Compounds > urea
Page last updated: 2024-11-04

urea

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Description

pseudourea: clinical use; structure [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID1176
CHEMBL ID985
CHEBI ID16199
CHEBI ID48376
CHEBI ID48379
MeSH IDM0022315

Synonyms (304)

Synonym
AKOS009031424
karbamid
harnstoff
e927b
CHEBI:16199 ,
uree
h2nc(o)nh2
nsc34375
prespersion, 75 urea
ultra mide
urevert
carbaderm
alphadrate
component of artra ashy skin cream
ureophil
carbonyldiamine
wln: zvz
carbamide resin
urepearl
pastaron
b-i-k
nci-c02119
aquacare hp
calmurid
aquadrate
carbamimidic acid
carbonyldiamide
ur
nsc-34375
pseudourea
isourea
keratinamin
ureaphil
DIVK1C_000086
KBIO1_000086
C0165
urea (jp17/usp)
D00023
pastaron (tn)
panafil
SPECTRUM_000672
BSPBIO_003341
urea, puriss. p.a., acs reagent, reag. ph. eur., >=99.5%
URE ,
IDI1_000086
SPECTRUM5_001862
inchi=1/ch4n2o/c2-1(3)4/h(h4,2,3,4
epa pesticide chemical code 085702
elaqua xx
benural 70
pastaron soft
eucerin 10% urea lotion
varioform ii
ureacin-20
urea (8ci,9ci)
carmol 40
aqua care
urea perhydrate
aqua care hp
pastaron 20 soft
ccris 989
pastaron 10
optigen 1200
carbonyl diamide
keratinamin kowa
aquacare
hsdb 163
urepeal l
ureacin-40 creme
urepeal
rubinol st 010
onychomal
pastaron 20
hyanit
supercel 3000
ai3-01202
caswell no. 902
ureacin-10 lotion
NCGC00090892-01
urea [jan]
nsc 34375
harnstoff [german]
einecs 200-315-5
mocovina [czech]
basodexan
C00086
UREA ,
carbamide
57-13-6
carmol
urea, powder, bioreagent, for molecular biology, suitable for cell culture
urea, for electrophoresis
urea, bioreagent, suitable for cell culture
urea, acs reagent, 99.0-100.5%
urea, meets usp testing specifications
urea, bioxtra, ph 7.5-9.5 (20 c, 5 m in h2o)
urea, 8 m (after reconstitution with 16 ml high purity water)
DB03904
NCGC00090892-03
NCGC00090892-02
nutraplus
KBIO3_002843
KBIO2_006288
KBIO2_001152
KBIOSS_001152
KBIOGR_001775
KBIO2_003720
SPECTRUM3_001791
SPBIO_001263
SPECTRUM2_001192
SPECTRUM4_001168
NINDS_000086
SPECTRUM1500604
smr000499585
MLS001076688
NCGC00090892-04
bdbm24961
isoharnstoff
h2n-c(oh)=nh
h2n-c(=nh)-oh
ho-c(=nh)-nh2
4744-36-9
CHEBI:48376 ,
carbamimic acid
carbonamidimidic acid
urea, reagentplus(r), >=99.5%, pellets
urea, bioultra, for molecular biology, >=99.5% (t)
6E4EB293-4363-4D38-BF3B-1397372C31E5
HMS2092C08
U0077
ins-927a
ins no.927a
azodicarboxylic acid-diamide
e-927a
CHEMBL985
urea, acs
HMS500E08
HMS1921I17
NCGC00090892-05
NCGC00090892-06
tox21_202158
NCGC00254181-01
tox21_300035
NCGC00259707-01
U0073
nsc757375
nsc-757375
pharmakon1600-01500604
dtxsid4021426 ,
dtxcid901426
tox21_111036
cas-57-13-6
carbamimidic acid (van)
37955-36-5
HMS2232P21
S3687
CCG-40265
FT-0675738
8w8t17847w ,
unii-8w8t17847w
antisepsis bolus
sterile urea
urea [usp:jan]
mocovina
ec 200-315-5
cerovel
FT-0645129
urea [mart.]
urea [usp-rs]
urea [ii]
urea component of carmol hc
alphaderm component urea
urea [ep monograph]
urea [vandf]
fluorouracil impurity g [ep impurity]
urea component of alphaderm
urea component of u-cort
urea [hpus]
urea [who-dd]
carmol hc component urea
allantoin impurity b [ep impurity]
u-cort component urea
urea [hsdb]
calmurid hc component urea
urea component of calmurid hc
urea [usp monograph]
urea [inci]
urea [orange book]
urea [fcc]
urea [mi]
urea [usp impurity]
urea-18o
gtpl4539
aminoketone
h2n-co-nh2
ureum
amino ketone
(nh2)2co
amino-ketone
3138-51-0
bubber shet
component of artra ashy skin cream (salt/mix)
panafil (salt/mix)
cerovel (salt/mix)
uroderm
carbonyl diamine
AB00052123_05
HY-Y0271
urea, molecular biology reagent
urea, ultrapure
mfcd00008022
F0001-1490
urea a.c.s. reagent grade
M02656
e-cardamoni
SR-01000762961-2
sr-01000762961
urea, >=99.0%
urea, jis special grade, >=99.0%
urea, saj first grade, >=98.0%
urea, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
urea, tested according to ph.eur.
urea, analytical standard
urea, reagentplus(r), >=99.5%
D70446
urea, ar, >=99%
urea, vetec(tm) reagent grade, 99%
urea, nist srm 2152, combustion calorimetric standard
urea, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
urea, lr, >=99%
urea, p.a.
urea, p.a., acs reagent, 99.0-100.5%
urea, puriss., 99.5%
urea, nist(r) srm(r) 2141
urea, nist(r) srm(r) 912a, clinical standard
SBI-0051552.P002
beta-i-k
urea, british pharmacopoeia (bp) reference standard
urea, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
CS-B1800
FT-0675737
urea,(s)
Q48318
4,4-(3-oxapentanediyldioxy)dibenzaldehyde
BCP30439
basodexan pound>>carmol pound>>carbamide
STL194286
STR00449
AMY37159
carbamide;carbonyldiamide
urea 100 microg/ml in methanol
EN300-19456
urea 40 percent
intrauterine bolus
urea (usp-rs)
urea (usp:jan)
urea 40 nail gel
after-birth
bare 40 ha
urea 20
urea cream 41%
vanamide
fluorouracil impurity g (ep impurity)
urea 47% cream
urea (ii)
allantoin impurity b (ep impurity)
ure-k
urea cream 40%
lanaphilic
utercleanse
urea (mart.)
urea (usp impurity)
clear 40
nimin
urea 40%
urea 41%
ure-39
uremol
clear 50 nail gel
bare 40 plus ha
clean-up
urea hydrating topical
pesticide code: 085702
urea foam
umecta mousseurea
rynoderm
bare 20
uremol 20% cream
urea (usp monograph)
bare 40 sa
urea 40
urea (ep monograph)
urea 39.5%
clear 40 plus ha
isoureas
protexa
bare 40
xurea
urea 39% cream
chebi:48379
urea 40 plus ha
cem-urea
urea, 2m
carbamide solution

Research Excerpts

Overview

Urea cream is a safe and viable topical prevention strategy that can reduce the incidence of high-grade HFS in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Urea is an attractive drug target for designing anti-infective agents against pathogens such as Helicobacter pylori.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Urea cream is a safe and viable topical prevention strategy that can reduce the incidence of high-grade HFS in patients undergoing chemotherapy. "( Effect of Urea Cream on Hand-Foot Syndrome in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy: A Meta-analysis.
