0.27
" The maximum colony formation was observed 24 h after plating of the cells when an evident dose-response relation was found for Epo added."	( In vitro erythropoietin assay based on erythroid colony formation in fetal mouse liver cell culture. Enoki, Y; Kohzuki, H; Sakata, S; Tomita, S, 1985)	0.27
" Despite these differences the two molecules stimulated the same number of CFU-E in the mouse fetal liver assay and did so with similar dose-response relationships."	( Characterization of murine erythropoietin. Cutler, RL; Johnson, GR; Nicola, NA, 1985)	0.27
" A second concentrated supernatant fractionated using wheat germ lectin-Sepharose 6MB and compared to either unfractionated or fractionated step III erythropoietin (Ep), tested in vitro using the erythroid colony-forming technique and 12-day fetal liver as target cells, indicates parallelism of all linear dose-response lines."	( Release of erythropoietin from macrophages by treatment with silica. Anselstetter, V; Heit, W; Kubanek, B; Rich, IN; Zanjani, E, 1981)	0.26
" In the case of crude Ep, a positive dose-response relationship between the concentration and the relative rate of HbF biosynthesis by circulating erythropoietic precursors was clearly observed."	( Effect of burst-promoting activity (BPA) and erythropoietin on hemoglobin biosynthesis in culture. Golde, DW; Goldwasser, E; Ogawa, M; Porter, PN; Terasawa, T, 1980)	0.26
" Dose-response curves showed that none of these data could be explained in terms of a changing responsiveness to Ep."	( Myeloproliferative sarcoma virus: its effects on erythropoiesis in adult DBA/2J mice. Fagg, B; Klein, B; Le Bousse, C; Ostertag, W, 1983)	0.27
"2 IRP units, the derived dose-response curves were markedly different because of a reduced response to the hormone by the treated mice."	( Effect of chronic ethanol administration on production of and response to erythropoietin in the mouse. Bozzini, CE; Giglio, MJ; Santoro, RC, )	0.13
" The slope of the dose-response curve found for pure erythropoietin was not significantly different from that found for a crude urinary erythropoietin preparation or for crude sheep plasma erythropoietin."	( The effect of erythropoietin and other factors on DNA synthesis by mouse spleen cells. Goldwasser, E; Lappin, TR; Rich, I, 1983)	0.27
" The anemia was corrected in the uremic sheep after 15-40 daily infusions of Ep-rich plasma, the total dosage depending on the severity of the anemia."	( The anemia of chronic renal failure in sheep. Response to erythropoietin-rich plasma in vivo. Adamson, JW; Eschbach, JW; Garcia, JF; Mladenovic, J; Wahl, PW, 1984)	0.27
" CFUE number showed a linear log dose-response towards Ep."	( In vitro and in vivo regulation of hepatic erythropoiesis by erythropoietin and glucocorticoids in the rat fetus. Billat, CL; Felix, JM; Jacquot, RL, 1982)	0.26
" All-trans retinoic acid increased the number of colonies in a dose-response fashion."	( Retinoic acid enhances growth of human early erythroid progenitor cells in vitro. Douer, D; Koeffler, HP, 1982)	0.26
" The dose-response curve of the agarose-PHA-E-Ep complexes for erythroid colony formation was similar to that of unbound Ep, and after removal of cells adherent to the beads, the immobilized Ep could be reused."	( Stimulation of erythroid colony formation in vitro by erythropoietin immobilized on agarose-bound lectins. Roodman, GD; Spivak, JL; Zanjani, ED, 1981)	0.26
" The individually adjusted dosage of rHuEPO and iron supplementation merits further investigation."	( [Erythropoietin therapy during frequent autologous blood donations. Dose-finding study]. Brodner, G; Friedrich, M; Lübbesmeyer, HJ; Möllmann, M; Schleinzer, W; von Bormann, B, 1995)	0.29
" The highest frequency of micronuclei and dose-response relationship between PGE2 doses and micronucleus frequency were observed 30 h after injection of MMC to mice administered PGE2 24 h previously."	( Effects of prostaglandin E2 on the micronucleus formation in mouse bone marrow cells by various mutagens. Fukumoto, M; Ishikawa, T; Kadokura, M; Okonogi, H; Sakaba, H; Shimizu, H; Suzuki, Y, 1994)	0.29
" This study shows that intricate dose-response relationships exist between various growth factors that should be carefully analyzed before combinations of these factors are used in humans."	( Mutual inhibition of murine erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis during combined erythropoietin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and stem cell factor administration: in vivo interactions and dose-response surfaces. de Haan, G; Dontje, B; Engel, C; Loeffler, M; Nijhof, W, 1994)	0.29
"In order to clarify the mechanism of the effect of erythropoietin (Epo) on the fetal haemoglobin (HbF) phenotype of peripheral erythrocytes, we studied the dose-response effect of Epo on HbF production by erythroid precursors derived from the peripheral blood of normal adult individuals and grown in a two-phase liquid culture system."	( Reducing erythropoietin in cultures of human erythroid precursors elevates the proportion of fetal haemoglobin. Fibach, E; Noguchi, CT; Rodgers, GP; Schechter, AN, 1994)	0.29
" Intricate dose-response surfaces of the effects of the different treatments on colony-forming units-erythroid, reticulocytes, hematocrit, colony-forming units-granulocyte/macrophage, and absolute neutrophil count were obtained, which revealed that: (a) simultaneous EPO administration was able to maintain reticulocyte production and to protect mice from VP-16 induced anemia; (b) simultaneous G-CSF administration was able to maintain granulocyte production and to protect mice from VP-16 induced neutropenia; (c) VP-16 dose escalation was feasible when EPO or G-CSF were simultaneously administered; and (d) no increased myelotoxicity on erythroid or granuloid progenitors was observed when EPO or G-CSF was simultaneously administered with VP-16."	( Hemotoxicity by prolonged etoposide administration to mice can be prevented by simultaneous growth factor therapy. de Haan, G; Dontje, B; Engel, C; Loeffler, M; Nijhof, W, 1995)	0.29
" MCV and HbF were higher among patients receiving HU, the increase in MCV being cumulative with HU dosage but the rise in HbF dose independent."	( Fetal haemoglobin variations following hydroxyurea treatment in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Casadevall, N; Deschamps, A; Ducrocq, R; Dunda, O; Elion, J; Girot, R; Krishnamoorty, R; Labie, D; Maier-Redelsperger, M; Triadou, P, 1994)	0.29
" The combination of high-dose IL-11 and high-dose SCF was able to increase the overall efficiency of EPO-induced erythroid amplification, which was reflected by a left-shift of the in vivo EPO dose-response curve."	( In vivo effects of interleukin-11 and stem cell factor in combination with erythropoietin in the regulation of erythropoiesis. de Haan, G; Dontje, B; Engel, C; Loeffler, M; Nijhof, W, 1995)	0.29
" Doses of recombinant human erythropoietin in predialysis patients tend to be lower when administered subcutaneously rather than intravenously, but the comparative cost-effectiveness of different dosing strategies is currently unknown."	( The use of recombinant human erythropoietin in predialysis patients. Besarab, A; Nasca, TJ; Ross, RP, 1995)	0.29
" Hematocrit, rHuEPO dose, predialysis mean arterial pressure and antihypertensive drug dosage had remained constant during the last six months."	( Improvement of erythropoietin-induced hypertension in hemodialysis patients changing the administration route. Marcén, R; Navarro, JF; Ortuño, J; Teruel, JL, 1995)	0.29
" Thirty of them were randomly assigned to receive rHu-EPO at an initial dosage of 150 units/kg body weight three times a week, increased to 300 units/kg from the sixth week to the end of the 24-week study."	( Long-term therapy with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHu-EPO) in progressing multiple myeloma. Dammacco, F; Fanelli, P; Romito, A; Silvestris, F; Vacca, A, 1995)	0.29
" In addition, dose-response data for target haematocrits in the range 30-40% are needed before an appropriate target haematocrit can be determined for patients with symptomatic vascular and cardiac disease."	( Hypertension and cardiovascular effects--long-term safety and potential long-term benefits of r-HuEPO. Mann, JF, 1995)	0.29
"001; n = 72), and after 21 to 24 weeks of SC treatment the mean dosage had decreased from the IV dose by 26."	( Intravenous versus subcutaneous dosing of epoetin alfa in hemodialysis patients. Egrie, JC; Eschbach, JW; Gimenez, LF; Goodkin, DA; Graber, SE; Lazarus, JM; Okamoto, DM; Paganini, EP; Van Stone, JC, 1995)	0.29
" In keeping with the present trend of focusing on patient outcomes and costs, an erythrokinetic model provides a guideline for appropriate dosing of Epoetin alfa to maintain a hematocrit within the target range of 30% to 36%."	( Case study of the anemic patient: epoetin alfa--focus on erythrokinetics. Chmielewski, CM, 1995)	0.29
" The effective dosage seems to be within the range of 300 to 1200 IU/kg per week, markedly higher than in adults or children with anemia due to renal failure."	( Recombinant erythropoietin for prevention of anemia in preterm infants. Maier, RF; Obladen, M, 1995)	0.29
"It has been well established that erythropoietin (EPO) in the dosage range of 500 units/kilo/week and perhaps slightly lower doses will produce a brisk reticulocyte response in infants with anemia of prematurity."	( Erythropoietin therapy for extremely premature infants. Phibbs, RH, 1995)	0.29
" A reduced dosage of hydroxyurea alternating with erythropoietin may prove less myelotoxic than hydroxyurea given daily or in pulsed-dose regimens."	( Augmentation by erythropoietin of the fetal-hemoglobin response to hydroxyurea in sickle cell disease. Dover, GJ; Nienhuis, AW; Noguchi, CT; Rodgers, GP; Schechter, AN; Uyesaka, N, 1993)	0.29
" Dose-response experiments with SCF and IGF-I showed a dose-dependent reduction in DNA fragmentation at concentrations that stimulate colony formation in serum-free semisolid cultures."	( Apoptosis of human erythroid colony-forming cells is decreased by stem cell factor and insulin-like growth factor I as well as erythropoietin. Krantz, SB; Muta, K, 1993)	0.29
" There was a wide range of dosage requirements during the maintenance phase, ranging from 8,000 U thrice weekly to 4,000 U every other week."	( Multicenter trial of erythropoietin in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Burkart, J; Faber, M; Gentile, D; Hamburger, R; Korbet, S; Mattern, W; Nissenson, AR; Schreiber, M; Swartz, R; Van Stone, J, 1995)	0.29
" Because of different individual responses duration of therapy was 1 to 17 weeks (median 5) with a total dosage ranging from 8 to 36 x 10(3) IU (mean 21 x 10(3))."	( The use of recombinant human erythropoietin in lung transplantation. End, A; Geissler, K; Grimm, M; Inhauser, T; Klepetko, W; Ringl, H; Stift, A; Stockenhuber, F, 1995)	0.29
"5-18 years, 7 (39%) were associated with increased or stable Hgb levels (courses without Tx), while 11 (61%) were terminated by a Tx, without evidence of a dose-response relationship."	( Recombinant erythropoietin in acute chemotherapy-induced anemia of children with cancer. Beck, D; Beck, MN, 1995)	0.29
" The EPO dosage given (50-60 U/kg) was equal to the maintenance dose, routinely administered during dialysis."	( Lack of a fast-acting effect of erythropoietin on arterial blood pressure and endothelin level. Barton, C; Hon, G; Kaupke, CJ; Tehranzadeh, A; Vaziri, ND, 1995)	0.29
" The favorable pharmacokinetics and erythropoietic response with weekly subcutaneous dosing of EPO make this treatment suitable and convenient for patients and health care providers alike."	( Clinical application of recombinant erythropoietin in predialysis renal failure. Briggs, WA; Gimenez, LF, 1994)	0.29
" In the remaining 15 patients, rEPO dosage was held constant during the study period."	( Effect of erythrocyte mass on arterial blood pressure in dialysis patients receiving maintenance erythropoietin therapy. Kaupke, CJ; Kim, S; Vaziri, ND, 1994)	0.29
"The aim of this study was to determine whether single-shot therapy with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) is as effective as divided dosing in postpartum anemia for both subcutaneous and intravenous administration."	( rHuEPO in the treatment of postpartum anemia: subcutaneous versus intravenous administration. Breymann, C; Huch, A; Huch, R; Zimmermann, R, 1994)	0.29
" Poor responses were due to either a premature withdrawal of treatment because of renal transplantation, or too low a dosage for the age."	( [Treatment of anemia in hemodialyzed children using recombinant human erythropoietin (Eprex). Results of a French multicenter clinical trial]. Berthélémé, JP; Broyer, M; Dabout, D; Gagnadoux, MF; Kamoun, A; Loirat, C; Maisin, A; Poisson, D, 1994)	0.29
" EPO dosing has been subjected to kinetic modeling that has revealed a wide range in RBC half-life from patient to patient."	( Erythropoietin overview--1993. Nissenson, AR, 1994)	0.29
"2%, and rHuEPO dosage was 140."	( Improved response to erythropoietin in peritoneal dialysis patients as compared to hemodialysis patients: role of iron deficiency. Bloom, E; Goldstein, M; Johnson, R; Raja, R, 1994)	0.29
" Single-dose pharmacokinetic studies suggest the possibility of less frequent dosing via the subcutaneous route."	( Efficacy of once- versus thrice-weekly subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin in children receiving continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis. Fragale, MR; Ongkingco, JR; Ruley, EJ; Turner, ME, 1994)	0.29
" The Epo dose-response curve for growth of erythroid progenitor was similar to that of three age-matched thalassemia patients with increased serum Epo levels, (sEpo) suggesting that the observed erythroid progenitors hypersensitivity to Epo could represent an ex vivo artifact induced by the increased sEpo levels."	( Regulation of erythropoietin production in a case of congenital erythropoietin-dependent pure erythrocytosis. Barosi, G; Borgna-Pignatti, C; Liberato, NL; Marradi, P; Rosti, V, 1994)	0.29
" Within a few months it became evident that dosing levels for erythropoietin were much lower than expected from the clinical trials."	( The use of Health Care Financing Administration data for the development of a quality improvement project on the treatment of anemia. Eggers, PW; Greer, J; Jencks, S, 1994)	0.29
" If the dosage of erythropoietin (EPO) added to mouse bone marrow progenitor cell culture medium increased 3-6 times."	( Inhibitory effects of high molecular weight substances from CAPD dialysate on mouse bone marrow progenitor cells and lymphocyte transformation. Du, XH; Wu, H; Yang, CL, 1994)	0.29
" Subjects were given r-HuEPO in one of three dosage schedules, receiving a total dose of 1200 U/kg r-HuEPO subcutaneously: Group I--300 U/kg on Days 1, 4, 7, and 10; Group II--400 U/kg on Days 1, 5, and 9; Group III--600 U/kg on Days 1 and 10."	( Efficacy of different dosing regimens for recombinant human erythropoietin in a simulated perisurgical setting: the importance of iron availability in optimizing response. Brugnara, C; Dempsey, H; Goldberg, MA; Kirn, DH; Rutherford, CJ; Schneider, TJ, 1994)	0.29
" Following a maximum weekly rHuEpo dosage of median 120 (range 100-240) IU/kg body weight, hematocrit increased in 10 children from 24 (14-29)% within 12 (4-17) weeks to 40."	( Subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin in children with renal anemia on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Aufricht, C; Balzar, E; Frenzel, K; Kernova, T; Khoss, AE; Kiss, H; Kohlhauser, C; Lothaller, MA; Steger, H, 1993)	0.29
" The dosage was adapted every 4th week."	( Subcutaneous recombinant erythropoietin in preterminal renal insufficiency. Proesmans, W; Van Dyck, M; Van Geet, C, 1994)	0.29
" The initial dosage of recombinant human erythropoietin was 4,000 units subcutaneously for 6 days each week."	( Recombinant human erythropoietin and health-related quality of life of AIDS patients with anemia. Brown, RE; Henry, DH; McNeill, MV; Revicki, DA; Rios, A; Watson, T, 1994)	0.29
" RHuEPO was administered subcutaneously 5 days a week at a dosage of 160 U/kg daily for three months."	( Erythropoietin treatment of idiopathic myelofibrosis. Aloe Spiriti, M; Avvisati, G; Battistel, V; Latagliata, R; Montefusco, E; Petti, MC; Spadea, A, )	0.13
" Dose-response curves parallel to recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) were obtained in both assays."	( Structure-function relationships of the erythropoietin molecule. Bridges, JM; Elder, GE; Hodges, VH; Lappin, TR; McHale, CM; Winter, PC, 1994)	0.29
" The optimal way of administration of the drug and optimal dosage is still under discussion."	( The effect of subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin (r-Hu EPO) in CAPD patients with renal anaemia. Baranowicz, I; Janicka, L; Ksiazek, A; Mierzicki, P, 1994)	0.29
" By optimizing dosing schedules and targeting the drug to those most at risk for red cell transfusion, recombinant erythropoietin will likely become an important tool in efforts to achieve the elusive goal of bloodless cardiac surgery."	( Erythropoietin in cardiac surgery. Gold, JP; Helm, RE; Isom, OW; Krieger, KH; Rosengart, TK; Zelano, JA, 1993)	0.29
" Epoetin alpha was given subcutaneously every day at a dose of 3,000IU/body for two weeks, and the dosage was increased to 6,000IU, 12,000IU and 24,000IU every two weeks when the increment of Hb was insufficient."	( [Effects of rHuEPO on aplastic anemia: results of a phase II clinical study]. Fujioka, S; Miura, Y; Miyazaki, T; Mizoguchi, H; Mutoh, Y; Niitsu, Y; Nomura, T; Takaku, F; Urabe, A; Yachi, A, 1993)	0.29
" The initial r-HuEPO dosage was 4000 U subcutaneously for 6 days each week."	( Recombinant human erythropoietin treatment: investigational new drug protocol for the anemia of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Overall results. Abels, RI; McNeill, MV; Phair, JP; Sullivan, DJ, 1993)	0.29
" One child on antihypertensive treatment required an increase in dosage during r-HuEpo while another child required a reduction in treatment."	( Non-cardiac benefits of human recombinant erythropoietin in end stage renal failure and anaemia. Coulthard, MG; Morris, KP; Sharp, J; Watson, S, 1993)	0.29
" The Epo dose-response curve of BFU-E from PV patients was found to be statistically indistinguishable from that of normal subjects."	( Circulating erythroid progenitors in polycythemia vera are hypersensitive to insulin-like growth factor-1 in vitro: studies in an improved serum-free medium. Axelrad, AA; Correa, PN; Eskinazi, D, 1994)	0.29
" However, the optimal dosage and frequency of administration have not been established."	( [The effect of low doses of recombinant human erythropoietin on renal anemia in predialysis patients with chronic renal failure]. Bi, ZQ; Li, RS; Zheng, FL, 1993)	0.29
"A double-blind, multicenter trial of placebo (Group 1) and recombinant human erythropoietin at 12,000 IU (Group 2) and at 24,000 IU (Group 3) was performed on 114 patients at 26 institutions to determine the dosage that would permit an 800-g preoperative deposit of blood for autologous use."	( Subcutaneous administration of recombinant human erythropoietin before cardiac surgery: a double-blind, multicenter trial in Japan. Eguchi, S; Hayashi, J; Kawashima, Y; Kumon, K; Takaku, F; Takanashi, S; Yamamura, H, 1994)	0.29
"9%) of 11 in the 12,000 U group maintained responses with the same dosing interval."	( A multicenter study with once a week or once every two weeks high-dose subcutaneous administration of recombinant human erythropoietin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Kawada, Y; Kawaguchi, Y; Koshikawa, S; Kubo, K; Kubota, M; Mimura, N; Nomoto, Y; Ogura, Y; Shoji, T; Tagawa, H, 1994)	0.29
" Before initiating rhEPO treatment the number of circulating BFU-E in chronic renal failure patients responded to grading doses of rhEPO in vitro similar to that in control children; however, the dose-response curves were not predictive for the in vivo response to rhEPO."	( Circulating haematopoietic progenitors during treatment of renal anaemia with recombinant human erythropoietin. Braun, A; Debatin, KM; Göbel, V; Hoffmann, HG; Ludwig, R; Müller-Wiefel, DE; Schärer, K, 1994)	0.29
" This adaptive process provides more accurate patient-specific predictions, and hence a more rational dosage planning."	( Drug delivery optimization through Bayesian networks: an application to erythropoietin therapy in uremic anemia. Bellazzi, R, 1993)	0.29
" When mice were dosed with 50,000 IU/kg of each of the hEPOs once each day for 6 days and micronucleus preparations were made 24 h after the last administration, micronucleus induction in the bone marrow was not clearly demonstrated."	( Comparative studies in induction of micronuclei by three genetically recombinant and urinary human erythropoietins. Kurata, Y; Sawai, T; Takeshita, Y; Yajima, N, 1993)	0.29
" Those who responded received an additional course of treatment with rHuEPO at an increased dosage (600 U/Kg twice weekly for 3 months), and one of these five showed a progressive rise in Hb level up to normalization, while the other 4 remained stable."	( Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes. An interim report. Aloe Spiriti, MA; Avvisati, G; De Gregoris, C; Fazi, P; Jaalouk, G; Latagliata, R; Mancini, M; Petti, MC; Proia, S; Spadea, A, )	0.13
"The effectiveness of various recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin) administration routes and dosage schedules in patients on dialysis was studied."	( Optimizing epoetin therapy in end-stage renal disease: the case for subcutaneous administration. Besarab, A, 1993)	0.29
" More studies are needed to develop a standardized cost-effective method for epoetin dosing in patients on dialysis."	( Intravenous versus subcutaneous dosing of epoetin: a review of the literature. Ashai, NI; Paganini, EP; Wilson, JM, 1993)	0.29
" The intravenous dosage level ranged between 106."	( National Cooperative rHu Erythropoietin Study in patients with chronic renal failure--an interim report. The National Cooperative rHu Erythropoietin Study Group. Lazarus, JM; Levin, NW; Nissenson, AR, 1993)	0.29
" Thus, nephrology nurses can improve their patients' quality of life by ensuring adequate dosing of Epoetin alfa so that anemia is corrected and cognitive function benefits are achieved."	( Case management of the anemic patient: epoetin alfa--focus on cognitive function. Corea, AL, 1993)	0.29
" The dosage of EPO was adjusted every 4 weeks according to hematological response."	( Correction of anemia using self-administered daily subcutaneous erythropoietin in uremic patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Lai, KN; Leung, CB; Leung, JC; Li, PK; Lui, SF; Shek, AC, 1993)	0.29
" A rhEPO dosage of 150 U/kg was administered subcutaneously three times weekly for a minimum of 6 weeks."	( Prediction of response to treatment with human recombinant erythropoietin in myelodysplastic syndromes. Celsing, F; Hast, R; Stenke, L; Wallvik, J, 1993)	0.29
" A hysteresis minimization approach is employed to determine the intrinsic PD dose-response relationship (transduction) of Ep."	( A system approach to pharmacodynamics. Plasma iron mobilization by endogenous erythropoietin in the sheep fetus; evidence of threshold response in spontaneous hypoxemia. Georgieff, MK; Modi, NB; Pereira, LM; Schmidt, RL; Veng-Pedersen, P; Widness, JA, 1993)	0.29
"5 million Swiss francs, or 50,000 to 140,000 Swiss francs per million population, using rHuEpo dosage from 50 to 150 IU/kg week."	( Cost of treating predialysis patients with recombinant human erythropoietin. Blum-Boisgard, C; Drüeke, T; Durand-Zaleski, I; Goldfarb, B; Kreis, H, 1993)	0.29
" Epoetin dosage adjustment or substitution after haemofiltration and dialysis is not necessary."	( Pharmacokinetics of epoetin (recombinant human erythropoietin) after long term therapy in patients undergoing haemodialysis and haemofiltration. Bäumer, K; Gladziwa, U; Klotz, U; Mann, H; Sieberth, HG; Zollinger, R, 1993)	0.29
" Epoetin alpha (3,000IU/body) was given subcutaneously daily for two weeks and the dosage was increased to 6,000IU, 12,000IU and 24,000IU every two weeks when the increment of Hb was insufficient."	( [Phase II clinical study of recombinant human erythropoietin on the anemia associated with multiple myeloma]. Fujioka, S; Miura, Y; Miyazaki, T; Mizoguchi, H; Mutoh, Y; Niitsu, Y; Nomura, T; Takaku, F; Urabe, A; Yachi, A, 1993)	0.29
" Epoetin alpha was given subcutaneously daily at a dose of 3,000IU/body for two weeks and the dosage was increased to 6,000IU, 12,000IU, and 24,000IU at two week interval when the increment of Hb was insufficient."	( [Phase II clinical study of recombinant human erythropoietin on the anemia of myelodysplastic syndrome]. Fujioka, S; Miura, Y; Miyazaki, T; Mizoguchi, H; Mutoh, Y; Niitsu, Y; Nomura, T; Takaku, F; Urabe, A; Yachi, A, 1993)	0.29
"The specific objectives of this study were (1) to assess the safety and efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in reducing postnatal hemoglobin decline in premature infants of less than 33 weeks' gestation, and thus reducing the need for transfusion; and (2) to determine the optimal dosage of rhEPO."	( Early treatment of premature infants with recombinant human erythropoietin. Astruc, D; Donato, L; Haddad, J; Matis, J; Messer, J, 1993)	0.29
"5 gm/dl per month) the rHuEPO dosage was increased every 4 weeks according to the following schedule: 50, 75, 100, and 150 IU/kg twice per week."	( Pharmacokinetics and hematologic response to subcutaneous administration of recombinant human erythropoietin in children undergoing long-term peritoneal dialysis: a multicenter study. Bassi, S; Boccazzi, A; Cantaluppi, A; Cazzin, M; Edefonti, A; Ferrari, V; Montini, G; Perfumo, F; Sarchi, C; Zacchello, G, 1993)	0.29
" The judicious use of Epo along with informed dosing practices will lead to an overwhelming favorable balance in the risk/benefit ratio of care."	( Erythropoietin therapy in renal failure. Miller, T; Paganini, EP, 1993)	0.29
" Serum erythropoietin (Epo) dosage assessed by radioimmunoassay was within the normal range."	( Erythropoietin synthesis by tumor cells in a case of meningioma associated with erythrocytosis. Belair, MF; Bruneval, P; Casadevall, N; Lacombe, C; Mayeux, P; Roux, FX; Sassy, C; Varet, B, 1993)	0.29
" A dose-response curve was performed for EPO at 0, 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 mU/mL."	( Erythropoietin-induced antinatriuresis mediated by angiotensin II in perfused kidneys. Aronoff, GR; Brier, ME; Bunke, CM; Lathon, PV, 1993)	0.29
"In a national longitudinal-cohort study of 59,462 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, we examined dosing and effectiveness of erythropoietin (EPO) during the first year of its use in clinical practice (July 1989 through June 1990)."	( Early dosing practices and effectiveness of recombinant human erythropoietin. Anderson, GF; de Lissovoy, G; Eggers, PW; Greer, JW; Griffiths, RI; Herbert, RJ; Milam, RA; Powe, NR; Watson, AJ; Whelton, PK, 1993)	0.29
" Therefore, we performed a randomized controlled multicenter study to define the optimal initial dosage and to identify predictors of response to rHuEpo."	( Recombinant human erythropoietin in the anemia associated with multiple myeloma or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: dose finding and identification of predictors of response. Battistel, V; Bron, D; Cazzola, M; Cimino, R; Ehmer, B; Enller-Ziegler, L; Essers, U; Greil, R; Grossi, A; Jäger, G; LeMevel, A; Messinger, D; Najman, A; Silingardi, V; Spriano, M; van Hoof, A, 1995)	0.29
" The precise role of Epoetin alfa in the surgical setting is not yet established, and optimal dosage regimens have not been determined."	( Erythropoiesis, erythropoietin, and iron metabolism in elective surgery: preoperative strategies for avoiding allogeneic blood exposure. Goldberg, MA, 1995)	0.29
" Dose-response curves for plasma and standard recombinant human EPO in the ELISA were parallel to each other."	( Correlation between a sandwich ELISA and an in-vitro bioassay for erythropoietin in human plasma. Enoki, Y; Hattori, M; Sakata, S; Shimizu, S; Ueda, M, 1995)	0.29
" A starting dosage of 50 U/kg twice weekly was given until a target haemoglobin of 9-11 g/dl was achieved."	( Low-dose subcutaneous recombinant erythropoietin in children with chronic renal failure. Australian and New Zealand Paediatric Nephrology Association. Burke, JR, 1995)	0.29
" These results support suggestions that hypoxia induces a transiently erythroid splenic proliferative response changing its quantitative parameters in the Epo dose-response relationship during the physiological adaptation."	( Murine splenic proliferative response to human recombinant erythropoietin along hypoxia. Aguirre, MV; Alvarez, MA; Brandan, NC; Juaristi, JA, 1995)	0.29
" Even if serum concentrations are within the normal range, the administration of folic acid will enhance the effectiveness of rhEPO therapy so that the rhEPO dosage can be reduced."	( Folic acid supplementation improves erythropoietin response. Pronai, W; Riegler-Keil, M; Silberbauer, K; Stockenhuber, F, 1995)	0.29
" Only patients affected by refractory anemia according to FAB criteria, without significant WBC and platelets reduction, with normal LDH and short history of disease were eligible for the study and were treated with rhEPO at a dosage of 150 mg/kg three times a week for 2 months."	( A good response rate to recombinant erythropoietin alone may be expected in selected myelodysplastic patients. A preliminary clinical study. Alessi, M; Cacciola, E; Cacciola, RR; Di Raimondo, F; Giustolisi, R; Longo, G; Milone, G; Palumbo, GA, )	0.13
" All Epo preparations tested, including one from impure sheep and a highly purified human native Epo preparation, produced parallel, but displaced, dose-response curves when Epo concentration was plotted against percent CFU-E response calculated from the optimal Epo concentration."	( The sensitivity of in vitro erythropoietic progenitor cells to different erythropoietin reagents during development and the role of cell death in culture. Rich, IN; Zimmermann, F, 1996)	0.29
" iron saccharate dosage was 2538 +/- 810 mg per patient) in order to replete the iron stores."	( Importance of iron supply for erythropoietin therapy. Hörl, WH; Sunder-Plassmann, G, 1995)	0.29
" All the children were given granulocyte-colony stimulating factor at a dosage of 5 micrograms/kg twice or three times a week while erythropoietin was administered additionally to three patients at a dosage of 50 U/kg twice a week."	( Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and erythropoietin therapy in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Banderali, G; Biasucci, G; Clerici-Schoeller, M; Decarlis, S; Plebani, A; Riva, E; Startari, R; Zuccotti, GV, )	0.13
"To investigate the hematologic and economic advantages of using iron dextran as the sole supplemental agent to safely increase and maintain hematocrit levels and iron availability while optimizing erythropoietin dosing in patients on chronic hemodialysis."	( Hematologic and erythropoietin responses to iron dextran in the hemodialysis environment. Senger, JM; Weiss, RJ, 1996)	0.29
"To determine optimal dosage of rH-EPO, I conducted a randomized, controlled trial in 86 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) scheduled for transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P)."	( [Preoperative use of erythropoietin (rH-EPO) and determination of optimal doses in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy for future autologous blood transfusion]. Inatsuchi, H, 1995)	0.29
") treatment with epoetin alfa 300 IU/kg twice weekly for 3 weeks was the optimum dosage for facilitation of AB donation and minimization of the decrease in Hct prior to elective orthopedic surgery."	( Epoetin alfa for autologous blood donation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and concomitant anemia. Mercuriali, F, 1996)	0.29
" However, the optimum dose and dosage regimen remains to be defined."	( Autologous blood donation plus epoetin alfa in nonanemic orthopedic surgery patients. Baudoux, E, 1996)	0.29
"The optimum dosage of subcutaneous (s."	( Use of epoetin alfa in autologous blood donation programs for patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery. Althaus, U; Galliker, B; Haeberli, A; Nydegger, UE; Rosenmund, A; Spirig, P; Walpoth, B, 1996)	0.29
" r-HuEPO was administered in a dosage of 20 U/kg body weight, subcutaneously, three times a week for 6 weeks."	( Erythropoietin therapy in neonates at risk of having bronchopulmonary dysplasia and requiring multiple transfusions. Al-Kharfy, T; Davis, J; Fitzgerald, C; Krystal, G; Milner, R; Smyth, JA; Wadsworth, L, 1996)	0.29
" Comparative data indicate that dosage reductions of approximately 30% compared with intravenous therapy are possible when subcutaneous administration of epoetin beta is used."	( Epoetin beta. A review of its pharmacological properties and clinical use in the management of anaemia associated with chronic renal failure. Dunn, CJ; Markham, A, 1996)	0.29
" Group A was treated with ZVD at the dosage of 500 mg daily in combination with rG-CSF (10 micrograms/Kg/biweekly) and Epo (50 IU/Kg/biweekly)."	( Combined therapy with zidovudine, recombinant granulocyte colony stimulating factors and erythropoietin in asymptomatic HIV patients. Finelli, E; Perrella, A; Perrella, O; Scalera, G; Scognamiglio, P; Tartaglia, G, 1996)	0.29
", increasing rhEPO dosing was associated with decreasing plasma clearance and increasing FET and MRT."	( Erythropoietin pharmacokinetics in premature infants: developmental, nonlinearity, and treatment effects. Lowe, LS; Pereira, LM; Peters, C; Schmidt, RL; Veng-Pedersen, P; Widness, JA, 1996)	0.29
" We observed a dose-response relationship between the amount of plasmid DNA injected and subsequent elevations in hematocrits."	( Long-term expression of erythropoietin in the systemic circulation of mice after intramuscular injection of a plasmid DNA vector. Black, HB; Goldwasser, E; Hobart, PM; Leiden, JM; Margalith, M; Svensson, EC; Tripathy, SK, 1996)	0.29
" A randomized, multicenter trial was conducted comparing the safety and efficacy of a weekly Epoetin alfa dosing regimen in patients with hemoglobin levels > or = 10 to < or = 13 g/dL scheduled to undergo major elective orthopedic arthroplasty, with a daily regimen previously shown to be effective."	( A safety and efficacy comparison study of two dosing regimens of epoetin alfa in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery. Di Cesare, P; Frei, D; Friedman, RJ; Goldberg, MA; Guilfoyle, M; Jove, M; McCutchen, JW; Poss, R; Young, D, 1996)	0.29
" Enalaprilat levels were measured and compared with 15 similar patients matched for transplant function and enalapril dosage immunosuppressed with cyclosporine and prednisone."	( Mechanism of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-related anemia in renal transplant recipients. Bachmann, T; Gossmann, J; Kachel, HG; Scheuermann, EH; Schoeppe, W; Thürmann, P; Weller, S, 1996)	0.29
" The starting dose was 150 IU/kg per dose three times a week and was escalated by 50 IU/kg per dose increments monthly until packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion independence was achieved or a dosage of 300 IU/kg per dose was reached."	( Recombinant human erythropoietin reduces the need for erythrocyte and platelet transfusions in pediatric patients with sarcoma: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Bunin, G; Leahey, A; Manno, CS; Polise, K; Porter, JC, 1996)	0.29
" Optimal dosing regimens and surgical patients most likely to benefit fro Epoetin alfa therapy must be established."	( Improving the efficacy of preoperative autologous blood donation in patients with low hematocrit: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of recombinant human erythropoietin. Abels, RI; Bolgiano, DC; Goodnough, LT; Hellman, RM; Johnston, MF; Price, TH; Sacher, RA; Vogler, WR, 1996)	0.29
" On the basis of these results, perioperative Epoetin alfa therapy in conjunction with iron supplementation may have a place as an adjunct to elective orthopedic surgery, particularly if dosing regimens less frequent than once daily can be established."	( Use of recombinant human erythropoietin in the perioperative period of orthopedic surgery. Faris, P, 1996)	0.29
" The consequences of the circadian variability for the therapeutic dosage of erythropoietin are not known yet."	( [Circadian periodicity of serum erythropoietins. A study of 6 healthy subjects]. Grünenfelder, C, 1996)	0.29
"The purpose of the present study was to compare the dosage requirements of recombinant human erythropoletin (rHuEPO) administered subcutaneously (SC) either one or three times weekly."	( Efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin administered subcutaneously to CAPD patients once weekly. Breddam, M; Bruun, K; Cintin, C; Dominguez, H; Frifelt, JJ; Jørgensen, JD; Steffensen, G; Tvedegaard, E, )	0.13
"Our findings indicate that a once-weekly SC dosing regimen of rHuEPO in anemic CAPD patients was equally effective in maintaining a stable hemoglobin level as a thrice-weekly dosing regimen."	( Efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin administered subcutaneously to CAPD patients once weekly. Breddam, M; Bruun, K; Cintin, C; Dominguez, H; Frifelt, JJ; Jørgensen, JD; Steffensen, G; Tvedegaard, E, )	0.13
" Additional studies will hopefully answer several questions including optimal dosage and duration of treatment, Epo resistance, and the possibility of predicting the response."	( Anemia of cancer: pathogenesis and treatment with recombinant erythropoietin. Mittelman, M, 1996)	0.29
" Mean (+/-SD) erythrocyte incorporation of the dose of 58Fe administered determined 2 wk after early dosing was significantly greater in the epo group compared with the placebo group (4."	( Erythrocyte incorporation and absorption of 58Fe in premature infants treated with erythropoietin. Carlson, SJ; Johnson, KJ; Lombard, KA; Miller, JE; Serfass, RE; Widness, JA; Ziegler, EE, 1997)	0.3
" Adequate iron supplementation allows significant reduction of r-HuEPO dosage and costs."	( Erythropoietin and iron. Hörl, WH; Sunder-Plassmann, G, 1997)	0.3
" Patients were randomly assigned to two dosage groups of either 20 or 40 micrograms hepatitis B vaccine administered at 0, 1, 2 and 6 months."	( Effects of recombinant interleukin-2 and revaccination for hepatitis B in previously vaccinated, non-responder, chronic uraemic patients. Collaborative Group of Girona. Mauri, JM; Vallès, M, 1997)	0.3
" All patients were started on 50 U/kg of rHmEPO intravenously three times per week, and the dosage was increased gradually to achieve target haemoglobin of 12 g/dL."	( Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on lymphocyte phenotyping and phagocyte activity in hemodialysis patients. Abu-Aisha, H; al-Momen, A; al-Tuwaijri, A; al-Wakeel, J; Huraib, S; Memon, N, 1997)	0.3
" Epo dose-response assays showed that cells expressing the mutant EpoR displayed fivefold to 10-fold increased sensitivity to Epo compared with cells expressing similar numbers of the wild-type EpoR."	( Familial erythrocytosis associated with a short deletion in the erythropoietin receptor gene. Arcasoy, MO; Degar, BA; Forget, BG; Harris, KW, 1997)	0.3
" In this study, the effect of two different dosage regiments of subcutaneous rHuEPO on blood pressure [BP] was evaluated in 20 anemic children on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)."	( Low-dose erythropoietin is effective and safe in children on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Cakar, N; Ozkaya, N; Tümer, N; Yalçinkaya, F, 1997)	0.3
" We evaluated several dosing regimens and schedules for perioperative epoetin alfa administration."	( Perioperative epoetin alfa increases red blood cell mass and reduces exposure to transfusions: results of randomized clinical trials. Goldberg, MA, 1997)	0.3
" One of the promising developments in the treatment of MM has been the introduction of high dosage chemotherapy, which can now be safely administered when stem cells are used for haematological recovery."	( Treatment of multiple myeloma in elderly patients. New developments. Ossenkoppele, GJ, 1997)	0.3
" A r-HuEpo dosage of 80 U/kg was administered intravenously three times weekly for a minimum of three months."	( [Preliminary results of erythropoietin treatment of anemia in myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic lymphocytic leukemia]. Dwilewicz-Trojaczek, J; Gałeza-Obrepalska, B; Kuratowska, Z; Paszkowska, M, 1996)	0.29
" Those infants ascribed to the treatment group received 200 U/kg of body weight of rH-EPO subcutaneously once a day, three days a week for 4 weeks together with oral supplements of ferrous sulfate at a dosage of 4 mg/kg/day."	( [Randomized multi-center trial of the administration of erythropoietin in anemia of prematurity]. Badía Barnusell, J; Bel Comós, J; Coroleu Lletget, W; Javier Manchón, G; Juncá Piera, J; Natal Pujol, A; Prats Viñas, J; Sábado Alvarez, C; Zuasnábar Cotro, A, 1997)	0.3
" However, application of these drugs at large is not yet justified because a series of questions concerning their long-term efficacy, the correct dosage and timing, their tolerance and toxicity, and the potential long-term dangers, including mutagenicity are still unresolved."	( New therapies for the haemoglobinopathies. Loukopoulos, D, 1997)	0.3
" Ethane 1-hydroxy-1, 1-bisphosphonate counteracted the effect of uranyl nitrate on oxygen-dependent and cobalt-dependent erythropoietin production, but did not correct the right shift of the dose-response relationship for exogenous erythropoietin induced by uranyl nitrate in the polycythemic rat."	( Influence of bisphosphonate on the negative erythropoietic effects of uranyl nitrate. Bozzini, CE; Frid, A; Giglio, MJ, 1997)	0.3
" Adequate intravenous iron supplementation allows reduction of epoetin dosage by approximately 40%."	( Safety aspects of parenteral iron in patients with end-stage renal disease. Hörl, WH; Sunder-Plassmann, G, 1997)	0.3
" These results suggest that the oxidative stress could be one of the resistance factors to erythropoietin response in haemodialysis and that vitamin E supplementation could have a sparing effect on erythropoietin dosage requirement."	( Erythropoietin and oxidative stress in haemodialysis: beneficial effects of vitamin E supplementation. Badiou, S; Bosc, JY; Canaud, B; Cristol, JP; Descomps, B; Leblanc, M; Lorrho, R, 1997)	0.3
" Finally, subgroup analyses revealed more pronounced thrombin formation among patients treated with polysulfon dialyzers, whereas erythropoietin dosage was positively related with lower procoagulatory activity."	( Plasma hypercoagulability in haemodialysis patients: impact of dialysis and anticoagulation. Ambühl, PM; Korte, W; Krapf, R; Schmid, L; Wüthrich, RP, 1997)	0.3
"" As some examples of new drug innovation, our trials on several topical mucosal adhesive dosage forms and parenteral administration of peptide drugs such as insulin and erythropoietin will be described."	( [New drug development by innovative drug administration--"change" in pharmaceutical field]. Nagai, T, 1997)	0.3
" Children who appear to be rHuEpo resistant or experience rHuEpo-resistant episodes should be assessed for noncompliance, changes in graft function since the last dosage adjustment, and blood loss, such as seen in dysfunctional uterine bleeding in adolescent girls."	( Subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin in chronic renal allograft dysfunction. Aufricht, C; Ettenger, RB; Marik, JL, 1998)	0.3
" Whether the current dosage of 150 u/kg tiw is the optimal treatment for chemotherapy-related anemia still needs further study."	( The effect of subcutaneous r-HuEPO in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with anemia: a preliminary report. Chen, PM; Chim, YS; Chiou, TJ; Hsieh, RK; Wei, CH, 1997)	0.3
" When EPO responses were expressed as functions of renal venous PO2, the two strains appeared to lie on the same dose-response curves, but the responses of H rats were shifted along the curve toward more hypoxic values."	( Polycythemic responses to hypoxia: molecular and genetic mechanisms of chronic mountain sickness. Brink-Johnsen, T; Chen, J; Dunnack, LM; Leiter, JC; Ou, LC; Salceda, S; Schuster, SJ, 1998)	0.3
" The results illustrate that the cytokine network has nonlinear dynamic properties in vivo with dose-response characteristics of one cytokine being continuously modified by other cytokines."	( Interactions of erythropoietin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, stem cell factor, and interleukin-11 on murine hematopoiesis during simultaneous administration. de Haan, G; Dontje, B; Engel, C; Loeffler, M; Nijhof, W; Roeder, I, 1998)	0.3
" Hemoglobin concentrations in all 3 r-hEPO dosage groups were higher than that in the control group during chemotherapy."	( Effectiveness of weekly subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin administration for chemotherapy-induced anemia. Itoh, K; Kawai, S; Kohno, H; Kokatsu, T; Tsukuda, M; Yuyama, S, 1998)	0.3
" The methylxanthines were continued at least until discharge from the NICU and the dosage altered to keep the levels within the therapeutic range."	( Comparison of the effects of theophylline and caffeine on serum erythropoietin concentration in premature infants. Fang, S; Gamsu, HR; Greenough, A; Marsden, JT; Peters, TJ; Sherwood, RA, 1998)	0.3
"Control of gene expression is important to gene therapy for purposes of both dosing and safety."	( Regulation of gene expression in vivo following transduction by two separate rAAV vectors. Bohl, D; Cohen, LK; Danos, O; Donahue, BA; Leff, SE; Mandel, RJ; Otten, GR; Rendahl, KG; Snyder, RO; Spratt, SK; Van Roey, M, 1998)	0.3
" The parameters studied include age, sex, hemoglobin, serum erythropoietin (sEPO) levels, transfusional dependency, transfusional requirements per month prior to treatment, maximum dosages used and dosage at which response was obtained."	( rHuEpo for the treatment of anemia in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Experience in 6 patients and meta-analytical approach. Diéguez, JC; Martino, ML; Prados, D; Rodríguez, JN, 1998)	0.3
"The DDR method when applied to plasma level data of erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) and its iodinated tracer (125I-r-HuEPO) from a high (4000U/kg) and a low (400U/kg) dosing of r-HuEPO in newborn lambs (n=13) resulted in excellent agreements in the elimination rate corrected dispositions in all cases (r=0."	( Correction for non-ideal tracer pharmacokinetic disposition by disposition decomposition analysis (DDA). Hong, SS; Schmidt, RL; Veng-Pedersen, P; Widness, JA, 1998)	0.3
"To understand the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin alfa) and to continue to optimize dosing regimens by determining whether administration of single high doses of epoetin alfa is as effective as repeated administration."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human erythropoietin after single and multiple subcutaneous doses to healthy subjects. Cheung, WK; Goon, BL; Guilfoyle, MC; Wacholtz, MC, 1998)	0.3
"These findings show that the pharmacologic response to epoetin alfa is a function of dose and dosing regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human erythropoietin after single and multiple subcutaneous doses to healthy subjects. Cheung, WK; Goon, BL; Guilfoyle, MC; Wacholtz, MC, 1998)	0.3
"An anemia management protocol ensures consistent treatment of anemia in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients by basing a treatment plan on the evaluation of hematocrit values and iron stores, the provision of safe and effective iron supplementation the systematic dosing of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO), and careful monitoring of patient' outcomes."	( How to design an anemia management protocol. Senger, JM; St John, WD; Trenkle, JA, 1998)	0.3
" Some studies have shown a decrease in recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) dosage with correction of iron deficiency."	( Erythropoietin (EPO) requirements remain high in EPO resistant patients after iron repletion. Cohen, D; Raja, RM, )	0.13
"03) sampled just before dialysis correlated significantly and positively with the total weekly dosage of erythropoietin given to the patients."	( Oxygen and 2,3 biphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) during haemodialysis. Andersen, EM; Jensen, HA; Jørgensen, LG; Nielsen, AL, 1998)	0.3
"To establish a pharmacodynamic model that allows one to predict the haemoglobin (Hb) response to EPO in children as a function of dose and time, and to derive recommendations for initial dosing and subsequent dose adjustment."	( Predicting the time course of haemoglobin in children treated with erythropoietin for renal anaemia. Ding, RW; Fies, T; Port, RE; Schärer, K, 1998)	0.3
" In Epo dose-response assays, cells expressing the mutant EpoR displayed hyperresponsiveness to Epo compared with cells expressing comparable numbers of the wild-type EpoR cultured in the presence of fetal bovine serum."	( A human erythropoietin receptor gene mutant causing familial erythrocytosis is associated with deregulation of the rates of Jak2 and Stat5 inactivation. Arcasoy, MO; Forget, BG; Harris, KW, 1999)	0.3
" From these results, we may conclude that factors other than the excretory function of the graft and the kind and dosage of immunosuppressants may be involved in the pathogenesis of abnormal leptinemia in these patients."	( Pathophysiological role of leptin in patients with chronic renal failure, in kidney transplant patients, in patients with essential hypertension, and in pregnant women with preeclampsia. Adamczak, M; Cieplok, J; Kokot, F; Mesjasz, J; Spiechowicz, U; Ulman, I; Wiecek, A, 1999)	0.3
" The required erythropoietin dosage could be reduced significantly (from 148."	( Iron status and iron supplementation in peritoneal dialysis patients. Haag-Weber, M; Vychytil, A, 1999)	0.3
" Twenty stable hemodialysis (HD) patients received intravenous L-carnitine after each dialysis session in a dosage of 5 (N = 15) and 25 (N = 5) mg/kg, respectively, together with intravenous iron saccharate (20 mg/HD session) for four months and without iron for a further four months."	( Anemia and carnitine supplementation in hemodialyzed patients. Heinz-Peer, G; Hörl, WH; Kletzmayr, J; Kovarik, J; Legenstein, E; Leitha, T; Mayer, G, 1999)	0.3
" Nurses complete a drug dosing worksheet which alerts pharmacists to the need for both epoetin and iron dextran doses."	( A system for monitoring and dispensing epoetin. Cohen, MR, 1990)	0.28
" Dosing of rHuEPO and achieved hematocrit were lower than expected based on the results of clinical trials."	( A review of the first year of Medicare coverage of erythropoietin. Anderson, GF; de Lissovoy, G; Eggers, PW; Greer, J; Griffiths, RI; Powe, NR; Watson, AJ; Whelton, PK, 1994)	0.29
"Decisions about epoetin (recombinant human erythropoetin) dosage and target haematocrit in dialysis patients have been determined largely by the high acquisition cost of epoetin, but are made with incomplete knowledge about which target haematocrit gives the optimum clinical benefit."	( Low-dosage epoetin in maintenance haemodialysis: costs and quality-of-life improvement. Harris, DC, 1994)	0.29
" It is well tolerated, and the risk of adverse effects that are caused by too rapid a correction of anaemia, for example hypertension, can be reduced in most cases by lower starting dosage regimens."	( Epoetin: a pharmacoeconomic review of its use in chronic renal failure and its effects on quality of life. Barradell, LB; Benfield, P; Whittington, R, 1993)	0.29
" Both kinetics and Epo dose-response experiments showed that GAB1 tyrosine phosphorylation was a direct consequence of Epo receptor activation."	( Erythropoietin induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of GAB1 and its association with SHC, SHP2, SHIP, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Chrétien, S; Fichelson, S; Gisselbrecht, S; Lacombe, C; Lecoq-Lafon, C; Mayeux, P; Verdier, F, 1999)	0.3
" The balance of evidence suggests that the subcutaneous route allows lower doses to be used compared with the intravenous route, and dosing should be two to three times weekly."	( Optimizing erythropoietin therapy. Macdougall, IC, 1999)	0.3
"A prospective randomized study of the use of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) in children with chronic renal disease was conducted to assess dosing requirements and side effects."	( Safety and efficacy of erythropoietin in children with chronic renal failure. Avner, ED; Brandt, JR; Hickman, RO; Watkins, SL, 1999)	0.3
" The active vitamin D metabolites alfacalcidol and calcitriol may, under some circumstances, improve anaemia and reduce epoetin dosage requirements."	( Is there a role for adjuvant therapy in patients being treated with epoetin? Hörl, WH, 1999)	0.3
" There were no significant differences in the dose-response curves to Ach and SNP between the two groups."	( Nitric oxide-dependent renal vasodilatation is not altered in rat with rHuEpo-induced hypertension. Andreini, B; De Pietro, S; Di Benedetto, A; Filippi, C; Giovannini, L; Migliori, M; Palla, R; Panichi, V; Taccola, D, 1999)	0.3
" Reductions in epoetin alpha dosage were made during the study if Hb level increased to >15 g dl(-1)."	( Epoetin alpha prevents anaemia and reduces transfusion requirements in patients undergoing primarily platinum-based chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer. Bell, DR; De Campos, ES; Ewers, SB; Morant, R; Rosso, R; Schatzmann, E; Steward, WP; Stocker, H; Sundal, E; Thatcher, N; Vansteenkiste, JF; Varghese, G, 1999)	0.3
"More frequent dosing of the same weekly amount of r-EPO produced a significant and sustained increase in stimulated erythropoiesis in VLBW infants."	( Comparison between two and five doses a week of recombinant human erythropoietin for anemia of prematurity: a randomized trial. Brown, MS; Keith, JF, 1999)	0.3
"In December 1996 we identified an outbreak of erythropoietin (rHuEpo) resistance requiring a substantial increase in rHuEpo dosage in one of our four haemodialysis (HD) units."	( Chloramine-induced haemolysis presenting as erythropoietin resistance. Cairns, T; Fairchild, V; Fluck, S; Lawrence, A; Lee, J; McKane, W; Murray, D; Palmer, A; Polpitiye, M; Taube, D, 1999)	0.3
" The mean EPO dosage could be tapered from 6,500 IU to 6,150 IU."	( Intravenous iron treatment of renal anemia in children on hemodialysis. Michalk, D; Müller-Berghaus, J; Querfeld, U; Tenbrock, K, 1999)	0.3
"3%) with a mean final IP rHuEPO dosage that was not significantly greater than the mean previous SC dosage (IP, 290 +/- 194 U/kg/wk; SC, 279 +/- 126 U/kg/wk; P = not significant)."	( Intraperitoneal erythropoietin in children on peritoneal dialysis: A study of pharmacokinetics and efficacy. Brandt, JR; Godwin, DA; Hansen, C; Kausz, AT; Palmer, RB; Watkins, SL, 1999)	0.3
" The current study was designed to determine whether absorption after administration into a dry peritoneum is improved by extending the dry dosing period from 4 to 8 hours."	( Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal epoetin alfa in patients on peritoneal dialysis using an 8-hour "dry dwell" dosing technique. Johnson, CA; Kosorok, MR; Taylor, CA; Zimmerman, SW, 1999)	0.3
" Only patients with a serum ferritin level greater than 1,000 microg/L were excluded; patients with a serum ferritin level below 150 microg/L were given a more aggressive IV dosing regimen to get into range for the standard protocol."	( Beneficial effects of adopting an aggressive intravenous iron policy in a hemodialysis unit. Chandler, G; Elston, O; Harchowal, J; Macdougall, IC, 1999)	0.3
" The longer half-life of NESP is likely to confer a clinical advantage over Epoetin by allowing less frequent dosing in patients treated for anemia."	( Pharmacokinetics of novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein compared with epoetin alfa in dialysis patients. Breen, C; Browne, J; Egrie, J; Elston, O; Gray, SJ; Jenkins, B; Macdougall, IC, 1999)	0.3
" The subsequent dosing schedule was every other day to achieve a hematocrit (Hct) concentration of >38%."	( Efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin in the critically ill patient: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Colton, T; Corwin, HL; Corwin, MJ; Enny, C; Gettinger, A; Gubler, KD; Pearl, RG; Rodriguez, RM, 1999)	0.3
"The dose-response curve obtained was linear between 5 and 160 UI/mouse and the doses chosen for future assays were 10, 30 and 90 UI/mouse."	( [Recombinant human erythropoietin: method of in vivo evaluation using normocythemic mice]. Albertengo, ME; Alonso, BS; Baiges, DL; Chiale, CA; Oliva, LM; Valcarce, GA, 1999)	0.3
" Using guidelines that include maintenance dosing ensures sustained adequate iron stores and maximizes the effects of rHuEPO therapy."	( Clinical practice guidelines for maintaining adequate iron status with intravenous iron dextran in hemodialysis patients. Lindenfeld, SM; Peacock, E, 1999)	0.3
" dosing is undesirable."	( Comparison of intraperitoneal and subcutaneous epoetin alfa in peritoneal dialysis patients. Bhattacharya, A; Burkart, J; Johnson, CA; Kosorok, MR; Taylor, CA; Wakeen, M; Zimmerman, SW, )	0.13
"Changing financial incentives have strongly influenced dosing patterns of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) since its introduction in 1989."	( Use of clinical guidelines for treatment of anemia among hemodialysis patients. Cotter, DJ; Ivanovich, P; Klinkmann, J; Lang, G; Richard, CM; Thamer, M, 2000)	0.31
"04), suggesting a dose-response relationship."	( Maternal smoking and fetal erythropoietin levels. Clinch, JJ; Fleming, N; Gruslin, A; Manchanda, R; Perkins, SL, 2000)	0.31
"To determine the impact of two different recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin alfa) dosing strategies on the number of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions, and explore relationships between specific patient and drug regimen variables with epoetin alfa therapy outcomes."	( Factors associated with successful epoetin alfa therapy in premature infants. Reiter, PD; Rosenberg, AA; Valuck, RJ, 2000)	0.31
"Infants who received epoetin alfa therapy three times weekly for more than one week were categorized into two epoetin alfa dosing strategy groups: group A (300-749 units/kg/wk) and group B (750-1200 units/kg/wk)."	( Factors associated with successful epoetin alfa therapy in premature infants. Reiter, PD; Rosenberg, AA; Valuck, RJ, 2000)	0.31
" No significant impact on outcome was attributed to overall dosing strategy (group A vs."	( Factors associated with successful epoetin alfa therapy in premature infants. Reiter, PD; Rosenberg, AA; Valuck, RJ, 2000)	0.31
"Epoetin alfa dosing strategy, as defined in our study, did not significantly affect the number of transfusions."	( Factors associated with successful epoetin alfa therapy in premature infants. Reiter, PD; Rosenberg, AA; Valuck, RJ, 2000)	0.31
" A precise dose-response relationship between the dose of injected virus and stable EPO serum levels was observed, together with a 100-fold increase in gene expression per infectious particle when compared with a first-generation Ad vector bearing the same cassette."	( Prolonged expression and effective readministration of erythropoietin delivered with a fully deleted adenoviral vector. Ciliberto, G; Cortese, R; Delmastro, P; La Monica, N; Maione, D; Savino, R; Wiznerowicz, M, 2000)	0.31
" This study investigates the dose-response profiles of a single intramuscular (im) injection of a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector (rAAV) containing the Epo gene with the goal of achieving a sustained elevation of hematocrit (Hct)."	( Dose response to a single intramuscular injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus-erythropoietin in monkeys. Escobedo, JA; Manning, WC; Perez, RV; Rudich, SM; Srivastava, R; Zhou, S, 2000)	0.31
"In group I, continuous use of bicarbonate dialysate did not change the rHuEpo dosage given to achieve the target haemoglobin level and was associated with elevated surrogate markers (CRP, IL-6) of cytokine-induced inflammation."	( Dialysate related cytokine induction and response to recombinant human erythropoietin in haemodialysis patients. Bergner, A; Schiffl, H; Sitter, T, 2000)	0.31
" This allows injections of both IV and SC NESP to be given less frequently, and indeed studies have shown that once-weekly, and even once every other week, dosing can maintain the hemoglobin concentration in patients treated for renal anemia."	( Novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein. Macdougall, IC, 2000)	0.31
" Quality of life estimates were obtained using the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), and epoetin dosage requirements at target [Hb] were assessed."	( Effects of haemoglobin normalization on quality of life and cardiovascular parameters in end-stage renal failure. Becker, GJ; Burge, CM; Grigg, LE; Mason, K; McMahon, LP; Skinner, SL, 2000)	0.31
"375 adult patients receiving maintenance epoetin therapy for renal anemia were switched to the multidose formulation of epoetin beta for 12 weeks, using the same dosage and route of administration."	( Safety and tolerability of a multidose formulation of epoetin beta in dialysis patients. Collaborative Study Group. Auinger, M; Hertlová, M; Raftery, MJ, 2000)	0.31
" In group A and group B respectively, the dosage of rHuEPO was 141."	( Influence of adynamic bone disease on responsiveness to recombinant human erythropoietin in peritoneal dialysis patients. Kcomt, J; Raja, R; Sotelo, C, 2000)	0.31
" Weekly rHuEPO dosing is suggested, initiated at 40,000 U, as has been established in patients with cancer."	( Consensus statement: anemia in HIV infection--current trends, treatment options, and practice strategies. Anemia in HIV Working Group. Volberding, P, 2000)	0.31
" Three open-label community-based studies of epoetin alfa in cancer-related anemia (two using three-times-weekly dosing and one using once-weekly dosing) in more than 7,000 patients have been performed."	( Management of cancer-related anemia: epoetin alfa and quality of life. Soignet, S, 2000)	0.31
" We investigated whether subcutaneous (SC) epoetin ss administered once weekly was as effective as the same weekly dosage given in two to three divided doses."	( The efficacy of once weekly compared with two or three times weekly subcutaneous epoetin beta: results from a randomized controlled multicentre trial. Swedish Study Group. Clyne, N; Divino Fihlho, J; Frisenette-Fich, C; Kurkus, J; Svensson, B; Weiss, LG, 2000)	0.31
"0, where K=dialyser-renal urea clearance, t=dialysis time and V=filtration volume, obtained by urea kinetic modelling) were randomized to treatment with SC epoetin beta either once weekly (n=118), or to their original dosage two or three times weekly (control group, n=40) for 24 weeks."	( The efficacy of once weekly compared with two or three times weekly subcutaneous epoetin beta: results from a randomized controlled multicentre trial. Swedish Study Group. Clyne, N; Divino Fihlho, J; Frisenette-Fich, C; Kurkus, J; Svensson, B; Weiss, LG, 2000)	0.31
"To determine the effect of different dosing schedules of intravenous iron therapy on the hematocrit level, we randomly assigned 18 patients to 3 groups."	( Clinical characteristic of parenteral iron supplementation in hemodialysis patients receiving erythropoietin therapy. Chang, HY; Chen, KS; Kao, HH; Lee, CC; Tsai, CJ, 2000)	0.31
" To save manpower and costs, we recommend the large single dosing schedule."	( Clinical characteristic of parenteral iron supplementation in hemodialysis patients receiving erythropoietin therapy. Chang, HY; Chen, KS; Kao, HH; Lee, CC; Tsai, CJ, 2000)	0.31
" Assays for EPO are used to monitor dosage and response to human recombinant erythropoietin also may have diagnostic utility in the differential diagnosis of anemia and polycythemia."	( New automated chemiluminescent assay for erythropoietin. Benson, EW; Chaffin, C; Hardy, R; Konrad, RJ; Robinson, CA, 2000)	0.31
" We prospectively studied 135 stable chronic hemodialysis patients who receive iron and subcutaneous EPO dosed according to current guidelines."	( Predictors of erythropoietin responsiveness in chronic hemodialysis patients. Blake, PG; Muirhead, N; Tonelli, M, )	0.13
" An optimal Hb level with the lowest dosage of EPO seams to be correlated to the way of administration and an adequate iron supplementation."	( [Pharmacoeconomics in hemodialysis. Role of iron in the treatment with erythropoietin]. Borlandelli, S; Cofano, MF; David, P; Navino, C; Verzetti, G, 2000)	0.31
" In each study, r-HuEPO was administered over two separate dosing periods, each separated with a 28-day washout period."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability after subcutaneous administration of recombinant human erythropoietin formulated with different stabilizers. Cheung, WK; Natarajan, J; Sanders, M; Vercammen, E, 2000)	0.31
"To determine whether the response to recombinant erythropoietin is dose dependent in men undergoing radical prostatectomy and to elucidate the relative cost-effectiveness of two dosing regimens."	( Comparison of two different doses of preoperative recombinant erythropoietin in men undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy. Lepor, H; Nieder, AM; Rosenblum, N, 2001)	0.31
" The 300 IU/kg dosing regimen was significantly more cost effective than the 600 IU/kg dosing regimen."	( Comparison of two different doses of preoperative recombinant erythropoietin in men undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy. Lepor, H; Nieder, AM; Rosenblum, N, 2001)	0.31
" In addition, haemoglobin response data suggests that, in this patient population, dosing less frequently than the 3 times weekly doses used for rHuEPO may be possible while improving anaemia."	( Pharmacokinetics of novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein (NESP) in cancer patients: preliminary report. Heatherington, AC; Mercer, AJ; Schuller, J, 2001)	0.31
" Iron and rHuEPO dosage was adjusted accordingly."	( [Clinical and economic significance of iron replacement in anemia treated with recombinant human erythropoietin in patients on hemodialysis]. Bahbouh, R; Herink, J; Horácková, M; Půtová, I; Rychlík, I; Safárová, R; Vanková, S, 2001)	0.31
" Based on the results of this study, the clinical benefits and the adverse event profile of once-weekly epoetin alfa therapy in community-based practice are similar to those observed in the historical experience with the three-times-weekly dosage schedule."	( Clinical evaluation of once-weekly dosing of epoetin alfa in chemotherapy patients: improvements in hemoglobin and quality of life are similar to three-times-weekly dosing. Cleeland, CS; Einhorn, LH; Gabrilove, JL; Livingston, RB; Sarokhan, B; Winer, E, 2001)	0.31
" iron preparations with respect to haemoglobin levels, iron status and recombinant human erythropoetin (rHuEpo) dosage requirements in stable, rHuEpo-treated haemodialysis patients (maintenance phase of iron treatment) over 6 months."	( A randomized, controlled parallel-group trial on efficacy and safety of iron sucrose (Venofer) vs iron gluconate (Ferrlecit) in haemodialysis patients treated with rHuEpo. Bahner, U; Bettger, H; Kosch, M; Matzkies, F; Schaefer, RM; Teschner, M, 2001)	0.31
"5 ng/ml with iron gluconate), while rHuEpo dosage did not change significantly throughout the study."	( A randomized, controlled parallel-group trial on efficacy and safety of iron sucrose (Venofer) vs iron gluconate (Ferrlecit) in haemodialysis patients treated with rHuEpo. Bahner, U; Bettger, H; Kosch, M; Matzkies, F; Schaefer, RM; Teschner, M, 2001)	0.31
" The pharmacokinetic data suggested that patients with renal anaemia would require less frequent dosing with NESP than with rHuEPO."	( An overview of the efficacy and safety of novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein (NESP). Macdougall, IC, 2001)	0.31
" Extremely high dosage is used and is in no way comparable with natural secretions or those necessary to re-balance an exhausted glandular system."	( [Doping in sports]. Pirnay, F, 2001)	0.31
"We tested the following hypotheses: (1) enterally dosed Epo is absorbed from the intestines of neonatal rats, (2) Epo acts as a trophic factor in developing small bowel, and (3) the trophic effects of Epo are dependent on the route of administration."	( Erythropoietin acts as a trophic factor in neonatal rat intestine. Christensen, RD; Dame, C; DeMarco, V; Joyce, AE; Juul, SE; Ledbetter, DJ; Zhao, Y, 2001)	0.31
"The dose dependent effects of enterally dosed recombinant human erythropoietin (rEpo 0--1000 U/kg/day) were studied in artificially raised rat pups and compared with dam raised controls and dam raised pups given rEpo in rat milk."	( Erythropoietin acts as a trophic factor in neonatal rat intestine. Christensen, RD; Dame, C; DeMarco, V; Joyce, AE; Juul, SE; Ledbetter, DJ; Zhao, Y, 2001)	0.31
" Thus enterally dosed rEpo has no erythropoietic effects."	( Erythropoietin acts as a trophic factor in neonatal rat intestine. Christensen, RD; Dame, C; DeMarco, V; Joyce, AE; Juul, SE; Ledbetter, DJ; Zhao, Y, 2001)	0.31
" The aim of this study was to determine whether NESP is effective for the treatment of anemia at a reduced dosing frequency relative to rHuEPO in patients with chronic renal failure not yet on dialysis [chronic renal insufficiency (CRI)]."	( Novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein for treatment of anemia in chronic renal insufficiency. Dewey, C; Gray, SJ; Jenkins, B; Locatelli, F; Olivares, J; Walker, R; Wilkie, M, 2001)	0.31
"These results demonstrate that NESP safely and effectively corrects and maintains hemoglobin concentrations at a reduced dosing frequency relative to rHuEPO in patients with CRI, providing a potential benefit to patients and health care providers."	( Novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein for treatment of anemia in chronic renal insufficiency. Dewey, C; Gray, SJ; Jenkins, B; Locatelli, F; Olivares, J; Walker, R; Wilkie, M, 2001)	0.31
" These findings indicate that the skin can sustain dosed systemic delivery of therapeutic polypeptides via direct lentivector injection and thus provide an accessible and reversible approach for gene-based delivery to the bloodstream."	( Sustainable systemic delivery via a single injection of lentivirus into human skin tissue. Baek, SC; Fan, H; Khavari, PA; Lin, Q; Robbins, PB, 2001)	0.31
" We have learned much about the optimum regimens for using this drug, including the route of administration, dosage frequency, use of iron supplementation, and management of poor response."	( Present and future strategies in the treatment of renal anaemia. Macdougall, IC, 2001)	0.31
"Haemoglobin was significantly higher in patients receiving low rHuEpo dosage (L, 10."	( High blood soluble receptor p80 for tumour necrosis factor-alpha is associated with erythropoietin resistance in haemodialysis patients. Furuhashi, M; Hishida, A; Kato, A; Maruyama, Y; Odamaki, M; Takita, T, 2001)	0.31
" The rHuEPO dosage was adjusted to maintain hemoglobin levels >10."	( Effect of weekly or successive iron supplementation on erythropoietin doses in patients receiving hemodialysis. Hamada, M; Hishida, A; Kato, A; Maruyama, T; Maruyama, Y; Suzuki, T, 2001)	0.31
" Further studies will define the optimal dosage and route of administration of iron supplementation during rHuEPO therapy."	( The role of high-dose oral iron supplementation during erythropoietin therapy for anemia of prematurity. Attias, D; Bader, D; Barak, M; Hershkowitz, S; Kugelman, A; Lanir, A; Maor-Rogin, N; Tamir, A; Weinger-Abend, M, 2001)	0.31
" An EPO dosage based on reported usage in cervix cancer patients was applied."	( Cost analysis of erythropoietin versus blood transfusions for cervical cancer patients receiving chemoradiotherapy. Benedict, SH; Boardman, C; Cardinale, RM; Fischer, BA; Goram, AL; Kavanagh, BD; Roseff, SD; Segreti, EM; Wheelock, JB, 2001)	0.31
" Iron deficiency, whether absolute or functional, is considered to be the most important, and it is widely accepted that maintaining adequate iron levels reduces rh-Epo dosage requirement and improves efficacy in haemodialysis patients."	( Hyporesponsiveness to recombinant human erythropoietin. Drüeke, T, 2001)	0.31
" The diet of 20 patients (Group I) was supplemented with KA at a dosage of 100 mg/kg/day while 18 patients (Group II) received no supplementation."	( Metabolic effects of keto acid--amino acid supplementation in patients with chronic renal insufficiency receiving a low-protein diet and recombinant human erythropoietin--a randomized controlled trial. Kazdová, L; Malý, J; Poledne, R; Schück, O; Skibová, J; Teplan, V; Votruba, M, 2001)	0.31
"Our preliminary experience with IL-11 at doses of 50 microg/kg/d suggested that patients with bone marrow failure developed significant peripheral and pulmonary edema after the prolonged dosing necessary for treating these conditions."	( Pilot study of low-dose interleukin-11 in patients with bone marrow failure. Cortes, J; Jeha, S; Kurzrock, R; Pilat, S; Talpaz, M; Thomas, DA, 2001)	0.31
"Approaches involved dosing mice with thiamphenicol (TAP) to yield staged cohorts of pro-erythroid cells; optimizing conditions for their EPO-dependent in vitro growth and survival; developing assays for CFU-E maturation; analyzing stage-specific transcript expression; and expressing a heterologous, erythroid-specific tag (EE372) in transgenic mice."	( An optimized system for studies of EPO-dependent murine pro-erythroblast development. Geiger, JN; Johnson, MM; Miller, CP; Pircher, TJ; Wojchowski, DM; Zhang, D, 2001)	0.31
" The major difference in comparison to rhuEPO is the up to threefold increase of the terminal half-life of NESP, which allows for less frequent dosing of NESP."	( The clinical potential of novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein. Hörl, WH; Sunder-Plassmann, G, 2001)	0.31
" Darbepoetin alfa (novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein [NESP]) is a longer acting erythropoietic agent that allows less frequent dosing to treat anemia."	( Novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein for managing the anemia of chronic kidney disease. Nissenson, AR, 2001)	0.31
"CHr is a markedly more stable analyte than serum ferritin or transferrin saturation, and iron management based on CHr results in similar hematocrit and epoetin dosing while significantly reducing IV iron exposure."	( A randomized trial of iron deficiency testing strategies in hemodialysis patients. Dutka, P; Faubert, J; Fishbane, S; Shapiro, W; Valenzuela, OF, 2001)	0.31
" Fetal and adult cells with different hemoglobin profiles also showed similar EPO dose-response curves, determined for different intervals during the first 2 weeks of culture."	( Fetal and maternal progenitor cells in co-culture respond equally to erythropoietin. Bianchi, DW; Bohmer, RM; Johnson, KL, 2001)	0.31
"Optimization of erythropoietin therapy includes awareness of target hematocrit and hemoglobin, defining the renal anemia management period (RAMP), drug dosage and mode of application and significance of adjuvant therapy."	( [Erythropoietin-beta in the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic renal insufficiency]. Dimković, N, )	0.13
" Adverse events are very rare and predictable; they can be avoided with careful dosage and follow-up of patients."	( [Erythropoietin-beta in the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic renal insufficiency]. Dimković, N, )	0.13
" An open, non-controlled and multicenter study was designed with aim to verify the dosage of EPO, necessary to reach and maintain rational correction of renal anaemia in a representative group of patients in chronic haemodialysis (HD) treatment."	( [Optimal therapy with erythropoietin (EPO) in patients with renal anemia on hemodialysis therapy]. Bitterová, Z; Jirka, T; Knetl, P; Kopenec, J; Merta, M; Sobotová, D; Suchanová, J; Vlasák, J; Zahálková, J, 2001)	0.31
" We observed a dose-response relationship between serum Epo levels and the amount of injected DNA up to 100 microg."	( Kidney-targeted naked DNA transfer by retrograde renal vein injection in rats. Gejyo, F; Higuchi, N; Hirahara, H; Iino, N; Kameda, S; Kawachi, H; Maruyama, H; Miyazaki, J; Nishikawa, Y; Yaoita, E, 2002)	0.31
" The available iron pool was maintained with 100 mg iron every 2 weeks or 1 month depending on serum ferritin and transferrin saturation levels, the rHuEPO dosage titrated depending on hematocrit (Hct) levels."	( Reduction in erythropoietin doses by the use of chronic intravenous iron supplementation in iron-replete hemodialysis patients. Chang, CC; Chang, CH; Chiang, SS, 2002)	0.31
" Besides, the iPTH levels did not interfere with the rHuEPO dosage reduction and Hct increment in our patients."	( Reduction in erythropoietin doses by the use of chronic intravenous iron supplementation in iron-replete hemodialysis patients. Chang, CC; Chang, CH; Chiang, SS, 2002)	0.31
" Recent data indicate that several factors, including time on dialysis, Epoetin alfa dosing practices, peritoneal dialysis modality, younger age, African American race, and some comorbidities, may increase the risk for lower hemoglobin levels."	( Hyporesponse to Epoetin alfa: patients at risk. Case study of the anemic patient. Deziel, SM, 2002)	0.31
" This phenomenon can make proper HU dosing very challenging and may be especially problematic in PV patients who are at risk for thrombohemorrhagic complications."	( Hydroxyurea-associated platelet count oscillations in polycythemia vera: a report of four new cases and a review. Harrison, CN; Steensma, DP; Tefferi, A, )	0.13
" These results suggest that Epo can be administered in parenteral nutrition solutions, but the dosage would need to be increased when a filter is used."	( Stability and biological activity of epoietin beta in parenteral nutrition solutions. Brunhes, A; Huynh-Delerme, C; Lacombe, C; Moriette, G; Penaud, JF, 2002)	0.31
" Data from trials in patients with cancer with a range of tumor types, whether receiving chemotherapy or not, indicate that darbepoietin-alpha is effective in alleviating anemia when dosed at intervals of once every 1, 2, or 3 weeks and may effect greater and more rapid responses than recombinant human erythropoietin."	( Applications of darbepoietin-alpha, a novel erythropoiesis-stimulating protein, in oncology. Smith, R, 2002)	0.31
" The literature published between November 2000 and October 2001 continues to support a positive effect of epoetin-alpha therapy on the quality of life of patients with cancer and includes investigations of dosing schedules more convenient for patients and trials of longer-acting versions of epoetin-alpha, such as the novel erythropoiesis-stimulating protein."	( Methods and progress in assessing the quality of life effects of supportive care with erythropoietin therapy. Cella, D; Lai, JS; Yount, S, 2002)	0.31
" This in turn allows injections of the drug to be given less frequently, and studies have shown that once-weekly and once-every-other-week dosing can maintain the hemoglobin concentration in patients with renal anemia."	( Darbepoetin alfa: a new therapeutic agent for renal anemia. Macdougall, IC, 2002)	0.31
" The efficacy and safety of epoetin alfa did not vary according to dosing frequency (1 vs."	( Benefits of epoetin alfa in anemic breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Blasi, MV; Demetri, GD; Gabrilove, JL; Glaspy, J; Hill, RJ, 2002)	0.31
" Optimal dosage and the real impact of rHuEPO on the need for transfusion in intensive care remain to be determined."	( Recombinant human erythropoietin use in intensive care. Bélisle, S; Darveau, M; Denault, AY; Notebaert, E, 2002)	0.31
" This prospective, single-blinded, randomized study was undertaken to examine the safety and efficacy of preoperative single weekly dosing with erythropoietin (epoetin alfa) in reducing the rate of transfusion in infants and small children undergoing craniosynostosis repair."	( The use of recombinant erythropoietin in the reduction of blood transfusion rates in craniosynostosis repair in infants and children. Fearon, JA; Weinthal, J, 2002)	0.31
" A large community-based trial has demonstrated that the more convenient once-weekly dosing schedule resulted in good efficacy and safety profiles."	( The use of epoetin alfa in chemotherapy patients: a consistent profile of efficacy and safety. Itri, LM, 2002)	0.31
" The purpose of this randomized, double-blind, noninferiority study is to determine whether darbepoetin alfa is as effective as epoetin for the treatment of anemia in hemodialysis patients when administered at a reduced dosing frequency."	( Randomized, controlled trial of darbepoetin alfa for the treatment of anemia in hemodialysis patients. Beatey, R; Lindberg, JS; Maroni, BJ; McDermott-Vitak, A; Nissenson, AR; Picarello, N; Soroka, SD; Swan, SK; Wang, C, 2002)	0.31
"These results show that darbepoetin alfa maintains hemoglobin concentrations as effectively and safely as epoetin in patients with CKD, but with a reduced dosing frequency."	( Randomized, controlled trial of darbepoetin alfa for the treatment of anemia in hemodialysis patients. Beatey, R; Lindberg, JS; Maroni, BJ; McDermott-Vitak, A; Nissenson, AR; Picarello, N; Soroka, SD; Swan, SK; Wang, C, 2002)	0.31
" Dosage modifications were according to a standard protocol incorporating laboratory values and clinical side effects."	( Treatment of posttransplantation recurrence of hepatitis C with interferon and ribavirin: lessons on tolerability and efficacy. Burgart, LJ; Charlton, M; El-Amin, OM; Kremers, WK; Narayanan Menon, KV; Poterucha, JJ; Rosen, CB; Wiesner, RH, 2002)	0.31
" Subcutaneous administration of epoetin beta permits flexible dosing regimens that can be tailored to patients' individual needs."	( A rationale for an individualized administration frequency of epoetin beta: a clinical perspective. Weiss, L, 2002)	0.31
" This article discusses this approach in relation to three issues: target haemoglobin (Hb) level, epoetin dosing frequency/administration and patient management/education programmes."	( A need for an individualized approach to end-stage renal disease patients. Hörl, WH, 2002)	0.31
" Although the risk-benefit ratio relationship for very high doses of rHuEPO needs further consideration, demonstration of rHuEPO efficacy in critical illness should result in a re-evaluation of the 'dose-response relationship' for rHuEPO in patients with less acute and severe illness, including CRF patients hyporesponsive to current dosing regimens."	( Anaemia of critical illness-- implications for understanding and treating rHuEPO resistance. Eckardt, KU, 2002)	0.31
" Dosage should be initiated at 10 000 IU three times/week or 40 000 IU once/week and be titrated to maintain hemoglobin at 12 g/dl."	( Management of disease-related anemia in patients with multiple myeloma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia: epoetin treatment recommendations. Blade, J; Dammacco, F; Degos, L; Itri, L; Kyle, R; Liso, V; Littlewood, TJ; Ludwig, H; Mandelli, F; Meloni, G; Molica, S; Osterborg, A; Pangalis, GA; Rai, K; San Miguel, J; Schmitt, B; Voliotis, D, 2002)	0.31
" We observed a dose-response relationship between serum Epo levels and the amount of injected DNA up to 800 microg."	( High-level expression of naked DNA delivered to rat liver via tail vein injection. Gejyo, F; Hanawa, H; Higuchi, N; Iino, N; Kameda, S; Kazama, JJ; Maruyama, H; Miyazaki, J; Nishikawa, Y; Sugawa, M; Tada, N; Takahashi, N, )	0.13
" At an equivalent dosage as rHuEPO, darbepoetin-alpha maintains hemoglobin values within target range and has a similar adverse effect profile."	( Darbepoetin-alpha: a review of the literature. Manley, HJ; Overbay, DK, 2002)	0.31
" Nursing knowledge and management of Epoetin alfa dosing and administration techniques, peritonitis and other infections, and iron supplementation may help improve anemia-related outcomes in peritoneal dialysis patients."	( Anemia management practices in peritoneal dialysis patients. Case study of the anemic patient. MacCracken, MA, 2001)	0.31
" The overall dose of darbepoetin alfa required to produce a mean increase in haemoglobin does not increase when the dosing interval is increased from 1 to 2 weeks."	( Darbepoetin alfa given every 1 or 2 weeks alleviates anaemia associated with cancer chemotherapy. Armstrong, S; Colowick, AB; Glaspy, JA; Jadeja, JS; Justice, G; Kessler, J; O'Byrne, J; Richards, D; Rossi, G; Schwartzberg, L; Tchekmedyian, NS, 2002)	0.31
" No patient went over 30 thousand units and only 4 had such dosage in therapy."	( [Thalassaemia minor: national survey of uraemic patients under substitutive treatment]. Aucella, F; Bellizzi, V; Di Iorio, BR; Stallone, C, )	0.13
"Clinical and pharmacokinetic studies have shown that target hemoglobin or hematocrit levels can be maintained using a reduced recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin) dosage by switching from intravenous (IV) to subcutaneous (SC) administration."	( Meta-analysis of subcutaneous versus intravenous epoetin in maintenance treatment of anemia in hemodialysis patients. Besarab, A; Hornberger, J; Reyes, CM, 2002)	0.31
"The data from this study suggest that this dosing regimen of epoetin alfa is effective and safe in pediatric cancer patients with chemotherapy-related anemia."	( Is epoetin alfa a treatment option for chemotherapy-related anemia in children? Akyüz, C; Büyükpamukçu, M; Kutluk, T; Varan, A, 2002)	0.31
" Therefore, the timing of dosing relative to chemotherapy may be important."	( An overview of the pharmacokinetic disposition of darbepoetin alfa. Stewart, CE; Zamboni, WC, 2002)	0.31
" Darbepoetin alfa is a new erythropoietic protein with greater biologic activity and a longer dosing interval than those of r-HuEPO."	( Darbepoetin alfa, a new therapy for the management of anemia of chronic kidney disease. Hudson, JQ; Sameri, RM, 2002)	0.31
" Recombinant HuEPO produces a hemoglobin response in 50-60% of patients with cancer; however, to obtain this response rate, frequent dosing is required."	( Overview of cancer-related anemia: focus on the potential role of darbepoetin alfa. Valley, AW, 2002)	0.31
" These properties allow patients to be treated with longer dosing intervals than with r-HuEPO."	( Dose conversion from recombinant human erythropoietin to darbepoetin alfa: recommendations from clinical studies. Scott, SD, 2002)	0.31
" Less strong evidence supports an alternative weekly (40 000 U/wk) dosing regimen, based on common clinical practice."	( Use of epoetin in patients with cancer: evidence-based clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the American Society of Hematology. Bennett, CL; Browman, GP; Cella, D; Djulbegovic, B; Goode, MJ; Gordon, MS; Jakubowski, AA; Lee, SJ; Lichtin, AE; Miller, CB; Rarick, MU; Regan, DH; Rizzo, JD; Seidenfeld, J; Woolf, SH, 2002)	0.31
" They should be aware of clinical trials that have suggested advantages of improved dosing schedules and new applications for epoetin alfa."	( Epoetin alfa: current and future indications and nursing implications. Buchsel, PC; Murphy, BJ; Newton, SA, )	0.13
" Dosing was discontinued for 3 patients prior to receiving all 24 doses because of gastric residuals (n = 1; 5 mL/kg), stage I NEC (n = 1; 10 mL/kg), or symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus (n = 1; 20 mL/kg)."	( Tolerance of simulated amniotic fluid in premature neonates. Ashmeade, TL; Auerbach, DA; Beltz, SE; Calhoun, DA; Christensen, RD; Hudak, ML; Maheshwari, A; Sullivan, SE, 2002)	0.31
" Less strong evidence supports an alternative weekly (40,000 U/wk) dosing regimen, based on common clinical practice."	( Use of epoetin in patients with cancer: evidence-based clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the American Society of Hematology. Bennett, CL; Browman, GP; Cella, D; Djulbegovic, B; Goode, MJ; Gordon, MS; Jakubowski, AA; Lee, SJ; Lichtin, AE; Miller, CB; Rarick, MU; Regan, DH; Rizzo, JD; Seidenfeld, J; Woolf, SH, 2002)	0.31
" Furthermore, a once-per-week dosing schedule was found to be comparable to three-times-weekly administration of rHuEPO."	( Recombinant human erythropoietin in cancer-related anemia. Review of clinical evidence. Crawford, J, 2002)	0.31
" This agent has been shown to produce high dose-related response rates, reduce risk of transfusion, and produce dose-related rapidity of response in cancer patients; no loss in dose-efficiency is observed with once-every-2-week dosing compared with weekly dosing, and the feasibility of every-3-week dosing has been demonstrated."	( Overcoming barriers to erythropoietic therapy. Characteristics of darbepoetin alfa and potential advances in scheduling, dosing, and dose-efficiency. Glaspy, JA, 2002)	0.31
" Further characterization of the dose-response relationship of erythropoietic agents may allow better understanding of ways in which response may be enhanced."	( Prediction of response and other improvements on the limitations of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy in anemic cancer patients. Beguin, Y, 2002)	0.31
"The aim of this multicenter, randomized, open-label study was to compare the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of darbepoetin alfa, a new erythropoiesis-stimulating protein, and recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin) after repeated intravenous dosing in patients with chronic kidney disease receiving hemodialysis."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of darbepoetin alfa and epoetin in patients undergoing dialysis. Allon, M; Heatherington, AC; Kaupke, C; Kleinman, K; Maroni, BJ; Messer-Mann, L; Olson, K; Walczyk, M, 2002)	0.31
" Clinical outcomes from simulations of weight-based andfixed dosing of darbepoetin alfa were similar to those of observed weight-based data."	( Clinical trial simulation of a 200-microg fixed dose of darbepoetin alfa in chemotherapy-induced anemia. Heatherington, AC; Jumbe, N; Rossi, G; Rovetti, R; Yao, B, 2002)	0.31
" The rHuEPO dosage in these patients must be reassessed (a dose of 450 U/kg/wk corresponding to approximately 60,000 units/week is acceptable and does not produce an increase in side effects if the correction is done gradually); moreover, other factors responsible for EPO-resistance must be eliminated (hyperthyroidism, aluminium intoxication, iron overloaded or deficiency)."	( [Can anemia be corrected in hemodialysis patients with thalassaemia minor? ]. Bellizzi, V; Cillo, N; Di Iorio, B; Frieri, A; Gironda, A; Guastaferro, P; Marano, V; Morrongiello, L; Nigro, F; Rubino, R; Zito, B, )	0.13
" Further research is ongoing with less frequent dosing regimens."	( Epoetin alfa as a supportive measure in hematologic malignancies. Straus, DJ, 2002)	0.31
"To assess the efficacy in critically ill patients of a weekly dosing schedule of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) to decrease the occurrence of RBC transfusion."	( Efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. Colton, T; Corwin, HL; Corwin, MJ; Fink, MP; Gettinger, A; Levy, MM; Pearl, RG; Shapiro, MJ, 2002)	0.31
" The objective of this study was to evaluate extending the dosing interval of darbepoetin alfa to once every other week administration for the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) not requiring dialysis who were naive to rHuEPO therapy."	( Treatment of anemia with darbepoetin alfa administered de novo once every other week in chronic kidney disease. Brenner, RM; Elias, C; Lindberg, JS; Navarro, J; Suranyi, MG; Walker, R, )	0.13
" Doxycycline dosage was adapted to hematocrit."	( Mechanisms leading to sustained reversion of beta-thalassemia in mice by doxycycline-controlled Epo delivery from muscles. Bohl, D; Heard, JM; Samakoglu, S, 2002)	0.31
" The two additional sialic acid-containing carbohydrate chains prolong the serum half-life of darbepoetin alfa, resulting in greater biological activity and a reduced dosing frequency compared with rHuEPO."	( Darbepoetin alfa: a new therapy for the management of anaemia associated with chronic kidney disease. Lindberg, J, 2002)	0.31
" The dosage of erythropoietin required by those on haemodialysis receiving rHu EPO once weekly was just significantly more (WMD 12."	( Frequency of administration of recombinant human erythropoietin for anaemia of end-stage renal disease in dialysis patients. Campbell, M; Cody, J; Daly, C; Donaldson, C; Grant, A; Khan, I; MacLeod, A; Vale, L; Wallace, S, 2002)	0.31
" This study investigated the safety and efficacy of darbepoetin alfa for treating anaemia in dialysis patients, using a dosing regimen that was independent of the patient's body weight (unit dosing)."	( Treatment of anaemia in dialysis patients with unit dosing of darbepoetin alfa at a reduced dose frequency relative to recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo). Baker, N; Canaud, B; Giacardy, F; Locatelli, F; Martin-Malo, A; Wilson, J, 2003)	0.32
"Dialysis patients (n=341) maintained on rHuEpo treatment (alfa or beta) were switched to darbepoetin alfa at a reduced dosing frequency, but by the same route of administration [intravenous (i."	( Treatment of anaemia in dialysis patients with unit dosing of darbepoetin alfa at a reduced dose frequency relative to recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo). Baker, N; Canaud, B; Giacardy, F; Locatelli, F; Martin-Malo, A; Wilson, J, 2003)	0.32
" Subcutaneous weekly dosage requirements increased slightly during the study period (20."	( Treatment of anaemia in dialysis patients with unit dosing of darbepoetin alfa at a reduced dose frequency relative to recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo). Baker, N; Canaud, B; Giacardy, F; Locatelli, F; Martin-Malo, A; Wilson, J, 2003)	0.32
"75 microg/kg/week) increased the haemoglobin by > or = 1 g/dl in 60-80% of patients, and no difference between once weekly and three-times weekly dosing was apparent."	( Correction of anaemia with darbepoetin alfa in patients with chronic kidney disease receiving dialysis. Gray, SJ; Macdougall, IC; Matcham, J, 2003)	0.32
" Erythropoietin dosing should be titrated to increase the hematocrit gradually, and blood pressure should be monitored closely to avoid serious side effects such as hypertensive emergencies."	( Erythropoietin-induced hypertensive urgency in a patient with chronic renal insufficiency: case report and review of the literature. Force, RW; Mumford, BT; Novak, BL; Solbrig, RM, 2003)	0.32
" (3) The dosing schedules of epoetins have not been compared adequately."	( Darbepoetin alfa: new preparation. Just a me-too: no advantage in anaemia of chronic renal failure. , 2003)	0.32
" Iron supplements given to the patients with low CHr and hematocrit (Hct) significantly increased Hct, resulting in a decrease in the weekly dosage of rHuEPO."	( Content of reticulocyte hemoglobin is a reliable tool for determining iron deficiency in dialysis patients. Ando, M; Iwamoto, Y; Nihei, H; Okano, H; Shimada, K; Suda, A; Teramura, M; Tsuchiya, K; Yamashita, N, 2003)	0.32
" It corrects and maintains haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations at increased dosing intervals as compared to rHuEPO."	( [Treatment of renal anemia with darbepoetin alfa: results of an Austrian multicenter study]. Holzer, H; Hörl, WH; Mayer, GJ, 2002)	0.31
" 40 mm(3)), single-dose irradiation of the tumor with varying doses was performed so that in full dose-response relationship for the probability of tumor cure was obtained."	( Erythropoietin restores the anemia-induced reduction in radiosensitivity of experimental human tumors in nude mice. Knühmann, K; Pöttgen, C; Schmidt, K; Stüben, G; Stuschke, M; Thews, O; Vaupel, P, 2003)	0.32
"We cross-sectionally measured serum 8-OHdG in 73 patients on maintenance HD (age 68+/-2 years, time on HD 85+/-11 months, male/female=42/31), and examined the relationship between blood 8-OHdG and the severity of renal anaemia and the weekly dosage of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO)."	( Blood 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine is associated with erythropoietin resistance in haemodialysis patients. Hishida, A; Kato, A; Odamaki, M, 2003)	0.32
" Due to the pharmacokinetic differences, the relative potency of the two molecules varies as a function of the dosing frequency."	( Darbepoetin alfa has a longer circulating half-life and greater in vivo potency than recombinant human erythropoietin. Browne, JK; Dwyer, E; Egrie, JC; Hitz, A; Lykos, MA, 2003)	0.32
" While the rationale for erythropoietin treatment of ribavirin-induced anaemia is not straightforward, the currently recommended dosing regimen should be reassessed."	( Normal erythropoietin response in chronic hepatitis C patients with ribavirin-induced anaemia. Del Vecchio, C; Durante Mangoni, E; Marrone, A; Ruggiero, G; Saviano, D; Utili, R, 2003)	0.32