Huang, TW; Lan, TC; Tam, KW; Tsou, PH, )		1.98
"Urea is a cheap reductant and can react with NO"( Simultaneous removal of NO, SO
Chen, Q; Deng, M; Li, D; Wu, S; Xiao, Z; Zhu, Q, 2023)		1.63
"Urea is a byproduct of the urea cycle in metabolism and is excreted through urine and sweat. "( Colorimetric determination of urea using diacetyl monoxime with strong acids.
Bugbee, B; Langenfeld, NJ; Payne, LE, 2021)		2.35
"Urease is an attractive drug target for designing anti-infective agents against pathogens such as Helicobacter pylori, Proteus mirabilis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. "( Recent Efforts in the Discovery of Urease Inhibitor Identifications.
Li, SY; Liu, ML; Song, WQ; Xiao, ZP, 2022)		2.44
"The urea cycle is an ancient attribute that deals with ammonia excess in terrestrial species."( Acute hypoxia elevates arginase 2 and induces polyamine stress response in zebrafish via evolutionarily conserved mechanism.
Banerjee, B; Karasik, D; Khrystoforova, I; Polis, B; Zvi, IB, 2021)		1.1
"Urea transporter is a membrane transport protein. "( A critical analysis of urea transporter B inhibitors: molecular fingerprints, pharmacophore features for the development of next-generation diuretics.
Amin, SA; Gayen, S; Jha, T; Kashaw, SK; Nandi, S, 2022)		2.47
"Urea is a compound widely used as a feed additive for ruminants; however, when used profusely, it can lead animals to intoxication. "( A new feed additive composed of urea and soluble carbohydrate coated with wax for controlled release in ruminal fluid.
de Oliveira, LCS; de Queiroz, JF; Dias, AM; Dos Santos Difante, G; Dos Santos, GT; Inácio, AG; Ítavo, CCBF; Ítavo, LCV, 2022)		2.45
"Urease is an enzyme produced by diverse bacterial species including normal flora, non pathogens, and pathogens such as Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae Helicobacter spp and Helicobacter pylori. "( Urease, Gastric Bacteria and Gastritis.
Kolopaking, MS, 2022)		3.61
"Urea is a component of tear fluid showing a significantly decreased concentration in dry eye disease. "( Urea transporter-B expression on the ocular surface and in the lacrimal glands.
Bergua, A; Hammer, CM; Jäger, F; Jungbauer, R; Paulsen, F, 2022)		3.61
"Urea has shown to be a safe and cost-effective option for the treatment of hyponatremia caused by SIADH."( Clinical efficacy of urea treatment in syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.
Domínguez-Escribano, JR; López-Penabad, L; Mirete-López, RM; Perelló-Camacho, E; Pinedo-Esteban, MR; Pomares-Gómez, FJ, 2022)		1.76
"Urease is an enzyme of historical importance in the field of biochemistry, generally microbial and plant urease is the primary sources of urease. "( Investigating purification and activity analysis of urease enzyme extracted from jack bean source: A green chemistry approach.
Bhande, D; Kaushik, A; Kumar, A; Mudila, H; Pawar, SD; Pawar, VS, 2022)		2.41
"Milk urea concentration is an indicator for dietary nitrogen (N)-supply and urinary N-excretion. "( Hepatic urea, creatinine and uric acid metabolism in dairy cows with divergent milk urea concentrations.
Albrecht, D; Koch, F; Kuhla, B; Müller, CBM; Prahl, MC; Wimmers, K, 2022)		1.67
"Urea is a safe, cost-effective, long-term treatment for SIADH in infants who are unable to fluid restrict due to caloric goals."( Urea as safe treatment for hyponatremia due to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone in infant with solitary central incisor and neurofibromatosis-1.
Cui, J; Halpin, K; Paprocki, E, 2023)		3.8
"The urea cycle (UC) is an essential pathway to convert excess nitrogen and ammonia into the less toxic urea in humans."( p53 inhibits the Urea cycle and represses polyamine biosynthesis in glioma cell lines.
Chen, Y; Liu, Q; Ran, J; Wang, K; Wei, L; Zhao, Y; Zhu, S, 2023)		1.73
"Urease is an enzyme containing a dinuclear nickel active center responsible for the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia. "( Urea Decomposition Mechanism by Dinuclear Nickel Complexes.
Andrade, LH; Freitas, RS; Lopez-Castillo, A; Martins, CO; Netto, CGCM; Sebastiany, LK; Toma, HE, 2023)		3.8
"Urease is a metalloenzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea, and its modulation has an important role in both the agricultural and medical industry. "( Using Machine Learning and Molecular Docking to Leverage Urease Inhibition Data for Virtual Screening.
Albuquerque, TS; Aniceto, N; Bonifácio, VDB; Guedes, RC; Martinho, N, 2023)		2.6
"The urea breath test is a non-invasive diagnostic method for "( Raman Spectroscopy for Urea Breath Test.
Kovalev, A; Polishchuk, A; Popov, E; Vitkin, V, 2023)		1.78
"Urea is an important and efficient N source for Prochlorococcus."( Structural and molecular basis for urea recognition by Prochlorococcus.
Cao, HY; Chen, XL; Ding, HT; Fu, HH; Li, CY; Liu, NH; Liu, ZK; Sun, ML; Suo, CL; Wang, C; Wang, P; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YZ; Zhu, WJ, 2023)		1.91
"Ureas are an important functional group in small molecule drugs as well as having wider applications in organic chemistry. "( Conformational study into N-alkyl-N'-aryl ureas to inform drug discovery.
Bon, M; Mackenzie, ES; Martin, MP; Stewart, HL; Waddell, PG; Wang, LZ; Waring, MJ; Wills, C, 2023)		2.62
"Urea is a common milk adulterant that falsely increases its protein content. "( A simple smartphone-assisted paper-based colorimetric biosensor for the detection of urea adulteration in milk based on an environment-friendly pH-sensitive nanocomposite.
Dadmehr, M; Golbashy, M; Hosseini, M; Sabahi, H; Shalileh, F, 2023)		2.58
"Urea is a non-protein nitrogen compound, authorised in the EU as a nutritional source of nitrogen in animal feed intended for ruminants with a functional rumen. "( A comparison of analytical methods for the determination of urea in yeast-based food and feed ingredients.
Dillon, GP; Flannelly, L; Moran, CA, 2019)		2.2
"Urease activity is a widely distributed activity in S."( Development of a milk-based medium for the selection of urease-defective mutants of Streptococcus thermophilus.
Arioli, S; Mora, D; Pedersen, MB; Ricci, G; Scala, GD; Volontè, F, 2019)		1.48
"Urea Transporters are a family of membrane channel proteins that facilitate the passive transport of urea across the plasma membrane. "( Urea Transporters Identified as Novel Diuretic Drug Targets.
Li, M; Yang, B; Zhang, S, 2020)		3.44
"Urea is a strong denaturing osmolyte that disrupts noncovalent bonds in proteins. "( Reduced Internal Friction by Osmolyte Interaction in Intrinsically Disordered Myelin Basic Protein.
Biehl, R; Changwoo, D; Richter, D; Stadler, AM; Stingaciu, LR, 2020)		2
"Urease is a virulence factor for the urinary tract pathogens Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Proteus mirabilis. "( Inhibition of urease activity in the urinary tract pathogens Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Proteus mirabilis by dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).
Deutch, CE, 2020)		2.36
"Urea transporters are a family of urea-selective channel proteins expressed in multiple tissues that play an important role in the urine-concentrating mechanism of the mammalian kidney. "( The urea transporter UT-A1 plays a predominant role in a urea-dependent urine-concentrating mechanism.