"001), and in positive correlation with weekly erythropoietin dosage (P=0."	( Mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure are associated with different clinical parameters in chronic haemodialysis patients. Bacic, B; Bosnjak, T; Kovacic, V; Roguljic, L, 2003)	0.32
" The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between lethality of hemodialysis patients, erythropoietin dosage for renal anemia treatment and hemodialysis quality."	( [Relationship between lethality of hemodialysis patients, erythropoietin dosage for renal anemia treatment and hemodialysis quality]. Bumblyte, IA; Kuzminskis, V; Ziginskiene, E, 2003)	0.32
" The rhEPO and placebo dosing were separated by a mean of 72 hours."	( Absorption of enteral recombinant human erythropoietin by neonates. Christensen, RD; Juul, SE, 2003)	0.32
"7 g/dL) were switched to darbepoetin alfa at a reduced dosing frequency for 24 weeks (a 20-week titration phase plus a 4-week treatment evaluation phase)."	( [Multicenter study of darbepoetin alfa in the treatment of anemia secondary to chronic renal insufficiency on dialysis]. Hernández Jaras, J; Lladós, F; López de Novales, E; Martínez Castelao, A; Otero, A; Pallardó, L; Reyes, A; Tabernero, JM; Valdés, F, 2003)	0.32
" The goal is to carry out an individualised prediction of the erythropoietin dosage to be administered."	( Use of neural networks for dosage individualisation of erythropoietin in patients with secondary anemia to chronic renal failure. Martín Guerrero, JD; Olivas, ES; Pérez Ruixo, JJ; Serrano López, AJ; Torres, NV; Valls, GC, 2003)	0.32
" To determine the minimum effective pretreatment dosage of recombinant human erythropoietin required to secure an adequate amount of preoperative blood for autologous transfusion during posterior decompression and instrumentation fusion using the pedicle screw-rod system in the lumbar spine, a prospective randomized clinical trial was done."	( Minimal effective dosage of recombinant human erythropoietin in spinal surgery. Lee, JH; Lee, SH; Oh, JH, 2003)	0.32
"Fixed dosing is potentially more convenient than weight-based dosing for both patients and physicians."	( Comparing the efficacy and safety of fixed versus weight-based dosing of epoetin alpha in anemic cancer patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy. Gasparini, G; Granetto, C; Lampignano, M; Mantovani, G; Martoni, A; Mattioli, R; Pezzella, G; Porrozzi, S; Ricci, S; Tacconi, F; Testore, F, )	0.13
" Hematologic parameters, transfusion requirements and epoetin beta dosage were also assessed."	( Tolerability and efficacy of multidose epoetin beta (Reco-Pen) for subcutaneous administration in patients with anemia due to renal failure. Fiegel, V; Härtl, W; Kleophas, W; Kreusser, W; Kult, J; Piper, C; Plache, H; Wunderle, P, 2003)	0.32
" It is possible that the improved capacity to individualize dose may have contributed to the considerable reduction in SC epoetin beta dosage requirement."	( Tolerability and efficacy of multidose epoetin beta (Reco-Pen) for subcutaneous administration in patients with anemia due to renal failure. Fiegel, V; Härtl, W; Kleophas, W; Kreusser, W; Kult, J; Piper, C; Plache, H; Wunderle, P, 2003)	0.32
" Weak negative correlations were found between RCTT and the dosage of EPO as well as between RCTT and the daily amount of urine."	( Effect of hemodialysis on the deformability and lipid peroxidation of erythrocytes in chronic renal failure. Imre, SG; Szikszai, Z; Ujhelyi, L, 2003)	0.32
" Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) at a dosage of 180 U x kg-1x day-1 was administered for 10 days preoperatively and for 4 days postoperatively."	( Use of erythropoietin for bloodless surgery in a Jehovah's witness infant. Bourgeois, P; De Vicente, J; García-Vega, MI; Goldman, LJ; Gredilla, E; Pérez-Ferrer, A, 2003)	0.32
" This study was designed to determine whether enterally dosed recombinant Epo (rEpo) stimulates erythropoiesis in preterm neonates."	( Enterally dosed recombinant human erythropoietin does not stimulate erythropoiesis in neonates. Juul, SE, 2003)	0.32
"Enterally dosed rEpo (1000 U/kg/day) does not significantly influence erythropoiesis or iron utilization when given for a 2-week period, nor does it elevate the serum Epo concentration in preterm or term infants."	( Enterally dosed recombinant human erythropoietin does not stimulate erythropoiesis in neonates. Juul, SE, 2003)	0.32
" Further evaluation of alternative epoetin alfa dosing schedules and use of epoetin alfa in treating anemia in patients with specific hematologic malignancies is ongoing."	( Epoetin alfa therapy for patients with hematologic malignancies and mild anemia. Straus, DJ, 2003)	0.32
" The objective of this paper is to carry out an individualized prediction of the EPO dosage to be administered to those patients."	( Dosage individualization of erythropoietin using a profile-dependent support vector regression. Camps-Valls, G; Jiménez-Torres, NV; Martín-Guerrero, JD; Pérez-Ruixo, JJ; Serrano-López, AJ; Soria-Olivas, E, 2003)	0.32
" Different injection schedules were investigated and dose-response curves for the European Pharmacopoeia Biological Reference Preparation of erythropoietin were compared."	( Biological evaluation of recombinant human erythropoietin in pharmaceutical products. Andrade, SS; Dalmora, SL; Fronza, M; Rafferty, B; Ramos, AS; Schmidt, CA, 2003)	0.32
"QW dosing of epoetin alfa is as effective as TIW dosing in increasing Hb levels, which was associated with improved QOL in anemic HIV-positive patients."	( Once-weekly epoetin alfa dosing is as effective as three times-weekly dosing in increasing hemoglobin levels and is associated with improved quality of life in anemic HIV-infected patients. Bowers, P; Goon, B; Grossman, HA; Leitz, G, 2003)	0.32
" Downward rHuEPO dosage adjustments of 12."	( Management of anemia in erythropoietin-resistant hemodialysis patients. Dar Santos, AE; Jastrzebski, JP; Shalansky, KF, 2003)	0.32
"A structured team approach to the management of rHuEPO-resistant patients was successful in significantly lowering rHuEPO dosage with improvement in serum Hb at a substantial cost savings."	( Management of anemia in erythropoietin-resistant hemodialysis patients. Dar Santos, AE; Jastrzebski, JP; Shalansky, KF, 2003)	0.32
"0001), and the mean changes in RBV dosage were -34 mg/day for epoetin alfa versus -146 mg/day (p=0."	( Once-weekly epoetin alfa improves anemia and facilitates maintenance of ribavirin dosing in hepatitis C virus-infected patients receiving ribavirin plus interferon alfa. Bini, EJ; Bowers, PJ; Bräu, N; Dieterich, DT; Hassanein, TI; Sulkowski, MS; Wasserman, R, 2003)	0.32
" To lay the groundwork for use of Epo as a potential therapy for brain injury, we tested the hypothesis that systemic dosing of high-dose recombinant Epo (rEpo) would result in neuroprotective rEpo concentrations in the spinal fluid of adult and developing animals."	( Erytropoietin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of nonhuman primates and fetal sheep following high-dose recombinant erythropoietin. Farrell, FX; Gleason, CA; Jolliffe, L; Juul, SE; McPherson, RJ; Ness, DJ, 2004)	0.32
" These data were used to determine the initial dose and dosing schedule, dose changes, and changes in hemoglobin concentrations after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment, adjusted for red blood cell (RBC) transfusions, and the incidence of RBC transfusions over time."	( A multicenter retrospective cohort study of practice patterns and clinical outcomes of the use of darbepoetin alfa and epoetin alfa for chemotherapy-induced anemia. Adamson, R; Rossi, G; Schwartzberg, L; Shiffman, R; Stolshek, B; Tomita, D, 2003)	0.32
"2%]) received an initial dosage of 200 microg q2wk."	( A multicenter retrospective cohort study of practice patterns and clinical outcomes of the use of darbepoetin alfa and epoetin alfa for chemotherapy-induced anemia. Adamson, R; Rossi, G; Schwartzberg, L; Shiffman, R; Stolshek, B; Tomita, D, 2003)	0.32
" The most common dosage of epoetin alfa was 40,000 U/week (63."	( Impact of long-acting growth factors on practice dynamics and patient satisfaction. Beveridge, RA; Jacobs, RJ; Milkovich, G; Moleski, RJ; Paivanas, TA; Reitan, JF; Rifkin, RM, 2003)	0.32
" The preferred initial dosage for darbepoetin alfa is 200 microg every 2 weeks; 100 microg/week is an acceptable alternative."	( Guidelines for using darbepoetin alfa in patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia. Bloomfield, M; Dozier, N; Jaresko, G; Zarek, J, 2003)	0.32
" Clinical considerations, dosing equivalency, direct and indirect costs, payer mix, and reimbursement level are issues that should be considered by a multidisciplinary team."	( Considerations in darbepoetin alfa cost and reimbursement: a model for pharmacy managers. Anderson, ER; Gibson, G, 2003)	0.32
" Neither of the dose-response parameters E(max) and ED(50) showed dependence on bodyweight."	( Recombinant human erythropoietin for the treatment of renal anaemia in children: no justification for bodyweight-adjusted dosage. Jelliffe, RW; Kiepe, D; Mehls, O; Port, RE; Van Guilder, M, 2004)	0.32
" No dose-response relationship was apparent between rEpo dose or iron dose and transfusion."	( Effect of beginning recombinant erythropoietin treatment within the first week of life, among very-low-birth-weight neonates, on "early" and "late" erythrocyte transfusions: a meta-analysis. Calhoun, DA; Christensen, RD; Garcia, MG; Kotto-Kome, AC, 2004)	0.32
" At the moment of surgery all animals were given one systemic (intraperitoneal) injection of either human recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) (at a dosage of 5000 IU/kg body weight), given to one of the fimbria-fornix-transected groups and one of the sham-operated groups, or vehicle (saline), given to the two remaining groups."	( Erythropoietin improves place learning in fimbria-fornix-transected rats and modifies the search pattern of normal rats. Lind, CT; Malá, H; Miskowiak, K; Mogensen, J; Olsen, NV; Springborg, JB; Sørensen, TA, 2004)	0.32
" Results from this pilot study suggest that higher initial once-weekly dosing of epoetin alfa followed by less frequent maintenance dosing appears to be feasible for treating anemia in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy."	( Epoetin alfa 60,000 U once weekly followed by 120,000 U every 3 weeks increases and maintains hemoglobin levels in anemic cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Kuzur, M; Liggett, W; Miranda, F; Patton, J; Porter, L; Varsos, H, 2004)	0.32
" Ongoing research is now evaluating ways to improve the response rate to epoetin alfa, the potential benefits of alternative dosing regimens and early treatment intervention, and nonanemia-related indications (e."	( The evolving role of epoetin alfa in cancer therapy. Henry, DH, 2004)	0.32
" The postnatal declines of Hb and RBC immune function were lessened in the treated groups of premature rats, the higher dosage group of 500 IU/(kg."	( [Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on the immune function of premature rats]. Huang, DM; Tu, HL; Wang, J; Ye, HM, 2003)	0.32
" To investigate this issue, the authors conducted a randomized Phase II study of darbepoetin alfa administered as either a fixed dose or a weight-based dose using an accelerated correction and maintenance dosing regimen (front-loading)."	( A randomized controlled trial of darbepoetin alfa administered as a fixed or weight-based dose using a front-loading schedule in patients with anemia who have nonmyeloid malignancies. Arena, F; Austin, M; Bertoli, LF; Cole, JT; Colowick, A; D'Avirro, P; Demetri, G; Dessypris, E; Dobbs, T; Eisenberg, P; Fleischman, R; Hall, J; Hesketh, PJ; Hoffman, PC; Laber, DA; Leonard, J; Lester, EP; McCachren, S; McMeekin, S; Meza, L; Miller, DS; Nand, S; Oliff, I; Paroly, W; Patel, D; Pawl, L; Perez, A; Raftopoulos, H; Rigas, J; Rossi, G; Rowland, K; Schwartzberg, L; Scullin, DC; Tezcan, H; Waples, J; Ward, J; Yee, LK, 2004)	0.32
" Additional studies regarding patients most likely to benefit from EPO therapy, the most effective dosing regimen, and use of adjunctive therapies are needed."	( Use of epoetin alfa in critically ill patients. Camamo, JM; Erstad, BL; Pajoumand, M, 2004)	0.32
" Dosage requirements of darbepoetin-alpha do not appear to differ between the intravenous and subcutaneous routes of administration."	( Differentiating factors between erythropoiesis-stimulating agents: a guide to selection for anaemia of chronic kidney disease. Deicher, R; Hörl, WH, 2004)	0.32
" Moreover, these effects proved to be vector dose-dependent, and even a dosage as low as 10(8) particles per animal led to significant increases in hEPO and hematocrit levels."	( Reengineered salivary glands are stable endogenous bioreactors for systemic gene therapeutics. Baum, BJ; Bossis, I; Chiorini, JA; Cotrim, AP; Goldsmith, CM; Kok, MR; Loh, YP; Marracino, N; Nieman, LK; Voutetakis, A; Wang, J; Zheng, C, 2004)	0.32
" darbepoetin alfa dosage requirements during the evaluation period were 19."	( Darbepoetin alfa effectively maintains haemoglobin concentrations at extended dose intervals relative to intravenous or subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin in dialysis patients. Bommer, J; Braun, J; Brunkhorst, R; Gill, C; Haag-Weber, M; Wagener, T; Wagner, J, 2004)	0.32
" The optimum target hemoglobin, erythropoietin dosing regimen, and role of iron supplementation in patients with CHF are not known."	( Treatment of anemia in patients with chronic heart failure. Androne, AS; Hryniewicz, K; Katz, SD; Mancini, D, 2004)	0.32
"To study the effect of treatment of renal anemia by combination of Bushen Jianpi Recipe (BJR, a Chinese experience recipe for supplementing Shen and supporting Pi) and low dosage erythropoietin (EPO), and the influence of treatment on change of serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) so as to explore the possible mechanism of integrative Chinese and western medicine (ICWM) in treating renal anemia."	( [Effect of combination of bushen jianpi recipe and erythropoietin on serum tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with anemia]. Li, QF; Ma, QY; Zhu, CF, 2004)	0.32
" The longer dosing intervals offered by these new preparations may decrease healthcare expenses and enhance patient adherence."	( Managing hematologic toxicities: novel therapies. Nirenberg, A, 2003)	0.32
"Although direct comparative trials have not been performed with these agents, information published in the last several years regarding their clinical efficacy, safety, and dosing is sufficient, in most cases, to compare costs."	( Clinical and economic comparison of epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa. Boggie, D; DeLattre, M; Morreale, A; Plowman, B; Schaefer, M, 2004)	0.32
" Recent clinical trials in the nephrology and oncology therapeutic areas are summarized, highlighting study designs, dosing regimens, patient entry criteria, study endpoints, and published results."	( Clinical and economic comparison of epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa. Boggie, D; DeLattre, M; Morreale, A; Plowman, B; Schaefer, M, 2004)	0.32
"Darbepoetin alfa, a glycoprotein that stimulates erythropoiesis by the same mechanism as endogenous erythropoietin, has a 3-fold longer terminal half-life than recombinant human erythropoietin, allowing for an extended dosing interval."	( Darbepoetin alfa administered once monthly maintains haemoglobin levels in stable dialysis patients. Foret, M; Gray, SJ; Jadoul, M; Vanrenterghem, Y; Walker, R, 2004)	0.32
" Success with the extended dosing interval was defined as maintenance of mean haemoglobin >/=10."	( Darbepoetin alfa administered once monthly maintains haemoglobin levels in stable dialysis patients. Foret, M; Gray, SJ; Jadoul, M; Vanrenterghem, Y; Walker, R, 2004)	0.32
" Once-monthly dosing may optimize anaemia management for patients with CRF and for health care providers."	( Darbepoetin alfa administered once monthly maintains haemoglobin levels in stable dialysis patients. Foret, M; Gray, SJ; Jadoul, M; Vanrenterghem, Y; Walker, R, 2004)	0.32
"Therapeutic substitution with darbepoetin alfa was started according to the US Oncology Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee's recommended dosing guidelines: anemic patients with cancer received a starting dosage of darbepoetin alfa 200 microg every 2 weeks regardless of whether or not they had previously received epoetin alfa."	( Evaluation of the US Oncology Network's recommended guidelines for therapeutic substitution with darbepoetin alfa 200 microg every 2 weeks in both naïve patients and patients switched from epoetin alfa. Alley, JL; Giffin, SA; Scheifele, AC; Smith, SL; Thames, WA; Yao, B, 2004)	0.32
" No variation in transfusion rates was observed across weight categories in patients who received a fixed dosage of darbepoetin alfa."	( Evaluation of the US Oncology Network's recommended guidelines for therapeutic substitution with darbepoetin alfa 200 microg every 2 weeks in both naïve patients and patients switched from epoetin alfa. Alley, JL; Giffin, SA; Scheifele, AC; Smith, SL; Thames, WA; Yao, B, 2004)	0.32
"A darbepoetin alfa starting dosage of 200 microg subcutaneously every 2 weeks administered according to US Oncology-recommended dosing guidelines is effective in treating chemotherapy-induced anemia in both epoetin alfa-naive patients and those switched from epoetin alfa."	( Evaluation of the US Oncology Network's recommended guidelines for therapeutic substitution with darbepoetin alfa 200 microg every 2 weeks in both naïve patients and patients switched from epoetin alfa. Alley, JL; Giffin, SA; Scheifele, AC; Smith, SL; Thames, WA; Yao, B, 2004)	0.32
" Intravenous (IV) iron improves hemoglobin (Hb) response and decreases dosage requirements in patients with anemia of kidney disease, but its effect has not been studied in randomized trials in cancer patients."	( Intravenous iron optimizes the response to recombinant human erythropoietin in cancer patients with chemotherapy-related anemia: a multicenter, open-label, randomized trial. Ackerman, A; Auerbach, M; Bahrain, H; Balan, S; Ballard, H; Barker, L; McIlwain, M; Rana, J; Trout, JR, 2004)	0.32
" However, recent studies suggest that epoetin alfa can increase hemoglobin levels and facilitate maintenance of RBV dosage in patients with chronic hepatitis C who became anemic during standard combination therapy."	( Role of epoetin alfa in maintaining ribavirin dose. Afdhal, NH, 2004)	0.32
" In addition, a significant curvilinear dose-response relationship was found between ACEI dose and HCT."	( Pharmacoepidemiology of anemia in kidney transplant recipients. Chandraker, A; Gabardi, S; Kewalramani, R; Rutstein, M; Vonvisger, T; Winkelmayer, WC, 2004)	0.32
" Darbepoetin alfa can be given less frequently and can be used subcutaneously or intravenously with the same, or equivalent Hb responses and dosing [7], offering simplified dosing for new patients and those currently treated with rHuEPO."	( Over 5 years of darbepoetin alfa: two case histories. Macdougall, IC; Roche, AJ, 2004)	0.32
" EPO neuroprotection followed a bell-shaped dose-response curve in vitro and in vivo, whereas toxic EPO effects were never observed, even at high concentrations."	( Effect of erythropoietin axotomy-induced apoptosis in rat retinal ganglion cells. Bähr, M; Ehrenreich, H; Pölking, E; Rohde, G; Siren, AL; Weishaupt, JH, 2004)	0.32
" Anaemia in patients treated with interferon plus RBV combination therapy can be managed effectively and safely with once weekly epoetin alfa without sacrificing optimal dosing of RBV."	( Epoetin alfa treatment for acute anaemia during interferon plus ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Bräu, N, 2004)	0.32
" We conclude that there is no basis for inferring the survival benefits (or detriments) of increasing a patient's hematocrit by adjusting the dosing of epoetin."	( Improved survival with higher hematocrits: where is the evidence? Cotter, DJ; Stefanik, K; Thamer, M; Zhang, Y, )	0.13
" Studies vary with respect to rHuEPO dosage regimens, dose of concurrently administered iron, patient characteristics, and transfusion thresholds."	( Use of exogenous erythropoietin in critically ill patients. Gasper, J; Jung, R; MacLaren, R; Vandivier, RW, 2004)	0.32
" Defining an optimal dosage regimen, identifying patients most likely to respond to rHuEPO, and determining risk factors for ICU associated anaemia would provide information for appropriate rHuEPO utilization."	( Use of exogenous erythropoietin in critically ill patients. Gasper, J; Jung, R; MacLaren, R; Vandivier, RW, 2004)	0.32
" The secondary aim was to assess whether the frequency of dosing (once, twice or thrice weekly) influenced the Hb concentration response."	( Haemoglobin response to subcutaneous versus intravenous epoetin alfa administration in iron-replete haemodialysis patients. Becker, GJ; Kent, AB; Leikis, MJ; McMahon, LP, 2004)	0.32
" Similar significant changes in the Hb concentration were seen at different dosing frequencies."	( Haemoglobin response to subcutaneous versus intravenous epoetin alfa administration in iron-replete haemodialysis patients. Becker, GJ; Kent, AB; Leikis, MJ; McMahon, LP, 2004)	0.32
" The current study was conducted to evaluate the clinical safety and efficacy of a less frequent dosing regimen (once weekly) in this population."	( Once-weekly epoetin alfa for treating the anemia of chronic kidney disease. Fink, JC; Garcia-Mayol, L; Provenzano, R; Suchinda, P; Von Hartitzsch, B; Woollen, SB; Zabaneh, R, 2004)	0.32
" Carbamylated EPO (CEPO) or certain EPO mutants did not bind to the classical EPO receptor (EPOR) and did not show any hematopoietic activity in human cell signaling assays or upon chronic dosing in different animal species."	( Derivatives of erythropoietin that are tissue protective but not erythropoietic. Bianchi, M; Bianchi, R; Brines, M; Cerami, A; Cerami-Hand, C; Christensen, S; Coleman, T; Erbayraktar, S; Erbayraktar, Z; Fratelli, M; Gerwien, J; Ghezzi, P; Gokmen, N; Grasso, G; Helboe, L; Kallunki, P; Larsen, AK; Leist, M; Nielsen, J; Nielsen, M; Pedersen, LO; Sager, T; Savino, C; Sfacteria, A; Torup, L; Villa, P; Xie, QW; Yilmaz, O, 2004)	0.32
" The following adverse events were observed: borderline acute rejection (1/11 patients), anemia responding to higher dosage of erythropoietin (3/11), hyperlipidemia (1/11), and urinary tract infections (4/11)."	( Low-dose sirolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil improves kidney graft function late after renal transplantation and suggests pharmacokinetic interaction of both immunosuppressive drugs. Kunzendorf, U; Renders, L; Schöcklmann, HO; Steinbach, R; Valerius, T, 2004)	0.32
" Other, smaller studies using different dosing regimens in critically ill patients have also demonstrated that epoetin alfa can decrease the need for transfusion."	( Is there a place for epoetin alfa in managing anemia during critical illness? Givens, M; Lapointe, M, 2004)	0.32
" Because of the scarce amount of evidence and the diversity of dosing regimens used used, no strict recommendations can be drawn from this review."	( Is there a place for epoetin alfa in managing anemia during critical illness? Givens, M; Lapointe, M, 2004)	0.32
" Epoetin beta given once weekly is as effective as two- or three-times weekly, and the dosing frequency can be further reduced to once every 2 weeks in patients who are stable on once-weekly dosing."	( Achieving therapeutic targets in renal anaemia: considering cost-efficacy. Deray, G, 2004)	0.32
"Results of this study suggest that epoetin alfa at a dose of 40,000 IU administered five times over 2 weeks may confer even higher response rates than those seen with standard dosing regimens."	( Effectiveness and safety of an induction therapy with epoetin alfa in anemic cancer patients receiving concomitant chemotherapy. Accettura, C; Beccaglia, P; Bertelletti, D; Cortesi, E; D'Auria, G; De Marinis, F; De Pasquale Ceratti, A; Mancuso, A; Pizzardi, N, 2004)	0.32
" to the subcutaneous route required an increase in dosage and in substantial additional cost."	( Epoetin in haemodialysis patients: impact of change from subcutaneous to intravenous routes of administration. Decaudin, B; Gautier, S; Lemaitre, V; Urbina, MA, 2004)	0.32
"The treatment of anaemia of a large dialysis patient population with unit dosing of darbepoetin alpha is effective and safe in maintaining target haemoglobin concentration at reduced dose frequency."	( [Italian study on the treatment of anaemia in chronic dialysis patients switched over to less frequent doses of darbepoetin from human recombinant erythropoietin (rHuEPO)]. Adorati Menegato, M; Amato, M; Borgatti, P; Carraro, G; Del Vecchio, L; Locatelli, F; Malberti, F; Marai, P; Mauro, MM; Morosetti, M; Pedrini, L; Villa, G, )	0.13
" Epoetin alfa (rHuEpo) was administered as 5 single IV doses ranging from 10 to 500 IU/kg, as 8 single SC doses ranging from 300 to 2400 IU/kg, and as 2 multiple SC dosage regimens (150 IU/kg/3 times a week [tiw] and 600 IU/kg/wk)."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of recombinant human erythropoietin after single and multiple doses in healthy volunteers. Cheung, WK; Jusko, WJ; Minton, N; Ramakrishnan, R; Wacholtz, MC, 2004)	0.32
" The indicated dose of epoetin alfa is 150-300 IU/kg three times per week, but it is commonly dosed at 40,000-60,000 IU once weekly based on trial data and extensive clinical use."	( Treatment of cancer-related anemia with epoetin alfa: a review. Bajetta, E; Bidoli, P; Buzzoni, R; De Candis, D; De Dosso, S; Del Vecchio, M; Ferrari, L; Ferrario, E, 2004)	0.32
" Although peak serum concentrations of all compounds were inversely proportional to body weight, the percentage of change during dialysis was not related to dosage or body weight."	( Effects of different dialysis membranes on serum concentrations of epoetin alfa, darbepoetin alfa, enoxaparin, and iron sucrose during dialysis. Chester, K; McMahon, LP; Walker, RG, 2004)	0.32
" Darbepoetin alfa was administered at a starting dosage of 3 microg/kg every 2 weeks for up to eight doses (16 weeks) in an open-label, noncomparative setting."	( Assessment of hematologic effects and fatigue in cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia given darbepoetin alfa every two weeks. Charu, V; McGuire, WP; Mirtsching, B; Rossi, G; Terry, D; Tomita, D; Vadhan-Raj, S, )	0.13
" No difference in conversion dosage could be determined between patients who were epoetin sensitive (<200 units/kg per week) or resistant (>200 units/kg per week, P = NS)."	( What is the practical conversion dose when changing from epoetin alfa to darbepoetin outside of clinical trials? Cooper, B; Roger, SD, 2004)	0.32
"The original dosage reduction after the switch from epoetin alfa to weekly intravenous darbepoetin alfa may offset the increased relative cost of the latter."	( What is the practical conversion dose when changing from epoetin alfa to darbepoetin outside of clinical trials? Cooper, B; Roger, SD, 2004)	0.32
" The optimum target hemoglobin, erythropoietic agent, and dosing regimen, and the role of iron supplementation in patients with chronic HF, are not known."	( Mechanisms and treatment of anemia in chronic heart failure. Katz, SD, )	0.13
" The monthly total erythropoietin dosage and intravenous iron supplementation for each patient were also compared over these periods."	( The role of improved water quality on inflammatory markers in patients undergoing regular dialysis. Hoenich, NA; Homel, P; Kaysen, GA; Levin, NW; Levin, R; Rahmati, MA, 2004)	0.32
" The extended half-life of darbepoetin alfa permits less frequent and consequently more flexible dosing than other erythropoietic therapies."	( Darbepoetin alfa for the treatment of cancer-related anemia: an update. Pirker, R, 2004)	0.32
" In recent years, concerns have been raised over the inconvenience and costs associated with the conventional three-times weekly (tiw) epoetin dosing regimen."	( Optimising anaemia management with epoetin beta. Morère, JF; Reed, N, 2004)	0.32
" A Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, adjusted for baseline variables, and a 5-knot cubic regression spline were used to model the dose-response relationship between epoetin and all-cause mortality."	( Epoetin requirements predict mortality in hemodialysis patients. Cotter, DJ; Kaufman, J; Stefanik, K; Thamer, M; Zhang, Y, 2004)	0.32
" In contrast to conventional wisdom, this study suggests that epoetin dosing requirements could provide important prognostic information beyond that predicted by hematocrit alone."	( Epoetin requirements predict mortality in hemodialysis patients. Cotter, DJ; Kaufman, J; Stefanik, K; Thamer, M; Zhang, Y, 2004)	0.32
" Two patients had to increase the erythropoietin dosage and no side effects were found in the present study."	( Comparison between intravenous recombinant human erythropoietin and subcutaneous injection in Thai hemodialysis patients. Thitiarcharkul, S; Trakarnvanich, T, 2004)	0.32
"This study has shown that the subcutaneous erythropoietin in hemodialysis patients can be changed to the intravenous route in the same dosage with good response and stable hematocrit."	( Comparison between intravenous recombinant human erythropoietin and subcutaneous injection in Thai hemodialysis patients. Thitiarcharkul, S; Trakarnvanich, T, 2004)	0.32
"Once-weekly dosing of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) has not been investigated thoroughly."	( Once-weekly dosing of recombinant human erythropoietin alpha in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes unresponsive to conventional dosing. Abruzzese, E; Amadori, S; Brunetti, M; Stasi, R; Terzoli, E, 2004)	0.32
" The drug dosage was increased to 60,000 U fixed dose if after 6 weeks there was no or suboptimal erythroid response."	( Once-weekly dosing of recombinant human erythropoietin alpha in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes unresponsive to conventional dosing. Abruzzese, E; Amadori, S; Brunetti, M; Stasi, R; Terzoli, E, 2004)	0.32
" These results warrant further investigation of this dosing regimen either alone or in combination with other agents."	( Once-weekly dosing of recombinant human erythropoietin alpha in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes unresponsive to conventional dosing. Abruzzese, E; Amadori, S; Brunetti, M; Stasi, R; Terzoli, E, 2004)	0.32
" In the near future we expect that a wider range of epoetins, drug patent expiry, a more appropriate patient selection criteria and an improved dosage schedule may help increase the efficiency of cancer-related anaemia management."	( Clinical and economic impact of epoetins in cancer care. Barosi, G; Marchetti, M, 2004)	0.32
" Recombinant human eritropoietin (rHuEPO) was administered at a dosage of 150-750 U/kg/week over 3 days."	( [Erythropoietin treatment in critically ill children]. Chacón Aguilar, R; Escorial Briso-Montiano, M; García Sanz, C; López-Herce Cid, J; Rupérez Lucas, M; Sopetrán Rey García, M, 2004)	0.32
"For individuals with chemotherapy-related anemia, the clinical effectiveness of epoetin alfa (EPO) dosed once weekly ([QW], 40,000 units per dose) has been demonstrated to be indistinguishable from that observed with thrice-weekly dosing ([TIW], 10,000 units per dose)."	( Cost-minimization analysis of once-weekly versus thrice-weekly epoetin alfa for chemotherapy-related anemia. Crémieux, PY; Fastenau, JM; Fendrick, AM; Kosicki, G; Piech, CT, )	0.13
"To conduct a cost-minimization analysis comparing QW and TIW EPO dosing from a societal perspective."	( Cost-minimization analysis of once-weekly versus thrice-weekly epoetin alfa for chemotherapy-related anemia. Crémieux, PY; Fastenau, JM; Fendrick, AM; Kosicki, G; Piech, CT, )	0.13
" In the absence of cost differences between regimens, the noneconomic advantages of less-frequent dosing intervals should make weekly dosing increasingly attractive to patients, clinicians, and payers."	( Cost-minimization analysis of once-weekly versus thrice-weekly epoetin alfa for chemotherapy-related anemia. Crémieux, PY; Fastenau, JM; Fendrick, AM; Kosicki, G; Piech, CT, )	0.13
"We compared hemoglobin values and rHuEPO and intravenous iron dosing with concurrent catheter insertions and VA infections in 186,348 period-prevalent patients in 2000."	( Relationship among catheter insertions, vascular access infections, and anemia management in hemodialysis patients. Collins, AJ; Obrador, GT; Pereira, BJ; Roberts, TL; St Peter, WL, 2004)	0.32
" Shapes of dose-response curves, maximal responses in proliferation and colony assays, and magnitude and duration of downstream signaling events were comparable in vitro for rHuEPO and darbepoetin alfa."	( Control of rHuEPO biological activity: the role of carbohydrate. Browne, J; Busse, L; Egrie, J; Elliott, S; Lorenzini, T; Ponting, I; Rogers, N, 2004)	0.32
"This study evaluated the impact of a new epoetin alfa dosing regimen on quality of life (QOL), transfusion requirements, and hemoglobin (Hb) levels in 133 patients with low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and Hb < or =10 g/dl."	( Impact of a new dosing regimen of epoetin alfa on quality of life and anemia in patients with low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. Azzarà, A; Balleari, E; Capochiani, E; Clavio, M; Cortelezzi, A; D'Arena, G; De Biasi, E; Ferrari, D; Francesconi, M; Grossi, A; Latagliata, R; Mitra, ME; Monarca, B; Musto, P; Niscola, P; Pagnini, D; Pecorari, P; Perego, D; Petti, MC; Pisani, F; Reyes, MT; Scaramella, G; Spadano, A; Spiriti, MA; Volpe, E, 2005)	0.33
" The purpose of this single center, single arm study was to determine whether darbepoetin alfa is as effective as rHuEPO for the treatment of renal anemia in patients on peritoneal dialysis when administered at a reduced dosing frequency of once every other week irrespective of the initial rHuEPO dose frequency."	( A trial of subcutaneous administration of darbepoetin alfa once every other week for the treatment of anemia in peritoneal dialysis patients. Boulton, H; Gokal, R; Mahajan, S, )	0.13
" Dose adjustments effectively treat these hematologic side effects, but the resulting suboptimal dosing and potential impact on virologic response are major concerns."	( The use of growth factors to manage the hematologic side effects of PEG-interferon alfa and ribavirin. Collantes, RS; Younossi, ZM, 2005)	0.33
" The aim of this study was to determine whether successful management of anemia could be maintained by changing the dosing schedule of epoetin alfa from 2 or 3 times per week to once-weekly administration via not only the subcutaneous (s."	( Efficacy of once-weekly epoetin alfa. Barre, P; Barth, C; Reichel, H; Suranyi, MG, 2004)	0.32
" After 6-12 months, the haemoglobin level decreased despite dosage increases, after which the patients became dependent on regular transfusions of concentrated erythrocytes."	( [Epoetin-induced pure red-cell aplasia]. Dekker, FW; Kharagjitsingh, AV; Vandenbroucke, JP, 2004)	0.32
" Future studies should focus on alternative dosing schedules with more aggressive use of adjuvant therapies, including GFs."	( Applicability, tolerability and efficacy of preemptive antiviral therapy in hepatitis C-infected patients undergoing liver transplantation. Ascher, NA; Bollinger, K; Khalili, M; Roberts, JP; Shergill, AK; Straley, S; Terrault, NA, 2005)	0.33
" There was a 46% drop in exposure of EPO from the first to the subsequent dosing events."	( Population pharmacokinetics of erythropoietin in critically ill subjects. Chakraborty, A; Cheung, W; Guilfoyle, M; Morgan, N; Natarajan, J; Vercammen, E, 2005)	0.33
" The most common initial dosage of darbepoetin alfa was 200 microg every two weeks (61% of darbepoetin alfa recipients), and the most common initial dosage of epoetin alfa was 40,000 units weekly (72%)."	( Utilization of darbepoetin alfa and epoetin alfa for chemotherapy-induced anemia. Boccia, RV; Davidson, SL; Green, L; Herrington, JD; Smith, RE; Tomita, DK, 2005)	0.33
"The most common initial dosage of darbepoetin alfa for CIA was 200 microg every two weeks, and the most common initial dosage of epoetin alfa was 40,000 units weekly."	( Utilization of darbepoetin alfa and epoetin alfa for chemotherapy-induced anemia. Boccia, RV; Davidson, SL; Green, L; Herrington, JD; Smith, RE; Tomita, DK, 2005)	0.33
"The less-frequent dosing schedule of darbepoetin alfa can simplify anemia management for nurses and other clinic staff, and it offers patients greater freedom in their day-to-day activities, less dependence on caregivers, and less injection-associated discomfort."	( Effects of darbepoetin alfa administered every two weeks on hemoglobin and quality of life of patients receiving chemotherapy. Folloder, J, 2005)	0.33
" We advocate an initial dosage of 1500 U three times per week."	( 2004 Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy guidelines for renal anemia in chronic hemodialysis patients. Akiba, T; Akizawa, T; Bessho, M; Gejyo, F; Hirakata, H; Nishi, S; Saito, A; Sakai, T; Suzuki, M; Tsubakihara, Y, 2004)	0.32
" Weekly dosing of DA was as efficacious for the enhancement of radiation responses of tumors as biweekly dosing."	( Darbepoietin alfa potentiates the efficacy of radiation therapy in mice with corrected or uncorrected anemia. Hartley, C; Knox, SJ; Molineux, G; Ning, S, 2005)	0.33
" Data on pediatric dosing of SFG are limited to rare small series containing few or no renal transplant recipients."	( Sodium ferric gluconate for post-transplant anemia in pediatric and young adult renal transplant recipients. Gillespie, RS; Symons, JM, 2005)	0.33
" All patients received a fixed dose of 50 mg ferric saccharate and EPO per week, dosed individually to achieve a target Hb level of 12 g/dl."	( Erythropoietin requirement in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on maintenance hemodialysis therapy. Biesenbach, G; Eichbauer-Sturm, G; Janko, O; Schmekal, B, 2004)	0.32
" Postprotocol data showed statistically significant improvements in epoetin alfa dosing and monitoring and in the use of adjunctive therapy."	( Epoetin alfa protocol and multidisciplinary blood-conservation program for critically ill patients. Martin, BS; Pell, LJ; Shirk, MB, 2005)	0.33
" Data from investigations of the use of a higher weekly starting dose ("front-loading") followed by maintenance dosing on a less frequent schedule (when Hb has increased to a specified level or by a specified amount after the higher initial starting dose) suggest that both agents can increase and subsequently maintain Hb levels on such schedules."	( Treatment of chemotherapy-related anemia with erythropoietic agents: current approaches and new paradigms. Waltzman, RJ, 2004)	0.32
"Reducing the dosage frequency of subcutaneous epoetin in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients is convenient and should improve patient satisfaction and, possibly, compliance."	( The efficacy and safety of once-weekly and once-fortnightly subcutaneous epoetin beta in peritoneal dialysis patients with chronic renal anaemia. Bajo, A; de Vecchi, AF; Durand, PY; Grzeszczak, W; Rutkowski, B; Scanziani, R; Sulowicz, W; Vargemezis, V, 2005)	0.33
" Reducing dosage frequency may improve compliance in PD patients who self-administer their epoetin."	( The efficacy and safety of once-weekly and once-fortnightly subcutaneous epoetin beta in peritoneal dialysis patients with chronic renal anaemia. Bajo, A; de Vecchi, AF; Durand, PY; Grzeszczak, W; Rutkowski, B; Scanziani, R; Sulowicz, W; Vargemezis, V, 2005)	0.33
" Nonetheless, regulation of mouse EPO secretion was maintained during the entire experimental period, both when the vector dosage was reduced and when the tet-dependent transcription factors were put under the control of a muscle-specific promoter."	( Immune responses against tetracycline-dependent transactivators affect long-term expression of mouse erythropoietin delivered by a helper-dependent adenoviral vector. Ciliberto, G; Giannetti, P; Lena, AM; Savino, R; Sporeno, E, 2005)	0.33
" The model predicted pharmacokinetics of PEG-EPO in humans suggest a less frequent dosing regimen relative to erythropoietin and darbepoetin, potentially leading to a simplification of anemia management."	( Mixed-effects modelling of the interspecies pharmacokinetic scaling of pegylated human erythropoietin. Greway, T; Hemeryck, A; Jolling, K; Perez Ruixo, JJ; Vermeulen, A, 2005)	0.33
"A new antipsychotic compound induced unexpected red cell hypoplasia (reticulocytopenia, red marrow hypoplasia) in rats dosed orally for 7 days."	( Value of in vitro models for the assessment of drug-induced haematotoxicity. Beamonte, A; Casadevall, N; Claude, N; Delongeas, JL; Goldfain-Blanc, F; Wattrelos, O, )	0.13
" Several studies have been carried out to determine the optimum schedule of dosing to obtain maximum patient benefit."	( Phase III clinical trials with darbepoetin: implications for clinicians. Glaspy, J, 2005)	0.33
" In order to optimise the efficacy profile of darbepoetin alfa, extended dosing intervals and front-loading regimens are evaluated, as well the optimal haemoglobin level to initiate therapy."	( The use of darbepoetin alfa for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced anaemia. Vansteenkiste, J; Wauters, I, 2005)	0.33
" They were treated with 2,000 units intravenously followed by 80 to 120 s/c units/kg/body weight, with dosage titration according to Hb level."	( Hemodynamic effects of anemia correction by recombinant human erythropoietin in predialysis patients with renal failure. Boris, G; Kogan, J; Oren, S; Sapojnikov, M; Turkot, S; Veksler, A; Yagil, Y, 2005)	0.33
"Efficacy trials of preoperative erythropoietin therapy (PET) recommend a dosing schedule that cannot always be adhered to in everyday clinical practice."	( Erythropoietin is an effective clinical modality for reducing RBC transfusion in joint surgery. Davey, R; Evans, L; Ghannam, M; Karkouti, K; Mahomed, N; McCluskey, SA, 2005)	0.33
" These results indicate that rearrangement of the disulfide bonding pattern in a therapeutic protein can have a significant effect on pharmacokinetics and, potentially, the dosing schedule of a protein drug."	( Improvement of Fc-erythropoietin structure and pharmacokinetics by modification at a disulfide bond. Brunkhorst, B; Campbell, I; Degon, S; Gillies, SD; Kong, SM; Lan, Y; Lauder, S; Lo, KM; Marelli, B; McKenzie, S; Nguyen, LA; Qi, A; Way, JC; Webster, G, 2005)	0.33
" In case of patients with Hb level exceeding > 14 g/dL or in case of non-response, the dosage was reconsidered."	( The impact of weekly dosing of epoetin alfa on the haematological parameters and on the quality of life of anaemic cancer patients. Argyriou, AA; Argyriou, K; Heras, P; Karagiannis, S; Mitsibounas, D; Papapetropoulos, S, 2005)	0.33

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, Beta-lactamase	Escherichia coli K-12	Potency	14.1254	0.0447	17.8581	100.0000	AID485294
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase	Giardia intestinalis	Potency	26.2000	0.1409	11.1940	39.8107	AID2451; AID2785
importin subunit beta-1 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.7308	5.8048	36.1306	65.1308	AID540253
snurportin-1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.7308	5.8048	36.1306	65.1308	AID540253
GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.7308	5.8048	16.9962	25.9290	AID540253
Smad3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.7943	0.0052	7.8098	29.0929	AID588855
chromobox protein homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	100.0000	0.0060	26.1688	89.1251	AID540317
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	133.0000	0.6315	4.4531	9.3000	AID1473740
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	34.1000	0.2000	5.6774	10.0000	AID1473741
Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	8.5300	0.1100	7.1903	10.0000	AID1473738
Type-1A angiotensin II receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0082	0.0004	0.1555	3.8000	AID39505
Type-1B angiotensin II receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0049	0.0004	0.1334	3.8000	AID39504; AID39505
Type-1B angiotensin II receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0170	0.0002	0.0521	1.1000	AID220640; AID37813
Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0082	0.0010	0.3957	3.3000	AID39505
cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	13.0000	0.0000	2.0724	10.0000	AID159493
cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	13.0000	0.0003	1.9901	10.0000	AID159493
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A	Mus musculus (house mouse)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0082	0.0021	0.3581	2.0000	AID39505
Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0180	0.0180	0.0930	0.4300	AID39651
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
xenobiotic metabolic process	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrier	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin secretion	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cilium assembly	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet degranulation	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
urate transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrier	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stress	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compound	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitination	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathway	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasis	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
response to estrogen	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanol	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cell	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasis	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasis	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretion	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
angiogenesis	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell adhesion	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of angiogenesis	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to insulin stimulus	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of lipid catabolic process	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP-mediated signaling	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
oocyte maturation	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid metabolic process	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP-mediated signaling	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
cGMP-mediated signaling	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of meiotic nuclear division	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vascular permeability	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular permeability	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of oocyte development	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of ribonuclease activity	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cGMP	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic signaling pathway	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
ATP binding	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
icosanoid transmembrane transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activity	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
cGMP-inhibited cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase B binding	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion binding	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase activity	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activity	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
cGMP-inhibited cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear estrogen receptor activity	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion binding	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase activity	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen binding	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membrane	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet dense granule membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculus	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculus	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor complex	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID193358	In vivo antihypertensive activity against spontaneously hypertensive rats after oral administration of 10 umol/kg dose between 0-6 hours	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-11, Volume: 35, Issue:25	Dihydropyrimidine angiotensin II receptor antagonists.