Chen, G; Geng, X; He, J; Li, M; Li, Y; Ma, A; Yang, B; Zhang, S; Zhou, H, 2020)		2.56
"Urea is a cost-effective replacement for feed proteins in ruminant diets. "( Metagenomic analysis reveals significant differences in microbiome and metabolic profiles in the rumen of sheep fed low N diet with increased urea supplementation.
Li, Z; Shen, J; Xu, Y; Zhu, W, 2020)		2.2
"Urea is an emollient widely used in clinical dermatology to moisturise and protect the skin. "( Non-invasive assessment of urea efficacy: A review.
Berardesca, E; Cameli, N, 2020)		2.3
"Urea appears to be a key intermediate of important prebiotic synthetic pathways. "( Prebiotic Origin of Pre-RNA Building Blocks in a Urea "Warm Little Pond" Scenario.
Bouza, M; Burcar, BT; Fernández, FM; Fialho, DM; Hud, NV; Menor Salván, C, 2020)		2.26
"Urea is a hygroscopic molecule that, because of its moisturising properties, is topically used for the treatment of skin dryness at concentrations ranging from 2% to 12% in different formulations. "( Clinical evidences of urea at low concentration.
Lacarrubba, F; Micali, G; Nasca, MR; Puglisi, DF, 2020)		2.32
"Urea is a well-known moisturiser and keratolytic topical agent. "( Urea-containing topical formulations.
Annunziata, MC; Cacciapuoti, S; Cosentino, C; Fabbrocini, G, 2020)		3.44
"Urea is a major component of many daily skincare products which is widely used. "( Mode of action of urea.
Dirschka, T, 2020)		2.33
"Urea (carbamide) is an organic compound made up of the carbonyl (C=O) functional group with two -NH"( Urea biosensors: A comprehensive review.
Botewad, SN; Gaikwad, DK; Girhe, NB; Pawar, PP; Thorat, HN, 2023)		3.07
"Urease is an enzyme associated with the degradation of urea, an important nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture. "( Paper-based analytical device with colorimetric detection for urease activity determination in soils and evaluation of potential inhibitors.
Coltro, WKT; de Fátima, Â; Oliveira, KA; Santos, JCC; Tavares, MC, 2021)		2.3
"Urea removal is an important process in household wastewater purification and hemodialysis treatment. "( Conversion and characterization of activated carbon fiber derived from palm empty fruit bunch waste and its kinetic study on urea adsorption.
Cheah, WK; Ooi, CH; Pung, SY; Sim, YL; Yeoh, FY, 2017)		2.1
"Ureas are an important class of bioactive organic compounds in organic chemistry and exist widely in natural products, agricultural pesticides, uron herbicides, pharmaceuticals. "( Synthesis of Ureas from CO
Li, Y; Wang, H; Xin, Z, 2017)		2.27
"Urea is an essential osmolyte for marine cartilaginous fishes. "( Distributional shift of urea production site from the extraembryonic yolk sac membrane to the embryonic liver during the development of cloudy catshark (Scyliorhinus torazame).
Hasegawa, K; Hyodo, S; Kajimura, M; Ogawa, S; Takagi, W; Tanaka, H, 2017)		2.2
"Urea is a widespread organic pollutant, which can be a nitrogen source, playing different roles in the growth of submerged macrophytes depending on concentrations, while high cadmium (Cd) concentrations are often toxic to macrophytes. "( Modulation of cadmium-induced phytotoxicity in Cabomba caroliniana by urea involves photosynthetic metabolism and antioxidant status.
Huang, W; Li, W; Shao, H; Xing, W; Zhou, Q; Zhou, S, 2017)		2.13
"The urea Breath-test is a widely-used method to detect the presence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection. "( Comparison of two methods for the in-vivo diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection using a tablet of 13C-urea.
Alfieri, MF; Allocca, M; Danese, S; Fiorino, G; Furfaro, F; Gilardi, D; Orlandi, I, 2017)		1.23
"Urea is an important intermediate in the synthesis of carcinogenic ethyl carbamate in various food fermentations. "( Urea production by yeasts other than Saccharomyces in food fermentation.
Cui, K; Lin, J; Wu, Q; Xu, Y; Zhu, Y, 2017)		3.34
"FEUrea is a promising tool for the differential diagnosis of AKI in patients with cirrhosis. "( Fractional excretion of urea: A simple tool for the differential diagnosis of acute kidney injury in cirrhosis.
Bajaj, JS; Carl, D; Kang, L; Patidar, KR; Sanyal, AJ, 2018)		1.51
"Urea is an important precursor of the harmful carcinogenic product ethyl carbamate in fermented wines. "( Metabolic engineering of arginine permeases to reduce the formation of urea in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Hu, X; Zhang, P, 2018)		2.16
"Urea is a strong protein destabilizing agent, whereas TMAO is known to counteract urea's deleterious effects."( Noncovalent Interactions between Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO), Urea, and Water.
Bethea, J; Boland, C; Boutwell, L; Cauley, J; Hammer, NI; Magers, DH; Prather, JC; Smith, SA; Verville, GA; Warren, KE; Zetterholm, SG, 2018)		1.44
"Urease is a potent metalloenzyme with diverse applications. "( Extracellular urease from Arthrobacter creatinolyticus MTCC 5604: scale up, purification and its cytotoxic effect thereof.
Kuppuswami, GM; Niraikulam, A; Pandi, A; Panneerselvam, J; Rajendran, R; Ramchary, A; Ramudu, KN; Thiagarajan, H, 2019)		2.32
"The urea breath test is a method of high sensitivity and specificity."( Can urea breath test (UBT) replace rapid urea test (RUT)?
Bryk, P; Czyż, A; Głuszek, S; Kozieł, D; Nawacki, Ł; Stępień, R, 2018)		1.52
"The urea cycle is an endogenous source of arginine that also supports removal of nitrogenous waste following protein metabolism. "( Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) urea cycle and polyamine synthesis gene families show dynamic expression responses to inflammation.
Clark, TC; Macqueen, DJ; Martin, SAM; Tinsley, J, 2019)		1.35
"Urea is a widely used nitrogen (N) fertilizer in agriculture, but considerable amounts of urea are lost through ammonia volatilization. "( Long-term urea fertilization alters the composition and increases the abundance of soil ureolytic bacterial communities in an upland soil.
Hu, C; Li, W; Liu, B; Sun, R, 2019)		2.36
"Urea is a substance that is not properly removed by the unit processes in UPW production systems."( Evaluation of urea removal by persulfate with UV irradiation in an ultrapure water production system.
Choi, J; Chung, J, 2019)		1.6
"Urea proved to be an effective plasticizer of the matrix and films became more flexible with storage time."( Eco-compatible cassava starch films for fertilizer controlled-release.
García, MA; Urriza, M; Versino, F, 2019)		1.24
"Urea level is an independent predictor of positive endoscopic findings in presumed UGIB, and urea ≥10 mmol/L may be a useful threshold to help guide clinicians towards clinically significant bleeding that could warrant early endoscopic evaluation."( Is Blood Urea Concentration an Independent Predictor of Positive Endoscopic Findings in Presumed Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding?
Chopra, D; Moayyedi, P; Narula, N; Rosenberg, M, 2020)		2.42
"Urea/water is an archetypical "biological" mixture and is especially well-known for its relevance to protein thermodynamics as urea acts as a protein denaturant at high concentration. "( Structure and dynamics of urea/water mixtures investigated by vibrational spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation.
Buchanan, LE; Carr, JK; Schmidt, JR; Skinner, JL; Zanni, MT, 2013)		2.13
"Urea is a waste product of the breakdown of amino acids and is excreted by the kidneys."( [Plasma urea along with every plasma creatinine test?].
van Zwam, M; Wetzels, JF; Willems, HL, 2013)		1.55
"Urea is an organic compound that has been used clinically for dermatological diseases for more than a century. "( Urea: a comprehensive review of the clinical literature.
Bernardo, S; Heinecke, G; Levitt, J; Pan, M; Tsui, C, 2013)		3.28
"Urea is a safe, effective dermatologic therapy with wide-ranging clinical utility and minimal, non-systemic side effects. "( Urea: a comprehensive review of the clinical literature.
Bernardo, S; Heinecke, G; Levitt, J; Pan, M; Tsui, C, 2013)		3.28
"Urea synthesis is an energy-intensive process and hence uncommon among air-breathing teleosts."( Excretory nitrogen metabolism and defence against ammonia toxicity in air-breathing fishes.
Chew, SF; Ip, YK, 2014)		1.12
"Urea proved to be an effective nitrogen supplement for cultivation of C."( The optimization of biomass and lipid yields of Chlorella sorokiniana when using wastewater supplemented with different nitrogen sources.
Bux, F; Guldhe, A; Ramanna, L; Rawat, I, 2014)		1.12
"Urea serves as an indirect ammonium ion source, and the controlled supply of the ammonium ion slows the crystalline formation process and enables the production of the LPTNs from amorphous intermediate through aging-induced restructuring."( Layered protonated titanate nanosheets synthesized with a simple one-step, low-temperature, urea-modulated method as an effective pollutant adsorbent.
Lin, CH; Lu, SY; Wong, DS, 2014)		1.34
"Urea transporters are a family of membrane proteins that transport urea molecules across cell membranes and play important roles in a variety of physiological processes. "( Computation and simulation of the structural characteristics of the kidney urea transporter and behaviors of urea transport.
Sang, JP; Wang, Z; Yan, C; Yu, T; Zou, X; Zou, XW, 2015)		2.09
"Urea is a versatile building block that can be modified to self-assemble into a multitude of structures. "( Crystalline Bis-urea Nanochannel Architectures Tailored for Single-File Diffusion Studies.
Akel, C; Bhase, H; Bowers, CR; Dvoyashkin, M; Geer, MF; Salpage, SR; Shimizu, LS, 2015)		2.21
"Urea is a strong denaturant and inhibits many enzymes but is accumulated intracellularly at very high concentrations (up to 3-4 M) in mammalian kidney and in many marine fishes. "( A current perspective on the compensatory effects of urea and methylamine on protein stability and function.
Dar, TA; Rahman, S; Singh, LR; Warepam, M, 2015)		2.11
"Urea is an important source of nitrogen (N) for the growth and development of plants. "( CsNIP2;1 is a Plasma Membrane Transporter from Cucumis sativus that Facilitates Urea Uptake When Expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana.
Du, X; Vatamaniuk, OK; Yan, J; Zhang, L, 2016)		2.1
"The urea NH moiety is a favorable hydrogen bond donor, while the urea oxygen atom is regarded as an excellent acceptor."( Diaryl Urea: A Privileged Structure in Anticancer Agents.
Bottegoni, G; Ferraro, M; Garuti, L; Roberti, M, 2016)		1.37
"Urea is an important hygroscopic component of the epidermis, where it participates in the maintenance of skin hydration as part of the skin's source of natural moisturizing factor (NMF) in the outer most layers. "( Urea: A Clinically Oriented Overview from Bench to Bedside.
Friedman, AJ; Meckfessel, MH; von Grote, EC, 2016)		3.32
"Urea is an old uremic toxin which has been used for many years as a global biomarker of CKD severity and dialysis adequacy. "( Reconsidering the Lack of Urea Toxicity in Dialysis Patients.
Massy, ZA; Pietrement, C; Touré, F, 2016)		2.18
"Urea synthesis is an essential metabolic liver function that plays a key regulatory role in nitrogen homeostasis."( Alcoholic Hepatitis Markedly Decreases the Capacity for Urea Synthesis.
Aagaard, NK; Glavind, E; Grønbæk, H; Møller, HJ; Orntoft, NW; Thomsen, KL; Vilstrup, H, 2016)		1.4
"Urea is an important organic cosolute with implications in maintaining osmotic stress in cells and differentially stabilizing ensembles of folded biomolecules. "( Equilibrium Denaturation and Preferential Interactions of an RNA Tetraloop with Urea.
García, AE; Miner, JC, 2017)		2.12
"Urea is an important precursor in the formation of ethyl carbamate, a known carcinogen in alcoholic beverages. "( Spectrophotometric determination of urea in sugar cane distilled spirits.
Glória, MB; Labanca, RA, 2008)		2.06
"Urea is a non-volatile molecule ex vivo and EBC urea depends on its concentrations in plasma."( Urea in exhaled breath condensate of uraemics and patients with chronic airway diseases.
Acampa, O; Andreoli, R; Bertorelli, G; Corradi, M; David, S; Folesani, G; Franchini, I; Goldoni, M; Manini, P, 2008)		2.51
"Urea is an important and dynamic natural component of marine nitrogen cycling and also a major contributor to anthropogenic eutrophication of coastal ecosystems, yet little is known about the identities or diversity of ureolytic marine microorganisms. "( Diversity of urea-degrading microorganisms in open-ocean and estuarine planktonic communities.
Baker, KM; Bell, SL; Collier, JL, 2009)		2.16
"Urea amidolyase is an energy-dependent biotin-containing enzyme."( Evolutionary aspects of urea utilization by fungi.
Harris, SD; Navarathna, DH; Nickerson, KW; Roberts, DD, 2010)		1.39
"Urea is an important osmolyte in marine elasmobranchs and must be reduced in dilute environments."( Freshwater elasmobranchs: a review of their physiology and biochemistry.
Ballantyne, JS; Robinson, JW, 2010)		1.08
"Urea clearance is a new technique for continuous monitoring of alterations in blood flow and metabolic markers with acceptable temporal characteristics."( Urea clearance: a new technique based on microdialysis to assess liver blood flow studied in a pig model of ischemia/reperfusion.
Farnebo, S; Gullstrand, P; Samuelsson, A; Sandström, P; Sjöberg, F; Theodorson, E; Winbladh, A; Zettersten, EK, 2010)		2.52
"Urea is a byproduct of protein degradation, which is known to be inhibited by insulin."( Analyte flux at a biomaterial-tissue interface over time: implications for sensors for type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus.
Adamson, U; Brismar, K; Ekberg, NR; Hedblad, MA; Malmstedt, J; Ungerstedt, U; Wisniewski, N, 2010)		1.08
"Urease is a complex enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbonic acid."( Alkalizing reactions streamline cellular metabolism in acidogenic microorganisms.
Arioli, S; Daffonchio, D; De Noni, I; Fessas, D; Guglielmetti, S; Karp, M; Mora, D; Mulas, L; Oggioni, M; Ragg, E; Scaglioni, L; Signorelli, M, 2010)		1.08
"Urea is a commonly used protein denaturant, and it is of great interest to determine its interaction with various protein groups to elucidate the molecular basis of its effect on protein stability. "( Backbone and side-chain contributions in protein denaturation by urea.
Canchi, DR; García, AE, 2011)		2.05
"Urea is a plant metabolite derived either from root uptake or from catabolism of arginine by arginase. "( Urea metabolism in plants.
Witte, CP, 2011)		3.25
"Ureadin Rx 10 is a topical hydrating and emollient lotion formulation."( Efficacy of topical hydrating and emollient lotion containing 10% urea ISDIN® plus dexpanthenol (Ureadin Rx 10) in the treatment of skin xerosis and pruritus in hemodialyzed patients: an open prospective pilot trial.