AID1473741	Inhibition of human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1473915	Drug concentration at steady state in human at 50 to 100 mg, po QD after 24 hrs	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1473740	Inhibition of human MRP3 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 10 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID39791	Relative binding affinity of compound to Angiotensin II receptor, type 1 was determined	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12	Angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists. Clinical implications of active metabolites.
AID166799	In vitro functional potency by antagonism of angiotensin II induced contraction of isolated rabbit aorta	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-11, Volume: 35, Issue:25	Dihydropyrimidine angiotensin II receptor antagonists.
AID220640	In vitro antagonistic potency against angiotensin II receptor using [125I]- Sar,Ile8-angiotensin II as the radioligand in rat adrenal cortical membranes	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-11, Volume: 35, Issue:25	Dihydropyrimidine angiotensin II receptor antagonists.
AID27862	Total clearance value was evaluated	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12	Angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists. Clinical implications of active metabolites.
AID27037	Half life of compound was determined	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12	Angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists. Clinical implications of active metabolites.
AID193362	In vivo antihypertensive activity against spontaneously hypertensive rats after oral administration of 30 umol/kg dose between 18-24 hours	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-11, Volume: 35, Issue:25	Dihydropyrimidine angiotensin II receptor antagonists.
AID185267	Percent inhibition of the Angiotensin-II (0.1micro g/kg, iv) induced pressor response after 7 hours of administration (3 mg/kg po) in rats	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 36, Issue:15	Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Synthesis and biological activity of benzimidazolecarboxylic acids.
AID158918	Inhibition of calcium calmodulin-dependent cGMP-Phosphodiesterase 1	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12	Angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists. Clinical implications of active metabolites.
AID1473917	Ratio of drug concentration at steady state in human at 50 to 100 mg, po after 24 hrs to IC50 for human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cells	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID39651	In vitro inhibition of the specific binding of [125I]angiotensin II to a guinea pig adrenal membrane preparation	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22	New nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. 2. Synthesis, biological properties, and structure-activity relationships of 2-alkyl-4-(biphenylylmethoxy)quinoline derivatives.
AID1473835	Stimulation of human MRP2 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID23918	Renal clearance value was evaluated	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12	Angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists. Clinical implications of active metabolites.
AID176154	Compound was tested in vivo for antagonistic activity for the 50% inhibition of AII pressor response in male rats after intravenous administration	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-11, Volume: 35, Issue:25	Dihydropyrimidine angiotensin II receptor antagonists.
AID1473916	Ratio of drug concentration at steady state in human at 50 to 100 mg, po after 24 hrs to IC50 for human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 insect cells	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID39505	Binding affinity against AT1 receptor of rat adrenal cortical membranes	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-27, Volume: 37, Issue:11	Non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists: synthesis and biological activity of a series of novel 4,5-dihydro-4-oxo-3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine derivatives.
AID289360	Inhibition of cell proliferation of rat UMR106 cells at 500 uM	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 15, Issue:19	Losartan and its interaction with copper(II): biological effects.
AID1473921	Ratio of drug concentration at steady state in patient with possible depletion of intravascular volume at 25 mg, po QD after 24 hrs to IC50 for human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cells	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID289361	Inhibition of cell proliferation of mouse MC3T3E1 cells at 500 uM	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 15, Issue:19	Losartan and its interaction with copper(II): biological effects.
AID28322	Peak concentration of compound was blunted in cAMP-mediated signaling	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12	Angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists. Clinical implications of active metabolites.
AID219836	Inhibition of bovine cAMP phosphodiesterase	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12	Angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists. Clinical implications of active metabolites.
AID157766	Inhibition of Phosphodiesterase 4	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12	Angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists. Clinical implications of active metabolites.
AID39652	Inhibition against Angiotensin II receptor, type 1	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12	Angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists. Clinical implications of active metabolites.
AID185393	Percent inhibition of the Angiotensin-II (0.1ug/kg, iv) induced pressor response after 7 hours of administration (1 mg/kg po) in rats	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 36, Issue:15	Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Synthesis and biological activity of benzimidazolecarboxylic acids.
AID193360	In vivo antihypertensive activity against spontaneously hypertensive rats after oral administration of 30 umol/kg dose between 0-6 hours	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-11, Volume: 35, Issue:25	Dihydropyrimidine angiotensin II receptor antagonists.
AID1473739	Inhibition of human MRP2 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID193359	In vivo antihypertensive activity against spontaneously hypertensive rats after oral administration of 10 umol/kg dose between 6-12 hours	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-11, Volume: 35, Issue:25	Dihydropyrimidine angiotensin II receptor antagonists.
AID193361	In vivo antihypertensive activity against spontaneously hypertensive rats after oral administration of 30 umol/kg dose between 12-18 hours	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-11, Volume: 35, Issue:25	Dihydropyrimidine angiotensin II receptor antagonists.
AID1473738	Inhibition of human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-taurocholate in presence of ATP measured after 15 to 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID193363	In vivo antihypertensive activity against spontaneously hypertensive rats after oral administration of 30 umol/kg dose between 6-12 hours	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-11, Volume: 35, Issue:25	Dihydropyrimidine angiotensin II receptor antagonists.
AID159493	Inhibition of Phosphodiesterase 3	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12	Angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists. Clinical implications of active metabolites.
AID289363	Effect on morphological transformation in mouse MC3T3E1 cells at 500 uM	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 15, Issue:19	Losartan and its interaction with copper(II): biological effects.
AID185269	Percent inhibition of the Angiotensin-II (0.1ug/kg, iv) induced pressor response after 3 hours of administration (1 mg/kg po) in rats	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 36, Issue:15	Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Synthesis and biological activity of benzimidazolecarboxylic acids.
AID37813	In vitro binding affinity at rat liver Angiotensin II receptor, type 1 was determined based on displacement of [125I]-Ang II	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 45, Issue:9	Vinyl sulfide cyclized analogues of angiotensin II with high affinity and full agonist activity at the AT(1) receptor.
AID185270	Percent inhibition of the Angiotensin-II (0.1ug/kg, iv) induced pressor response after 3 hours of administration (3 mg/kg po) in rats	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 36, Issue:15	Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Synthesis and biological activity of benzimidazolecarboxylic acids.
AID29138	Acid dissociation value was evaluated	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12	Angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists. Clinical implications of active metabolites.
AID1473918	AUC in patient with possible depletion of intravascular volume at 25 mg, po QD after 24 hrs	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID289362	Effect on morphological transformation in rat UMR106 cells at 500 uM	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 15, Issue:19	Losartan and its interaction with copper(II): biological effects.
AID1473914	AUC in human at 50 to 100 mg, po QD after 24 hrs	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID231453	Ratio between +BSA and -BSA was determined	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-27, Volume: 37, Issue:11	Non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists: synthesis and biological activity of a series of novel 4,5-dihydro-4-oxo-3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine derivatives.
AID39047	Inhibition of Angiotensin II induced contractions in rabbit aortic rings	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-27, Volume: 37, Issue:11	Non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists: synthesis and biological activity of a series of novel 4,5-dihydro-4-oxo-3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine derivatives.
AID1473919	Drug concentration at steady state in patient with possible depletion of intravascular volume at 25 mg, po QD after 24 hrs	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID176256	Intravenous administration to conscious rats for inhibition of pressor response induced by infusion of AII (angiotensin-II).	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22	New nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. 2. Synthesis, biological properties, and structure-activity relationships of 2-alkyl-4-(biphenylylmethoxy)quinoline derivatives.
AID39038	Inhibition of specific binding of [125 I ] Angiotensin-II (0.2 nM) to bovine adrenal cortex	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 36, Issue:15	Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Synthesis and biological activity of benzimidazolecarboxylic acids.
AID39504	Binding affinity against AT1 receptor in the presence of 0.01% BSA	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-27, Volume: 37, Issue:11	Non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists: synthesis and biological activity of a series of novel 4,5-dihydro-4-oxo-3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine derivatives.
AID1473920	Ratio of drug concentration at steady state in patient with possible depletion of intravascular volume at 25 mg, po QD after 24 hrs to IC50 for human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 insect cells	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	3978 (17.26)	18.7374
1990's	5947 (25.80)	18.2507
2000's	6966 (30.23)	29.6817
2010's	5097 (22.12)	24.3611
2020's	1058 (4.59)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Trials	2,493 (10.22%)	5.53%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Reviews	3,705 (15.19%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Case Studies	1,338 (5.49%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Observational	90 (0.37%)	0.25%
Other	5 (100.00%)	84.16%
Other	16,764 (68.73%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	3.6	2	0	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	9.63	35	4	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
3-hydroxykynurenine 3-hydroxykynurenine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxykynurenine that is kynurenine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.. hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxy-amino acid that is kynurenine substituted by a single hydroxy group at unspecified position. A "closed" class.	2.01	1	0	hydroxykynurenine	human metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	3.24	6	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	3.88	11	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	7.59	10	1	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.35	2	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.41	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.39	2	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	5.75	20	1	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
curdlan D-hexose : A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.	2.25	1	0	hexose
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	4.17	5	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	2.6	1	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	2.37	2	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.21	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzene [no description available]	2.89	4	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	3.37	1	1	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	1.94	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	7.98	21	1	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	6.53	5	1	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	8.56	35	4	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.63	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
carnitine [no description available]	12.46	46	9	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	4.21	5	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	2.42	2	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	4.37	6	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	6.18	18	2	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.96	4	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2.4	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	3.63	2	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	2.6	1	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
methylmalonic acid Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	2.42	2	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	5.8	11	2	alpha-amino acid
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.49	2	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	2.46	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
creatine [no description available]	8.94	23	2	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	9.8	53	7	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	7.17	51	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	4.51	5	1	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-phosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the acidic groups of 3-phosphoglyceric acid.	2.02	1	0	monophosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	algal metabolite; fundamental metabolite
glycine [no description available]	14.89	61	16	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	4.6	10	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	2.21	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	9.37	22	2	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.14	5	0
histamine [no description available]	5.54	9	2	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	2.43	2	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	2.03	1	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	2.06	1	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	2.66	3	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	1.94	1	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	6.41	4	3	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	7.7	10	1	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	2.67	3	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	12.87	28	3	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	5.3	13	1	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	4.08	4	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.03	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	6.81	23	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	5.57	27	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	4.05	2	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	1.94	1	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	4.65	3	2	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.06	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.49	2	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
phenol [no description available]	2.71	3	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.	2.02	1	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.04	1	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
porphobilinogen [no description available]	3.77	2	1	aralkylamino compound; dicarboxylic acid; pyrroles	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	1.98	1	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pteridines [no description available]	2	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
putrescine [no description available]	2.91	4	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	5.56	5	1	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	7.66	11	2	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	2	1	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	5.16	8	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	2.01	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	4.78	6	1	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
spermidine [no description available]	2.41	2	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	2.67	3	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.07	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	1.93	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
taurine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	4.3	4	1	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	2.64	3	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	7.83	18	1	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	12.03	86	6	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	1.97	1	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isocitric acid isocitric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isocitric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propan-1-ol with a hydrogen at each of the 3 carbon positions replaced by a carboxy group.	2.13	1	0	secondary alcohol; tricarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.43	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	2.03	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.	3.37	1	1	benzenes; organic amino compound
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	1.97	1	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	2.42	2	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.	2.08	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine	drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2	1	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	2.98	4	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.	2.03	1	0	aralkylamine; carboxamidine; primary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	3.34	7	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	2.39	2	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.64	3	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
enprofylline enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.	2	1	0	oxopurine	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	4.58	5	1	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
phenytoin [no description available]	2.71	3	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5-hydroxydecanoate 5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	1.94	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
8-phenyltheophylline 8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist	2.38	2	0
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.08	1	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	2.52	2	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	5.67	7	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.	2.64	3	0
albendazole [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	5.49	16	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	3.18	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	2.08	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	1.97	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	2.08	1	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	9.05	15	6	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	2.4	2	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	3.79	2	1	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	1.94	1	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	10.83	32	4	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	3.87	3	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
dan 2163 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone	environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	2.08	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlexanox amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pyridochromene	anti-allergic agent; anti-ulcer drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	4.88	4	2	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.	2.08	1	0	dibenzooxazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.08	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole [no description available]	2.46	2	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.	2.08	1	0	anthracenes	antipsoriatic
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	3.85	3	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	2.77	3	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	10.47	30	5	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	2.08	1	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	5.43	4	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	8.23	26	4	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelastine azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.	3.37	1	1	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
baclofen [no description available]	2.08	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
benserazide Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.	2.06	1	0	carbohydrazide; catechols; primary alcohol; primary amino compound	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	2.08	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	1.98	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	2.08	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502 bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.	2.08	1	0	biphenyls; imidazoles
bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)	2.08	1	0	diarylmethane
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	1.99	1	0
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.	2.31	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bromopride bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.08	1	0	benzamides
bronopol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	nitro compound
bumetanide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
busulfan [no description available]	7.39	37	1	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
caffeine [no description available]	9.16	14	1	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	4.76	7	1	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.	3.51	2	0	glycerol monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
calmidazolium calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.	1.97	1	0	imidazolium ion	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects	3.51	2	0	biphenyls
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	3.8	3	0	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	2.08	1	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	5.16	11	1	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.	2.08	1	0	carbazoles; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent
carvedilol [no description available]	4.58	4	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
celecoxib [no description available]	2.76	3	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
chetomin chetomin: C31H30N6O6S4, similar to epipolythiodioxopiperazines. chetomin : An organic heteropentacyclic compound of the class of epipolythiodioxopiperazine. Isolated from Chaetomium globosum and Farrowia seminuda, it exhibits immunosuppressive activity.	2.02	1	0	indoles; organic disulfide; organic heteropentacyclic compound	Chaetomium metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.7	3	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	4.32	6	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	2.08	1	0	benzodiazepine
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	5.98	8	1	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	1.93	1	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	2.08	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	2.68	3	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	2.08	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	2.08	1	0	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.08	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
cifenline [no description available]	2.08	1	0	diarylmethane
ciclopirox [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone	antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic
ciglitazone ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; thiazolidinone	antineoplastic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostazol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	2.08	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofibrate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.49	2	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	2.08	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	4.29	3	0	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.46	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clobazam Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.	2.08	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	2.08	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene [no description available]	2.08	1	0	tertiary amine	estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	2.08	1	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	4.63	3	2	clonidine; imidazoline
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	sulfonamide
clotrimazole [no description available]	1.99	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	2.05	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.44	2	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	4.03	4	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	7.91	5	3	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	14.11	74	11	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	2.08	1	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	2.51	2	0	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	1.96	1	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
r 59022 R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist	1.99	1	0	diarylmethane
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	3.82	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	3.45	7	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	3.85	2	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid [no description available]	1.98	1	0	benzoic acids
dilazep Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.	2	1	0	benzoate ester; diazepane; diester; methoxybenzenes	cardioprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	2.41	2	0	organic cation
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	7.17	8	4	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram [no description available]	2.39	2	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	4.52	7	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	2.74	3	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	4.42	3	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.	2.08	1	0	dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
ebastine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	1.99	1	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase	1.99	1	0
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	2.6	1	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	2.08	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	3.97	13	0
etanidazole Etanidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes hypoxic tumor cells that are normally resistant to radiation therapy.. etanidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine. Used as a radiosensitising agent for hypoxic tumour cells.	2.11	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	2.38	2	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	2.44	2	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	1.99	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
brl 42810 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	2-aminopurines; acetate ester	antiviral drug; prodrug
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	2.05	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
4-biphenylylacetic acid biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.	2.08	1	0	biphenyls; monocarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.71	3	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	1.98	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	3.89	3	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	5.21	4	3	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
fleroxacin Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.	2.08	1	0	difluorobenzene; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; quinolines	antibacterial drug; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.08	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	2.45	2	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	2.08	1	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
fluorescite fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.	2.08	1	0	benzoic acids; cyclic ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	11.14	55	9	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	1.99	1	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	2.72	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	4.51	5	1	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	4.44	3	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gemfibrozil [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	5.41	14	1
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	2.42	2	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	2.08	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2.08	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	2.74	3	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	3.88	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
gö6983 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	indoles; maleimides
go 6976 [no description available]	2.44	2	0	indolocarbazole; organic heterohexacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
guaiazulene guaiazulene: structure	4.31	1	1	sesquiterpene
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.	2.08	1	0	acetamides
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2.68	3	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide [no description available]	1.98	1	0	isoquinolines; sulfonamide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	3.78	11	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
ha 1004 N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	isoquinolines
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	4.53	5	1	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
harmaline Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.	2.21	1	0	harmala alkaloid	oneirogen
hexamethylene bisacetamide N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208	2.39	2	0	acetamides
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	4.2	5	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	4.49	5	1	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.	2.08	1	0	benzothiadiazine; thiazide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	3.08	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	15.32	97	13	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	5.82	6	4	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
idebenone [no description available]	6.02	4	2	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
ifosfamide [no description available]	6.07	8	4	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.43	2	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	2.08	1	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	2.08	1	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	9.31	33	3	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodixanol iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.	3.86	2	1	organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	4.16	3	1	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iopromide iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.	3.51	1	1	dicarboxylic acid diamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; nephrotoxic agent; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iothalamic acid Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.	3.77	2	1	organic molecular entity
ioversol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid [no description available]	2.08	1	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	3.83	3	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	4.63	6	1	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	4.95	6	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	3.24	6	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	3.56	2	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	4.05	15	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	3.8	2	1	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
itraconazole [no description available]	2.08	1	0	piperazines
staurosporine aglycone staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor	2.1	1	0
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.96	4	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	6.35	11	4	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	2.08	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	3.39	1	1	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	1.98	1	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
mimosine Mimosine: 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridinealanine. An antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca.	2.43	2	0	alpha-amino acid
lamotrigine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	2.08	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	4.16	3	1	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lofepramine Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone; dibenzoazepine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
lomustine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	2.08	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	9.2	25	11	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	6.13	39	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.	2.08	1	0	anthracenes
edaravone [no description available]	3.55	2	0	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	2.88	4	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.87	4	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.08	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
memantine [no description available]	3.85	3	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	3.02	4	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methoxychlor Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.	2.02	1	0	organochlorine insecticide
methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	4.37	1	1	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	6.94	7	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	2.42	2	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	4.11	3	1	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	3.52	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	2.5	2	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
midodrine Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.	5.64	3	0	amino acid amide; aromatic ether; secondary alcohol	alpha-adrenergic agonist; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	2.39	2	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	2.08	1	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	2.47	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.	2.08	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	4.61	4	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	1.99	1	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
acecainide Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.	2.08	1	0	acetamides; benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	2.66	3	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	8.46	8	2	purine nucleoside
nadolol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	tetralins
nafamostat nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic	3.12	1	0	benzoic acids; guanidines
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	6.11	9	1
nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.	2.08	1	0	benzoxazocine; tertiary amino compound
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.08	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.08	1	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	2.72	3	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	6.17	9	4	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	2.46	2	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nitrazepam Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).	2.08	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound	anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; drug metabolite; GABA modulator; sedative
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	3.92	4	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.08	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	2.43	2	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
o(6)-benzylguanine O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity	3.82	2	1
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2.08	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	3.85	3	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	2.08	1	0	carbazoles
oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.08	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid	analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	3.84	11	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	4.13	3	1	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
pamidronate [no description available]	4.04	2	0	phosphonoacetic acid
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	2.9	4	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	4.37	20	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pemoline Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.	2.08	1	0	1,3-oxazoles	central nervous system stimulant
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	4.48	5	1	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.98	4	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	9.92	14	4	oxopurine
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	2.08	1	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	2.38	2	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenindione Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)	1.94	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone	anticoagulant
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	4.98	9	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	6.38	3	3	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	2.44	2	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	3.86	2	1	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	4.76	3	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	3.39	1	1	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
piribedil Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.	2.08	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	3.13	5	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	2.1	1	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.35	2	0	acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
ono 1078 pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.08	1	0	chromones
pyranoprofen pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	pyridochromene
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	2.08	1	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	4.99	3	3	amino acid amide; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticonvulsant; local anaesthetic
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	2.08	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.	2.44	2	0	pyrimidone	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	2.35	2	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	2.38	2	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	2.03	1	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.08	1	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	2.43	2	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	4.08	3	1	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2.08	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.	2.08	1	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	2.08	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.71	3	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	5.34	6	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	5.42	20	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	4.87	2	1	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
ranitidine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aralkylamine
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	3.62	2	0	benzothiazoles
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	2.08	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
ro 31-8220 Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor	2.15	1	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.	1.95	1	0	methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib [no description available]	2.08	1	0	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram [no description available]	3.45	1	1	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
roxatidine acetate roxatidine acetate: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	piperidines
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	4.58	5	1	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	2.08	1	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.99	1	0	morpholines
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	2.08	1	0	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
imatinib [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic amine; benzamides; N-methylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	2.08	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylacetone succinylacetone: inhibitor of heme biosynthesis. 4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid : A dioxo monocarboxylic acid that is heptanoic acid in which oxo groups replace the hydrogens at positions 4 and 6. It is an abnormal metabolite of the tyrosine metabolic pathway and a marker for type 1 tyrosinaemia.	2.89	4	0	beta-diketone; dioxo monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.08	1	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfanitran [no description available]	2.08	1	0	sulfonamide
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	4.04	4	0
sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	2.08	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	2.08	1	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.69	3	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	2.08	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.	2.08	1	0	acetylenic compound; ethyl ester; pyridines; retinoid; thiochromane	keratolytic drug; prodrug; teratogenic agent
temozolomide [no description available]	2.46	2	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia	2.08	1	0	furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.89	4	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2.08	1	0	diarylmethane
3-hydroxyaspartic acid 3-hydroxyaspartic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxyaspartic acid : A hydroxy-amino acid that is aspartic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.05	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; aspartic acid derivative; C4-dicarboxylic acid; hydroxy-amino acid
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	14.87	52	8	phthalimides; piperidones
2,4-thiazolidinedione thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.	3.11	1	0	thiazolidenedione
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	2.37	2	0	aziridines
tiapride [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzamides
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	6.66	5	2	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; fluoren-9-ones; tertiary amino compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; interferon inducer; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	2.08	1	0	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	2.06	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.	2.08	1	0	benzothiadiazole; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
nikethamide Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)	2.08	1	0	pyridinecarboxamide
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.08	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	monothiocarbamic ester	antifungal drug
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	10.88	24	6	amino acid
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	2.08	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	2.38	2	0	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
trientine Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.	3.08	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	copper chelator
trifluoperazine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.55	2	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trioxsalen Trioxsalen: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.. lactone : Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.. antipsoriatic : A drug used to treat psoriasis.. trioxsalen : 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.	1.95	1	0	psoralens	dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	2.08	1	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
thenoyltrifluoroacetone Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.	2.08	1	0
undecylenic acid undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.	2.08	1	0	undecenoic acid	antifungal drug; plant metabolite
urapidil [no description available]	2.08	1	0	piperazines
venlafaxine venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.	2.08	1	0	cyclohexanols; monomethoxybenzene; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; serotonin uptake inhibitor; xenobiotic
vigabatrin [no description available]	3.64	2	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	1.97	1	0
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.	2.73	3	0	aromatic primary alcohol; furans; indazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.08	1	0	carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.	2.08	1	0	nitrile; pyrazolopyrimidine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; central nervous system depressant; sedative
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	3.88	2	1	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.44	2	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.	2.08	1	0	monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine	central nervous system depressant; sedative
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	6.4	22	2	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	2.95	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	10.44	40	3	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	3.73	3	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	2.74	3	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	5.14	8	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
thymidine [no description available]	7.74	92	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	3.2	6	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	4.04	5	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	8.38	34	2	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	2.03	1	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	3.51	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	11.05	40	3	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	3.08	5	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
norethandrolone Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.	2.35	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	10.83	50	3	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.36	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methylprednisolone acetate Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.	2.39	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; glucocorticoid; steroid ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
oxandrolone Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.	3.53	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; oxa-steroid	anabolic agent; androgen
androsterone [no description available]	2.36	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.	3.56	9	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	4.52	4	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
idoxuridine [no description available]	2.36	2	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	3.43	7	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	1.94	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	3.19	5	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	6.06	29	1	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
methyldimethylaminoazobenzene Methyldimethylaminoazobenzene: A very potent liver carcinogen.. 3-methyl-4'-dimethylaminoazobenzene : A member of the class of azobenzenes that is azobenzene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group, while the other is substituted at position 4 by a dimethylamino group. It is a potent liver carcinogen.	2.02	1	0
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	2.35	2	0	dialkyl phosphate
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	4.34	6	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	3.52	8	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	5.31	17	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	3.34	7	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	3.31	6	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	3.37	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	4	14	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	3.05	5	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
dimazine dimazine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,1-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine substituted by two methyl groups at position 1.	1.98	1	0	hydrazines	carcinogenic agent; fuel; teratogenic agent
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	1.95	1	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	10.69	25	12	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	2.45	2	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	2.08	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2.36	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	2.77	3	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.	3.2	6	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone	anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent
puromycin aminonucleoside 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.	2.74	3	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	6.19	18	2	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine [no description available]	4.44	23	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.52	2	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	5.72	26	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	3.53	8	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	7.61	9	2	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.38	2	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	2.76	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	3.35	7	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.11	1	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	11.83	125	2	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	2.36	2	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	3.06	5	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	2.35	2	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	6.58	28	2	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	2.21	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	1.97	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	2.03	1	0	anilines; primary arylamine
calcium acetate calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.	2.42	2	0	calcium salt	chelator
cytidine monophosphate Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.06	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.48	2	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.38	2	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	3.38	7	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.68	3	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	3.69	10	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	2.37	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	5.25	17	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	5.63	30	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	3.36	7	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	1.97	1	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
triamcinolone diacetate triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone	2.08	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	3.38	1	1	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
triaziquone Triaziquone: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used mainly for ovarian tumors. It is toxic to skin, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and kidneys.. triaziquone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which three of the ring hydrogens are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.	2.34	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones; aziridines	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	2.05	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	1.95	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	6.4	7	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	8.88	32	1	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	4.88	11	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	4.41	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	7.04	14	2	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.09	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methandrostenolone Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)	2.35	2	0	organic molecular entity
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	3.07	5	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	2.88	4	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	11.03	43	3	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	3.56	1	1	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	2.11	1	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.01	1	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	2.66	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	3.83	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.	3.89	13	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; fluorinated steroid	anabolic agent; antineoplastic agent
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	2.05	1	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	2.36	2	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	4.07	4	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
isobutyric acid isobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isobutyric acid : A branched fatty acid comprising propanoic acid carrying a methyl branch at C-2.	2.06	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; fatty acid 4:0; methyl-branched fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
methacrylamide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	acrylamides; primary carboxamide
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	1.94	1	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	2.73	3	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone: structure and RN in first source. 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol : A sulfone that is diphenyl sulfone in which both of the para hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy groups.	2.41	1	0	bisphenol; sulfone	endocrine disruptor; metabolite
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.69	3	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	10.89	45	10	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
lawsone lawsone: a molluscacide from leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. topical sunscreening agent; structure; powdered leaves of Lawsonia inermis(Lythraceae) used as brown hair dye. lawsone : 1,4-Naphthoquinone carrying a hydroxy function at C-2. It is obtained from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis.	2.03	1	0
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	3.12	5	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	3.23	1	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	1.99	1	0	penicillanic acids
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
anthranilamide [no description available]	2	1	0	substituted aniline
2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.45	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	1.98	1	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	2.03	1	0
phenidone phenidone: photographic developer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0
benzidine benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	2.04	1	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	carcinogenic agent
thioglycerol thioglycerol: potentiates action of bradykinin in guinea-pig ileum; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. monothioglycerol : A thiol that is glycerol in which one of the primary hydroxy groups is replaced by a thiol group.	2.36	2	0	propane-1,2-diols; thiol	reducing agent; vulnerary
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
soman Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.	1.95	1	0	phosphonic ester
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	3.56	1	1	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
4-toluenesulfonyl chloride [no description available]	1.98	1	0
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	2.39	2	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.74	3	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	5.6	74	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	4.91	2	1	pyridinium salt
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	2	1	0	alkylamine
acrylonitrile [no description available]	3.77	2	1	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
glyoxal [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
cyanuric acid cyanuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocyanuric acid : The keto tautomer of cyanuric acid.. cyanuric acid : The enol tautomer of isocyanuric acid.	1.98	1	0	1,3,5-triazinanes; 1,3,5-triazines; heteroaryl hydroxy compound	xenobiotic
n-pentanoic acid n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.	1.98	1	0	short-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	5.13	10	1	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	2.02	1	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
n-butoxyethanol n-butoxyethanol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-butoxyethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a butoxy group. A high-boiling (171degreeC) colourless liquid, it is used as a solvent for paints and inks, as well as in some dry cleaning solutions.	2.05	1	0	glycol ether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
n(1)-acetylphenylhydrazine [no description available]	2.68	3	0
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	2.08	1	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	1.99	1	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
dianisidine Dianisidine: Highly toxic compound which can cause skin irritation and sensitization. It is used in manufacture of azo dyes.	1.99	1	0	biphenyls
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	2.08	1	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.47	2	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	4.37	1	1	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
phenyl 4-aminosalicylate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	carbonyl compound
nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)	2	1	0	NTA; tricarboxylic acid	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.6	1	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
iminodiacetic acid iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.	2.01	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; glycine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	chelator
pregnenolone [no description available]	2.35	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	2.01	1	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	3.18	1	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	1.97	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
potassium cyanide [no description available]	2.38	2	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	2.52	2	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	3.87	3	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2	1	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	3.14	5	0	indazole
benzisothiazole benzisothiazole: structure in first source. 1,2-benzisothiazole : A benzothiazole consisting of a benzene ring fused to an isothiazole.	2.6	1	0
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	2.01	1	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	3.79	2	1	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	5.25	16	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	6.16	10	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	2.04	1	0	organic cation
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	3.07	1	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
diiodotyrosine Diiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE).. diiodotyrosine : A dihalogenated L-tyrosine which has two iodo-substituents on the benzyl moiety.. 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine : A diiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying iodo-substituents at positions C-3 and C-5 of the benzyl group. It is an intermediate in the thyroid hormone synthesis.	1.95	1	0	diiodotyrosine; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	3.86	3	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
dexamethasone 21-phosphate dexamethasone 21-phosphate: has anti-inflammatory activity. dexamethasone phosphate : A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.	2.38	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; fluorinated steroid; steroid phosphate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	glucocorticoid receptor agonist
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	4.2	6	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	2.74	3	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
testosterone enanthate [no description available]	2.39	2	0	heptanoate ester; sterol ester	androgen
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	2.43	2	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	13.58	40	5	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.	2.05	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; surfactant; xenobiotic
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	2.08	1	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	8.38	20	6	steroid ester
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.13	1	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
procarbazine hydrochloride procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride	antineoplastic agent
cuprizone [no description available]	2.52	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	2.44	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	2.46	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.	2.17	1	0
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	3.5	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	10.84	51	8	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	1.98	1	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	2.07	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	2.03	1	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
methylguanidine Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.	3.47	2	0	guanidines	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; uremic toxin
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	4.67	6	1	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
epitestosterone Epitestosterone: The 17-alpha isomer of TESTOSTERONE, derived from PREGNENOLONE via the delta5-steroid pathway, and via 5-androstene-3-beta,17-alpha-diol. Epitestosterone acts as an antiandrogen in various target tissues. The ratio between testosterone/epitestosterone is used to monitor anabolic drug abuse.. epitestosterone : An androstanoid that is the C-17 epimer of testosterone.	2	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen antagonist; human metabolite
cepharanthine cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.	1.98	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	2.08	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
reticulin Reticulin: A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs.	2.65	3	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline; isoquinolinol	plant metabolite
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	7.53	13	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
indoline indoline: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	indoles
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	1.98	1	0
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	2.02	1	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	2.91	4	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.45	2	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	2.11	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	3.45	2	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	4.72	7	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
physcione physcione: structure. physcion : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources.	2.6	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
dimenhydrinate gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	diarylmethane
2,7-fluorenediamine 2,7-fluorenediamine: peroxidase reagent for blood smears; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.39	2	0
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	3.57	2	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	4.4	6	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
tropolone Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.	2.01	1	0	alpha-hydroxy ketone; cyclic ketone; enol	bacterial metabolite; fungicide; toxin
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.41	1	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	12.53	83	17	dialdehyde	biomarker
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.54	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2	1	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	2.08	1	0	isothiocyanate	insecticide
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	1.97	1	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	2.1	1	0	bis(azo) compound
succinimide succinimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. succinimide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5.	2.08	1	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone
megestrol acetate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	10.99	20	7	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.08	1	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	2.05	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.58	2	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
diphenyliodonium diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined	2.39	2	0
hydroxychloroquine sulfate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	2.08	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl Bromide: A chemical reagent that reacts with and modifies chemically the tryptophan portion of protein molecules. Used for 'active site' enzyme studies and other protein studies. Sometimes referred to as Koshland's reagent.	1.95	1	0
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	2.08	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
deoxycytidine [no description available]	5.43	5	3	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	4.37	3	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rhodamine 6g rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl	2.1	1	0
ethambutol hydrochloride ethambutol dihydrochloride : The dihydrchloride salt of ethambutol. A bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, it is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol dihydrochloride is used alone.	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride	antitubercular agent
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	3.25	1	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cycloate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	3.12	5	0
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.46	2	0	alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	2.08	1	0	zinc molecular entity
thorium dioxide Thorium Dioxide: Thorium oxide (ThO2). A radiographic contrast agent that was used in the early 1930s through about 1954. High rates of mortality have been linked to its use and it has been shown to cause liver cancer.	1.95	1	0	thorium molecular entity
ferrous sulfide ferrous sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-S; mackinawite & troilite both have MF Fe-S	3.7	1	1
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	6.45	5	1
antimycin a [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzamides; formamides; macrodiolide; phenols	antifungal agent; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; piscicide
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.49	2	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
nsc 65346 sangivamycin: RN given refers to parent cpd. sangivamycin : A nucleoside analogue that is adenosine in which the nitrogen at position 7 is replaced by a carbamoyl-substituted carbon. It is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C.	1.98	1	0	nucleoside analogue	protein kinase inhibitor
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	3.5	2	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	12.11	43	22	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	2.4	2	0
mesterolone Mesterolone: 17 beta-Hydroxy-1 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-androstan-3-one. A synthetic steroid with anabolic and androgenic activities.	1.95	1	0	3-oxo-5alpha-steroid
pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.	2.08	1	0	aliphatic nitrile
pseudouridine [no description available]	2.48	2	0	pseudouridines	fundamental metabolite
selenomethionine [no description available]	3.21	6	0	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
metylperon metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone
diphenyldiselenide diphenyldiselenide: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
digoxigenin Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.	2.9	4	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol	hapten; plant metabolite
nitrofen nitrofen: structure	2.15	1	0	organic molecular entity	EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
pristane pristane: structure. pristane : A norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group.	2.63	2	0	long-chain alkane; norterpene	biomarker; immunological adjuvant
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.05	1	0	tertiary amine
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	3.14	1	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	4.17	5	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.04	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.	2.47	2	0	corticosteroid hormone; hemisuccinate
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	3.28	6	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.	3.41	1	1	pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimalarial
sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).	2.17	1	0	sulfur coordination entity	greenhouse gas; NMR chemical shift reference compound; ultrasound contrast agent
tetramethylthiourea [no description available]	2	1	0	thioureas
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	2.08	1	0	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.	2.08	1	0	dichlorobenzene; penicillin	antibacterial drug
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	3.27	6	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	3.2	5	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	3.08	5	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
ecdysone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; 6-oxo steroid; ecdysteroid	prohormone
cyclic cmp Cyclic CMP: A cyclic nucleotide formed from CYTIDINE TRIPHOSPHATE by the action of cytidylate cyclase. It is a potential cyclic nucleotide intracellular mediator of signal transductions.. 3',5'-cyclic CMP : A 3',5'-cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.39	2	0	3',5'-cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide	human metabolite