Castello, M; Milani, M, 2011)		1.33
"Urea is a common ingredient of the diets of intensively fed lambs, but is increasingly required for industrial processes. "( Responses to graded replacement of urea by maize steep liquor in diets for intensively fed lambs for meat production.
Phillips, CJ; Sarwar, M; Shahzad, MA, 2012)		2.1
"Urea is an endogenous metabolite, known to enhance stratum corneum hydration. "( Urea uptake enhances barrier function and antimicrobial defense in humans by regulating epidermal gene expression.
Brenden, H; Elias, PM; Felsner, I; Grether-Beck, S; Hupe, M; Jaenicke, T; Kohne, Z; Krutmann, J; Majora, M; Marini, A; Rodriguez-Martin, M; Trullas, C, 2012)		3.26
"Urea appears to be a stronger marker of an adverse prognosis than creatinine-based measures of renal function."( Renal dysfunction in acute and chronic heart failure: prevalence, incidence and prognosis.
Antony, R; Carubelli, V; Castiello, T; Cleland, JG; Pellicori, P; Yassin, A, 2012)		1.1
"Urea functions as a key osmolyte in the urinary concentrating mechanism of the inner medulla. "( Monitoring urea transport in rat kidney in vivo using hyperpolarized ¹³C magnetic resonance imaging.
Bok, RA; Kurhanewicz, J; Sands, JM; Vigneron, DB; von Morze, C, 2012)		2.21
"Urea accumulation is a universal response to osmotic challenge in anuran amphibians, and facilitative urea transporters (UTs) seem to play an important role in this process by acting in the osmoregulatory organs to mediate urea retention. "( Seasonal variation and response to osmotic challenge in urea transporter expression in the dehydration- and freeze-tolerant wood frog, Rana sylvatica.
Costanzo, JP; Lee, RE; Rosendale, AJ, 2012)		2.07
"Urea is a widely used denaturant in protein folding studies, and the molecular mechanism of its action has been vigorously debated in the literature."( Cosolvent effects on protein stability.
Canchi, DR; García, AE, 2013)		1.11
"As urea is a major contributor to the separation buffer viscosity, reducing its concentration is desirable both for increase in the separation speed and easier solution replacement from the capillary."( DNA sequencing of close to 1000 bases in 40 minutes by capillary electrophoresis using dimethyl sulfoxide and urea as denaturants in replaceable linear polyacrylamide solutions.
He, H; Karger, BL; Kotler, L; Miller, AW, 2002)		1.04
"Urea is a natural protein degradation product widely used in keratolytic preparations due to its property to promote fibrinogen decomposition and to act as a proteolytic agent dissolving and denaturing proteins. "( Testing keratolytic effect of carbamide in various vehicles.
Toskić-Radojicić, M, )		1.57
"Urea is a major nitrogen source for commensal bacteria that inhabit the large intestine. "( Urea movement across mouse colonic plasma membranes is mediated by UT-A urea transporters.
Fenton, RA; Smith, CP; Stewart, GS; Thévenod, F, 2004)		3.21
"Urea is a common chemical denaturant of proteins, yet some animals contain high concentrations of urea."( Counteraction of urea-induced protein denaturation by trimethylamine N-oxide: a chemical chaperone at atomic resolution.
Bennion, BJ; Daggett, V, 2004)		1.38
"The urea breath test is a non-invasive, simple and safe test which provides excellent accuracy both for the initial diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection and for the confirmation of its eradication after treatment. "( Review article: 13C-urea breath test in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection -- a critical review.
Gisbert, JP; Pajares, JM, 2004)		1.21
"Urease is an intracytoplasmic enzyme and should therefore be independent of the external pH."( Environmental pH as an important factor for the distribution of urease positive ammonia-oxidizing bacteria.
Koops, HP; Pommerening-Röser, A, 2005)		1.29
"Urea is a well-known destabilizing agent for biopolymers like proteins and molecular aggregates like micelles and reverse micelles. "( Stabilizing effect of low concentrations of urea on reverse micelles.
Basak, S; Chakraborty, A; Sarkar, M, 2005)		2.03
"Urease is a nickel-containing urea hydrolase involved in nitrogen recycling from ureide, purine, and arginine catabolism in plants. "( Identification of three urease accessory proteins that are required for urease activation in Arabidopsis.
Romeis, T; Rosso, MG; Witte, CP, 2005)		2.08
"The urea breath test is a noninvasive and very accurate test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. "( 13C-urea breath test in the management of Helicobacterpylori infection.
Gisbert, JP; Pajares, JM, 2005)		1.44
"Oral urea is a safe, effective treatment for chronic SIAD in children."( Oral urea for the treatment of chronic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis in children.
Feldman, BJ; Geller, DH; Gitelman, SE; Huang, EA; Rosenthal, SM; Schwartz, ID, 2006)		1.3
"Urea transporters are a group of proteins that facilitate urea movement across biological membranes. "( A novel mutation at the JK locus causing Jk null phenotype in a Chinese family.
Li, Y; Liang, S; Meng, Y; Yang, B; Zhao, D; Zhao, X; Zhou, X, 2005)		1.77
"Urea breath test is an accurate method for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. "( Urease activity does not reflect the degree of colonization by Helicobacter pylori in children.
Da Silva Patrício, FR; Kawakami, E; Machado, RS; Reber, M, 2006)		3.22
"Urea is a well-known humectant. "( [Effect of urea nail lacquer on nail quality. Clinical evaluation and biophysical measurements].
Kerscher, M; Krüger, N; Reuther, T; Williams, S, 2006)		2.17
"Urea is a soil nitrogen form available to plant roots and a secondary nitrogen metabolite liberated in plant cells. "( Molecular mechanisms of urea transport in plants.
Bohner, A; Kojima, S; von Wirén, N, 2006)		2.08
"Urea is a well known adductor for linear organic compounds. "( Urea inclusion compounds of enalapril maleate for the improvement of pharmaceutical characteristics.
Madan, AK; Thakral, S, 2007)		3.23
"Urea is an important reutilizable nitrogen source for the ruminant and is mainly synthesized through the urea cycle in the liver. "( Changes of activity and mRNA expression of urea cycle enzymes in the liver of developing Holstein calves.
Haga, S; Katoh, K; Kobayashi, Y; Obara, Y; Ohtani, Y; Shingu, H; Takagi, M; Takahashi, T; Yonezawa, T, 2008)		2.05
"As urea is a precursor of ethylcarbamate, a potential carcinogenic compound, measures must be taken to control the level of urea."( Purification, properties, and application of a novel acid urease from Enterobacter sp.
Tian, YP; Wang, SH; Yang, LQ, 2010)		1.12
"Urea synthesis is an exclusive biosynthetic function of the liver. "( Urea synthesis after protein feeding reflects hepatic mass in rats.
Berry, WR; Brewer, TG; Dunn, MA; Harmon, JW; Walker, SH, )		3.02
"Urea (9 g a day) is a very useful drug in the treatment of Meniere's disease. "( [Urea treatment of Ménière's disease and other labyrinth disorders].
Hennebert, PE, 1984)		2.62
"8m-Urea was not found to be a satisfactory medium for isoelectric focusing of legumin, as the ;basic' subunits showed a shift in pI with time of incubation in urea."( Isoelectric-focusing properties and carbohydrate content of pea (Pisum sativum) legumin.
Boulter, D; Croy, RD; Gatehouse, JA, 1980)		0.78
"[13C]urea breath test is a sensitive indicator of H. "( [13C]urea breath test to confirm eradication of Helicobacter pylori.
Cutler, AF; Schubert, T; Slomianski, A, 1995)		1.32
"Urea synthesis is a specific process taking place in the liver; a reduced urea synthesis in response to a protein-rich metal has previously been demonstrated in the elderly, but the process has never been standardized in relation to amino acid supply."( Kinetics of hepatic amino-nitrogen conversion in ageing man.
Bianchi, G; Bugianesi, E; Fabbri, A; Marchesini, G; Pisi, E; Zoli, M, 1994)		1.01
"Urea is a time-dependent active-site-directed inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa amidase. "( Arg-188 and Trp-144 are implicated in the binding of urea and acetamide to the active site of the amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Brown, PR; Marsh, P; Tata, R, 1994)		1.98
"Urea is a major solute in the lumen of the CCD and thereby plays an important role in maintaining the CCD flow rate."( Urea recycling: an aid to the excretion of potassium during antidiuresis.
Gowrishankar, M; Halperin, ML; Mallie, JP; Oh, M; Sonnenberg, H, 1996)		2.46
"Urea cycle is a hepatic metabolic pathway involving five enzymes and several intermediary metabolites and can be altered by different chemicals. "( Effect of arsenite on urea production by long-term cultures of adult rat hepatocytes.
Hernández, A; López, ML; Mendoza-Figueroa, T; Sierra-Santoyo, A, )		1.89
"Urea is a specific inhibitor of argininosuccinase, the fourth urea cycle enzyme, and might lead to the increase of argininosuccinate (ASA)."( Role of reactive oxygen and argininosuccinate in guanidinosuccinate synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes.
Akiyama, K; Aoyagi, K; Gotoh, M; Hirayama, A; Koyama, A; Nagase, S; Satoh, M, 1996)		1.02
"Urease activity is an important characteristic of the organism and is employed in the rapid urease and urea breath tests."( Gastric juice urease activity as a diagnostic test for Helicobacter pylori infection.
Lieber, CS; Mokuolu, AO; Sigal, SH, 1997)		1.38
"4. Urea is a major balancing osmolyte in marine cartilagenous fish, the coelacanth and a few amphibians and some aestivating terrestrial amphibians."( Urea: diverse functions of a 'waste' product.
Withers, PC, 1998)		2.26
"Milk urea N is a simple and noninvasive measurement that can be used to monitor N excretion from lactating dairy cows."( Using milk urea nitrogen to predict nitrogen excretion and utilization efficiency in lactating dairy cows.
Erdman, RA; Jonker, JS; Kohn, RA, 1998)		1.15
"Urea is a very good nitrogen tracer for these studies."( Significant role of the nitrogen recycling system through the ceca occurs in protein-depleted chickens.
Karasawa, Y, )		0.85
"Urea appears to be a major nitrogen resource in the sea, but little molecular information exists about its utilization by marine organisms, including Synechococcus."( The marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. WH7805 requires urease (urea amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.5) to utilize urea as a nitrogen source: molecular-genetic and biochemical analysis of the enzyme.
Brahamsha, B; Collier, JL; Palenik, B, 1999)		1.27
"Urea is a protein unfolding agent that can accumulate to locally high concentrations in tissues of many organisms. "( The effect of urea exposure on isoaspartyl content and protein L-isoaspartate methyltransferase activity in Drosophila melanogaster.
Aswad, DW; David, CL; Gibbs, AG; Pierce, VA, 1999)		2.11
"The Urea Breath Test is a simple, safe and highly accurate method ideal for evaluating the short-term follow-up of H."( Helicobacter pylori: optimum diagnosis and test of cure.
Bazzoli, F; Berretti, D; De Luca, L; Fossi, S; Fuccio, L; Gorini, B; Maltoni, S; Martuzzi, C; Nicolini, G; Pozzato, P; Ricciardiello, L; Roda, E; Zagari, RM, 1999)		0.78
"Urea cycle defect is an inborn error of ammonium metabolism caused by a deficient activity of the enzymes involved in urea synthesis. "( Localized proton MR spectroscopy in infants with urea cycle defect.
Choi, CG; Yoo, HW, 2001)		2.01
"Urea appears to be a useful low molecular weight relative recovery marker for tumor microdialysis."( Urea as a recovery marker for quantitative assessment of tumor interstitial solutes with microdialysis.
Dewhirst, MW; Ettinger, SN; Gaskin, AA; Klitzman, B; Poellmann, CC; Poulson, JM; Shoemaker, JS; Wisniewski, NA, 2001)		2.47
"Urea is an important nitrogen source for many microorganisms, but urea active transporters have not been characterized at a molecular level in any bacterium. "( An ABC-type, high-affinity urea permease identified in cyanobacteria.
Flores, E; Herrero, A; Montesinos, ML; Valladares, A, 2002)		2.05
"Urea therapy is a simple, cheap, and safe method of treating advanced stages of cancer, where very little can be done by the accepted lines of treatment such as surgery or radiotherapy."( Urea in the management of advanced malignancies (preliminary report).
Anasuya, SR; Gandhi, GM; Kawathekar, P; Krishnamurthy, KR, 1977)		2.42
"Urea appears to be a major component of the circulating natriuretic and kaliuretic activity in acute uremia but evidence of other factors was also obtained."( Circulating natriuretic and kaliuretic factors in acute uremia: the role of the kidney.
Honrath, U; Wilson, DR, 1979)		0.98
"Urea is a unique physiological substance. "( Urea in the treatment of dry skin.
Swanbeck, G, 1992)		3.17
"Urea is reported to be a main precursor of ethyl carbamate (ECA), which is suspected to be a carcinogen, in wine and sake. "( Genetic engineering of a sake yeast producing no urea by successive disruption of arginase gene.
Gomi, K; Kitamoto, K; Oda, K; Takahashi, K, 1991)		1.98
"Urea Kt/V is an accurate tool to estimate the adequacy of hemodialysis (HD) therapy; however, the current methods of calculating Kt/V are too complex for routine clinical use and require great care in order to avoid major inaccuracies. "( Percent reduction in blood urea concentration during dialysis estimates Kt/V in a simple and accurate way.
Basile, C; Casino, F; Lopez, T, 1990)		2.02
"Urease is a high-molecular-weight, multimeric, nickel-containing enzyme."( Microbial ureases: significance, regulation, and molecular characterization.
Hausinger, RP; Mobley, HL, 1989)		1.4
"Urea is a low toxicity substance (LD50 = 14,300 mg/kg), the effect of which is not cumulative."( [Setting a maximum allowable concentration for urea in reclaimed potable water and evaluating the nature of its biological action].
Kucherov, IS; Martyshchenko, NV; Mironets, NV; Savina, RV; Solntseva, VV, )		1.11

Effects

13C-urea breath test has an advantage over the 14C version, because the 13C isotope is a nonradioactive natural isotope. Urease has a nickel-containing active site and catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea.

Urea cream has advantages to reduce the incidence of severe HFS. Kt/V urea has been used to assess adequacy of peritoneal dialysis. Urea nitrogen has been proposed to contribute significantly to nitrification by marine thaumarchaeotes.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Urea CEST has a potential of monitoring renal function by capturing the spatially varying urea concentrating ability of the kidneys."( Noninvasive imaging of renal urea handling by CEST-MRI.
Shin, SH; Tang, A; Tran, A; Vandsburger, MH; Wendland, MF; Zhang, B, 2020)		2.29
"Urea has a critical role in urinary concentration. "( Transgenic Restoration of Urea Transporter A1 Confers Maximal Urinary Concentration in the Absence of Urea Transporter A3.