streptomycin [no description available]	2.35	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
dideoxyadenosine Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.	2.04	1	0	adenosines; purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
cladribine [no description available]	3.8	3	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	4.8	3	2
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.46	2	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
metocurine metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr	2.08	1	0	isoquinolines
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.	1.95	1	0
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	4.38	6	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	4.02	2	0	dioxolane
ferrous lactate [no description available]	3.37	1	1	lactate salt
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	3.55	8	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
enbucrilate Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.	2.48	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; nitrile
etidronate disodium etidronate disodium : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of two protons from etidronic acid (one from from each of the phosphonic acid groups) by sodium ions.	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	2.35	2	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	3.56	1	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	5.06	10	1	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	3.36	7	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	5.92	3	3	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	2.69	3	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	2.9	4	0	manganese group element atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	4.22	3	1	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	2.07	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	3.31	1	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	4.71	11	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	4.32	4	1	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
erbium Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.	3.56	1	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	2.03	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	4.87	6	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	3.97	12	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	2.35	2	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	1.97	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	2.42	2	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	11.03	18	1	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	3.56	1	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	3.56	1	1	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.15	1	0	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	1.99	1	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.42	2	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	6.29	7	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	2.71	3	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2.04	1	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	3.12	5	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2.72	3	0	sodium phosphate
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	2.21	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	2.05	1	0	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.74	3	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	4.12	3	1	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	12.94	55	17	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
isopentenyladenosine Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.	1.96	1	0	N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	3.04	1	0	diatomic bromine
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	2.41	2	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	1.98	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite	2.01	1	0	calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05	2.01	1	0	calcium phosphate	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	6.43	5	2	calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	iron coordination entity
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	2.48	2	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.	1.98	1	0	potassium salt	allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.94	4	0	dihydrogen
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	1.97	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	3.04	5	0
hexadimethrine bromide Hexadimethrine Bromide: A synthetic polymer which agglutinates red blood cells. It is used as a heparin antagonist.	1.99	1	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	5.98	4	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
ferric sulfate ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.	2.13	1	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	astringent; catalyst; mordant
ferric pyrophosphate ferric pyrophosphate : An iron coordination entity composed from Fe(3+) cations and diphosphate(4-) anions in a 4:3 ratio.	4.34	2	2	iron coordination entity
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.11	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.68	3	0	cadmium coordination entity
chlormerodrin Chlormerodrin: A mercurial compound that has been used as a diuretic but is now superseded by more potent and less toxic drugs. The radiolabeled form has been used as a diagnostic and research tool.. chlormerodrin : Urea in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 3-chloromercury-2-methoxyprop-1-yl group. It was formerly used as a diuretic, but more potent and less toxic drugs are now available. Its radiolabelled ((197)Hg, (203)Hg) forms were used in diagnostic aids in renal imaging and brain scans.	1.94	1	0	organomercury compound; ureas	diagnostic agent; diuretic
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.71	3	0
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	4.26	5	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
chloramine [no description available]	2.92	4	0	halide
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.9	4	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
mafenide acetate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	carboxylic acid
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.76	2	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
misonidazole Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.	2.11	1	0
diacerein diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;	2.08	1	0	anthraquinone
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.36	2	0
selegiline hydrochloride, (r)-isomer [no description available]	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	5.7	3	1	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
thiamphenicol [no description available]	3.24	6	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
pancuronium bromide pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.	2.08	1	0	bromide salt	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	6.19	44	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
ornidazole Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; organochlorine compound; secondary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antiprotozoal drug; antitrichomonal drug; epitope
fluorides [no description available]	5.21	6	2	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	4.78	7	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	2.05	1	0	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cresyl violet cresyl violet: RN given refers to chloride. cresyl violet : A cationic heterotetracyclic fluorescent dye derived from benzo[a]phenoxazine.	2.94	1	0
chromium chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen	3.56	1	1	chromium cation; monoatomic hexacation
1-deoxynojirimycin 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.	1.97	1	0	2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
iodine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	3.58	9	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
razoxane Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.	3.17	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine
fludarabine phosphate fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.	2.08	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	6.64	41	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	1.98	1	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	5.55	17	1	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	3.57	2	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.	7.08	7	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	1.95	1	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
metipranolol Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.	2.36	2	0	acetate ester; aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	4.32	4	1
du-21220 Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.	1.98	1	0	benzyl alcohols; polyphenol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	3.23	6	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	20.43	376	74
alkenes [no description available]	2.13	1	0
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	3.41	1	1	organic calcium salt
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	7.26	28	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
glucaric acid Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.	14.88	82	40	glucaric acid	antineoplastic agent
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	1.97	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	2.41	2	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	1.98	1	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2.08	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	2.08	1	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.08	1	0	tryptamines
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	2.08	1	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
carbidopa carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	2.08	1	0	catechols; hydrazines; monocarboxylic acid	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
s-adenosylmethionine acylcarnitine: structure in first source. S-adenosyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.07	1	0	sulfonium betaine	human metabolite
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	13.14	67	8	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
acetylgalactosamine Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.	2.91	4	0	N-acetyl-D-hexosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	2.5	2	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	11.76	32	16	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	9.89	27	8	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	2.7	3	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	3.78	2	1	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	17.12	90	30	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
lentinan [no description available]	1.99	1	0
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	2.51	2	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	1.98	1	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
flunixin flunixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino group. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine (usually as the meglumine salt) for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	2.05	1	0	aminopyridine; organofluorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.35	2	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	2.31	1	0
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.71	3	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.96	4	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
vinclozolin vinclozolin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-vinclozolin. A fungicide used mainly on oilseed rape, vines, fruit and vegetables to control Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Monilia spp.. 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in which the imide hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group.	2.02	1	0	dicarboximide; dichlorobenzene; olefinic compound; oxazolidinone
vecuronium bromide Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.	2.08	1	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	4.79	31	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).	2.08	1	0
vindesine Vindesine: Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against CANCER. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS).	3.39	1	1	methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	2.01	1	0
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	2.08	1	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
acarbose [no description available]	2.08	1	0	tetrasaccharide derivative	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
torsemide Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.	1.97	1	0	aminopyridine; N-sulfonylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; loop diuretic
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	8.95	14	11	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	1.98	1	0
lorcainide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	acetamides
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	3.86	3	0	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	4.06	2	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	7.16	21	5	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
staurosporine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	indolocarbazole alkaloid; organic heterooctacyclic compound	apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; geroprotector
foscarnet sodium trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	2.08	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antiviral drug
atracurium besylate atracurium besylate : The bisbenzenesulfonate salt of atracurium.	2.08	1	0	organosulfonate salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	2.49	2	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	1.97	1	0
pergolide mesylate pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	2.08	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; geroprotector
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	3.86	12	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.08	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
talniflumate talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma	2.08	1	0	benzofurans
fenoldopam mesylate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzazepine
pimonidazole pimonidazole: structure given in first source	3.15	5	0
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.08	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	2.08	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	3.84	3	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
swainsonine Swainsonine: An indolizidine alkaloid from the plant Swainsona canescens that is a potent alpha-mannosidase inhibitor. Swainsonine also exhibits antimetastatic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activity.. swainsonine : An indolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant Swainsona canescens with three hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 2 and 8.	1.97	1	0	indolizidine alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.114 (mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,3-1,6-alpha-mannosidase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; plant metabolite
cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.	2.08	1	0
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	2.74	3	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
flupirtine flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.08	1	0	aminopyridine
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone
stepronin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	4.84	7	1	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	2.08	1	0	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.	2.08	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	2.08	1	0	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
atomoxetine hydrochloride Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.08	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	4.62	8	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
gusperimus gusperimus: synthesized by chemical modification of spergualin; in combination with cyclosporin A prevents diabetes in predisposed NOD mice; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (-)-isomer trihydrochloride	2.39	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	2.46	2	0	naphthoic acid
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	3.23	6	0
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	2.08	1	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	2.45	2	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
sertindole sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.	2.08	1	0	heteroarylpiperidine; imidazolidinone; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylindole	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
adapalene Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.	2.08	1	0	adamantanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid	dermatologic drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
aromasil [no description available]	2.08	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sparfloxacin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
zileuton [no description available]	2.08	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	4.93	2	1	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	2.08	1	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	6.27	6	1	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
bromfenac bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.	2.08	1	0	aromatic amino acid; benzophenones; organobromine compound; substituted aniline	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride; organofluorine compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	5.43	5	3	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
atorvastatin calcium anhydrous [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic calcium salt
atorvastatin [no description available]	6.36	6	2	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	2.72	3	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	2.08	1	0	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
irinotecan [no description available]	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	7.45	8	2	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
zolmitriptan zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.	2.08	1	0	oxazolidinone; tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
adefovir dipivoxil bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	2.08	1	0	6-aminopurines; carbonate ester; ether; organic phosphonate	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent; prodrug
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	2.08	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tasosartan tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source	3.11	1	0	biphenyls
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	9.03	35	2	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
ferric citrate ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).	4.11	3	1	iron chelate	anti-anaemic agent; nutraceutical
sudan black b Sudan black B : A member of the class of perimidines that is 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine carrying a [4-(phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-yl]diazenyl substituent at position 6. A fat-soluble dye predominantly used for demonstrating triglycerides in frozen sections and for staining of protein bound lipids in paraffin sections.	1.97	1	0	azobenzenes; bis(azo) compound; perimidines	histological dye
nitrogen trioxide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	nitrogen oxide
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	3.78	11	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	2.38	2	0
thiolactic acid thiolactic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid
carbogen carbogen: mixture of 95% O2 & 5% CO2	3.81	2	1
caloreen caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.	2.03	1	0
paroxetine hydrochloride paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
bupropion hydrochloride [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.21	1	0	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	2.7	3	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
doxazosin mesylate Cardura: Trade name in United States.	2.08	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	geroprotector
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.08	1	0	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
rolofylline rolofylline: selective antagonist for adenosine receptors; a cardiovascular agent	2.69	3	0	oxopurine
aluminum phosphate aluminum phosphate: gel used as immunologic adjuvent; RN given refers to Al salt	2.41	1	0
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	4.22	17	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.	2.08	1	0	2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
bupivacaine hydrochloride bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride and levobupivacaine hydrochloride. The monohydrate form is commonly used as a local anaesthetic.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride; racemate	adrenergic antagonist; amphiphile; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; local anaesthetic
fenofibric acid fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.	3.19	1	0	aromatic ketone; chlorobenzophenone; monocarboxylic acid	drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
8-amino-1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid 8-amino-1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	3.64	9	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	4.27	5	0	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
amprenavir [no description available]	2.08	1	0	carbamate ester; sulfonamide; tetrahydrofuryl ester	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	2.02	1	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.52	2	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.52	2	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
homocitrulline L-homocitrulline : A L-lysine derivative that is L-lysine having a carbamoyl group at the N(6)-position. It is found in individuals with urea cycle disorders.	2.04	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ureas	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.42	2	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium 10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate	2	1	0
testosterone undecanoate [no description available]	2.01	1	0	steroid ester
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	2.68	3	0	iodine oxoacid
ticlopidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride
epirubicin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.08	1	0
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	2.71	3	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.97	4	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination: combination drug containing fanasil & pyrimethamine	3.41	1	1
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	2.01	1	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
tetraiodothyroacetic acid tetraiodothyroacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is thyroacetic acid carrying four iodo substituents at positions 3, 3', 5 and 5'.	2.07	1	0	2-halophenol; aromatic ether; iodophenol; monocarboxylic acid	apoptosis inducer; human metabolite; thyroid hormone
2,2'-dithiodiethanesulfonic acid [no description available]	4.34	1	1
goralatide goralatide: from fetal calf bone marrow; exerts a high inhibitory activity on the proliferation of hematopoietic pluripotent stem cells. goralatide : A tetrapeptide that is Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro in which the N-terminal amino group carries an acetyl group. It is selective inhibitor of primitive haematopoietic cell proliferation and exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and pro-angiogenic properties.	4.22	5	0	oligopeptide; tetrapeptide	anti-inflammatory agent; pro-angiogenic agent
pazufloxacin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	quinolines
repaglinide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	piperidines
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	5.23	3	1	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	2.02	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
benzeneboronic acid [no description available]	2.6	1	0	boronic acids
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	10.87	30	4	1,2,3-triazole
isobutyramide [no description available]	3.79	2	1	carboximidic acid
miconazole nitrate miconazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole nitrate. An antifungal used for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.08	1	0
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	7.36	9	3	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	3.84	3	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
delta sleep-inducing peptide Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide: A nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. This neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal.	1.98	1	0
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.44	2	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
brinzolamide brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent	2.08	1	0	sulfonamide; thienothiazine	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
drospirenone drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; steroid lactone	aldosterone antagonist; contraceptive drug; progestin
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.08	1	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
uk 68798 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker
hp 873 iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	2.08	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; monoamine; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	2.4	2	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
loxapine succinate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	succinate salt	geroprotector
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	2.08	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
betamipron [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
uroxatral [no description available]	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride
aceclofenac [no description available]	2.08	1	0	amino acid; carboxylic ester; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
thiocolchicoside [no description available]	2.08	1	0	glycoside
doripenem Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.	2.08	1	0	carbapenems
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	3.61	2	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.	2.05	1	0	perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid	antilipemic drug; persistent organic pollutant
ethyl protocatechuate ethyl protocatechuate: structure. ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with ethanol. It is the anti-oxidative component of peanut seed testa.	2.03	1	0	catechols; ethyl ester	antibacterial agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
rosiglitazone [no description available]	5.25	6	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
tamiflu [no description available]	2.08	1	0	phosphate salt
bexarotene [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
s20098 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	acetamides
flunisolide flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones	2.08	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.	2.42	2	0	organoammonium salt	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.08	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
coenzyme a [no description available]	1.94	1	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	3.48	2	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
nsc-172755 butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)	3.85	2	0
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	9.74	29	4	iditol	fungal metabolite
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	6.62	9	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
methylglucoside [no description available]	1.97	1	0
gliquidone gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0	isoquinolines
n(6)-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine N(6)-dimethylallyladenine : A 6-isopentenylaminopurine in which has the isopentenyl double bond is located between the 2 and 3 positions of the isopentenyl group.	1.96	1	0	6-isopentenylaminopurine	cytokinin
adenosine 5'-methylenediphosphate [no description available]	2.71	3	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
lopinavir [no description available]	2.08	1	0	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.44	2	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	3.46	7	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
cellulose sulfate cellulose sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; vaginal gel being developed as both a contraceptive and blockage to STD somewhat like nonoxynol-9	2.02	1	0	ether; flavonoids
alpha-methylhydrocinnamic acid [no description available]	2.01	1	0
n-hydroxysuccinimide suberic acid ester disuccinimidyl suberate: used as protein cross-linking agent	3.07	5	0
moxifloxacin hydrochloride moxifloxacin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of moxifloxacin and hydrogen chloride.	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride	antibacterial drug
n-methyladenosine N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.	2.21	1	0	methyladenosine
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	10.3	144	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.44	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
yttrium radioisotopes Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.	3.56	1	1
mizoribine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	imidazoles	anticoronaviral agent
chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.	2.03	1	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
cremophor el cremophor EL: solvent for Althesin & Propanidid implicated as possible cause of similar adverse effects polyethoxylated castor oil; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also records for cremophor & cremophor A	2.94	1	0
quin2 Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
sr141716 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	3.13	5	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
u 74389f U 74389F: a 21-aminosteroid antioxidant (lazaroids); inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
cp 96345 CP 96345: structure given in first source; potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor; CP 96344 is enantiomer of CP 96345	1.98	1	0
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	2.06	1	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
prolinedithiocarbamate prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC	2.04	1	0
artesunic acid [no description available]	3.89	4	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	3.23	6	0
deoxypyridinoline deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
racecadotril racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor	2.08	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
1,1-dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol HU 211: structure given in first source; HU 211 is active & HU 210 is inactive as canibinoids; functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker; RN given is for (6aS-trans)-isomer	3.14	1	0
2'-5'-oligoadenylate trimer 2',5'-oligoadenylate: inhibits protein synthesis in cell-free systems	2.36	2	0
deguelin deguelin: a natural product from Mundulea sericea; RN refers to (7aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source. deguelin : A rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; plant metabolite
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	3.35	1	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
parthenolide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	germacranolide
carboxyamido-triazole carboxyamido-triazole: structure given in first source; coccidiostat; U.S. patent No. 4,590,201	1.98	1	0
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	3.79	3	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
exp3174 losartan carboxylic acid: structure given in first source. losartan carboxylic acid : A biphenylyltetrazole that is losartan with the hydroxymethyl group at position 5 on the imidazole ring replaced with a carboxylic acid.	3.5	2	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles; organochlorine compound	metabolite
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.89	4	0
tadalafil [no description available]	2.51	2	0	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	1.97	1	0
estrone-3-glucuronide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	17-oxo steroid; beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; steroid glucosiduronic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-seryl-proline glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-seryl-proline: can duplicate the binding activity of fibronectin vitronectin; RN given refers to ALL-L isomer	1.98	1	0
plavix [no description available]	2.08	1	0	azaheterocycle sulfate salt; organoammonium sulfate salt	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
clofarabine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
testosterone-17-succinate testosterone-17-succinate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer	1.96	1	0
n-methylprotoporphyrin ix N-methylprotoporphyrin IX: inhibitor of ferrochelatase	2	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.05	1	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	2.08	1	0	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
valdecoxib [no description available]	2.08	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
a 63162 N-hydroxy-N-(1-(4-(phenylmethoxy)phenyl)ethyl)-acetamide: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
l 692429 L 692429: stimulates release of growth hormone; RN refers to (R)-isomer; structure given in first source	3.11	1	0
perftoran [no description available]	2.44	2	0
zk 91587 [no description available]	2	1	0
astragaloside a [no description available]	2.06	1	0
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.25	1	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	5.36	10	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
almotriptan almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.	2.01	1	0	indoles; sulfonamide; tertiary amine	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0663 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	bipyridines; organochlorine compound; sulfone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
hemoregulatory peptide 5b hemoregulatory peptide 5b: synthetic analog of granulocyte chalone; initially identified in extracts of rodent bone marrow and human leukocytes; monomer inhibits both formation of GM-CFC colonies and cytotoxic drug induced recruitment of murine CRU-S cells into active cell cycle; dimer has stimulatory activity	1.96	1	0
ethylene glycolylbis(succinimidyl succinate) [no description available]	1.97	1	0
kf 17837s KF 17837: adenosine A(2a) receptor antagonist; KF17837S is the equilibrium mixture of (E)- and (Z)-isomers	1.99	1	0
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)- Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.	2.08	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin	vasodilator agent
ro 8-0576 benserazide, levodopa drug combination: combination of L-Dopa and seryltrihydroxybenzylhydrazine; used in treatment of parkinsonism	2.06	1	0
citrate phosphate dextrose citrate phosphate dextrose: anticoagulant used in blood preservation	1.98	1	0
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	5.8	11	2	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
antibiotic g 418 antibiotic G 418: from Micromonospora rhodorangea	2.7	3	0
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	1.99	1	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
lysyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-leucine lysyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-leucine: retains type II surface membrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum; RN refers to all (L)-isomer	1.98	1	0
desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.	2.08	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	1.98	1	0
dibutyryl cyclic-3',5'-cytidine monophosphate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	10.29	34	6	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
2-iminobiotin 2-iminobiotin: RN given refers to parent cpd(3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,6aalpha))-isomer	6.17	3	0
sulbactam [no description available]	2.08	1	0	penicillanic acids
exp7711 EXP7711: to search, use E#P7711(nm); angiotensin II receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.	4.8	2	1	biphenyls
ici d8731 ICI D8731: structure given in first source; an angiotensin II receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	5	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
abiraterone [no description available]	2.08	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
ivabradine Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.	4.97	4	0	aromatic ether; benzazepine; carbobicyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiotonic drug
imidazolecarboxamide imidazolecarboxamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also related record for imidazole-4-carboxamide	2.13	1	0
n-hydroxysulfosuccinimide N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide: hydrophilic ligand for preparation of active esters	2.05	1	0
febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.	2.08	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
butoxamine Butoxamine: A beta-2 selective adrenergic antagonist. It is used primarily in animal and tissue experiments to characterize BETA-2 ANDRENERGIC RECEPTORS.	2.87	4	0
triiodothyronine L-homocysteine thiolactone : A thiolactone arising from formal condensation of the mercapto (sulfanyl) and carboxylic acid groups of L-homocysteine.	2.17	1	0	tetrahydrothiophenes; thiolactone	human metabolite
pomalidomide 3-aminophthalimidoglutarimide: structure in first source	3.19	1	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	D-xylose
quinone methide quinone methide: intermediate in eumelanin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. quinomethane : A methylidenecyclohexadienone, formally derived from a benzoquinone by replacement of one of the quinone oxygens by a methylidene group.	2.01	1	0	quinomethane
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	7.71	10	2	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	2.17	1	0
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate: may also contain chlorocresol (UD 25:22R)	2.03	1	0
lexapro Lexapro: Trade name of escitalopram, the active S-enantiomer of the racemic citalopram.	2.08	1	0
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	8.16	11	6	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	2.08	1	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
aclacinomycin aklavin: antibiotic prepared from culture liquids of streptomycete (A 1129); possessing antiphage activity; structure. aclacinomycin T : An anthracycline that is aklavinone having an alpha-L-rhodosaminyl residue attached at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	1.97	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; polyketide; tertiary alcohol; tetracenequinones; zwitterion	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	2.08	1	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
2-hexadecynoic acid 2-hexadecynoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
cox 189 lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.	2.08	1	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	1.97	1	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
cyanopindolol [no description available]	2	1	0	indoles
xamoterol Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.	2.08	1	0	morpholines
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	2.08	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
cinacalcet cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.	2.77	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; secondary amino compound	calcimimetic; P450 inhibitor
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	3.26	6	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	2.48	2	0	organic sulfate salt
olmesartan olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866	2.03	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
telbivudine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
rhodioloside [no description available]	2.51	2	0	glycoside
tipifarnib [no description available]	4.32	3	0	imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
ukrain ukrain: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent; semisynthetic product from alkaloids of Chelidonium majus L. & thiophosphoric triaciridide acid	2	1	0
cryptotanshinone cryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhiza	2.21	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	2.4	2	0
combivir lamivudine, zidovudine drug combination: contains half the typical daily doses of both drugs in one tablet	2.01	1	0
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	2.05	1	0	carbodiimide
an-69 AN-69: copolymer of acrylonitrile & sodium methallylsulfonate used in hemodialysis	3.77	2	1
amtizol amtizol: used for recovery of consciousness after ketamine anesthesia; antihypoxic; a ketamine antagonist	2.17	1	0
r 64719 soluflazine: nucleoside transport inhibitor; analog of mioflazine	1.99	1	0
calcium pyrophosphate [no description available]	2.01	1	0
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	3.82	2	1
metaperiodate metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.	2.44	2	0	iodine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
lanthanum carbonate lanthanum carbonate: a phosphate binder used for hyperphosphatemia treatment in end-stage renal disease	3.56	1	1
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	1.93	1	0	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
ferric maltol ferric maltol: potential use as an oral therapy for iron deficiency anemia	3.41	1	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	8.04	16	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	11.95	76	5	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
substance p (1-4) substance P (1-4): N-terminal tetrapeptide fragment of substance P	2.04	1	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	3.05	5	0
sb 203580 [no description available]	4.26	6	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
lu 135252 [no description available]	2.7	3	0
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	2.71	3	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
l 158809 L 158809: RN & structure given in first source; angiotensin receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
dn 108 DN 108: RN & structure in first source	2.01	1	0
aspartimide aspartimide: formed under acid or basic conditions in the synthesis of aspartic acid-containing peptides	2.03	1	0	dicarboximide; primary amino compound; pyrrolidinone	Maillard reaction product
deflazacort deflazacort: structure	3.08	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
ketosteril ketosteril: alpha-keto analogs of Ile,Leu,Phe,Val & alpha-hydroxy analogs of Met,Lys,Thr,Trp,His,Tyr	4.36	2	2
fe(iii)-edta Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0	iron coordination entity
ramelteon ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist	2.08	1	0	indanes
deferasirox Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.	5.39	7	0	benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; phenols; triazoles	iron chelator
bms204352 BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
tbc-11251 sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	benzodioxoles
tolvaptan [no description available]	2.74	3	0	benzazepine; benzenedicarboxamide	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
nolomirole nolomirole: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
sorafenib [no description available]	2.48	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
succinobucol succinobucol: monosuccinic acid ester of probucol; a metabolically stable modification of probucol, an equipotent antioxidant to probucol but is pharmacologically distinct	2.03	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols
lenalidomide [no description available]	13.18	37	3	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
lacosamide Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.	2.08	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.	2.36	2	0	alkaloid; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.54	2	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	1.98	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	4.43	7	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cellulose triacetate cellulose triacetate: for hemodialysis filtration	5.17	3	1
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	6.21	7	1	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
5-hydroxymethylfurfural 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.	3.56	1	1	arenecarbaldehyde; furans; primary alcohol	indicator; Maillard reaction product
vincaleukoblastine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	acetate ester; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite
vincristine sulfate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic sulfate salt	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector
methenolone acetate methenolone acetate: RN given refers to (5alpha,17beta)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #5015	2.39	2	0	steroid ester
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	2.68	3	0
wortmannin [no description available]	5.29	20	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
medicarpin (-)-medicarpin : The (-)-enantiomer of medicarpin.	2.15	1	0	medicarpin	plant metabolite
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	1.99	1	0
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	2.05	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bortezomib [no description available]	6.05	11	0	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
calcein am calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.	2.05	1	0	2-benzofurans; acetate ester; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	2.08	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
fluorocholine fluorocholine: a radiopharmaceutical agent	2.08	1	0
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	6.67	4	3
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.97	4	0
carboplatin [no description available]	10.84	36	16
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2	1	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	2.02	1	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	3.09	5	0
5'-deoxyadenosine 5'-deoxyadenosine: main heading DEOXYADENOSINE refers to the 3' cpd. 5'-deoxyadenosine : A 5'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having adenosine as the nucleobase.	2.04	1	0	5'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
arabinose [no description available]	2.07	1	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	11.87	58	3	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
mannose-6-phosphate beta-D-mannose 6-phosphate : A D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	1.98	1	0	D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	4.47	7	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	4.17	5	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	4.92	12	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	4.42	2	2	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.93	4	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	3.54	2	0
n-acetyllactosamine N-acetyllactosamine: RN given refers to D-isomer. N-acetyllactosamine : A beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the reducing end anomeric centre.	4.35	6	0	beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-D-GlcpNAc
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	5.21	6	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	2.9	4	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	3.47	8	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
puromycin [no description available]	3.74	11	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	2.45	2	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.	2.35	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monoiodotyrosine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-glycolylneuraminic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid: RN given refers to (all-D)-isomer	2.92	4	0	N-acylneuraminic acid
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	4.19	5	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.08	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	2.55	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	1.96	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	2.08	1	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	2.44	2	0	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
perindopril erbumine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	addition compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
miglitol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	piperidines
rocuronium bromide rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.	2.08	1	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
linezolid [no description available]	4.4	3	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
indican [no description available]	6.73	9	1	beta-D-glucoside; exopolysaccharide; indolyl carbohydrate
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	2.1	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
phorbol phorbol: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9b beta))-isomer; synonym isophorbol refers to (4a alpha)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7143. phorbol : A diterpenoid with the structure of tigliane hydroxylated at C-4, -9, -12(beta), -13 and -20, with an oxo group at C-3 and unsaturation at the 1- and 6-positions.	1.97	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; tertiary alcohol; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.53	2	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
bq 123 cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	4.22	5	0	cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2.39	2	0	tripeptide
candoxatrilat candoxatrilat: USAN lists candoxatrilat (UK-73,967) with RN 123122-54-3. candoxatrilat : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation between the amino group of cis-4-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid and the cyclopentanecarboxylic acid group of 1-[(2S)-2-carboxy-3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propyl]cyclopentanecarboxylic acid. A potent inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase (NEP, neprilysin, EC 3.4.24.11), it is used as its 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl ester prodrug in the treatment of chronic heart failure.	3.37	1	1
pemirolast potassium salt [no description available]	2.08	1	0
eplerenone Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.08	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; epoxy steroid; gamma-lactone; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; steroid acid ester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	3.45	1	1	alkaloid	geroprotector
ao 128 AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
loteprednol etabonate Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.	2.08	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; etabonate ester; organochlorine compound; steroid acid ester; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
fluticasone propionate fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.	2.08	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; propanoate ester; steroid ester; thioester	adrenergic agent; anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; dermatologic drug
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	2.72	3	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	9.37	34	3	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	6.34	12	1	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.05	1	0	cyclodextrin
phosphoramidon phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.	3.12	1	0	deoxyaldohexose phosphate; dipeptide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	4.47	3	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	8.81	14	5	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.42	2	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	8.67	28	2	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferric hydroxide ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9	3.79	2	1
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.47	2	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	4.02	2	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.91	4	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	8.87	18	4	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	2.08	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
lycopene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	2.08	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
pd 173955 PD 173955: inhibits src family-selective tyrosine kinase; structure in first source	2.01	1	0	aryl sulfide; dichlorobenzene; methyl sulfide; pyridopyrimidine	tyrosine kinase inhibitor
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.	2.44	2	0	geranylgeranyl diphosphate	mouse metabolite
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.07	1	0	aromatic amide
cytidine monophosphate n-acetylneuraminic acid Cytidine Monophosphate N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: A nucleoside monophosphate sugar which donates N-acetylneuraminic acid to the terminal sugar of a ganglioside or glycoprotein.. CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acid : A nucleotide sugar used as a donor by glycosyltransferases for the synthesis of sugar chains	2.44	2	0	CMP-N-acyl-beta-neuraminic acid	mouse metabolite
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	3.24	6	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	2.39	2	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
afimoxifene afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.	2.02	1	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite
aclarubicin Aclarubicin: An anthracycline produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity.. aclacinomycin A : An anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces galilaeus and also has potent antineoplastic activity.	3.48	2	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline; methyl ester; phenols; polyketide; tetracenequinones; trisaccharide derivative; zwitterion	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
thymopentin Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.	1.98	1	0	oligopeptide
taribavirin [no description available]	4.04	2	0	nucleobase-containing molecular entity
decitabine [no description available]	8.26	12	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
teniposide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside; cyclic acetal; furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; thiophenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	1.98	1	0	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
valrubicin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	anthracycline; trifluoroacetamide
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	7.89	68	0	actinomycin	mutagen
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	2.39	2	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
arsphenamine Arsphenamine: An organoarsenic compound that was commonly used for treating SYPHILIS and other diseases.	1.95	1	0
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	8.23	15	2	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	2.11	1	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.97	4	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.41	2	0	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
rubitecan rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	3.8	2	1	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
lisofylline lisofylline: metabolite of pentoxifylline; structure given in first source. (R)-lisofylline : A 1-(5-hydroxyhexyl)-3,7-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione that has (R)-configuration. A synthetic small molecule which was under development for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus.	3.08	1	0	1-(5-hydroxyhexyl)-3,7-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione	anti-inflammatory agent; immunomodulator
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	5.34	7	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium chlorate sodium chlorate : An inorganic sodium salt that has chlorate as the counter-ion. An oxidising agent, it is used for bleaching paper and as a herbicide. It is also used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives and matches.	2.03	1	0	chlorate salt; inorganic sodium salt	herbicide
potassium acetate Potassium Acetate: A potassium salt used to replenish ELECTROLYTES, for restoration of WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. Formerly, it was used in DIURETICS and EXPECTORANTS.. potassium acetate : A potassium salt comprising equal numbers of potassium and acetate ions	2.01	1	0	potassium salt	food acidity regulator
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	2.38	2	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	3.07	1	0	triterpenoid
sinapinic acid sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.	2.05	1	0	sinapic acid	MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	4.32	19	0	isomethyleugenol
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	2.17	1	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
retinol acetate retinol acetate: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0	acetate ester
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	4.12	4	0	stilbene
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	2.45	2	0	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	5.21	9	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	4.34	2	2	diphosphate ion
s 1033 [no description available]	2.46	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
trilostane trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.	2.08	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; epoxy steroid; nitrile	abortifacient; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
ferlixit ferlixit: used to induce siderosis in femal Wistar albino rats	13.4	41	9	polymer
leuprolide acetate leuprolide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining the nonapeptide leuprolide with acetic acid. A long lasting GnRH analog, LH-Rh agonist. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	2.08	1	0	acetate salt	antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	4.75	2	1	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
fludarabine [no description available]	4.38	6	0	purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	2.08	1	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	5.41	5	1
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	2.13	1	0	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	5.29	7	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	2.13	1	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
levosulpiride (S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).	2.08	1	0	sulpiride	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.01	1	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
phenylalanine methyl ester phenylalanine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. methyl L-phenylalaninate : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the methyl ester of L-phenylalanine.	1.98	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-phenylalanine derivative
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	2.74	3	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
eszopiclone Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.	2.08	1	0	zopiclone	central nervous system depressant; sedative
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	3.02	4	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	2.96	4	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	2.08	1	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	2.63	2	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
epalrestat epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; thiazolidines	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
drotaverin drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.08	1	0	isoquinolines
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	4.07	3	1	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	2.38	2	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
sodium propionate sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.	1.98	1	0	organic sodium salt	antifungal drug; food preservative
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	5.25	3	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	2.93	3	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	5.04	2	1	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
meso-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine, (r-(r,s))-isomer diphenylethylenediamine: structure in first source	3.56	1	1
tamoxifen [no description available]	3.53	8	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.	2.95	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
indoxyl glucuronide indoxyl glucuronide: substrate for the detection of E coli in urine	2.17	1	0	glucosiduronic acid
nadp [no description available]	4.39	6	0
ace-011 ACE-011: a dimeric fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of the human ActRIIA linked to the Fc portion of human IgG1 and may be an effective therapy in a variety of diseases involving bone loss	2.51	2	0
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	2.08	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	2.4	2	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.15	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	2	1	0	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
thiocarlide thiocarlide: major descriptor (68-85); on-line search PHENYLTHIOUREA/AA (68-85); Index Medicus search THIOCARLIDE (68-85); Antitubercular Agent	2.13	1	0	thioureas
hmr 3647 [no description available]	2.08	1	0
latoconazole latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug
maraviroc [no description available]	2.08	1	0	tropane alkaloid
toremifene citrate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	stilbenoid	anticoronaviral agent
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.64	9	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
telaprevir [no description available]	3.58	2	0	cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
nelarabine nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).	2.08	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; prodrug
ggti 286 GGTI 286: the methyl ester of GGTI-287; inhibits geranylgeranyltransferase	2.03	1	0
pica Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.	1.98	1	0
cv 11194 CV 11194: structure given in first source; an angiotensin II receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	3.11	5	0	alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	7.53	39	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	2.06	1	0	nitrogen oxide
nizatidine Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.	1.97	1	0
gestodene Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer	2.08	1	0	steroid	estrogen
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	2.08	1	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine [no description available]	4.77	2	1	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2	1	0
didimethylsulfoxide dichloroplatinum(ii) [no description available]	1.98	1	0
2-chloro-n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-n-methyluronamide 2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
cystine [no description available]	1.95	1	0
methenolone Methenolone: A synthetic steroid that has been used for its anabolic action.	6.14	10	1	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
azilect [no description available]	2.08	1	0
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	2.48	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
oxalylglycine oxalylglycine: structure given in first source. N-oxalylglycine : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is iminodiacetic acid with an oxo substituent. It is used as an inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent (EC 1.14.11.*) enzymes.	3.79	10	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; N-acylglycine	EC 1.14.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, incorporating 1 atom each of oxygen into both donors) inhibitor
sr 144528 SR 144528: a CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source. SR 144528 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of (1S,2S,4R)-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine. A potent and selective cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2 receptor) inverse agonist (Ki = 0.6 nM).	2	1	0	bridged compound; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles; secondary carboxamide	CB2 receptor antagonist; EC 2.3.1.26 (sterol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor
mannosyl(5)-n-acetyl(2)-glucose [no description available]	2.13	1	0
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	3.05	1	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.1	1	0
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine 2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.	2.91	4	0	adenosines; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; monocarboxylic acid	adenosine A2A receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent
phosphothreonine Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.	2.7	3	0	L-threonine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	3.81	11	0
n-acetylgalactosaminyl-1-4-n-acetylglucosamine [no description available]	2.06	1	0
gw 7647 GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.	2.11	1	0	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; ureas	PPARalpha agonist
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	3.46	8	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	10.26	22	6
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	2.86	4	0
ferrostatin-1 ferrostatin-1: inhibits ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death; structure in first source. ferrostatin-1 : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)benzoic acid with ethanol. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, a distinct non-apoptotic form of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. It is also a radical-trapping antioxidant and has the ability to reduce the accumulation of lipid peroxides and chain-carrying peroxyl radicals.	2.25	1	0	ethyl ester; primary arylamine; substituted aniline	antifungal agent; antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione: a GSK3beta inhibitor. TDZD-8 : A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). An experimental compound which was being developed for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	3.56	1	1	benzenes; thiadiazolidine	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.	1.94	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.03	1	0
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate [no description available]	1.99	1	0
sitagliptin sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.08	1	0	triazolopyrazine; trifluorobenzene	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; hypoglycemic agent; serine proteinase inhibitor; xenobiotic
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	2.84	3	0	long-chain fatty acid
icodextrin Icodextrin: A glucan that is structurally related to maltodextrin, with more than 85% of its molecules having molecular weights between 1640 and 45 000 Daltons (Da), and a weight-average molecular weight of about 20 000 Da; it is used in dialysis fluids as an alternative to glucose-based solutions, and to reduce adhesions after gynecological or abdominal surgery. It has also been used as a vehicle for drugs given via the peritoneal cavity.	3.53	2	0
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide 4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor	2.61	2	0	benzamides; benzodioxoles; imidazoles; pyridines	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	1.99	1	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
tolcapone Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.	2.08	1	0	2-nitrophenols; benzophenones; catechols	antiparkinson drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	4.29	17	0
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	3.19	5	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	2.96	4	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	9.32	38	5	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	5.09	17	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	5.57	9	2	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	2.02	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	11.63	46	7	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
scopoletin [no description available]	1.95	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	5	7	0
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.75	3	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	2.39	2	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	3.07	1	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
alprostadil [no description available]	3.07	5	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	6.03	8	1	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	5.66	10	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.11	1	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
prostaglandin a2 prostaglandin A2: RN given refers to (5Z,13E,15S)-isomer	1.96	1	0	prostaglandins A	human metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	4.01	4	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin e1 6-ketoprostaglandin E1: potent direct dilator of pulmonary & systemic circulations of newborn lamb. 6-oxoprostaglandin E1 : A prostaglandin E that is prostaglandin E1 bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	2.37	2	0	prostaglandins E	metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
11-dehydro-thromboxane b2 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2: structure given in first source. 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 : A thromboxane obtained by formal oxidation of the hemiacetal hydroxy function of thromboxane B2.	2.13	1	0	thromboxane	human metabolite
lipoxin a4 lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.	2	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; lipoxin; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.	1.99	1	0	linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	2.13	1	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	4.3	19	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	4.75	7	1	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	2.08	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
oxymetholone Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.	7.44	16	1
eprosartan eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.	3.54	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; imidazoles; thiophenes	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
brompheniramine maleate brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	2.08	1	0	maleate salt	anti-allergic agent
dexchlorpheniramine maleate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
mycophenolate mofetil mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	2.08	1	0	carboxylic ester; ether; gamma-lactone; phenols; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.	2.08	1	0	2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol [no description available]	2.74	3	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane	antiparathyroid drug
cucurbitacin i cucurbitacin I: toxic constituent in edible gourd; see also records for cucurbitacins & specific cucurbitacins. cucurbitacin I : A cucurbitacin that is 9,10,14-trimethyl-4,9-cyclo-9,10-secocholesta-2,5,23-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 16, 20 and 25 and oxo groups at positions 1, 11 and 22.	2.04	1	0	cucurbitacin; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
esculin [no description available]	2.41	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; metabolite
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	2.4	2	0	alpha-humulene
baicalein [no description available]	2.08	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	2.11	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
tectorigenin tectorigenin: tectoridin is glycosylated form. tectorigenin : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4' respectively.	2.25	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones; methoxyisoflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
maytansine Maytansine: An ansa macrolide isolated from the MAYTENUS genus of East African shrubs.. maytansine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines.	2.08	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; carbamate ester; epoxide; maytansinoid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organochlorine compound	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
l 660,711 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	quinolines
prostaglandin a1 [no description available]	1.96	1	0	prostaglandins A