Blount, MA; Klein, JD; LaRocque, LM; Mistry, A; Molina, PA; Rogers, RT; Sands, JM; Wang, Y, 2016)		2.18
"Urea has an important effect on bacterial population DGGE profile present in the peccary's forestomach."( The influence of urea feeding on the bacterial and archaeal community in the forestomach of collared peccary (Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae).
Dias, JC; Gross, E; Nogueira-Filho, SL; Oliveira, EG; Rezende, RP; Santos, AC, 2009)		1.41
"Urease has a nickel-containing active site and catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to yield ammonia and carbamate."( Structural and functional role of nickel ions in urease by molecular dynamics simulation.
Jiang, Y; Lu, S; Lv, J; Yu, Q, 2011)		1.34
"13C-urea breath test has an advantage over the 14C version, because the 13C isotope is a nonradioactive natural isotope; therefore, a user's license is unnecessary, making simple the handling and mailing of samples."( Urea breath tests for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection.
Bazzoli, F; Fossi, S; Mwangemi, C; Pozzato, P; Ricciardiello, L; Roda, A; Roda, E; Zagari, M, 1997)		2.22
"The urea breath test has a primary role for determining the success of eradication therapy."( Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection: non-invasive diagnostic tests.
Bazzoli, F; Berretti, D; De Luca, L; Fossi, S; Maltoni, S; Martuzzi, C; Nicolini, G; Pozzato, P; Ricciardiello, GL; Roda, E; Zagari, M, 1998)		0.78
"Urea has a larger effect than mannitol."( Effect of transtubular osmotic gradients on the paracellular pathway in toad kidney proximal tubule: electron microscopic observations.
González, E; Pérez-González, M; Rawlins, FA; Whittembury, G, 1975)		0.98
"Urea cream has advantages to reduce the incidence of severe HFS."( Effect of Urea Cream on Hand-Foot Syndrome in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy: A Meta-analysis.
Huang, TW; Lan, TC; Tam, KW; Tsou, PH, )		1.98
"Urea has shown to be a safe and cost-effective option for the treatment of hyponatremia caused by SIADH."( Clinical efficacy of urea treatment in syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.
Domínguez-Escribano, JR; López-Penabad, L; Mirete-López, RM; Perelló-Camacho, E; Pinedo-Esteban, MR; Pomares-Gómez, FJ, 2022)		1.76
"Urea has long been considered not as a uremic toxin, but as a marker of metabolic imbalance or dialysis efficiency (Kt/V) in CKD patients."( [The value of a low-protein diet and ketoanalogues of essential amino acids in the сontrol of protein carbamylation and toxic effects of urea in chronic kidney disease].
Mikhailova, NA, 2021)		1.55
"Urea has been detected in the tear film, aqueous humor, and vitreous of the eye. "( Urea and ocular surface: Synthesis, secretion and its role in tear film homeostasis.
Hammer, CM; Paulsen, F; Singh, S, 2023)		3.8
"Urea has been pointed as potential N source for microalgae growth."( Urea as a source of nitrogen and carbon leads to increased photosynthesis rates in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under mixotrophy.
Araújo, WL; Lopes-Santos, R; Machado, M; Nascimento, AGD; Nunes-Nesi, A; Rosa, RM; Vaz, MGMV, 2023)		3.07
"Urea CEST has a potential of monitoring renal function by capturing the spatially varying urea concentrating ability of the kidneys."( Noninvasive imaging of renal urea handling by CEST-MRI.
Shin, SH; Tang, A; Tran, A; Vandsburger, MH; Wendland, MF; Zhang, B, 2020)		2.29
"Urea has been shown to interfere with the epidermal growth factor (EGF)/EGFR system, which has been shown to have a beneficial effect during in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes."( A multilevel analysis identifies the different relationships between amino acids and the competence of oocytes matured individually or in groups.
Abadi, MHA; Ghoreishi, SM; Kowsar, R; Mansouri, A; Miyamoto, A; Sadeghi, K; Sadeghi, N, 2020)		1.28
"Urea removal has become a key measure of the intensity of dialysis treatment for kidney failure. "( The Use of a Multidimensional Measure of Dialysis Adequacy-Moving beyond Small Solute Kinetics.
Bargman, JM; Browne, T; Chan, CT; Charytan, DM; Dember, LM; Flythe, JE; Hickson, LJ; Hung, AM; Jadoul, M; Lee, TC; Meyer, KB; Moradi, H; Perl, J; Shafi, T; Teitelbaum, I; Wong, LP, 2017)		1.9
"Urea has been shown to contribute more than half of total nitrogen (N) required by phytoplankton in some estuaries and coastal waters and to provide a substantial portion of the N demand for many harmful algal blooms (HABs) of dinoflagellates. "( Utilization of urea and expression profiles of related genes in the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense.
Jing, X; Koerting, C; Lin, S; Yu, Z; Zhang, H, 2017)		2.25
"Urea hydrolysis has already been considered as the most effective pathway for microbially induced CaCO"( Biochemical process of ureolysis-based microbial CaCO
Wang, B; Wang, X; Xu, J, 2018)		1.92
"Urea has been utilized as a reductant in diesel fuels to lower emission of nitrogen oxides, igniting interest in probable human health hazards associated with exposure to exogenous urea. "( Assessment of Health Effects of Exogenous Urea: Summary and Key Findings.
Dickerson, AS; Hotchkiss, A; Keshava, C; Lee, JS; Persad, AS, 2018)		2.19
"Urea transporters have been studied using animal models of disease including diabetes mellitus, lithium intoxication, hypertension, and nephrotoxic drug responses."( Urea transport in the kidney.
Blount, MA; Klein, JD; Sands, JM, 2011)		2.53
"Urea has been proposed and utilized as a promising dilution biomarker due to its even distribution throughout the body and relatively low volatility."( Determining urea levels in exhaled breath condensate with minimal preparation steps and classic LC-MS.
Chillrud, SN; Kinney, PL; Perzanowski, MS; Pitiranggon, M; Xu, D; Yan, B, 2014)		1.5
"Urea injection has been used in hemangioma treatment as sclerotherapy. "( Urea immunoliposome inhibits human vascular endothelial cell proliferation for hemangioma treatment.
Cao, G; Duan, X; Li, J; Wang, Z; Xu, X, 2013)		3.28
"Urea has been known to have adverse effects on the micellar properties and causes demicellization and solvation; on the other hand, rise in temperature causes micellization and solvent evacuation from the core and corona regions."( Microheterogeneity and microviscosity of F127 micelle: the counter effects of urea and temperature.
Anand, U; Mukherjee, S, 2014)		1.35
"Urea has been recently proposed for the management of hyponatremia linked to the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH (SIADH). "( Urea for management of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH: A systematic review.
de Solà-Morales, O; Riera, M, 2014)		3.29
"Urea has long been used to investigate protein folding and, more recently, RNA folding. "( Dispersion interactions between urea and nucleobases contribute to the destabilization of RNA by urea in aqueous solution.
Bikkina, S; Kasavajhala, K; MacKerell, AD; Patil, I; Priyakumar, UD, 2015)		2.14
"Kt/V urea has been used to assess adequacy of peritoneal dialysis. "( Adequacy of peritoneal dialysis: Kt/V revisited.
Wang, L; Wang, T, 2015)		0.93
"Urea has a critical role in urinary concentration. "( Transgenic Restoration of Urea Transporter A1 Confers Maximal Urinary Concentration in the Absence of Urea Transporter A3.
Blount, MA; Klein, JD; LaRocque, LM; Mistry, A; Molina, PA; Rogers, RT; Sands, JM; Wang, Y, 2016)		2.18
"Urea nitrogen has been proposed to contribute significantly to nitrification by marine thaumarchaeotes. "( Oxidation of urea-derived nitrogen by thaumarchaeota-dominated marine nitrifying communities.