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	3.56	1	1	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	2.4	2	0	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
travoprost Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; ophthalmology drug; prodrug; prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	2.08	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	5.27	6	2	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
imipenem [no description available]	2.08	1	0	carbapenems
etretinate retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.	2.08	1	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; retinoid	keratolytic drug
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	6.52	5	3	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	2.06	1	0
ketotifen fumarate ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.	2.08	1	0	organoammonium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
dinoprost tromethamine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
fondaparinux Fondaparinux: Synthetic pentasaccharide that mediates the interaction of HEPARIN with ANTITHROMBINS and inhibits FACTOR Xa; it is used for prevention of VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM after surgery.. fondaparinux : A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.	3.15	1	0	amino sugar; oligosaccharide sulfate; pentasaccharide derivative	anticoagulant
rosuvastatin calcium S 4522: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine; organic calcium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; cardioprotective agent; CETP inhibitor
terbinafine hydrochloride terbinafine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of terbinafine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.	2.08	1	0	allylamine antifungal drug; hydrochloride	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
cis-vaccenic acid cis-vaccenic acid: isomer of oleic acid. vaccenic acid : An octadecenoic acid having a double bond at position 11; and which can occur in cis- or trans- configurations.. cis-vaccenic acid : The cis isomer of vaccenic acid.	2.13	1	0	vaccenic acid
arbaprostil Arbaprostil: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and can inhibit the growth of experimental tumors.	1.96	1	0	prostanoid
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2 16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.	1.96	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-ulcer drug; gastrointestinal drug; radiation protective agent
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	4.77	7	1	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-nonenal, (trans)-isomer 2-nonenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. non-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position.. (E)-non-2-enal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is (2E)-non-2-ene which is carrying an oxo group at position 1.	2.02	1	0	enal; medium-chain fatty aldehyde; monounsaturated fatty aldehyde	plant metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.09	3	1	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
ubiquinone 8 [no description available]	3.56	1	1	ubiquinones	biomarker
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	3.56	1	1
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	2.77	3	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
codeine [no description available]	3.18	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	2.08	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide	anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
natamycin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; dicarboxylic acid monoester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyene antibiotic	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; ophthalmology drug
acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.	2.08	1	0	acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid	keratolytic drug
cyproterone Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.	2.65	3	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; chlorinated steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	androgen antagonist
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	5.52	4	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer	2.08	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	2.08	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	2.11	1	0	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	8.64	27	2	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	6.33	5	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
menaquinone 7 menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.	3.56	1	1	menaquinone	bone density conservation agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
brefeldin a [no description available]	2.48	2	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	6.11	9	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
demycarosylturimycin h [no description available]	2.08	1	0
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid 4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).	2.4	2	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; retinoic acid receptor agonist; teratogenic agent
acipimox acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor	2.08	1	0	pyrazinecarboxylic acid
atosiban [no description available]	2.08	1	0	oligopeptide
bimatoprost Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent
clobetasol Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	2.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; SMO receptor agonist
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	7.94	15	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	3.14	1	0	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
herbimycin herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.	2.38	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones; lactam; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
kallidin Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.	3.45	2	0	peptide
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	3.08	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
latanoprost Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.08	1	0	isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha; triol	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; prodrug
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	2.13	1	0	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	2.07	1	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	2.66	3	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2.08	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
ro 41-5253 Ro 41-5253: a synthetic retinoid with antiviral activity; a selective RAR alpha antagonist; structure given in first source. Ro 41-5253 : A thiochromane that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzothiopyran S,S-dioxide in which the hydrogens at position 4 are both replaced by methyl groups, the hydrogens at position 7 is replaced by a heptyloxy group, while the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a 1-phenylprop-1-en-2-yl group, the phenyl group of which is substituted at the para position by a carboxy group. It is a selective antagonist for retinoic acid receptor alpha.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoic acids; sulfone; thiochromane	apoptosis inducer; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
su 6656 SU 6656: a c-Src kinase inhibitor; used to probe growth signaling; structure in first source. SU6656 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which the hydrogeh at position 5 has been replaced by a dimethylaminosulfonyl group and in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-indol-2-yl group. It is a specific inhibitor of Src family kinase.	2.02	1	0
ligustilide ligustilide: found in Umbelliferae plants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	butenolide	metabolite
erbstatin erbstatin: from actinomycetes; an inhibitor of EGF-receptor kinase & other protein-tyrosine kinases; structure in first source	1.98	1	0
ag-490 [no description available]	3.84	11	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	2.13	1	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
su 11248 [no description available]	2.77	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	4.96	12	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	1.99	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	2.67	3	0
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.39	2	0
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.21	1	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.	2.08	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indoles; organofluorine compound
molsidomine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	2.93	4	0
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.39	2	0	alkali metal atom
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	2.65	3	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	12.55	64	8	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	3.56	1	1	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	1.98	1	0	metal atom; pnictogen
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	6.73	7	1	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.	2.08	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
cefixime [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	5.61	5	1	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	3.45	1	1	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	4.5	5	1	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	2.08	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	4.02	4	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
plastoquinone [no description available]	2.47	2	0	plastoquinone
puerarin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
enalapril maleate enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.	2.08	1	0	maleate salt	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	8.01	32	8	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	2	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	4.41	3	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	5.83	29	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.69	3	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	10.34	28	4	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	4.08	3	1	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
trandolapril trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.	3.84	2	1	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	2.02	1	0
strontium radioisotopes Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.	1.96	1	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	3.64	2	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
alvimopan anhydrous alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain	2.08	1	0	peptide
aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.	3.57	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene	antihypertensive agent
n-acetylsphingosine N-acetylsphingosine: inhibits phospholipase D. N-acetylsphingosine : A N-acylsphingosine that has an acetamido group at position 2.	2	1	0	N-acylsphingosine
famotidine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
resiniferatoxin resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).	2.1	1	0	carboxylic ester; diterpenoid; enone; monomethoxybenzene; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ortho ester; phenols; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	analgesic; neurotoxin; plant metabolite; TRPV1 agonist
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.73	3	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
25-hydroxyvitamin d 2 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2: 9,10-Secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraene-3,25-diol. Biologically active metabolite of vitamin D2 which is more active in curing rickets than its parent. The compound is believed to attach to the same receptor as vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.	2.11	1	0	hydroxycalciol; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; human xenobiotic metabolite; nutraceutical
su 1498 SU 1498: structure in first source. SU1498 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-2-cyano-3-[4-hydroxy-3,5-di(propan-2-yl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of 3-phenylpropylamine.	2.02	1	0	enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; phenols; secondary carboxamide	vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.36	2	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
cci 15641 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cephalosporin
mastoparan [no description available]	1.98	1	0	mastoparans; peptidyl amide	antimicrobial agent
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2.17	1	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	5.33	7	2	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	4.88	4	2
maxacalcitol maxacalcitol: structure given in first source	3.44	1	1	organic molecular entity
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : A fumarate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of tenofovir disoproxil and fumaric acid. It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.08	1	0	fumarate salt	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.71	3	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	2.36	2	0	amidobenzoic acid
pregnanediol [no description available]	1.94	1	0
zoniporide zoniporide: inhibits sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform-1 (NHE-1)	3.7	3	0
ferrous fumarate ferrous fumarate: used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt	6.82	9	8	dicarboxylic acid
dolichols Dolichols: A class of polyprenols which contain approximately 20 isoprene residues. Although considered ISOPRENOIDS, they terminate with an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group at the hydroxy end of the molecule.	2.39	2	0	polyterpene
dexbrompheniramine maleate dexbrompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of the (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	2.08	1	0	brompheniramine maleate	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
hygromycin a hygromycin A: a cinnamide derivative produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure differs from HYGROMYCIN B	2.05	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid	metabolite
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3: A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhancing the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.	1.96	1	0
rifaximin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterohexacyclic compound; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative	antimicrobial agent; gastrointestinal drug; orphan drug
1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	1,2-diglyceride
thiazole orange thiazole orange: structure given in first source. thiazole orange : A cyanine dye comprising the thiazole orange cation [1-methyl-4-[(3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)methyl]quinolinium] with the p-tosylate counterion.	2.69	3	0	cyanine dye	fluorochrome
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-o-glucopyranoside 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-glucopyranoside: isolated from dried root tubers of Polygonum multiflorum; structure in first source	2.5	2	0
disufenton sodium disufenton sodium: a nitrone benzene bissulfonate in development for stroke; has neuroprotective activity; structure in first source	3.54	2	0
everolimus [no description available]	2.76	3	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
1-alpha, 25-difluorovitamin d3 [no description available]	2.02	1	0
axitinib [no description available]	2.47	2	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; indazoles; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
salvianolic acid B salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza	2.08	1	0	1-benzofurans; catechols; dicarboxylic acid; enoate ester; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
oxepins Oxepins: Compounds based on a 7-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered a medium ring ether. A natural source is the MONTANOA plant genus. Some dibenzo-dioxepins, called depsidones, are found in GARCINIA plants.	2.01	1	0
cefpodoxime proxetil cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.	2.08	1	0	carboxylic acid; carboxylic ester; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; prodrug
beta-escin [no description available]	2.95	4	0
fluphenazine [no description available]	2.08	1	0
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	2.39	2	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	2.08	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
lactacystin [no description available]	2.17	1	0	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	2.05	1	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).	2.01	1	0	nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	3.5	8	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
roxithromycin (E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.	2.08	1	0	roxithromycin	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cefdinir [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cephalosporin; ketoxime	antibacterial drug
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.	2.05	1	0
bisoprolol, fumarate (1:1) salt [no description available]	2.08	1	0
artesunate artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether	2.08	1	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer
romurtide romurtide: a synthetic muramyl dipeptide analog; stimulates chemotactic mobility, phagocytic activity & superoxide production by neutrophils in mice; used for the prophylaxis of leukocytopenia during radiation therapy; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	organic molecular entity
beraprost beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.	3.44	1	1	enyne; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
etoposide phosphate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	furonaphthodioxole
ciclesonide ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
perfosfamide [no description available]	1.98	1	0
temsirolimus [no description available]	2.08	1	0	macrolide lactam
dutasteride Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
e 5842 [no description available]	2.44	2	0
tekturna [no description available]	2.08	1	0	fumarate salt	antihypertensive agent
rwj-333369 S-2-O-carbamoyl-1-o-chlorophenyl-ethanol: neuromodulator/Antiepileptic Agent; structure in first source	3.21	1	0	organochlorine compound
vildagliptin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	amino acid amide
valopicitabine valopicitabine: prodrug of 2'-C-methylcytidine; an anti-hepatitis C virus agent; structure in first source	3.13	1	0
panobinostat Panobinostat: An indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with BORTEZOMIB and DEXAMETHASONE for the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.. panobinostat : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.	3.48	1	1	cinnamamides; hydroxamic acid; methylindole; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	4.35	20	0	ammonium ion derivative
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	3.1	1	0	penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	4.32	4	1	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
taxane taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae	3.41	1	1	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.49	2	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
sgd 301-76 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; organic nitrate salt	antiinfective agent
fluvoxamine maleate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
thioacetazone Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.	2.08	1	0
dexlansoprazole Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.	2.08	1	0	benzimidazoles; sulfoxide
gemifloxacin mesylate gemifloxacin mesylate : The mesylate salt of gemifloxacin.	2.08	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
exp-3179 [no description available]	3.11	1	0
midostaurin midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.	1.97	1	0	benzamides; gamma-lactam; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
uk-432097 UK-432097: a highly potent and selective agonist and drug candidate for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treatment; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
ucb 34714 brivaracetam: A pyrrolidinone compound that is used to treat partial onset seizures in adult patients; structure in first source.. brivaracetam : A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative that is butanamide in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl. Used for treatment of partial onset seizures related to epilepsy.	3.35	1	0	gamma-lactam; non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative	anticonvulsant
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist	3.08	5	0
ursodoxicoltaurine tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.	2.05	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	7.3	23	1	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
carbobenzoxy-leucyl-leucyl-norvalinal carbobenzoxy-leucyl-leucyl-norvalinal: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	peptide
k 7174 K 7174: inhibits binding of monocytes to cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells; structure in first source	2.42	2	0
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.	2.08	1	0	aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	1.95	1	0	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
eslicarbazepine [no description available]	3.35	1	0	dibenzooxazepine
a 134974 A 134974: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
dapagliflozin [no description available]	2.72	2	0	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
lu 302872 LU 224332: endothelin-A/B receptor antagonist	2	1	0
thymic humoral factor gamma 2 thymic humoral factor gamma 2: synthetic octapeptide thymic hormone which repairs immunodeficiency of mice cured of plasmacytoma by melphalan	1.98	1	0
sk&f 107647 SK&F 107647: a synthetic hematoregulatory peptide that shares biological and/or modulatory activities with natural hematopoetic cytokines	3.08	1	0
mepitiostane mepitiostane: orally active anti-estrogenic steroid; RN refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer; structure	3.36	1	1	organic molecular entity
psd 502 Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination: A topical local anesthetic preparation that is composed of a mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine. It is used to provide anesthesia during minor surgery and for the treatment of PREMATURE EJACULATION.	4.99	3	3
hki 272 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	nitrile; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.	2.46	2	0	N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	4	2	1	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
2-carbomethoxy-8-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(4-iodophenyl)tropane 2-carbomethoxy-8-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(4-iodophenyl)tropane: used in PET and SPECT imaging of dopamine transporters; structure in first source	3.48	1	1
pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.	2.08	1	0	aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
dimethylarginine dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.	3.56	2	0
n-propanoylmannosamine N-propanoylmannosamine: synthetic precursor of neuraminic acid	2.07	1	0
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	2.31	1	0
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.49	2	0
cgs 24012 CGS 24012: adenosine agonist with both high affinity & selectivity for the adenosine A2 receptor	1.98	1	0
ferrous succinate ferrous succinate: RN given refers to Fe(+2)(1:1) salt; important as iron supplement	4.34	1	1
amg 009 AMG 009: an anti-inflammatory agent; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	2.02	1	0
cefotaxime sodium [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	3.25	6	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	1.96	1	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	11.97	20	9	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
wp1066 [no description available]	2.21	1	0
epoxomicin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	morpholines; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
px 478 2-amino-3-(4'-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phenylpropionic acid N-oxide: inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha	2.02	1	0
fg-4592 roxadustat: structure in first source. roxadustat : An N-acylglycine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of glycine with the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-7-phenoxyisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid. It is an inhibitor of hypoxia inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH).	11.61	27	5	aromatic ether; isoquinolines; N-acylglycine	EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.29 (hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	1.99	1	0	nystatins
mitoquinone mitoquinone: has antineoplastic activity	3.14	1	0
vabicaserin vabicaserin: an antipsychotic agent and 5-HT2C receptor agonist; structure in first source	3.41	1	0
dorsomorphin dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazolopyrimidine; pyridines	bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist; EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
apremilast [no description available]	3.56	1	1	aromatic ether; N-acetylarylamine; phthalimides; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	3.19	1	0
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	2.03	1	0
alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)]-D-GlcpNAc Sialyl Lewis X Antigen: A sialylated version of Lewis X antigen expressed on cell surfaces. It is a ligand for SELECTINS.. alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)]-D-GlcpNAc : A branched amino tetrasaccharide consisting of a sialyl residue, linked (2->3) to a galactosyl residue that in turn is linked (1->4) to a glucosaminyl residue, which is also carrying a fucosyl residue at the 3-position.	2.44	2	0	amino tetrasaccharide; glucosamine oligosaccharide	epitope
n-acetylmannosamine N-acetylmannosamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. N-acetylmannosamine : Any mannosamine carrying an N-acetyl substituent	4.24	3	1
empagliflozin [no description available]	4.15	2	1	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
palmitoylcarnitine Palmitoylcarnitine: A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.. O-palmitoyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl).	1.99	1	0	O-palmitoylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
technetium tc 99m exametazime Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.	1.99	1	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	3.49	8	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
ferryl iron [no description available]	2.1	1	0
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	3.58	9	0
dactolisib dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.	2.08	1	0	imidazoquinoline; nitrile; quinolines; ring assembly; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	8.51	35	0
virginiamycin Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.	2	1	0
n4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4h-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-n2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine N4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4H-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-N2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	1.98	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	3.2	6	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	3.77	2	1
ammonium citrate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	ammonium salt; citrate salt	buffer; food emulsifier
maltoheptaose maltoheptaose: consists of seven glucose residues in a linear 1,4-alpha-linkage; substrate for determining alpha-amylase in serum; RN given refers to (D-glucopyranose)-isomer. maltoheptaose : A maltoheptaose heptasaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the aldehydo open-chain form.. alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-D-Glcp : A maltoheptaose heptasaccharide consisting of six alpha-D-glucose residues and a D-glucose residue joined in sequence by (1->4) glycosidic bonds.	1.99	1	0	maltoheptaose heptasaccharide
ferrous citrate ferrous citrate: iron fortificant	2.15	1	0
rabeprazole sodium [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	3.09	5	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	5.96	12	0
calcitonin [no description available]	3.52	2	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	2.08	1	0
bivalirudin bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.	2.08	1	0	polypeptide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
somatostatin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	10.05	35	8	polypeptide
fibrinopeptide b Fibrinopeptide B: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the beta chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin. Each peptide chain contains 20 amino acid residues. The removal of fibrinopeptides B is not required for coagulation.	3.51	2	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	8.31	18	1
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	6.1	13	0	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	4	4	0
thymosin beta(4) thymosin beta(4): biological active peptide present in thymosin fractions 5 & 5A; participates in the regulation, differentiation & function of thymus-derived lymphocytes & may also act directly or indirectly on macrophages & other cells involved in cell-mediated immunity	2.05	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.71	3	0
ularitide Ularitide: a 32-amino acid peptide derived from (95-126 residues) of ANP PROHORMONE (1-126 residues); not biologically inactivated by a peptidase from dog kidney cortex membranes	3.23	1	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	4.75	7	1
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	3.77	2	1
oligonucleotides [no description available]	4.2	17	0
anticodon Anticodon: The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.	2.02	1	0
ly-146032 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; lipopeptide antibiotic; lipopeptide; macrocycle; macrolide	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; calcium-dependent antibiotics
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	2.41	1	0
incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.	2.13	1	0
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	7.52	9	1
ristocetin Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.	4.62	6	1	glycopeptide; heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; tetrasaccharide derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
warfarin sodium warfarin sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin sodium. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.	2.08	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	8.04	17	5	glycoside
ferrous gluconate ferrous gluconate: iron important in this cpd; RN given refers to ferrous cpd	5.75	3	2
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	9.39	49	2
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	4.46	5	1	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
azd 1480 [no description available]	2.15	1	0
carbetocin carbetocin : Oxytocin in which the hydrogen on the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by methyl, the amino group on the cysteine residue is substituted by hydrogen, and the sulfur of the cysteine residue is replaced by a methylene group. A synthetic carba-analogue of oxytocin, it is used to control bleeding after giving birth. Like oxytocin, it causes contraction of the uterus.	2.25	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	oxytocic
tg101209 [no description available]	2.46	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
fedratinib fedratinib: a selective small-molecule inhibitor of JAK2	2.05	1	0	sulfonamide
dihydroceramide dihydroceramide: lacks the 4-5 trans double bond of the sphingosine moiety of ceramides; structure in first source. N-acylsphinganine : A ceramide consisting of sphinganine in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a fatty acyl group.. dihydroceramide : An N-acylsphingoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any fatty acid with the amino group of any dihydrosphingoid base.	2	1	0
pravastatin sodium pravastatin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of pravastatin. A reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), it is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug
alendronate sodium [no description available]	2.08	1	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	6.69	6	3
sl 80.0750 [no description available]	2.08	1	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	3.16	5	0
citric acid, iron, sorbitol drug combination citric acid, iron, sorbitol drug combination: RN given refers to (D)-isomer	3.49	2	0
chitosan [no description available]	5.28	18	0
technetium tc 99m sestamibi Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.	3.39	1	1
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	2	1	0
arginine butyrate arginine butyrate: protects against lethal effect of encelphalomyocarditis virus in mice; also used to administer butyrate to stimulate globin gene expression in beta-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia	1.99	1	0
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.	5.58	3	2	organosulfonic acid
methallyl sulfonate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.	2.48	2	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	5.41	20	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
clavulanate potassium potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.	2.08	1	0	potassium salt	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
sodium lactate Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.	3.46	1	1	lactate salt; organic sodium salt	food acidity regulator; food preservative
piperacillin sodium [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt
oxacillin sodium [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	2.4	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
sarkosyl sarkosyl: RN given is for sarkosyl L, the parent cpd; structure	4.78	6	1
cefazolin sodium cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt
sodium iodate sodium iodate: RN given refers to iodic acid, Na salt	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	3.19	1	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	3.66	2	0
azlocillin sodium [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt
sodium ethylxanthate Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.	4.32	6	0
mersalyl Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.	1.99	1	0
quinupristin-dalfopristin quinupristin-dalfopristin: RP 59500 is a combination of RP 57669 & RP 54476, which are water soluble derivatives of pristinamycin IA & pristinamycin IIB, respectively	2	1	0	organic molecular entity
hygromycin b [no description available]	2.05	1	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2.02	1	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pervanadate pervanadate: from a mixture of orthovanadate and hydrogen peroxide	1.99	1	0
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	2.17	1	0
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	11.39	26	3
nafarelin Nafarelin: A potent synthetic agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with 3-(2-naphthyl)-D-alanine substitution at residue 6. Nafarelin has been used in the treatments of central PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY and ENDOMETRIOSIS.. nafarelin : An oligopeptide comprising of 5-oxo-L-proline, L-histidine, L-tryptophan, L-serine, L-tyrosine, 3-(2-naphthyl)-D-alanine, L-leucine, L-arginine and L-prolylglycinamide residues joined sequence by peptide linkages. It is a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist that is used to treat central precocious puberty in children and endometriosis in women.	1.97	1	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
fibrinopeptide a Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.	5.16	3	1
incb-018424 [no description available]	3.69	2	0	nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
mannans [no description available]	1.97	1	0
ldn 193189 LDN 193189: inhibits bone morphogenetic protein signaling	2.1	1	0	pyrimidines
guanidinosuccinic acid guanidinosuccinic acid: a metabolite in uremia; metabolic product of amino acid metabolism; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-amidino-L-aspartate(1-) : Conjugate base of N-amidino-L-aspartate arising from deprotonation of the carboxy groups and protonation of the guanidino group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.1	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid anion
to-pro-3 TO-PRO-3: a cyanine nucleic acid dye; a membrane-impermeant modification of the dye thiazole orange; excited by a 647-nm laser beam and fluoresces in the far red of the spectrum. To-Pro-3 : An unsymmetrical C3 cyanine dye having benzothiazolium-2-yl and quinolinium-4-yl substituents.	2.01	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	1.94	1	0
triiodothyronine, reverse Triiodothyronine, Reverse: A metabolite of THYROXINE, formed by the peripheral enzymatic monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the inner ring of the iodothyronine nucleus.. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine zwitterion : Zwitterionic form of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine.	2.02	1	0	3,3',5'-triiodothyronine; amino acid zwitterion
glycolipids [no description available]	4.06	3	1
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	4.06	4	0
bryostatin 1 bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S-(1R,3R,5Z,7S,8E,11R,12R(2E,4E),13E,15R,17S(S),21S,23S,25R))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.	1.98	1	0
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	4.19	5	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	7.21	19	2
ingenol dibenzoate ingenol dibenzoate: antileukemic component of Euphorbia esula L. extract; structure	2.11	1	0
fosinopril Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.. fosinopril : A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.	1.99	1	0
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	2.5	2	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	4.91	37	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	3.48	2	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	12.01	30	9	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	13.28	218	2
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	1.98	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	13.42	53	19	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	3.72	10	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	1.98	1	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	5.72	6	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	1.98	1	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
nedocromil 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate: structure in first source. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate : A dihydroxybenzoate having the two hydroxy groups located at the 3- and 4-positions.	2.13	1	0	dihydroxybenzoate
piroxicam [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex roquinimex: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	aromatic amide
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.08	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.	2.08	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	2.08	1	0	benzothiazine; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antirheumatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	3.26	6	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
antimycin [no description available]	1.97	1	0
minocycline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.08	1	0
tigecycline [no description available]	2.08	1	0
s 0139 S 0139: structure given in first source; ET(A) receptor antagonist	2	1	0
lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.	2.08	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
lfm a13 LFM A13: inhibits Bruton's tyrosine kinase; structure in first source	2.89	3	0
almagate pegaptanib: a 28-base ribonucleic acid aptamer covalently linked to two branched 20-kD polyethylene glycol moieties to block the activity of extracellular VEGF, specifically the 165-amino-acid isoform (VEGF165); for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration	3.15	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	6.52	25	0
gastrin-releasing peptide Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.	2.11	1	0
calca protein, human CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741	2	1	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2.21	1	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	12.05	86	1
semaglutide [no description available]	3.99	1	1	lipopeptide; polypeptide	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.39	2	0	ketal
bay 85-3934 [no description available]	8.42	9	4
lipoxin b4 lipoxin B4: structure in first source. lipoxin B4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (14R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (6E)- (8Z)-, (10E)- and (12E)-double bonds.. lipoxin B4(1-) : A hydroxy fatty acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of lipoxin B4: major species at pH 7.3.	2	1	0	hydroxy fatty acid anion; lipoxin anion
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	3.06	5	0
phleomycin d1 phleomycin D1 : A glycopeptide originally isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus which contains a (4'R)-4',5'-dihydro-2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole-2',4-diyl moiety with a a 4-guanidylbutylaminocarbonyl group attached to the 4-position of the terminal thiazole ring. Like all phleomycins, phleomycin D1 can form complexes with redox-active metals such as Co, Cu, and Fe.	2	1	0	bi-1,3-thiazole; chelate-forming peptide; disaccharide derivative; glycopeptide; guanidines	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	2.46	2	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.49	2	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	3.94	13	0
teferrol [no description available]	9.04	9	3
ap20187 AP20187: a nontoxic, cell-permeable analog, a wholly synthesized, cell-permeable dimeric FK506 derivative. AP20187 : A tertiary amino compound that is 2-(aminomethyl)-N,N-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine in which the primary ammino groups have each been acylated by condensation with the carboxy group of 2-{3-[(1R)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-hydroxypropyl]phenoxy}acetic acid, the hydroxy groups of which have been esterified by condensation with the carboxy group of L-pipecolic acid, the nitrogen of which has been acylated by condensation with (2S)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)butyric acid. It is a synthetic, cell-permeable ligand that can be used to induce homodimerization of fusion proteins containing the DmrB domain.	2.96	4	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; N-acylpiperidine; tertiary amino compound	ligand
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	1.97	1	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.93	4	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	1.95	1	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	2.05	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
lewis x antigen Lewis X Antigen: A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, Lewis X antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.	2.9	4	0
calpastatin calpastatin: large mol wt, heat-stable calpain inhibitor; not based on sequestering Ca++ from medium, but binding to calpain does require Ca++. calpastatin peptide Ac 184-210 : A 27-membered polypeptide comprising the sequence Ac-Asp-Pro-Met-Ser-Ser-Thr-Tyr-Ile-Glu-Glu-Leu-Gly-Lys-Arg-Glu-Val-Thr-Ile-Pro-Pro-Lys-Tyr-Arg-Glu-Leu-Leu-Ala-NH2. An acetylated synthetic peptide from human calpastatin that strongly inhibits both calpains I and II but not papain (a cysteine protease) or trypsin (a serine protease).	2.13	1	0	polypeptide	EC 3.4.22.52 (calpain-1) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.53 (calpain-2) inhibitor
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.91	4	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
gsk1278863 GSK1278863: a HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor. daprodustat : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid substituted by cyclohexyl groups at positions 1 and 3, and by a (carboxymethyl)aminocarbonyl group at position 5. It is an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase developed by GlaxoSmithKline for the treatment of anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.	12.14	15	8
ferric oxide, saccharated Ferric Oxide, Saccharated: A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical.	15.13	88	40
cibinetide cibinetide: a synthetic 11-mer peptide that binds the tissue-protective receptor	7.43	19	1
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	3.55	2	0
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	5.71	7	1
epoetin alfa Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.	27.1	1,633	342
angiotensin iii Angiotensin III: A heptapeptide formed from ANGIOTENSIN II after the removal of an amino acid at the N-terminal by AMINOPEPTIDASE A. Angiotensin III has the same efficacy as ANGIOTENSIN II in promoting ALDOSTERONE secretion and modifying renal blood flow, but less vasopressor activity (about 40%).	1.96	1	0
lipofectamine Lipofectamine: mediates gene transfer; a polycationic lipid reagent	2.05	1	0
nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)	2.03	1	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	2.47	2	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	14.02	82	12
humulin s Insulin, Regular, Human: Regular insulin preparations that contain the HUMAN insulin peptide sequence.. insulin (human) : An insulin that is produced in the pancreas and involved in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates (particularly glucose) and fats. Commonly thought of as a protein, it consists of two peptide chains, one containing 21 amino acid residues and the other containing 30; the chains are joined together by 2 disulfide bonds. Recombinant insulin is identical to human insulin, but is synthesised by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use. It is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes.	4.19	2	0
lucensomycin Lucensomycin: A macrolide antibiotic isolated from cultures of Streptomyces lucensis.	1.96	1	0
insulin glargine Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.07	1	0
sermorelin Sermorelin: The biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor, consisting of GHRH(1-29)-amide. This N-terminal sequence is identical in several mammalian species, such as human, pig, and cattle. It is used to diagnose or treat patients with GROWTH HORMONE deficiency.. sermorelin : A 29 amino acid polypeptide that is used to treat growth problems (usually in children) due to growth hormone deficiency. It is the biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRH).	2.08	1	0
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	3.97	2	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	4.18	5	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	13.22	85	8
blasticidin s blasticidin S: RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. blasticidin S : A blasticidin that is an antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces griseochromogene.	2.08	1	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	1.97	1	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	6.71	10	1
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) [no description available]	2.76	3	0
catalpol catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	2.49	2	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	5	9	1
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	4.48	7	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.11	1	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.92	4	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	2.06	1	0
angiogenin angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400	3.88	4	0
technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.	2.03	1	0
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	2.08	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	4.07	3	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	4.28	4	1	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	8.89	38	1	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	7.15	12	3	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
7,8-dihydroneopterin 7,8-dihydroneopterin: an antioxidant. 7,8-dihydroneopterin : A neopterin where positions C-7 and C-8 have been hydrogenated.	2	1	0	dihydropterin; neopterins	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.23	6	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	4.46	7	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	4.64	6	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	3.07	5	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	4.76	5	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	15.21	87	21	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	2.39	2	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
7,8-dihydrobiopterin 7,8-dihydrobiopterin: RN given refers to (S-(R,S))-isomer. 7,8-dihydrobiopterin : A dihydropterin that is biopterin dihydrogenated at positions 7 and 8.. L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin : A 7,8-dihydrobiopterin in which the 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group has (1R,2S)-configuration; naturally occurring form.	2.1	1	0	7,8-dihydrobiopterin
neopterin [no description available]	5.98	8	1
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	2.08	1	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	2.08	1	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.46	2	0	dacarbazine
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	2.91	4	0	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir [no description available]	7.74	12	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valtrex [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	2.46	2	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
raltitrexed [no description available]	2.08	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	7.34	20	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine 2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine: a nitric oxide (NO) generating compound. 1,1-bis(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.	2.1	1	0
citrovorum factor [no description available]	2.08	1	0	tetrahydrofolic acid
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	1.96	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
xanthopterin [no description available]	1.94	1	0
rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin	2.08	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins	antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine 2,4-diaminohypoxanthine: do not confuse abbreviation DAHP with various dehydro-deoxy-arabino-heptulosonic acid phosphates which also use DAHP; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2	1	0	hydroxypyrimidine
bl 4162a anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.	3.87	3	0	imidazoquinazoline	anticoagulant; antifibrinolytic drug; cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) [no description available]	2.66	3	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	2.04	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
tirapazamine Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.	3.12	1	0	aromatic amine; benzotriazines; N-oxide	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	4.78	5	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.	2.05	1	0	L-valyl ester; purines	antiviral drug; prodrug
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	3.56	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
tegaserod maleate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	maleate salt	serotonergic agonist
rifabutin [no description available]	2.08	1	0
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	2.9	4	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
8-hydroxyguanine 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.	2	1	0	oxopurine
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	3.75	3	0
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	7.23	13	3	guanosines	biomarker
amg531 [no description available]	3.57	2	0
cytidylyl-3'-5'-guanosine cytidylyl-3'-5'-guanosine: also referred to as CpG	2.4	2	0	(3'->5')-dinucleotide
capromab pendetide Capromab Pendetide: an (111)Indium-labeled IgG antibody against a prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA); used in the evaluation of metastatic involvement in prostate cancer	3.14	1	0
heme arginate heme arginate: used for treatment of porphyria; induces heme oxygenase	2.89	1	0
dibutyryl cyclic gmp Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.	2.65	3	0
cyanine dye 3 cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source	2.03	1	0
eye [no description available]	3.29	6	0
ferric carboxymaltose ferric carboxymaltose: effective for treatment of postpartum anemia	11.94	19	9
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	3.4	1	1
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	3.35	7	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	3.7	10	0
antimony sodium gluconate Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.	1.99	1	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	6.84	14	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	10.45	39	4
pkh 26 PKH 26: no further information available 8/91	2.99	4	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	1.99	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.21	1	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	22.07	430	25
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	22.07	430	25
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	0	11.39	52	11
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	5.17	18	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	20.43	367	55
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	1	22.43	367	55
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	18.32	844	5
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	5.44	14	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	14.89	53	13
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	5.44	14	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	14.89	53	13
Child Mental Disorders [description not available]	0	13.7	26	21
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	0	2.41	1	0
Anemia Neonatorum [description not available]	0	19.74	209	66
Anemia, Neonatal The mildest form of erythroblastosis fetalis in which anemia is the chief manifestation.	0	19.74	209	66
Neurodevelopmental Disorders These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).	0	13.7	26	21
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	0	7.38	20	0
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	0	19.78	1,094	14
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	0	7.38	20	0
Cerebral Intraventricular Haemorrhage [description not available]	0	4.24	5	0
Abdominal Cryptorchidism [description not available]	0	3.13	5	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	0	16.14	230	9
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	0	16.14	230	9
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	0	6.8	16	4
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	0	6.8	16	4
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	0	11.01	80	4
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	0	11.01	80	4
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	24.78	671	125
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	23.56	1,218	65
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	0	33.02	6,741	1,228
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	23.56	1,218	65
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	0	24.78	671	125
Aplasia Pure Red Cell [description not available]	0	15.81	249	3
Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.	0	15.81	249	3
Allodynia [description not available]	0	3.77	10	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	0	9.61	31	2
Ache [description not available]	0	13.27	43	25
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	0	9.61	31	2
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	13.27	43	25
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	8.89	24	1
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	0	7.19	21	1
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	0	9.23	39	1
Erythremia [description not available]	0	16.52	316	3
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	0	16.52	316	3
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	17.26	210	23
chronic COVID syndrome [description not available]	0	3.23	1	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	0	20.9	214	63
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	0	20.9	214	63
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	29.08	3,132	556
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	1	31.08	3,132	556
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	0	4.83	12	0
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	0	4.83	12	0
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	0	15.17	35	18
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	0	15.17	35	18
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	0	13.27	75	7
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	0	22.03	459	66
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	21.07	712	47
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	0	22.03	459	66
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	0	10.58	35	3
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	0	2.43	2	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	0	20.72	193	68
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	0	7.16	5	1
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	0	7.16	5	1
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	1	22.72	193	68
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	0	14.67	77	7
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	0	20.8	223	46
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	0	16.4	82	27
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	1	18.4	82	27
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	0	20.07	210	80
Malnourishment [description not available]	0	11.4	22	3
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	0	11.4	22	3
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	0	19.11	182	34
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	0	19.11	182	34
Atrophy of Gingiva [description not available]	0	4.62	1	1
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	0	8.12	19	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	0	8.12	19	0
Anterior Optic Neuritis [description not available]	0	12.37	18	13
Optic Neuritis Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).	0	12.37	18	13
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	0	9.37	34	2
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	1	13.97	55	6
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	0	12.64	63	6
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	0	3.28	6	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	0	12.64	63	6
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	0	16.99	164	16
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	11.83	80	1
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	0	6.9	25	1
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	11.83	80	1
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	0	16.99	164	16
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	0	5.6	15	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	0	5.6	15	0
Acrocephaly Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.	0	10.52	16	7
Craniosynostoses Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.	0	10.52	16	7
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	0	6.85	25	1
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	0	22.76	446	87
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	0	22.76	446	87
Exertional Heat Illness [description not available]	0	3.37	2	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	18.72	203	24
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	18.72	203	24
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	12.11	136	2
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	0	12.95	164	3
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	0	6.54	17	1
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	0	12.11	136	2
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	0	12.95	164	3
Cystic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	8.5	35	2
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	0	11.07	81	3
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	0	13.06	169	3
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	0	11.07	81	3
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	0	13.06	169	3
Kidney Diseases, Cystic A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).	0	8.5	35	2
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	0	12.77	30	4
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.	0	9.87	21	5
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	0	12.77	30	4
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	0	13.28	36	10
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	14.17	50	9
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	0	13.28	36	10
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	14.17	50	9
Embryopathies [description not available]	0	9.26	33	1
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	0	11.13	21	3
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	0	3.69	9	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	0	15.79	97	12
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	0	15.79	97	12
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	15.32	134	9
Gasser Syndrome [description not available]	0	9.79	17	2
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.	0	9.79	17	2
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	0	3.2	4	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Infection [description not available]	0	11.77	65	4
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	12.89	44	4
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	0	2.52	2	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	0	11.77	65	4
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	0	12.89	44	4
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	0	10.18	23	3
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	0	10.18	23	3
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	0	6.3	24	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	0	4.2	3	1
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	0	4.2	3	1
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	18.97	198	58
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	18.97	198	58
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	0	12.54	67	17
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.55	2	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	0	12.54	67	17
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	0	25.73	969	159
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	0	25.73	969	159
Preterm Birth [description not available]	0	9.66	16	3
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	0	9.66	16	3
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	17.12	144	41
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	17.12	144	41
Blood Clot [description not available]	0	17.57	127	34
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	0	17.57	127	34
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	11.35	36	9
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	0	11.35	36	9
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	0	4.51	5	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	0	4.51	5	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	0	13.53	67	7
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	1	25.18	546	58
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	0	10.26	21	4
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	0	10.26	21	4
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	2.49	2	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	0	8.48	15	4
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	0	20.48	299	42
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	19.75	239	53
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	20.48	299	42
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	0	19.75	239	53
Thrombopenia [description not available]	0	14.33	98	8
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	0	14.33	98	8
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II [description not available]	0	3.8	1	1
Spinocerebellar Ataxias A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)	0	3.8	1	1
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	0	11.77	25	11
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	0	19.43	234	44
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	0	11.77	25	11
Low Bone Density [description not available]	0	4.21	6	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	0	15.95	120	23
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	0	4.21	6	0
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	0	15.95	120	23
Hyperphosphatemia A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.	0	3.22	5	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	0	3.78	10	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	0	3.78	10	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	0	11.47	48	4
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	16.03	121	19
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	0	11.47	48	4
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	0	16.03	121	19
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	0	13.36	91	2
Arrhythmia [description not available]	0	5.94	9	1
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	0	14.19	73	6
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	0	15.42	72	13
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	0	5.94	9	1
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	0	15.42	72	13
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	0	2.41	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	0	12.61	128	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	0	16.79	79	20
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	16.79	79	20
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Chagas Cardiomyopathy A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.	0	2.41	1	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	0	2.41	1	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	0	16.53	117	17
A-Thalassemia [description not available]	0	4.46	8	0
SC Disease [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	0	16.53	117	17
Hemoglobin SC Disease One of the sickle cell disorders characterized by the presence of both hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C. It is similar to, but less severe than sickle cell anemia.	0	2.73	3	0
alpha-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted.	0	4.46	8	0
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy [description not available]	0	7.37	8	2
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	0	9.36	19	1
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	0	9.37	12	2
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	0	9.37	12	2
Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)	0	7.37	8	2
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	12.62	61	15
Thrombocythemia [description not available]	0	12.61	59	6
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	0	5.15	10	1
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	9.12	35	3
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	0	9.12	35	3
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	8.85	27	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	6.62	25	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	6.62	25	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	0	8.85	27	0
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	0	2.81	3	0
Choroid Diseases Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.	0	2.41	1	0
Wet Macular Degeneration A form of RETINAL DEGENERATION in which abnormal CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION occurs under the RETINA and MACULA LUTEA, causing bleeding and leaking of fluid. This leads to bulging and or lifting of the macula and the distortion or destruction of central vision.	0	2.66	2	0
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	0	2.6	1	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	0	12.34	26	15
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	0	12.34	26	15
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	24.49	634	78
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	24.49	634	78
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	0	8.86	52	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	0	9.43	52	1
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	0	16.65	109	15
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	0	9.43	52	1
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia [description not available]	0	8.85	24	1
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	0	3.58	8	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	0	3.58	8	0
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome A syndrome of ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE combined with excessive upright TACHYCARDIA, and usually without associated ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. All variants have in common an excessively reduced venous return to the heart (central HYPOVOLEMIA) while upright.	0	6.09	5	0
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	0	7.44	9	2
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	0	7.44	9	2
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	0	12.97	111	1
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	15.87	141	13
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	0	15.87	141	13
Fibroid [description not available]	0	8.33	29	2
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	0	10.32	37	5
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	0	8.33	29	2
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	0	10.32	37	5
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	0	4.56	5	1
Adnexal Torsion [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Abnormality, Torsion [description not available]	0	4.39	4	1
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	0	13.3	73	7
Hemorrhagic Thrombocythemia [description not available]	0	8.65	32	1
Thrombocythemia, Essential A clinical syndrome characterized by repeated spontaneous hemorrhages and a remarkable increase in the number of circulating platelets.	0	8.65	32	1
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	0	13.3	73	7
Crush Fractures [description not available]	0	3.17	4	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	3.94	2	1
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	17.55	131	40
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	17.55	131	40
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	0	3.94	2	1
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	0	11.59	33	5
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	0	4.4	18	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	0	11.59	33	5
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	0	7.15	9	4
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	0	12.22	27	10
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	0	12.22	27	10
Erythroblastosis Fetalis [description not available]	0	9.5	52	2
Suffocation [description not available]	0	10.3	21	6
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	0	10.3	21	6
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	0	3.59	8	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	0	3.59	8	0
Thalassemias [description not available]	0	9.8	48	2
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	0	9.8	48	2
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	0	6.05	14	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	17.33	110	3
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	17.33	110	3
Injuries, Tendon [description not available]	0	2.86	3	0
Autism [description not available]	0	2.76	2	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	0	5.37	13	1
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	0	2.76	2	0
Drop Attack [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	0	2.49	2	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	0	4.79	7	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	0	5.3	12	1
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	0	4.79	7	0
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Spinal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.	0	4.69	6	1
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	6.47	64	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	0	7.81	37	2
Urinary Lithiasis [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	0	6.4	30	0
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	0	2.39	2	0
Urolithiasis Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.	0	2.6	1	0
Anemia, Congenital Nonspherocytic Hemolytic [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	0	8.51	38	1
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	0	9.87	25	2
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	0	8.51	38	1
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	0	9.87	25	2
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	0	5.53	25	0
Friedreich Disease [description not available]	0	11.12	17	9
Friedreich Ataxia An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)	0	11.12	17	9
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	0	7.22	22	1
Antral Vascular Ectasia [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	0	7.22	22	1
Atherogenesis [description not available]	0	9.7	18	3
Atheroma [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	0	9.7	18	3
Acetonemia [description not available]	0	3.01	2	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	0	10.82	12	9
Day Blindness [description not available]	0	5.72	10	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	0	10.82	12	9
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	0	7.29	12	2
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	0	7.29	12	2
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	0	13.96	45	12
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	0	13.71	126	6
Kahler Disease [description not available]	0	18.3	181	34
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	0	13.71	126	6
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	18.3	181	34
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	0	13.96	45	12
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	6.69	16	4
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	6.69	16	4
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	0	6.51	9	1
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	0	6.51	9	1
Nerve Pain [description not available]	0	4.61	9	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	0	4.61	9	0
Hypertension, Essential [description not available]	0	4.26	3	0
Essential Hypertension Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500	1	6.26	3	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	0	17.61	122	25
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	13.45	91	17
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	13.45	91	17
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	0	12.15	20	11
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	0	12.15	20	11
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	0	12.67	49	10
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	0	12.67	49	10
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF) [description not available]	0	3.55	2	0
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	0	3.52	1	0
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	0	3.52	1	0
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure Sudden liver failure in the presence of underlying compensated chronic LIVER DISEASE (e.g., LIVER CIRRHOSIS; HEPATITIS; and liver injury and failure) due to a precipitating acute hepatic insult.	0	3.55	2	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	0	8.1	25	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	0	17.7	146	17
Astrocytosis [description not available]	0	4.88	12	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	0	8.1	25	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	0	17.7	146	17
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	0	6.36	15	1
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	0	6.36	15	1
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	16.63	65	26
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	14.43	161	17
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	0	12.16	31	3
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	0	12.16	31	3
EBV Infections [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	0	8.5	20	8
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	0	8.5	20	8
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	0	2.6	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	9.13	23	1
Reticulocytosis An increase in circulating RETICULOCYTES, which is among the simplest and most reliable signs of accelerated ERYTHROCYTE production. Reticulocytosis occurs during active BLOOD regeneration (stimulation of red bone marrow) and in certain types of ANEMIA, particularly CONGENITAL HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA.	0	6.61	10	2
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	0	2.76	3	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	0	6.8	14	1
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	0	6.8	14	1
Aura [description not available]	0	7.84	18	1
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	0	7.84	18	1
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head [description not available]	0	5.1	9	1
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	0	11.94	39	8
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	0	11.94	39	8
Blood Diseases [description not available]	0	13.95	101	7
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	0	15.83	128	10
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	0	13.95	101	7
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	0	15.83	128	10
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	0	6.16	6	2
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	0	6.16	6	2
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	0	9.79	18	2
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	0	9.79	18	2
Marasmus [description not available]	0	15.54	63	1
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	0	15.54	63	1
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	0	7.02	4	0
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	0	7.02	4	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	10.29	22	1
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	0	3.3	6	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.3	6	0
Glaucoma, Neovascular A form of secondary glaucoma which develops as a consequence of another ocular disease and is attributed to the forming of new vessels in the angle of the anterior chamber.	0	3.21	5	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	0	3.67	3	0
Hypotension, Postural [description not available]	0	8.95	16	2
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.	0	8.95	16	2
Canine Diseases [description not available]	0	6.71	31	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	0	5.68	7	1
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	0	5.68	7	1
Amentia [description not available]	0	3.02	4	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	0	3.02	4	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	19.9	247	41
Refractory Anemia [description not available]	0	14.98	75	13
Anemia, Refractory A severe sometimes chronic anemia, usually macrocytic in type, that does not respond to ordinary antianemic therapy.	0	14.98	75	13
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	0	5.28	21	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	0	6.03	20	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	0	6.03	20	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	0	9.28	35	4
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	0	9.28	35	4
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	0	12.78	45	8
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	0	12.78	45	8
Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.	0	7.7	5	4
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	12.78	50	13
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	0	4.2	6	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	0	10.27	22	5
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	12.78	50	13
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	0	4.2	6	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	0	9.06	32	1
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	0	5.05	15	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	0	9.06	32	1
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	0	5.05	15	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	0	6.51	16	1
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	8.51	15	2
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	0	4.89	8	1
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	0	4.89	8	1
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	6.07	15	0
Refractory Depression [description not available]	0	10.12	11	11
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant Failure to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant monotherapy or failure to respond to four or more trials of different antidepressant therapies. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.)	0	10.12	11	11
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.32	12	1
Myelopathy [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	0	2.21	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	0	14.36	150	6
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	0	14.36	150	6
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	0	2.69	2	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	0	9.29	29	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	5.24	7	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	0	9.29	29	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	5.24	7	0
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	0	6.39	15	1
Episcleritis [description not available]	0	2.69	2	0
Scleritis Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.	0	2.69	2	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	0	8.35	13	3
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	9.4	35	1
Drug Refractory Epilepsy [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy Sudden death in a patient with EPILEPSY associated with SEIZURES and seizure-related symptoms (e.g., APNEA; HYPOXEMIA) without other identifiable accidental causes (e.g., DROWNING; WOUNDS AND INJURIES).	0	3.17	1	0
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	0	3.53	2	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	10.79	38	11
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	0	3.81	2	1
Emesis [description not available]	0	4.32	4	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	0	3.53	2	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.	0	2.71	3	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	0	10.79	38	11
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	0	6.66	4	1
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	0	3.81	2	1
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	0	4.32	4	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	0	9.42	34	4
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	0	9.42	34	4
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	0	6.37	20	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	8.05	21	2
Gammapathy, Monoclonal [description not available]	0	4.57	9	0
Spider Veins [description not available]	0	3.01	4	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	0	8.05	21	2
Paraproteinemias A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.	0	4.57	9	0
Telangiectasis Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.	0	3.01	4	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	0	15.74	57	16
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	0	15.74	57	16
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	0	5.04	15	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	0	5.04	15	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	0	3.14	5	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	0	3.14	5	0
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	0	2.25	1	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	0	4	2	1
Metastase [description not available]	0	11.44	46	6
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	0	11.44	46	6
Concussive Convulsion [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.	0	2.25	1	0
Food Intolerance Digestive system disorder where a particular food irritates the digestive tract or cannot be properly digested (i.e., due to a lack of a digestive enzyme). It differs from FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY which is an immune system disorder, usually due to specific proteins in food. http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/problem-foods-is-it-an-allergy-or-intolerance.	0	3.64	1	1
Maternal Obesity [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Convalescence The period of recovery following an illness.	0	4.91	4	2
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	0	5.34	7	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	0	9.36	20	2
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	7.15	9	1
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	0	9.36	20	2
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	0	5.34	7	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	0	7.15	9	1
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	0	5.34	7	0
Tachypnea Increased RESPIRATORY RATE.	0	2.25	1	0
Erythema Infectiosum Contagious infection with human B19 Parvovirus most commonly seen in school age children and characterized by fever, headache, and rashes of the face, trunk, and extremities. It is often confused with RUBELLA.	0	2.84	3	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	0	4.98	6	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	0	6.4	14	1
Anemia, Hemolytic, Hereditary [description not available]	0	4.33	7	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte.	0	4.33	7	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	0	14.47	146	5
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	0	14.47	146	5
Diathesis [description not available]	0	4.68	10	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic, Stable Phase [description not available]	0	4.31	4	1
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	0	3.06	5	0
Axonotmesis [description not available]	0	4.68	6	0
Trauma, Nervous System Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.	0	4.68	6	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	0	8.69	8	3
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	0	8.69	8	3
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	0	8.73	57	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	0	8.73	57	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	0	2.71	3	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	0	3.75	10	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	0	2.94	4	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	0	3.12	5	0
Arthritis, Spinal [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	0	4.04	2	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	0	15.85	288	12
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	0	15.85	288	12
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	0	6.34	8	1
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	0	8.05	8	1
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	0	8.05	8	1
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	12.4	53	10
Infarct, Lacunar [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	0	6.63	22	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	0	6.63	22	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	0	6.79	8	1
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	0	6.99	27	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	0	6.99	27	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	0	10.49	72	5
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	10.49	72	5
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	0	6.71	7	1
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	17.48	163	27
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	0	6.71	7	1
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	0	4.77	7	1
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	4.77	7	1
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	0	6.17	32	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	1	8.17	32	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	0	5.91	13	2
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	1	7.91	13	2
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	1	4.75	3	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	5.64	17	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	3.77	10	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	0	3.77	10	0
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	0	8.21	17	1
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	0	8.21	17	1
Brain Swelling [description not available]	0	6.59	33	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	0	6.59	33	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	9.42	37	0
Pterygium An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.31	1	0
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	0	6.04	5	2
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	0	6.04	5	2
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	0	12.63	28	9
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	0	12.63	28	9
Anemia, Sideroblastic Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.	0	12.72	46	2
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	0	10.98	27	2
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	0	10.98	27	2
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	0	5.01	6	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	0	2.94	4	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	0	5.01	6	0
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Spinal Cord Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.	0	2.25	1	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	0	15.92	47	30
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	0	15.92	47	30
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	0	4.25	6	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	0	4.25	6	0
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	0	2.31	1	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	0	7.01	11	1
Direct Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	0	3.86	4	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	0	7.86	19	1
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	0	7.3	24	1
Ectopic Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	0	3.43	2	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	0	3.86	4	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	0	7.86	19	1
Pregnancy, Ectopic A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (	0	2.31	1	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	0	2.31	1	0
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	0	2.45	2	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	0	12.4	74	3
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	0	6.57	27	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	12.34	38	13
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	0	12.34	38	13
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	0	5.39	4	1
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	0	3.06	4	0
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	5.39	4	1
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	0	3.06	4	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	0	8.55	13	3
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	0	9.5	19	4
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	0	8.55	13	3
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	0	9.5	19	4
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	9.69	32	4
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	0	6.86	4	2
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	0	6.86	4	2
Tauopathies Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.	0	2.31	1	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	0	9.22	19	3
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	0	9.22	19	3
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	0	7.69	26	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	0	7.69	26	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	0	6.38	15	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	0	6.43	18	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	0	6.38	15	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	0	6.43	18	0
Impotence [description not available]	0	9.51	12	3
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	0	9.51	12	3
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	0	8.3	21	2
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	0	8.3	21	2
Precordial Catch [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	0	6.5	9	2
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	0	2.31	1	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	0	6.5	9	2
Placental Insufficiency Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.	0	4.34	4	1
Bronze Diabetes [description not available]	0	7.85	32	0
Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)	0	7.85	32	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	0	3.11	5	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	0	8.45	45	1
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	0	3.95	2	1
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	0	3.95	2	1
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	0	5.95	42	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	9.44	14	4
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	0	9.44	14	4
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	0	7.31	34	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	0	7.31	34	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	0	6.95	17	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	0	6.95	17	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	0	5.85	5	1
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	0	6.32	14	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	0	6.32	14	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	2.39	2	0
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Attachment Loss, Periodontal [description not available]	0	4.62	1	1
Adult Periodontitis [description not available]	0	5.5	2	2
Pericementitis [description not available]	0	5.95	5	1
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	0	5.95	5	1
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.74	3	0
Hypospadias A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.	0	2.54	2	0
Placenta Diseases Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.	0	6.93	6	1
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	0	9.36	12	2
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	0	9.36	12	2
Dizzyness [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Lassitude [description not available]	0	18.45	121	39
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	0	2.52	2	0
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	0	18.45	121	39
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	0	8.52	18	2
DDPAC [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	0	2.31	1	0
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.	0	2.31	1	0
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	0	2.31	1	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	0	4.16	5	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	0	8.39	29	2
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	0	8.39	29	2
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	0	8.54	40	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	0	3.47	2	0
Acute Radiation Syndrome A condition caused by a brief whole body exposure to more than one sievert dose equivalent of radiation. Acute radiation syndrome is initially characterized by ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; VOMITING; but can progress to hematological, gastrointestinal, neurological, pulmonary, and other major organ dysfunction.	0	2.63	2	0
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	0	2.47	2	0
Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia [description not available]	0	7.46	10	1
Leukomalacia, Periventricular Degeneration of white matter adjacent to the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES following cerebral hypoxia or BRAIN ISCHEMIA in neonates. The condition primarily affects white matter in the perfusion zone between superficial and deep branches of the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY. Clinical manifestations include VISION DISORDERS; CEREBRAL PALSY; PARAPLEGIA; SEIZURES; and cognitive disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1021; Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch4, pp30-1)	0	7.46	10	1
Tracheal Stenosis A pathological narrowing of the TRACHEA.	0	2.15	1	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	0	3	4	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	0	7.95	10	1
Alport Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Nephritis, Hereditary A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	0	2.15	1	0
Abnormal Karyotype A variation from the normal set of chromosomes characteristic of a species.	0	2.51	2	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	10.22	53	4
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	0	10.22	53	4
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	0	7.54	19	3
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	0	2.97	4	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	0	7.54	19	3
Capillary Rarefaction [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	4.54	9	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	0	4.54	9	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	0	8.74	14	1
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	0	8.74	14	1
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	0	9.82	24	1
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	0	5.37	7	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	0	11.11	262	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	0	11.11	262	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	0	15.03	60	12
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	0	12.62	42	3
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	0	15.9	79	20
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	15.9	79	20
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	0	6.04	5	2
Itching [description not available]	0	6.8	13	2
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	0	6.8	13	2
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	0	3.06	1	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	0	3.45	2	0
Hyperventilation A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.	0	2.87	4	0
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion [description not available]	0	4.79	2	1
Retinal Artery Occlusion Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.	0	4.79	2	1
Affective Disorders [description not available]	0	10.67	10	5
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	0	10.67	10	5
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	0	7.23	7	2
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	0	7.23	7	2
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	0	3.22	6	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	0	2.57	2	0
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	0	2.57	2	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	0	7.52	9	2
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	0	7.52	9	2
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	0	11.66	32	4
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	0	11.66	32	4
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	0	6.14	16	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	0	6.14	16	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	0	9.94	21	2
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	0	5.23	4	1
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	0	5.23	4	1
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	0	9.94	21	2
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	6.97	34	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	8.71	19	4
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	8.71	19	4
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	0	3	4	0
Cacosmia [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Injuries, Prenatal [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Myelomonocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	0	4.31	7	0
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic A myelodysplastic-myeloproliferative disease characterized by monocytosis, increased monocytes in the bone marrow, variable degrees of dysplasia, but an absence of immature granulocytes in the blood.	0	4.31	7	0
Asystole [description not available]	0	8.67	16	1
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	0	7.81	18	1
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	0	8.67	16	1
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	0	7.81	18	1
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	0	6.64	3	2
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	0	6.64	3	2
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	0	3.56	8	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	0	3.56	8	0
MODS [description not available]	0	7.46	15	2
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	0	7.46	15	2
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	0	2.52	2	0
Brain Dead [description not available]	0	3.69	3	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	0	8.42	11	3
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	0	3.87	2	1
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	0	3.87	2	1
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	0	3.71	9	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	0	3.71	9	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	0	3.27	6	0
Wallerian Degeneration Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.	0	3.87	4	0
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease [description not available]	0	5.22	5	0
Hearing Loss, High-Frequency Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.	0	2.17	1	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.17	1	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	0	3.3	6	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	0	5.27	12	1
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	0	9	10	2
Genome Instability [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Infections, Parvoviridae [description not available]	0	5.82	8	1
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	0	7.2	16	1
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	7.2	16	1
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	0	2.17	1	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	0	5.16	18	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	0	5.16	18	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	0	8.1	7	6
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	0	8.1	7	6
Blood Loss, Postoperative [description not available]	0	12.22	27	7
Placenta Increta Invasion of CHORIONIC VILLI occurs deep into the MYOMETRIUM.	0	2.8	3	0
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	0	6.39	9	1
Placenta Praevia [description not available]	0	4.21	6	0
Placenta Accreta Abnormal placentation in which all or parts of the PLACENTA are attached directly to the MYOMETRIUM due to a complete or partial absence of DECIDUA. It is associated with POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE because of the failure of placental separation.	0	2.8	3	0
Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the PLACENTA implants in the lower segment of the UTERUS (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the CERVIX. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and PREMATURE LABOR.	0	4.21	6	0
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	0	6.39	9	1
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	4.48	5	1
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	0	4.48	5	1
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	0	3.09	1	0
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	0	3.09	1	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	0	5.44	5	1
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	0	5.44	5	1
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	0	6.86	11	1
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	0	4.64	10	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	0	4.64	10	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	0	9.75	34	3
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	0	9.75	34	3
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	0	19.54	432	60
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	0	8.11	8	2
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	0	8.11	8	2
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	0	3.56	1	1
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	0	9.81	11	6
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.56	1	1
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	0	4.82	2	1
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	0	4.12	3	1
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	0	5.38	5	1
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	0	3.56	1	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	0	6.62	10	2
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	0	3.56	1	1
Anovulation Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.	0	3.56	1	1
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	0	9.81	11	6
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	0	9.68	18	4
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	0	3.56	1	1
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	0	4.82	2	1
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	0	4.12	3	1
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	0	5.38	5	1
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	0	5.05	3	1
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	0	6.62	10	2
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	0	3.56	1	1
Stillbirth The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.	0	4.34	2	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	0	5.24	7	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	0	14.02	52	7
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	0	14.02	52	7
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	0	4.77	11	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	0	8	19	5
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	0	8	19	5
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	0	10.07	33	5
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	0	10.07	33	5
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	0	7.17	14	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	0	7.17	14	0
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	0	2.94	4	0
Pregnancy, Prolonged A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.	0	2.45	2	0
Water Intoxication A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.	0	2.39	2	0
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	0	6.4	30	0
Cancer of Spleen [description not available]	0	3.07	5	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	0	6.2	18	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	6.4	30	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	0	2.42	2	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	1	4.54	2	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	0	4.3	4	1
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	0	4.3	4	1
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	0	16	62	12
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	0	2.44	2	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	0	15.25	50	12
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	0	15.25	50	12
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	0	7.32	5	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	0	7.32	5	0
Fractures, Ununited A fracture in which union fails to occur, the ends of the bone becoming rounded and eburnated, and a false joint occurs. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.21	1	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	6.83	9	3
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	0	4.96	9	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	0	6.83	9	3
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	0	4.96	9	0
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Occurrence of heart arrest in an individual when there is no immediate access to medical personnel or equipment.	0	3.95	2	1
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	0	2.83	3	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	0	6.54	13	4
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions of the Cervix A cytological test finding often from PAP SMEARS that shows abnormal lesions of SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS of the CERVIX. It is a diagnostic criterion used in the Bethesda System for UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS and represents the PAP TEST result that is abnormal. Although squamous intraepithelial lesions test result does not mean UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS it requires follow-ups (e.g., HPV DNA TESTS; and COLPOSCOPY).	0	2.21	1	0
Adipocere [description not available]	0	4.94	8	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	0	13.4	101	18
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	0	13.4	101	18
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	0	8.02	11	2
Benign Essential Tremor [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	0	4.22	6	0
Essential Tremor A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)	0	2.21	1	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	0	2.98	4	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	0	5.8	8	1
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	0	6.01	19	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	0	6.01	19	0
Angiomatosis Retinae [description not available]	0	5.8	21	0
von Hippel-Lindau Disease An autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in a tumor suppressor gene. This syndrome is characterized by abnormal growth of small blood vessels leading to a host of neoplasms. They include HEMANGIOBLASTOMA in the RETINA; CEREBELLUM; and SPINAL CORD; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; pancreatic tumors; and renal cell carcinoma (see CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL). Common clinical signs include HYPERTENSION and neurological dysfunctions.	0	5.8	21	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	2.21	1	0
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Ototoxicity Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	0	2.21	1	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	0	8.52	28	6
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	0	8.52	28	6
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	0	5.13	17	0
Acquired Nasal Deformities [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	0	3.29	6	0
Dry Eye [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	0	2.08	1	0
Angina Pectoris, Stable [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Angina, Stable Persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. The symptoms are manifestations of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA.	0	2.49	2	0
Hematoma, Subdural, Acute Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with acute onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	0	2.08	1	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	0	13.94	60	14
Hypersomnia, Post-Traumatic [description not available]	0	4.79	2	1
Blastocyst Disintegration [description not available]	0	2.79	3	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	0	4.36	4	1
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	0	4.36	4	1
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	5.98	9	1
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell [description not available]	0	4.11	3	1
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.	0	4.11	3	1
Dextro-Looped Transposition of the Great Arteries [description not available]	0	3.97	5	0
Transposition of Great Vessels A congenital cardiovascular malformation in which the AORTA arises entirely from the RIGHT VENTRICLE, and the PULMONARY ARTERY arises from the LEFT VENTRICLE. Consequently, the pulmonary and the systemic circulations are parallel and not sequential, so that the venous return from the peripheral circulation is re-circulated by the right ventricle via aorta to the systemic circulation without being oxygenated in the lungs. This is a potentially lethal form of heart disease in newborns and infants.	0	3.97	5	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	0	10.79	16	7
Systolic Heart Failure [description not available]	0	6.68	7	1
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	0	10.79	16	7
Heart Failure, Systolic Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying.	0	6.68	7	1
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	0	2.08	1	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	0	9.78	55	1
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	0	2.99	4	0
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Right Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	0	4.13	3	1
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.	0	2.48	2	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	0	2.49	2	0
Hemothorax Hemorrhage within the pleural cavity.	0	2.75	3	0
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	0	4.18	6	0
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	0	2.49	2	0
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	0	2.51	2	0
Edema, Fetal [description not available]	0	4.3	4	1
Black Fever [description not available]	0	3.82	4	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	0	3.82	4	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	0	3.86	4	0
Carditis [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	0	3.86	4	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	0	2.94	4	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	0	15.02	120	6
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	0	15.02	120	6
Iron Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of iron in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization. (From Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed)	0	8	10	2
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.	0	6.22	13	1
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	10.52	36	4
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	0	11.51	26	8
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	0	11.51	26	8
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	0	9.81	30	5
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.	0	9.81	30	5
Granulomas [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	0	2.71	3	0
Allergic Neuritis, Experimental [description not available]	0	2.99	4	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	0	13.15	51	10
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	0	13.15	51	10
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	3.13	5	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	3.25	6	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	0	3.25	6	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	0	10.46	14	5
Bone Cancer [description not available]	0	6.82	18	4
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	0	6.82	18	4
Cancer of Oropharnyx [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.	0	2.44	2	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	0	5.17	11	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	0	6.89	18	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	0	6.89	18	0
Leukemia, Smoldering [description not available]	0	11.37	30	6
Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts Chronic refractory anemia with granulocytopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. Myeloblasts and progranulocytes constitute 5 to 40 percent of the nucleated marrow cells.	0	11.37	30	6
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	0	2.74	3	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	0	3.16	5	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	0	3.31	6	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	0	3.31	6	0
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.	0	4.5	5	0
Hypoparathyroidism A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.	0	4.5	5	0
Nephrosclerosis Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.	0	2.96	4	0
Hyperoxaluria Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.	0	4.12	3	1
Oxaluria, Primary [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Hyperoxaluria, Primary A genetic disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of OXALATES in urine; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NEPHROCALCINOSIS; early onset of RENAL FAILURE; and often a generalized deposit of CALCIUM OXALATE. There are subtypes classified by the enzyme defects in glyoxylate metabolism.	0	2.91	4	0
Benign Monoclonal Gammopathies [description not available]	0	3.65	3	0
Balkan Endemic Nephropathy [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	0	9.71	14	3
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	0	9.71	14	3
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage [description not available]	0	5.9	5	1
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	0	11.2	20	10
Postpartum Hemorrhage Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).	0	5.9	5	1
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	0	2.08	1	0
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	0	2.08	1	0
Bacillus anthracis Infection [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Anthrax An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.	0	2.08	1	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	0	5.54	9	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	0	5.54	9	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	0	4.5	9	0
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.83	8	1
Dermatoses [description not available]	0	5.12	17	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	0	5.83	8	1
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	0	5.12	17	0
Aggressive Systemic Mastocytosis A form of systemic mastocytosis in which patients have impaired organ functions due to multifocal infiltrates of pathological MAST CELLS in bone marrow, liver, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, or skeletal system. The cytomorphology shows a low to high grade.	0	2.1	1	0
Hemorrhagic Diathesis [description not available]	0	5.37	5	1
Deficiency, Factor 10 [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	0	4.88	8	0
Factor X Deficiency Blood coagulation disorder usually inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, though it can be acquired. It is characterized by defective activity in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, impaired thromboplastin time, and impaired prothrombin consumption.	0	2.1	1	0
Hemorrhagic Disorders Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).	0	5.37	5	1
Mastocytosis, Systemic A group of disorders caused by the abnormal proliferation of MAST CELLS in a variety of extracutaneous tissues including bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract. Systemic mastocytosis is commonly seen in adults. These diseases are categorized on the basis of clinical features, pathologic findings, and prognosis.	0	2.1	1	0
Spermatic Cord Torsion The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.	0	4.22	6	0
Cyst [description not available]	0	5.77	8	1
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	0	13.48	69	11
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	0	7.64	35	1
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	9.85	34	4
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	0	13.48	69	11
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	0	7.64	35	1
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	0	9.85	34	4
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	0	4.81	4	0
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda An autosomal dominant or acquired porphyria due to a deficiency of UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE in the LIVER. It is characterized by photosensitivity and cutaneous lesions with little or no neurologic symptoms. Type I is the acquired form and is strongly associated with liver diseases and hepatic toxicities caused by alcohol or estrogenic steroids. Type II is the familial form.	0	6.33	10	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	0	4.81	4	0
Co-infection [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Duncan Disease [description not available]	0	10.85	25	8
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	0	10.85	25	8
Ambulation Difficulty [description not available]	0	4.41	2	2
Weight Reduction [description not available]	0	7.26	14	3
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	0	7.26	14	3
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	0	4.8	7	1
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	0	4.8	7	1
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.24	4	1
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	0	5.24	4	1
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	0	4.76	2	1
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	0	4.76	2	1
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	0	2.71	3	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	0	4.73	2	1
Night Blindness Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.08	1	0
Nasal Bleeding [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Cancer of Mediastinum [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Superior Vena Cava Obstruction [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.	0	2.1	1	0
Mediastinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.	0	2.87	4	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	0	11.33	79	1
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.6	9	0
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Meningitis, Pneumococcal An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)	0	2.1	1	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	0	6.28	8	1
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	0	6.28	8	1
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	0	9.25	21	4
Biological Clock Disturbances [description not available]	0	3.39	2	0
Hemoglobinopathies A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.	0	9.35	31	1
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	0	4.14	3	0
Cold Panniculitis [description not available]	0	2.77	3	0
Spherocytosis, Hereditary A group of familial congenital hemolytic anemias characterized by numerous abnormally shaped erythrocytes which are generally spheroidal. The erythrocytes have increased osmotic fragility and are abnormally permeable to sodium ions.	0	4.26	18	0
Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available]	0	7.24	21	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	0	7.39	20	0
Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	0	7.24	21	0
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	0	7.39	20	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	0	2.51	2	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	0	6.94	9	1
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	0	6.94	9	1
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	0	2.95	4	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	0	2.95	4	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	0	2.48	2	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	0	2.48	2	0
Aggressive Natural Killer Cell Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic A spectrum of disorders characterized by clonal expansions of the peripheral blood LYMPHOCYTE populations known as large granular lymphocytes which contain abundant cytoplasm and azurophilic granules. Subtypes develop from either CD3-negative NATURAL KILLER CELLS or CD3-positive T-CELLS. The clinical course of both subtypes can vary from spontaneous regression to progressive, malignant disease.	0	2.1	1	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	3.86	4	0
HMN (Hereditary Motor Neuropathy) Proximal Type I [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood A group of recessive inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3)	0	2.1	1	0
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura [description not available]	0	3.62	3	0
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.	0	3.62	3	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	0	2.75	3	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	0	3.42	2	0
Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic [description not available]	0	4.49	5	0
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	0	4.29	7	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.07	5	0
Paraganglioma A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	0	4.49	5	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	0	9.4	20	2
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	0	9.4	20	2
Blast Injuries Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.52	2	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	0	3.64	3	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	0	3.64	3	0
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	0	2.1	1	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	0	4.08	3	0
Cardio-Renal Syndrome Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY).	0	9.15	10	3
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	0	6.17	4	1
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	0	6.17	4	1
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	0	3.16	5	0
Amyloid Neuropathy Type 1 [description not available]	0	3.3	6	0
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	0	3.16	5	0
Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial Inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. The different clinical types based on symptoms correspond to the presence of a variety of mutations in several different proteins including transthyretin (PREALBUMIN); APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; and GELSOLIN.	0	3.3	6	0
Cardiac Death [description not available]	0	4.32	4	1
Anasarca [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	2.52	2	0
Minimally Conscious State [description not available]	0	4.4	1	1
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	0	7.82	12	4
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	7.82	12	4
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.	0	2.7	3	0
CACH Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Somatostatinoma A SOMATOSTATIN-secreting tumor derived from the pancreatic delta cells (SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS). It is also found in the INTESTINE. Somatostatinomas are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS; CHOLELITHIASIS; STEATORRHEA; and HYPOCHLORHYDRIA. The majority of somatostatinomas have the potential for METASTASIS.	0	2.1	1	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	0	2.42	2	0
Carcinoma, Adenosquamous A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.	0	2.1	1	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.1	1	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	0	3.5	8	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	0	3.5	8	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	0	14.26	73	19
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	0	14.26	73	19
Leukocyte Disorders Disordered formation of various types of leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or deficiency of these cells.	0	3.01	1	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	0	2.11	1	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	0	2.97	4	0
Multiple Hemangioblastomas [description not available]	0	3.7	10	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	0	2.71	3	0
Hemangioblastoma A benign tumor of the nervous system that may occur sporadically or in association with VON HIPPEL-LINDAU DISEASE. It accounts for approximately 2% of intracranial tumors, arising most frequently in the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis. Histologically, the tumors are composed of multiple capillary and sinusoidal channels lined with endothelial cells and clusters of lipid-laden pseudoxanthoma cells. Usually solitary, these tumors can be multiple and may also occur in the brain stem, spinal cord, retina, and supratentorial compartment. Cerebellar hemangioblastomas usually present in the third decade with INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION, and ataxia. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2071-2)	0	3.7	10	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	0	6.81	14	1
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	0	2.42	2	0
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	0	2.46	2	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	0	2.46	2	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	0	2.46	2	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	2.1	1	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	0	3.43	7	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	0	3.43	7	0
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Hemorrhage, Vitreous [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Macular Holes [description not available]	0	2.98	4	0
Retinal Perforations Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.	0	2.98	4	0
Vitreous Hemorrhage Hemorrhage into the VITREOUS BODY.	0	2.46	2	0
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.	0	2.47	2	0
Delayed Graft Function General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	7.28	6	4
Bed Sores [description not available]	0	3.13	5	0
Erythermalgia [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	0	3.13	5	0
Erythromelalgia A peripheral arterial disease that is characterized by the triad of ERYTHEMA, burning PAIN, and increased SKIN TEMPERATURE of the extremities (or red, painful extremities). Erythromelalgia may be classified as primary or idiopathic, familial or non-familial. Secondary erythromelalgia is associated with other diseases, the most common being MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.	0	2.1	1	0
Budd-Chiari Syndrome A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.	0	4.15	6	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	0	3.08	5	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	0	3.67	3	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	0	3.67	3	0
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Cryoglobulinemia A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.	0	2.1	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	0	2.43	2	0
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	0	3.03	1	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	0	3.03	1	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	0	7.52	17	1
Microbial Superinvasion [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Cockayne-Touraine Disease [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	0	7.52	17	1
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by atrophy of blistered areas, severe scarring, and nail changes. It is most often present at birth or in early infancy and occurs in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms. All forms of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa result from mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE VII, a major component fibrils of BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPIDERMIS.	0	2.71	3	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	0	2.43	2	0
Amnesia, Anterograde Loss of the ability to form new memories beyond a certain point in time. This condition may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organically induced anterograde amnesia may follow CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SEIZURES; ANOXIA; and other conditions which adversely affect neural structures associated with memory formation (e.g., the HIPPOCAMPUS; FORNIX (BRAIN); MAMMILLARY BODIES; and ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEI). (From Memory 1997 Jan-Mar;5(1-2):49-71)	0	2.11	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	4.66	6	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	0	4.66	6	0
Basedow Disease [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	0	2.48	2	0
Microcephaly A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)	0	3.03	1	0
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	0	3.87	12	0
Hypermobility, Joint [description not available]	0	3.4	2	0
Phimosis A condition in which the FORESKIN cannot be retracted to reveal the GLANS PENIS. It is due to tightness or narrowing of the foreskin opening.	0	2.11	1	0
Abnormalities, Skin [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	0	3.87	12	0
Skin Abnormalities Congenital structural abnormalities of the skin.	0	2.11	1	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	0	5.42	5	1
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	0	5.42	5	1
Post-operative Vasoplegic Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	0	2.95	4	0
Berger Disease [description not available]	0	4.54	9	0
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	0	4.54	9	0
Erythrohepatic Protoporphyria [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Protoporphyria, Erythropoietic An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of FERROCHELATASE (heme synthetase) in both the LIVER and the BONE MARROW, the last enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features include mainly neurological symptoms, rarely cutaneous lesions, and elevated levels of protoporphyrin and COPROPORPHYRINS in the feces.	0	2.11	1	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	0	9.94	26	2
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	0	9.94	26	2
Closed Head Injuries [description not available]	0	4.34	4	1
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	0	5.56	6	1
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	0	5.55	12	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	0	3.71	3	0
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	0	3.71	3	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	0	9	42	0
Presbycusis Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.	0	2.53	2	0
Hemoglobinuria The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.	0	3.07	5	0
Nerve Root Avulsion [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Radiculopathy Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.	0	2.11	1	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	0	2.11	1	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	0	8.65	21	4
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	0	8.65	21	4
Drowning Death that occurs as a result of anoxia or heart arrest, associated with immersion in liquid.	0	2.75	3	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	0	4.89	4	2
Endomyocardial Fibrosis A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).	0	2.13	1	0
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection [description not available]	0	4.08	3	1
Histoplasmosis Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.	0	4.08	3	1
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	0	2.11	1	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	0	2.46	2	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	0	3.87	2	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	0	3.87	2	0
Brucella Infection [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.	0	2.13	1	0
Adverse Effects, Long Term [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).	0	8.53	25	1
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	5.99	7	0
Hemosiderosis Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.	0	8.38	22	4
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	0	5.04	3	1
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	0	5.04	3	1
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	4.49	5	1
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	0	4.49	5	1
Motor Disorders Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)	0	2.53	2	0
Post-Concussion Symptoms [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Post-Concussion Syndrome The organic and psychogenic disturbances observed after closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED). Post-concussion syndrome includes subjective physical complaints (i.e. headache, dizziness), cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes. These disturbances can be chronic, permanent, or late emerging.	0	2.13	1	0
Hypovolemic [description not available]	0	3.64	3	0
Hypovolemia An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).	0	3.64	3	0
Hip Dislocation Displacement of the femur bone from its normal position at the HIP JOINT.	0	3.51	1	1
Coxarthrosis [description not available]	0	4.14	3	1
Osteoarthritis, Hip Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.	0	4.14	3	1
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.	0	2.44	2	0
Developmental Coordination Disorder [description not available]	0	9.74	9	9
Aspiration, Meconium [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome A condition caused by inhalation of MECONIUM into the LUNG of FETUS or NEWBORN, usually due to vigorous respiratory movements during difficult PARTURITION or respiratory system abnormalities. Meconium aspirate may block small airways leading to difficulties in PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE and ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA.	0	2.13	1	0
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	0	2.15	1	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	0	3.04	1	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	0	6.04	6	1
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	0	5.8	8	1
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	0	5.8	8	1
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	0	2.42	2	0
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	0	6.08	16	0
Radius Fractures Fractures of the RADIUS.	0	2.13	1	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	4.37	4	1
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	0	4.37	4	1
Christmas Disease [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Hemophilia B A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)	0	2.48	2	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	0	2.13	1	0
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	0	2.13	1	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	0	4.09	5	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	10.76	34	8
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	0	10.76	34	8
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.	0	2.48	2	0
Amnionitis [description not available]	0	2.96	4	0
Chorioamnionitis INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.	0	2.96	4	0
Bruise [description not available]	0	3.17	5	0
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	0	3.17	5	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	0	2.46	2	0
Agenesis of Hemidiaphragm [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of embryologic defects in the DIAPHRAGM often present in the neonatal period. It can be isolated, syndromic, non-syndromic or be a part of chromosome abnormality. Associated pulmonary hypoplasia and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION can further complicate stabilization and surgical intervention.	0	2.15	1	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	0	5.94	9	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	0	5.94	9	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	0	4.47	5	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	0	4.47	5	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	4.51	9	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	4.51	9	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	0	4.46	5	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	0	3.34	7	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	6.09	11	1
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	0	6.09	11	1
Catheter-Associated Infections [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	0	4.97	15	0
Anemia, Congenital Hypoplastic, Of Blackfan And Diamond [description not available]	0	5.6	6	0
Anemia, Diamond-Blackfan A rare congenital hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. The disease is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, occasional neutropenia or thrombocytosis, a normocellular bone marrow with erythroid hypoplasia, and an increased risk of developing leukemia. (Curr Opin Hematol 2000 Mar;7(2):85-94)	0	5.6	6	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	0	3.35	2	0
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	3.35	2	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	0	6.75	4	2
Cervicitis [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia A benign form of endometrial hyperplasia with increased number of cells with atypia. The atypical cells are large and irregular and have an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. The risk of progression to endometrial carcinoma rises with the increasing degree of cell atypia.	0	2.04	1	0
Uterine Cervicitis Inflammation of the UTERINE CERVIX.	0	2.45	2	0
Endometrial Hyperplasia Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.	0	2.04	1	0
Genetic Diseases [description not available]	0	3.36	2	0
Genetic Diseases, Inborn Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.	0	3.36	2	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	0	4.03	5	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.11	5	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	0	6.32	5	1
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	0	6.32	5	1
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	0	2.91	4	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	0	2.73	3	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	0	10.63	36	1
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	0	10.63	36	1
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	0	5.5	16	1
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	3.76	2	0
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	0	3.76	2	0
Amyloid Angiopathy, Cerebral [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)	0	2.04	1	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	0	2.96	1	0
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	0	3.34	2	0
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	0	3.34	2	0
Palsy [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	0	2.46	2	0
Aortic Incompetence [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	0	6.01	10	1
Aortic Valve Insufficiency Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).	0	3.09	5	0
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	0	6.01	10	1
Branch Vein Occlusion [description not available]	0	4.51	5	0
Retinal Vein Occlusion Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	0	4.51	5	0
Choked Disk [description not available]	0	3.64	3	0
Papilledema Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)	0	3.64	3	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	0	5.54	4	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	0	5.54	4	0
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Acrania [description not available]	0	3.35	2	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	0	3.35	2	0
Thyrotoxicosis A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.	0	2.05	1	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Brain Emboli [description not available]	0	3.66	3	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	0	3.26	6	0
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.93	4	0
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	0	17.25	218	18
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	0	2.04	1	0
Avitaminosis A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	4.11	3	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	0	2.71	3	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	0	4.74	2	1
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	0	4.74	2	1
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar [description not available]	0	4.34	1	1
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	4.34	1	1
Hyperkyphosis [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Scoliosis An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.71	10	0
Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.	0	2.73	3	0
Amyloidosis, Hereditary [description not available]	0	2.96	4	0
Amyloidosis, Familial Diseases in which there is a familial pattern of AMYLOIDOSIS.	0	2.96	4	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	0	13.11	30	12
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	0	13.11	30	12
Glioblastoma with Sarcomatous Component [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Gliosarcoma Rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. These tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. They may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (From Br J Neurosurg 1995 Apr;9(2):171-8)	0	2.04	1	0
Growth Hormone Insensitivity Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Laron Syndrome An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by short stature, defective GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTOR, and failure to generate INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I by GROWTH HORMONE. Laron syndrome is not a form of primary pituitary dwarfism (GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY DWARFISM) but the result of mutation of the human GHR gene on chromosome 5.	0	2.05	1	0
Infectious Myelitis [description not available]	0	2.96	1	0
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	0	4.76	7	0
Gaucher Disease An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.	0	4.76	7	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	0	2.43	2	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	0	2.44	2	0
Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.32	4	1
Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.	0	4.32	4	1
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	0	7.32	13	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	0	7.32	13	0
Acidosis, Respiratory Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.	0	2.68	3	0
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	0	2.05	1	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	0	2.05	1	0
Cranial Nerve VII Injuries [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	0	9.25	22	2
Cerebral Concussion [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Brain Concussion A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)	0	2.47	2	0
Extrasystole, Ventricular [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	0	3.83	2	1
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	0	3.83	2	1
Salivary Gland Diseases Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.	0	2.05	1	0
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	0	2.05	1	0
Cervix Dysplasia [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	0	2.72	3	0
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	0	6.21	12	0
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	0	6.21	12	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	11.49	66	2
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	0	11.49	66	2
Infection, Pelvic [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	0	2.72	3	0
Cardio-Cutaneous Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	0	3.36	2	0
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	0	3.36	2	0
Leukemic Infiltration A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central nervous system too is a common site.	0	2.05	1	0
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome [description not available]	0	6.8	24	1
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.	0	6.8	24	1
Nephrocalcinosis A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	2.39	2	0
Alarm Clock Headache [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	0	2.96	1	0
Absence Status [description not available]	0	3.98	13	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	0	3.98	13	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	0	7.82	13	2
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	0	7.82	13	2
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	0	3.62	3	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	0	3.62	3	0
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)	0	2.41	2	0
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	0	3.38	2	0
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	0	3.38	2	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	4.55	9	0
Angiogranuloma [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	0	2.43	2	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	0	7.89	14	2
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	0	7.89	14	2
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	0	4.79	7	1
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	0	4.79	7	1
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	0	7.18	8	5
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	0	7.18	8	5
Exanthem [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	0	2.73	3	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	0	12.58	21	17
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	0	12.97	31	26
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	0	8.09	13	8
Injuries, Needlestick [description not available]	0	3.61	3	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	0	7.61	15	1
Tricuspid Incompetence [description not available]	0	3.25	6	0
Coronary Occlusion Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	0	2.05	1	0
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	0	2.05	1	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	0	15.49	62	1
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	0	2.05	1	0
Glomerular Necrosis [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Cardiac Edema [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Edema, Cardiac Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).	0	2.05	1	0
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis [description not available]	0	3.38	2	0
Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy A chronic, acquired, idiopathic, progressive eruption of the skin that occurs in the context of RENAL FAILURE. It is sometimes accompanied by systemic fibrosis. The pathogenesis seems to be multifactorial, with postulated involvement of circulating fibrocytes. There is a strong association between this disorder and the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents.	0	3.38	2	0
ACD-MPV [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome A syndrome of persistent PULMONARY HYPERTENSION in the newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN) without demonstrable HEART DISEASES. This neonatal condition can be caused by severe pulmonary vasoconstriction (reactive type), hypertrophy of pulmonary arterial muscle (hypertrophic type), or abnormally developed pulmonary arterioles (hypoplastic type). The newborn patient exhibits CYANOSIS and ACIDOSIS due to the persistence of fetal circulatory pattern of right-to-left shunting of blood through a patent ductus arteriosus (DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, PATENT) and at times a patent foramen ovale (FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT).	0	2.05	1	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	0	2.46	2	0
Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage Bleeding within the subcortical regions of cerebral hemispheres (BASAL GANGLIA). It is often associated with HYPERTENSION or ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS. Clinical manifestations may include HEADACHE; DYSKINESIAS; and HEMIPARESIS.	0	2.05	1	0
Cancer of the Retina [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Loa loa Filariasis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Loiasis A parasitic infection caused by the nematode Loa loa. The vector in the transmission of this infection is the horsefly (Tabanus) or the deerfly or mango fly (Chrysops). The larvae may be seen just beneath the skin or passing through the conjunctiva. Eye lesions are not uncommon. The disease is generally mild and painless.	0	2.05	1	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	0	3.63	3	0
Cerebrospinal Fluid Hypovolemia [description not available]	0	2.96	1	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	0	3.63	3	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	0	4.71	11	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	0	4.71	11	0
Aneurysm, Ruptured The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.	0	3.38	2	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	0	3.85	4	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	0	7.23	9	2
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	0	7.23	9	2
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	0	2.46	2	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	0	3.86	4	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	0	4.3	7	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	0	4.3	7	0
Acquired Facial Neuropathy [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	0	2.05	1	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	0	2.97	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	8.99	25	3
Anemia, Megaloblastic A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.	0	5.8	12	0
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)	0	2.44	2	0
Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.	0	2.05	1	0
Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.	0	2.42	2	0
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Menorrhagia Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.	0	2.7	3	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	0	2.94	4	0
Thrombotic Microangiopathies Diseases that result in THROMBOSIS in MICROVASCULATURE. The two most prominent diseases are PURPURA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC; and HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME. Multiple etiological factors include VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL damage due to SHIGA TOXIN; FACTOR H deficiency; and aberrant VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR formation.	0	2.05	1	0
Apnea, Central [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Sleep Apnea, Central A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.	0	2.46	2	0
Carcinoma, Large Cell A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	4.39	2	2
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	0	5.57	6	1
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.	0	5.57	6	1
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	0	10.32	13	3
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	0	2.42	2	0
Bleeding Between Periods [description not available]	0	3.77	2	1
Metrorrhagia Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.	0	3.77	2	1
Wounds, Stab Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.	0	2.05	1	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	0	2.95	4	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	0	2.95	4	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	0	2.45	2	0
Gestational Hypertension [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (	0	2.45	2	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	4.08	3	1
Heatstroke [description not available]	0	2.97	1	0
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia [description not available]	0	2.97	1	0
Heat Stroke A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.	0	2.97	1	0
Hypocapnia Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	0	3.33	2	0
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	0	4.3	4	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	0	4.3	4	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	0	4.92	8	0
Adnexal Diseases Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).	0	2.05	1	0
Angiofollicular Lymph Hyperplasia [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Castleman Disease Large benign, hyperplastic lymph nodes. The more common hyaline vascular subtype is characterized by small hyaline vascular follicles and interfollicular capillary proliferations. Plasma cells are often present and represent another subtype with the plasma cells containing IgM and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A.	0	2.91	4	0
Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Adenoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.	0	2.05	1	0
Glaucoma, Angle Closure [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.	0	2.05	1	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	0	2.05	1	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	0	7.44	11	2
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	7.44	11	2
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	2.91	4	0
Patellar Dislocation Displacement of the PATELLA from the femoral groove.	0	2.06	1	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	0	4.96	9	0
Angiitis [description not available]	0	6.13	8	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	6.13	8	0
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	0	7.66	5	4
Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Exfoliation Glaucoma [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Exfoliation Syndrome The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)	0	2.47	2	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	0	5.2	6	2
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	0	3.99	5	0
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.99	5	0
Cancer of the Urinary Tract [description not available]	0	3.6	3	0
Angioma, Cavernous A tumor-like mass with large vascular space that is filled with blood or lymph.	0	2.44	2	0
Lymphangiomyomatosis [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis A disease characterized by the progressive invasion of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS into the LYMPHATIC VESSELS, and the BLOOD VESSELS. The majority of the cases occur in the LUNGS of women of child-bearing age, eventually blocking the flow of air, blood, and lymph. The common symptom is shortness of breath (DYSPNEA).	0	2.06	1	0
Acute Generalised Exanthematous Pustulosis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Leanness [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	0	2.37	2	0
Inflammation, Endodontic [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Pulpitis Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.	0	2.05	1	0
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	0	2.98	1	0
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.8	2	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	0	2.98	1	0
Antiphospholipid Syndrome The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).	0	3.8	2	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	0	2.06	1	0
Acoustic Neuroma [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	0	2.06	1	0
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	0	2.06	1	0
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
ADPKD [description not available]	0	4.72	11	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	0	4.72	11	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	0	6.72	8	1
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	0	6.72	8	1
Snoring Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate.	0	2.06	1	0
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	0	3.35	2	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	0	2.98	1	0
Acquired Meningomyelocele [description not available]	0	2.98	1	0
Polyradiculitis [description not available]	0	2.98	1	0
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	0	3.35	2	0
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	0	2.98	1	0
Polyradiculopathy Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.	0	2.98	1	0
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Multiple System Atrophy A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)	0	2.71	3	0
No-Reflow Phenomenon Markedly reduced or absent REPERFUSION in an infarct zone following the removal of an obstruction or constriction of an artery.	0	2.06	1	0
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.73	3	0
Carcinoma, Lobular A type of BREAST CANCER where the abnormal malignant cells form in the lobules, or milk-producing glands, of the breast.	0	2.06	1	0
Craniofacial Abnormalities Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.	0	2.42	2	0
Air Embolism [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	0	7.45	10	2
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	0	2.06	1	0
Primary Graft Dysfunction A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.	0	4.37	4	1
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	0	2.73	3	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	0	4.88	4	2
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	0	4.88	4	2
Lymphangiectasis A transient dilatation of the lymphatic vessels.	0	2.73	3	0
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	0	2.73	3	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	0	4.97	3	1
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	4.97	3	1
Deficiency, Factor 7 [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Atrial Septal Defect [description not available]	0	2.92	4	0
Factor VII Deficiency An autosomal recessive characteristic or a coagulation disorder acquired in association with VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY. FACTOR VII is a Vitamin K dependent glycoprotein essential to the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.	0	2.07	1	0
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis [description not available]	0	2.98	1	0
Cutis Laxa A group of connective tissue diseases in which skin hangs in loose pendulous folds. It is believed to be associated with decreased elastic tissue formation as well as an abnormality in elastin formation. Cutis laxa is usually a genetic disease, but acquired cases have been reported. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.98	1	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	0	4.94	6	0
Hives [description not available]	0	2.98	1	0
Franklin Disease [description not available]	0	2.98	1	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	0	2.98	1	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	0	11.98	28	8
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	11.98	28	8
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	14.99	79	13
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	0	14.99	79	13
Psychoses [description not available]	0	4.1	3	1
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	0	4.1	3	1
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	0	3.85	2	1
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	0	3.85	2	1
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	0	2.69	3	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	0	2.69	3	0
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.	0	2.07	1	0
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)	0	2.06	1	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	0	2.38	2	0
Fetal Distress A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters.	0	3.24	6	0
Primary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.	0	2.46	2	0
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)	0	2.06	1	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	0	4.27	4	0
Tracheal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.	0	2.06	1	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	0	4.27	4	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	0	2.94	4	0
Anastomotic Leak Breakdown of the connection and subsequent leakage of effluent (fluids, secretions, air) from a SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS of the digestive, respiratory, genitourinary, and cardiovascular systems. Most common leakages are from the breakdown of suture lines in gastrointestinal or bowel anastomosis.	0	2.07	1	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	0	2.47	2	0
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia [description not available]	0	4.39	8	0
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.	0	4.39	8	0
Epiretinal Membrane A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with RETINAL HOLES, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)	0	2.74	3	0
Abortion, Veterinary Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.	0	2.07	1	0
Neoplasms, Otorhinolaryngologic [description not available]	0	6.46	5	2
Microphthalmia [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Absent Iris [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Aniridia A congenital abnormality in which there is only a rudimentary iris. This is due to the failure of the optic cup to grow. Aniridia also occurs in a hereditary form, usually autosomal dominant.	0	2.07	1	0
Adenoma, Hepatocellular [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Crush Syndrome Severe systemic manifestation of trauma and ischemia involving soft tissues, principally skeletal muscle, due to prolonged severe crushing. It leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane and to the release of potassium, enzymes, and myoglobin from within cells. Ischemic renal dysfunction secondary to hypotension and diminished renal perfusion results in acute tubular necrosis and uremia.	0	2.07	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	4.5	5	1
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	0	4.5	5	1
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	0	2.75	3	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	0	2.07	1	0
Chloroma [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	0	5.96	7	4
Neoplasms, Bone Marrow [description not available]	0	3.63	3	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	0	5.96	7	4
Bone Marrow Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.	0	3.63	3	0
Sarcoma, Myeloid An extramedullary tumor of immature MYELOID CELLS or MYELOBLASTS. Granulocytic sarcoma usually occurs with or follows the onset of ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	0	2.07	1	0
ANCA-Associated Vasculitides [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis Group of systemic vasculitis with a strong association with ANCA. The disorders are characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small and medium size vessels, with little or no immune-complex deposits in vessel walls.	0	2.07	1	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	0	3.07	5	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	0	3.85	4	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	0	3.85	4	0
Contracture Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.	0	2.07	1	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	0	2.07	1	0
Synostosis A union between adjacent bones or parts of a single bone formed by osseous material, such as ossified connecting cartilage or fibrous tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.07	1	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	0	2.44	2	0
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	0	6.96	29	1
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	0	6.96	29	1
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral, Traumatic [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Abdominal Obesity [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Corpus Luteum Cyst [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Ovarian Cysts General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.	0	2.07	1	0
Cystadenoma, Serous A cystic tumor of the ovary, containing thin, clear, yellow serous fluid and varying amounts of solid tissue, with a malignant potential several times greater than that of mucinous cystadenoma (CYSTADENOMA, MUCINOUS). It can be unilocular, parvilocular, or multilocular. It is often bilateral and papillary. The cysts may vary greatly in size. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972)	0	2.07	1	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	0	3.84	2	1
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	0	3.84	2	1
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	0	2.08	1	0
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	0	2.73	3	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	0	8.94	25	4
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	0	8.94	25	4
High T4 Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	0	5.61	13	0
Euthyroid Sick Syndromes Conditions of abnormal THYROID HORMONES release in patients with apparently normal THYROID GLAND during severe systemic illness, physical TRAUMA, and psychiatric disturbances. It can be caused by the loss of endogenous hypothalamic input or by exogenous drug effects. The most common abnormality results in low T3 THYROID HORMONE with progressive decrease in THYROXINE; (T4) and TSH. Elevated T4 with normal T3 may be seen in diseases in which THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN synthesis and release are increased.	0	2.08	1	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	0	5.61	13	0
Bradykinesia [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	0	2.08	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	0	2.08	1	0
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	0	2.08	1	0
Anterior Fascicular Block [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	0	8.37	19	2
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	0	8.37	19	2
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	0	2.68	3	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	0	3.32	2	0
Leukemia, Megakaryocytic [description not available]	0	4.24	18	0
Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 20-30% of the bone marrow or peripheral blood cells are of megakaryocyte lineage. MYELOFIBROSIS or increased bone marrow RETICULIN is common.	0	4.24	18	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	0	2.01	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	0	4.31	4	1
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	0	4.31	4	1
Allergy, Food [description not available]	0	3.39	1	1
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	0	3.39	1	1
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	0	2.67	3	0
Axon Reaction [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Bacteroidaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.	0	2.01	1	0
Campylobacter Infection [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Actinobacillus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.	0	2.01	1	0
Male Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.8	2	1
Genital Neoplasms, Male Tumor or cancer of the MALE GENITALIA.	0	3.8	2	1
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum [description not available]	0	3.61	3	0
Jaundice, Neonatal Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.	0	3.61	3	0
Endocarditis, Loeffler [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.	0	2.01	1	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	0	5.91	9	1
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	0	5.91	9	1
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	0	4.31	1	1
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	0	3.57	3	0
Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	0	2.01	1	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	0	2.42	2	0
Emesis, Postoperative [description not available]	0	4.36	2	2
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	0	3.39	1	1
Spinal Curvatures Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).	0	3.39	1	1
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	0	3.39	1	1
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.	0	4.36	2	2
Bronchiolitis Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.	0	3.8	2	1
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	0	7.65	12	2
Dyskeratosis Congenita, X-Linked [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Dyskeratosis Congenita A predominantly X-linked recessive syndrome characterized by a triad of reticular skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy and leukoplakia of mucous membranes. Oral and dental abnormalities may also be present. Complications are a predisposition to malignancy and bone marrow involvement with pancytopenia. (from Int J Paediatr Dent 2000 Dec;10(4):328-34) The X-linked form is also known as Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome and involves the gene which encodes a highly conserved protein called dyskerin.	0	2.01	1	0
Anemia, Splenic [description not available]	0	5.14	11	0
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	0	6.45	10	1
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	0	2.01	1	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	0	6.45	10	1
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	0	7.12	21	1
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	0	7.12	21	1
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	0	2.42	2	0
DNA Virus Infections Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.	0	2.01	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	0	6.9	9	1
Anterior Cervical Pain [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Addison's Anemia [description not available]	0	4.49	9	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	0	2.37	2	0
Neck Pain Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.	0	2.01	1	0
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Ectopic Hormone Syndromes [description not available]	0	7.26	22	0
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	0	3.09	5	0
Monosomy The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1.	0	4.01	5	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	0	4.47	5	1
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	0	4.47	5	1
48,XXYY Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Klinefelter Syndrome A form of male HYPOGONADISM, characterized by the presence of an extra X CHROMOSOME, small TESTES, seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, elevated levels of GONADOTROPINS, low serum TESTOSTERONE, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, and male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE). Patients tend to have long legs and a slim, tall stature. GYNECOMASTIA is present in many of the patients. The classic form has the karyotype 47,XXY. Several karyotype variants include 48,XXYY; 48,XXXY; 49,XXXXY, and mosaic patterns ( 46,XY/47,XXY; 47,XXY/48,XXXY, etc.).	0	2.42	2	0
Dermatitis Exfoliativa [description not available]	0	3.83	4	0
Dermatitis, Exfoliative The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.83	4	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	0	2.93	1	0
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	0	2.36	2	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	0	2.4	2	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	0	2.4	2	0
Cystic Hygroma Colli [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm Dyssomnias associated with disruption of the normal 24 hour sleep wake cycle secondary to travel (e.g., JET LAG SYNDROME), shift work, or other causes.	0	2.01	1	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	4.83	35	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	0	5.9	25	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	0	2.88	4	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	0	6.4	30	0
Cor Pulmonale [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Bouillaud Disease [description not available]	0	4.04	3	1
Rheumatic Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.	0	4.04	3	1
BH4 Deficiency [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).	0	1.93	1	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	0	2.86	4	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	0	2.35	2	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	0	6.44	6	1
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	0	6.44	6	1
Cardiac Cancer [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Angiomyxoma [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Postgastrectomy Syndromes Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.	0	2.34	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	0	7.31	16	3
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	0	7.31	16	3
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	0	3.27	2	0
Hypoproteinemia A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.	0	1.94	1	0
Infarct [description not available]	0	3.06	5	0
Adenohypophyseal Diseases [description not available]	0	3.26	2	0
Pituitary Diseases Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.	0	3.26	2	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	0	2.93	1	0
Cancer, Embryonal [description not available]	0	3.81	2	1
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.	0	3.81	2	1
Delusional Disorder Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.	0	3.4	1	1
Wasting Disease [description not available]	0	13.85	49	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.39	2	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	0	2.01	1	0
Porphyria [description not available]	0	6.05	11	1
Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.	0	6.05	11	1
Biliary Tract Hemorrhage [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	0	2.01	1	0
Intussusception A form of intestinal obstruction caused by the PROLAPSE of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. There are four types: colic, involving segments of the LARGE INTESTINE; enteric, involving only the SMALL INTESTINE; ileocecal, in which the ILEOCECAL VALVE prolapses into the CECUM, drawing the ILEUM along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the COLON.	0	2.02	1	0
Cancer of Lip [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
AIRE Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	0	3.4	1	1
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	3.4	1	1
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	0	6.49	7	1
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))	0	2.02	1	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	0	2.02	1	0
Hypospermatogenesis [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Cancer of Pelvis [description not available]	0	5.04	5	2
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	0	2.93	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	0	4.7	2	1
Congenital Fissure of the Abdominal Cavity [description not available]	0	3.81	2	1
Exomphalos [description not available]	0	3.4	1	1
Atresia, Esophageal [description not available]	0	3.4	1	1
Esophageal Atresia Congenital abnormality characterized by the lack of full development of the ESOPHAGUS that commonly occurs with TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA. Symptoms include excessive SALIVATION; GAGGING; CYANOSIS; and DYSPNEA.	0	3.4	1	1
Hernia, Umbilical A HERNIA due to an imperfect closure or weakness of the umbilical ring. It appears as a skin-covered protrusion at the UMBILICUS during crying, coughing, or straining. The hernia generally consists of OMENTUM or SMALL INTESTINE. The vast majority of umbilical hernias are congenital but can be acquired due to severe abdominal distention.	0	3.4	1	1
Gastroschisis A congenital defect with major fissure in the ABDOMINAL WALL lateral to, but not at, the UMBILICUS. This results in the extrusion of VISCERA. Unlike OMPHALOCELE, herniated structures in gastroschisis are not covered by a sac or PERITONEUM.	0	3.81	2	1
Infections, Retroviridae [description not available]	0	4.31	7	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	0	5.02	16	0
Retroviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.	0	4.31	7	0
Anemia With Multinucleated Erythroblasts [description not available]	0	5.32	8	0
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)	0	2.93	4	0
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)	0	2.7	3	0
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	0	2.43	2	0
Placental Abruption [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Abruptio Placentae Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.	0	2.02	1	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	0	3.8	4	0
Hydramnios [description not available]	0	3.32	2	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	0	3.8	4	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	0	2.02	1	0
Aneurysm, Aortic [description not available]	0	3.6	3	0
Aortic Dissection [description not available]	0	3.32	2	0
Cardiac Tamponade Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.	0	2.93	1	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	0	3.29	2	0
Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available]	0	5.88	5	1
Aortic Aneurysm An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.	0	3.6	3	0
Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.	0	5.88	5	1
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	0	3.29	2	0
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)	0	2.7	3	0
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	0	3.91	13	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	0	3.91	13	0
Vesicoureteral Reflux [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.	0	2.02	1	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	0	2.02	1	0
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	0	2.41	2	0
Distorted Hearing [description not available]	0	9.63	9	9
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, M4 [description not available]	0	3.32	2	0
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute A pediatric acute myeloid leukemia involving both myeloid and monocytoid precursors. At least 20% of non-erythroid cells are of monocytic origin.	0	3.32	2	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	0	4.6	4	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	0	2.02	1	0
Hypoventilation A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.	0	2.68	3	0
Neurilemoma [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)	0	2.41	2	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	0	2.4	2	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	0	4.27	7	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	0	4.27	7	0
MEA 2a [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
MEA 2b [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	0	2.02	1	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	0	2.02	1	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	0	3.56	9	0
Licheniform Eruptions [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	0	2.02	1	0
Craniofacial Dysarthrosis [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Chest Injuries [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	0	4.66	3	2
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergilloses [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary Hypersensitivity reaction (ALLERGIC REACTION) to fungus ASPERGILLUS in an individual with long-standing BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. It is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, EOSINOPHILIA, elevated serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and skin reactivity to Aspergillus antigen.	0	2.02	1	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	0	2.02	1	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	0	2.4	2	0
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	0	2.02	1	0
Osteosclerosis An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.	0	3.29	2	0
Crow-Fukase Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
POEMS Syndrome A multisystemic disorder characterized by a sensorimotor polyneuropathy (POLYNEUROPATHIES), organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and pigmentary skin changes. Other clinical features which may be present include EDEMA; CACHEXIA; microangiopathic glomerulopathy; pulmonary hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY); cutaneous necrosis; THROMBOCYTOSIS; and POLYCYTHEMIA. This disorder is frequently associated with osteosclerotic myeloma. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1335; Rev Med Interne 1997;18(7):553-62)	0	2.02	1	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.58	3	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	0	6.94	40	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	0	7.97	95	0
Dysgeusia A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality.	0	3.41	1	1
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	0	2.37	2	0
Chromosomal Triplication [description not available]	0	4.52	3	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	0	2.02	1	0
Benign Optic Nerve Neoplasm [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Auricular Cancer [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Ear Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).	0	2.43	2	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	0	2.03	1	0
Granulomatosis, Wegener's [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.	0	2.72	3	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	0	4.27	7	0
B-Cell Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	3.82	2	1
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	0	4.27	7	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	0	3.82	2	1
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	0	4.09	3	1
Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	2.02	1	0
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	0	4.09	3	1
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	0	2.02	1	0
Chondrosarcoma A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.41	1	1
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	0	5.59	18	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	0	5.59	18	0
Cancer of the Vulva [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Cancer of the Vagina [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Vaginal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.	0	2.03	1	0
Vulvar Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.	0	2.03	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	2.03	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	0	2.03	1	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	0	2.9	4	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	0	2.9	4	0
Leukemia, Plasmacytic [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Leukemia, Plasma Cell A rare, aggressive variant of MULTIPLE MYELOMA characterized by the circulation of excessive PLASMA CELLS in the peripheral blood. It can be a primary manifestation of multiple myeloma or develop as a terminal complication during the disease.	0	2.41	2	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	0	2.02	1	0
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	0	3.82	2	1
Malignant Hypertension [description not available]	0	4.13	6	0
Chemodectoma [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Hypertension, Malignant A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.	0	4.13	6	0
Foot Ulcer Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.	0	2.03	1	0
Brain Thrombosis [description not available]	0	2.94	1	0
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	3.35	2	0
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.92	4	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	0	2.94	1	0
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Vision, Diminished [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	0	2.03	1	0
Clubbed Fingers [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	0	4.15	6	0
Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.	0	2.03	1	0
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system.	0	2.03	1	0
Hypoalbuminemia A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).	0	2.44	2	0
Neoplasms, Nervous System [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Adenocystic Carcinoma [description not available]	0	3.3	2	0
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.3	2	0
Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.	0	2.03	1	0
Central Hearing Loss [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Angina Pectoris with Normal Coronary Arteriogram [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Indigestion [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	0	2.03	1	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	0	2.44	2	0
Cancer of Duodenum [description not available]	0	3.41	1	1
Paraparesis Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; MUSCULAR DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions.	0	3.42	1	1
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	0	3.42	1	1
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	0	3.42	1	1
Sex Disorders [description not available]	0	6.01	6	1
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	0	6.01	6	1
Headache, Tension [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Tension-Type Headache A common primary headache disorder, characterized by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band-like (or vice-like) PAIN of mild to moderate intensity in the HEAD; SCALP; or NECK. The subtypes are classified by frequency and severity of symptoms. There is no clear cause even though it has been associated with MUSCLE CONTRACTION and stress. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	2.03	1	0
Choroid Neoplasms Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).	0	2.95	1	0
Vestibular Diseases Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.	0	2.03	1	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	0	2.03	1	0
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Axonal Injury, Diffuse [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	4.44	5	0
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis [description not available]	0	3.31	2	0
Familial Mediterranean Fever A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.	0	3.31	2	0
Grippe [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	0	2.03	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).	0	2.03	1	0
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.	0	2.03	1	0
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	0	4.61	6	1
Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with delayed onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	0	2.03	1	0
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	0	2.04	1	0
Mitral Stenosis [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Mitral Valve Stenosis Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.	0	2.91	4	0
French Type Sialuria [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	0	3.8	2	1
Encephalopathy, Hypertensive [description not available]	0	2.95	1	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	0	2.95	1	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	0	2.95	1	0
Blast Phase [description not available]	0	4.75	7	1
Blast Crisis An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.	0	4.75	7	1
Escherichia coli Meningitis [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	0	2.4	2	0
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	0	2.95	1	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	0	3.33	2	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	0	2.04	1	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Splenic Diseases Diseases involving the SPLEEN.	0	3.33	2	0
Splenic Rupture Rupture of the SPLEEN due to trauma or disease.	0	2.04	1	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	0	2.42	2	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.08	5	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	0	3.08	5	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	6.13	6	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	0	6.13	6	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	0	2.04	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	0	2.65	3	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	0	2.65	3	0
Cancer of Parathyroid [description not available]	0	3.59	3	0
Parathyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.	0	3.59	3	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	0	2.69	3	0
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	0	2.04	1	0
Acute Porphyria [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Porphyria Variegata [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine.	0	2.43	2	0
Porphyria, Variegate An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (EC 1.3.3.4) in the LIVER, the seventh enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features include both neurological symptoms and cutaneous lesions. Patients excrete increased levels of porphyrin precursors, COPROPORPHYRINS and protoporphyrinogen.	0	2.04	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	0	3.81	2	1
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	3.81	2	1
Daytime Sleepiness [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)	0	2.04	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	0	2.04	1	0
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	0	2.04	1	0
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	0	2.04	1	0
Cranial Sinus Thrombosis [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Aesthesioneuroblastoma [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory A malignant olfactory neuroblastoma arising from the olfactory epithelium of the superior nasal cavity and cribriform plate. It is uncommon (3% of nasal tumors) and rarely is associated with the production of excess hormones (e.g., SIADH, Cushing Syndrome). It has a high propensity for multiple local recurrences and bony metastases. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3rd ed, p1245; J Laryngol Otol 1998 Jul;112(7):628-33)	0	2.04	1	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	0	3.33	2	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	0	3.33	2	0
Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Hydatid Mole [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Hydatidiform Mole Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.	0	2.04	1	0
Aldosteronism [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Hyperaldosteronism A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.	0	2.64	3	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Kwashiorkor A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.34	2	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	0	3.96	5	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	0	3.96	5	0
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	0	3.75	2	0
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.	0	3.75	2	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.29	7	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	0	5.29	7	0
Glomus Jugulare Tumor A paraganglioma involving the glomus jugulare, a microscopic collection of chemoreceptor tissue in the adventitia of the bulb of the jugular vein. It may cause paralysis of the vocal cords, attacks of dizziness, blackouts, and nystagmus. It is not resectable but radiation therapy is effective. It regresses slowly, but permanent control is regularly achieved. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1603-4)	0	1.96	1	0
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	0	2.88	1	0
Interstitial Cell Tumor [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Androgenization [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Purpura, Thrombopenic [description not available]	0	4.73	7	1
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.	0	4.73	7	1
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Alkalosis, Respiratory A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.05	5	0
Bunostomiasis [description not available]	0	4.59	6	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	0	3.29	2	0
Hookworm Infections Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.	0	4.59	6	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	0	3.29	2	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	0	2.37	2	0
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	0	2.37	2	0
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	0	1.96	1	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	0	9.08	21	4
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	0	9.08	21	4
Anemia, Leukoerythroblastic [description not available]	0	4.44	5	0
Genito-urinary Cancer [description not available]	0	4.97	3	1
Urogenital Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	0	4.97	3	1
Atelectasis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Bagassosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.	0	1.96	1	0
Pneumoconiosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.	0	1.96	1	0
Dermoid [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	0	2.38	2	0
AIDS-Associated Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Lymphoma, AIDS-Related B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including BURKITT LYMPHOMA; IMMUNOBLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; and DIFFUSE, LARGE B-CELL, LYMPHOMA. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation.	0	2.67	3	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	0	7.15	7	2
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	0	7.15	7	2
Polyploid [description not available]	0	4.46	5	0
Hairy Cell Leukemia [description not available]	0	3.59	3	0
Leukemia, Hairy Cell A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.	0	3.59	3	0
Shingles [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.98	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	0	3.57	3	0
Mandibular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.	0	1.98	1	0
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
AIDS, Murine [description not available]	0	2.9	4	0
Ph 1 Chromosome [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	0	3.59	3	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	0	3.59	3	0
ATLL [description not available]	0	3.78	2	1
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	0	3.78	2	1
Anuria Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.	0	2.66	3	0
AIDS Nephropathy [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
AIDS-Associated Nephropathy Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.	0	1.98	1	0
Albers-Schoenberg Disease [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Osteopetrosis Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; OSTEITIS; SPLENOMEGALY with infarct; ANEMIA; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).	0	1.98	1	0
Preleukemia Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria.	0	3.8	4	0
Atypical Chronic Myeloid Leukemia [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Hepatorenal Syndrome Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.	0	1.98	1	0
Failure to Thrive A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.	0	2.9	1	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	0	2.68	3	0
Bladder Neck Obstruction [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Adult Rickets [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Cadmium Poisoning Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.	0	3.78	2	1
Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.	0	3.37	1	1
Low Back Ache [description not available]	0	2.9	1	0
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	0	2.9	1	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	0	4.07	3	0
ARC [description not available]	0	5.66	7	1
AIDS-Related Complex A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.	0	5.66	7	1
Cyst, Lymphatic [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion [description not available]	0	3.97	5	0
Hypopituitarism Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.	0	3.97	5	0
Hyaline Membrane Disease A respiratory distress syndrome in newborn infants, usually premature infants with insufficient PULMONARY SURFACTANTS. The disease is characterized by the formation of a HYALINE-like membrane lining the terminal respiratory airspaces (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and subsequent collapse of the lung (PULMONARY ATELECTASIS).	0	1.98	1	0
Frigidity [description not available]	0	3.31	2	0
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)	0	3.31	2	0
Anti-GBM Disease [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease An autoimmune disease of the KIDNEY and the LUNG. It is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies targeting the epitopes in the non-collagenous domains of COLLAGEN TYPE IV in the basement membranes of kidney glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) and lung alveoli (PULMONARY ALVEOLI), and the subsequent destruction of these basement membranes. Clinical features include pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis.	0	1.98	1	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Infarct of the Spleen [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Mediastinal Diseases Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.	0	1.98	1	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	0	3.98	5	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	0	2.67	3	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	0	3.98	5	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	0	3.82	4	0
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	0	3.82	4	0
CKD-MBD [description not available]	0	5.99	12	0
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.	0	5.99	12	0
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.	0	1.98	1	0
Arachnidism [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Sigmoid [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
AIDS, Simian [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Cot Death [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Amyloid Neuropathies Disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. Familial, primary (nonfamilial), and secondary forms have been described. Some familial subtypes demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Clinical manifestations include sensory loss, mild weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1349)	0	3.77	2	1
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).	0	1.98	1	0
Cystine Diathesis [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Cystinosis A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.	0	1.98	1	0
Sickle Cell Trait The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.	0	4.16	6	0
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	0	1.98	1	0
Oligohydramnios A condition of abnormally low AMNIOTIC FLUID volume. Principal causes include malformations of fetal URINARY TRACT; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION; nicotine poisoning; and PROLONGED PREGNANCY.	0	1.98	1	0
Pulmonary Stenoses [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Esophageal Stricture [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Esophageal Stenosis A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.	0	1.98	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	0	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	0	2.67	3	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Corridor Disease [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone A bone tumor composed of cellular spindle-cell stroma containing scattered multinucleated giant cells resembling osteoclasts. The tumors range from benign to frankly malignant lesions. The tumor occurs most frequently in an end of a long tubular bone in young adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.4	2	0
Achondroplasia, Severe, With Developmental Delay And Acanthosis Nigricans [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Bone Diseases, Developmental Diseases resulting in abnormal GROWTH or abnormal MORPHOGENESIS of BONES.	0	1.99	1	0
Nanism [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency [description not available]	0	3.56	3	0
Familial Precocious Puberty [description not available]	0	3.56	3	0
Achondroplasia An autosomal dominant disorder that is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. Affected individuals exhibit short stature caused by rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, characteristic facies with frontal bossing and mid-face hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, GENU VARUM, and trident hand. (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim, MIM#100800, April 20, 2001)	0	1.99	1	0
Dwarfism A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.	0	1.99	1	0
Dwarfism, Pituitary A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.	0	3.56	3	0
Puberty, Precocious Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.	0	3.56	3	0
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	0	1.99	1	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	0	1.98	1	0
Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous A malignant cystic or semisolid tumor most often occurring in the ovary. Rarely, one is solid. This tumor may develop from a mucinous cystadenoma, or it may be malignant at the onset. The cysts are lined with tall columnar epithelial cells; in others, the epithelium consists of many layers of cells that have lost normal structure entirely. In the more undifferentiated tumors, one may see sheets and nests of tumor cells that have very little resemblance to the parent structure. (Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p184)	0	1.99	1	0
Trypanosomiasis, Bovine Infection in cattle caused by various species of trypanosomes.	0	1.98	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	0	1.99	1	0
Adrenocortical Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.	0	1.99	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	0	1.99	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	0	2.4	2	0
Deficiency, Protein S [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Hospital-Addiction Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Autonomic Failure, Progressive [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	0	1.99	1	0
Calciphylaxes [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	0	3.38	1	1
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	0	1.99	1	0
Chylopericardium [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	0	1.99	1	0
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	0	1.99	1	0
Pyoderma Gangrenosum An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown.	0	1.99	1	0
Neurally Mediated Faint [description not available]	0	4.85	4	0
Cranial Nerve Diseases Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.	0	1.99	1	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.87	4	0
Carcinoma, Embryonal A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)	0	2.4	2	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	0	3.79	2	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	0	3.79	2	0
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	0	1.99	1	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	0	4.28	4	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	0	4.28	4	0
Capillary Leak Syndrome A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.	0	2.91	1	0
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	0	1.99	1	0
Acantholysis Bullosa [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Epidermolysis Bullosa Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.	0	3.38	1	1
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Acquired Storage Pool Disease [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Priapism A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.	0	2.39	2	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Duodenal Diseases Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).	0	1.99	1	0
Altered Level of Consciousness [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	0	2.91	1	0
Mast Cell Activation Disease [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Mastocytosis A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).	0	1.99	1	0
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)	0	1.99	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Nephrosis, Lipoid A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.	0	2	1	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular Type IV [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Delayed Puberty [description not available]	0	2.91	1	0
Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).	0	2.91	1	0
Skin Diseases, Vascular Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.	0	2	1	0
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	0	2.39	2	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	0	3.38	1	1
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Alcohol Problem [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Alcohol-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.	0	2	1	0
Malaria, Avian Any of a group of infections of fowl caused by protozoa of the genera PLASMODIUM, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus. The life cycles of these parasites and the disease produced bears strong resemblance to those observed in human malaria.	0	2	1	0
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.59	3	0
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Neoplasms, Skull [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Hyperprolactinaemia [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Hyperprolactinemia Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)	0	2.39	2	0
Infective Endocarditis [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Endocarditis Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.	0	3.38	1	1
Complications, Labor [description not available]	0	4.35	2	2
Male Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Female Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Hepatoerythropoietic Porphyria [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly) [description not available]	0	3.39	1	1
Acromegaly A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)	0	3.39	1	1
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	0	2.4	2	0
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	0	3.39	1	1
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	0	3.39	1	1
Chordoma A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2	1	0
Eclampsia Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).	0	2.36	2	0
Infections, Lentivirus [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Neoplasms, Vascular [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Germinoma A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the GONADS; MEDIASTINUM; or pineal region. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)	0	2.92	1	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	0	2	1	0
Brittle Bone Disease [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Osteogenesis Imperfecta COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.	0	2	1	0
Cross-Transfusion, Intrauterine [description not available]	0	3.3	2	0
Leukemia, Radiation-Induced Leukemia produced by exposure to IONIZING RADIATION or NON-IONIZING RADIATION.	0	3.59	3	0
Embolism, Fat Blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of CORTICOSTEROIDS.	0	2.92	1	0
Acoustic Neurinoma, Bilateral [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Neurofibromatosis 2 An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a high incidence of bilateral acoustic neuromas as well as schwannomas (NEURILEMMOMA) of other cranial and peripheral nerves, and other benign intracranial tumors including meningiomas, ependymomas, spinal neurofibromas, and gliomas. The disease has been linked to mutations of the NF2 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2) on chromosome 22 (22q12) and usually presents clinically in the first or second decade of life.	0	2	1	0
Infections, Serratia [description not available]	0	2.92	4	0
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
AIDS Dementia Complex A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)	0	1.99	1	0
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.	0	2	1	0
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	3.84	1	0
Encephalomyelitis A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.	0	3.84	1	0
Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.	0	2.92	1	0
Fetomaternal Transfusion Transplacental passage of fetal blood into the circulation of the maternal organism. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.3	2	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	0	4.45	5	0
Siderosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of iron in the mining dust or welding fumes.	0	2.39	2	0
Baltic Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Unverricht-Lundborg Syndrome An autosomal recessive condition characterized by recurrent myoclonic and generalized seizures, ATAXIA, slowly progressive intellectual deterioration, DYSARTHRIA, and intention tremor. Myoclonic seizures are severe and continuous, and tend to be triggered by movement, stress, and sensory stimuli. The age of onset is between 8 and 13 years, and the condition is relatively frequent in the Baltic region, especially Finland. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp109-110)	0	2.01	1	0
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Cancer of Cecum [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)	0	2.01	1	0
Phlebitis, Sagittal Sinus, Septic [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Chondrosteoma [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Melena The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.	0	2.41	2	0
Angiodysplasia Acquired degenerative dilation or expansion (ectasia) of normal BLOOD VESSELS, often associated with aging. They are isolated, tortuous, thin-walled vessels and sources of bleeding. They occur most often in mucosal capillaries of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT leading to GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE and ANEMIA.	0	2.41	2	0
Hematemesis Vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older coffee-ground in character. It generally indicates bleeding of the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	0	2.01	1	0
Cleft Spine [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	0	4.27	4	0
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	0	4.27	4	0
Brill-Symmers Disease [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Lymphoma, Follicular Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.	0	2.92	1	0
Abdominal Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.	0	1.95	1	0
Mesenchymoma A mixed mesenchymal tumor composed of two or more mesodermal cellular elements not commonly associated, not counting fibrous tissue as one of the elements. Mesenchymomas are widely distributed in the body and about 75% are malignant. (Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)	0	2.87	1	0
Adolescent Gynecomastia [description not available]	0	4.02	3	0
Gynecomastia Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.	0	4.02	3	0
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	0	3.27	2	0
Focal Neurologic Deficits [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Armstrong Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	0	2.87	1	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	0	1.95	1	0
Hamartoma A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.	0	1.95	1	0
Collagen Diseases Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)	0	2.37	2	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	0	3.27	2	0
Diabetic Coma A state of unconsciousness as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs in cases of extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA or extreme HYPOGLYCEMIA as a complication of INSULIN therapy.	0	1.95	1	0
Skin Manifestations Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.	0	1.95	1	0
Tuberculosis, Renal Infection of the KIDNEY with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.	0	3.33	1	1
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	0	1.95	1	0
Acid-Base Imbalance Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.	0	1.95	1	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Allotriophagy An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.	0	1.98	1	0
Common Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumor or cancer of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.	0	1.98	1	0
Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.	0	1.98	1	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Leprosy, Cutaneous [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	0	1.98	1	0
Deficiency of GP 2b 3a Complex [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	0	2.67	3	0
Sick Sinus Node Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	0	1.98	1	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	0	2.89	1	0
Familial Felty Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.89	1	0
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Coarctation of Aorta [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Aortic Coarctation A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.	0	2.64	3	0
Disgerminoma [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Dysgerminoma A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646)	0	2.38	2	0
Hypertrichosis Excessive hair growth at inappropriate locations, such as on the extremities, the head, and the back. It is caused by genetic or acquired factors, and is an androgen-independent process. This concept does not include HIRSUTISM which is an androgen-dependent excess hair growth in WOMEN and CHILDREN.	0	1.97	1	0
Mesonephroma A rare tumor of the female genital tract, most often the ovary, formerly considered to be derived from mesonephric rests. Two varieties are recognized: (1) clear cell carcinoma, so called because of its histologic resemblance to renal cell carcinoma, and now considered to be of muellerian duct derivation and (2) an embryonal tumor (called also ENDODERMAL SINUS TUMOR and yolk sac tumor), occurring chiefly in children. The latter variety may also arise in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.97	1	0
Clerambault Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	0	1.97	1	0
Enterocolitis Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.	0	1.97	1	0
Adult Fanconi Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	0	2.89	1	0
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	0	2.89	1	0
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	0	3.28	2	0
Hypergammaglobulinemia An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.	0	1.97	1	0
Periarthritis Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.97	1	0
Giant Cell Tumors Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE.	0	1.96	1	0
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	0	2.88	1	0
Fever of Unknown Origin Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.	0	2.86	1	0
Blood Protein Disorders Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.	0	1.95	1	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	0	1.95	1	0
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome A symptom complex associated with CARCINOID TUMOR and characterized by attacks of severe flushing of the skin, diarrheal watery stools, bronchoconstriction, sudden drops in blood pressure, edema, and ascites. The carcinoid tumors are usually located in the gastrointestinal tract and metastasize to the liver. Symptoms are caused by tumor secretion of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other biologically active substances. Cardiac manifestations constitute CARCINOID HEART DISEASE. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.95	1	0
Hypogalactia A condition of less than normal MILK secretion.	0	2.86	1	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	0	2.86	1	0
Hemangiopericytoma A tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. Benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1364)	0	2.86	1	0
Deficiency, Riboflavin [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	0	1.95	1	0
Tuberculosis, Miliary An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.	0	2.86	1	0
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.	0	2.86	1	0
Gangliocytoma [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Erythroplasia A condition of the mucous membrane characterized by erythematous papular lesions.	0	1.94	1	0
Sarcoma 37 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	0	2.86	1	0
Ureteral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETERS.	0	2.86	1	0
Lymphocytosis Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.	0	2.35	2	0
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Craniopharyngioma A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)	0	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	0	1.94	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.94	1	0
Biliary Fistula Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.	0	2.35	2	0
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	0	1.94	1	0
Leukemoid Reaction A peripheral blood picture resembling that of leukemia or indistinguishable from it on the basis of morphologic appearance alone. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.94	1	0
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	0	1.94	1	0
Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome HYPOVENTILATION syndrome in very obese persons with excessive ADIPOSE TISSUE around the ABDOMEN and DIAPHRAGM. It is characterized by diminished to absent ventilatory chemoresponsiveness; chronic HYPOXIA; HYPERCAPNIA; POLYCYTHEMIA; and long periods of sleep during day and night (HYPERSOMNOLENCE). It is a condition often related to OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA but can occur separately.	0	1.94	1	0
Infant Malnutrition Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.	0	2.35	2	0
Angiomatosis A condition with multiple tumor-like lesions caused either by congenital or developmental malformations of BLOOD VESSELS, or reactive vascular proliferations, such as in bacillary angiomatosis. Angiomatosis is considered non-neoplastic.	0	1.94	1	0
Pyelitis Inflammation of the KIDNEY PELVIS and KIDNEY CALICES where urine is collected before discharge, but does not involve the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS) where urine is processed.	0	1.94	1	0

losartan potassium

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