Hollibaugh, JT; Popp, BN; Tolar, BB; Wallsgrove, NJ, 2017)		2.27
"Urea has been proposed to serve as a sample volume marker because it can freely diffuse through most body compartments and is less affected by disease states."( Development of a multi-matrix LC-MS/MS method for urea quantitation and its application in human respiratory disease studies.
Bremer, M; Cai, F; Cape, SS; Dean, B; Ding, X; Dorshorst, DW; Gao, Y; Milanowski, D; Staton, TL; Wang, J, 2017)		1.43
"Urea has been proposed as a normalization factor for EBC non-volatile biomarkers."( Urea in exhaled breath condensate of uraemics and patients with chronic airway diseases.
Acampa, O; Andreoli, R; Bertorelli, G; Corradi, M; David, S; Folesani, G; Franchini, I; Goldoni, M; Manini, P, 2008)		2.51
"Urea has an important effect on bacterial population DGGE profile present in the peccary's forestomach."( The influence of urea feeding on the bacterial and archaeal community in the forestomach of collared peccary (Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae).
Dias, JC; Gross, E; Nogueira-Filho, SL; Oliveira, EG; Rezende, RP; Santos, AC, 2009)		1.41
"Urea has been intercalated mechanochemically into dehydrated halloysite and analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), diffuse reflectance ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy (DRUV-VIS), thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). "( Dehydrated halloysite intercalated mechanochemically with urea: thermal behavior and structural aspects.
Fukamachi, CR; Mangrich, AS; Nicolini, KP; Wypych, F, 2009)		2.04
"Urease has a nickel-containing active site and catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to yield ammonia and carbamate."( Structural and functional role of nickel ions in urease by molecular dynamics simulation.
Jiang, Y; Lu, S; Lv, J; Yu, Q, 2011)		1.34
"Urea has often been found to be a poor denaturant for transmembrane helical structures."( Unfolding free energy of a two-domain transmembrane sugar transport protein.
Booth, PJ; Findlay, HE; Henderson, PJ; Rutherford, NG, 2010)		1.08
"Urea has anti-inflammatory, hyposensitizing, and antioxidant effect."( [The evaluation of nitrogen metabolism and the reactivity of the organism in patients with dry skin].
Katsitadze, AG; Tsiskarishvili, NI; Tsiskarishvili, NV, 2010)		1.08
"Urea has been considered as a promising alternative nitrogen source for the cultivation of Arthrospira platensis if it is possible to avoid ammonia toxicity; however, this procedure can lead to periods of nitrogen shortage. "( Simultaneous use of urea and potassium nitrate for Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis cultivation.
Converti, A; de Carvalho, JC; Matsudo, MC; Sato, S; Vieira, DC, 2012)		2.15
"Urea has efficacy similar to that of vaptans for treatment of chronic SIADH. "( Efficacy and tolerance of urea compared with vaptans for long-term treatment of patients with SIADH.
Coffernils, M; Couturier, B; Decaux, G; Gankam-Kengne, F; Soupart, A, 2012)		2.12
"Urea transporters have been studied using animal models of disease including diabetes mellitus, lithium intoxication, hypertension, and nephrotoxic drug responses."( Molecular mechanisms of urea transport in health and disease.
Blount, MA; Klein, JD; Sands, JM, 2012)		1.41
"Urea has been shown to denature proteins through a direct mechanism, by interacting favorably with the peptide backbone as well as the amino acid side chains."( Cosolvent effects on protein stability.
Canchi, DR; García, AE, 2013)		1.11
"Urea has generally been considered relatively non-toxic, functioning more as a surrogate for other toxic solutes; however, it has been recently reported that it can contribute to uremic toxicity."( Urea percentiles in children with chronic renal failure. Data from the ItalKid project.
Ardissino, G; Avolio, L; Ciofani, A; Claris-Appiani, A; Daccò, V; Dello Strologo, L; Montini, G; Pisanello, L; Taioli, E; Testa, S; Zacchello, G, 2003)		2.48
"The Vurea parameter has been approximated empirically using total body water (TBW) estimates derived from anthropometric formulas or measured by bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA)."( Best method for estimating urea volume of distribution: comparison of single pool variable volume kinetic modeling measurements with bioimpedance and anthropometric methods.
Dumler, F, )		0.88
"Urea has been proposed as an endogenous recovery marker for microdialysis for absolute concentration calculations of analytes in microdialysis samples. "( Method for improved accuracy in endogenous urea recovery marker calibrations for microdialysis in tumors.
Dewhirst, MW; Klitzman, B; Peltz, CD; Sorg, BS, )		1.84
"Urea transporters have been cloned and characterized in a wide range of species."( The erythrocyte urea transporter UT-B.
Bagnasco, SM, 2006)		1.4
"The urea breath test has shown the highest ability to detect the organism with 95-100% sensitivity in symptomatic individuals and specificity, which is comparable to other tests."( Accuracy of non-invasive 13C-Urea Breath Test compared to invasive tests for Helicobacter pylori detection.
Ahmad, T; Bilal, R; Jaffery, I; Khaar, B; Latif, Z; Mirza, SA; Omar, M; Qureshi, TZ, 2007)		1.19
"Urease thin films have been immobilized using matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation for biosensor applications in clinical diagnostics. "( Immobilization of urease by laser techniques: synthesis and application to urea biosensors.
György, E; Hopp, B; Kékesi, R; Megyeri, G; Mihailescu, IN; Petrescu, SM; Sima, F; Smausz, T; Zdrentu, L, 2009)		2.13
"Urea dilution has been proposed as a practical method for estimating body composition in live cattle. "( Estimation of empty body water in steers by urea dilution.
Haaland, GL; Hammond, AC; Rumsey, TS, 1984)		1.97
"The ureA locus has been assigned to linkage group VIII."( Urea and thiourea transport in Aspergillus nidulans.
Dunn, E; Mackay, EM; Pateman, JA, 1982)		2.19
"Urea dilution has been used to estimate the volume of epithelial lining fluid (ELF) in the respiratory tract. "( Differential effects of ozone on lung epithelial lining fluid volume and protein content.
Boat, TF; Cheng, PW; Costa, DL; Hu, PC; Shaikh, S; Wang, OL, )		1.57
"Urea rebound has been documented to occur after hemodialysis, but the magnitude and causes are not clearly defined. "( Hemodialysis urea rebound: the effect of increasing dialysis efficiency.
Babcock, S; Baker, PL; Contiguglia, R; Klein, M; Spiegel, DM, 1995)		2.1
"Kt/V urea (u) has been used as a measure of adequacy of haemodialysis (HD). "( Influence of dialyser clearance measurement accuracy on haemodialysis prescription based on Kt/V.
Blumberg, A; Zehnder, C, 1994)		0.8
"Urea has been determined in the range 10(-5)-3 x 10(-4) mol l(-1) using the enzyme urease first in solution and then immobilized on nylon net."( Amperometric ammonium ion and urea determination with enzyme-based probes.
Bertocchi, P; Compagnone, D; Palleschi, G, 1996)		1.3
"A urease sensor has been developed in conjunction with a flow injection system for the automatic determination of urea."( Biosensors in flow-injection systems for biomedical analysis, process and environmental monitoring.
Tran-Minh, C, )		0.69
"13C-urea breath test has an advantage over the 14C version, because the 13C isotope is a nonradioactive natural isotope; therefore, a user's license is unnecessary, making simple the handling and mailing of samples."( Urea breath tests for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection.
Bazzoli, F; Fossi, S; Mwangemi, C; Pozzato, P; Ricciardiello, L; Roda, A; Roda, E; Zagari, M, 1997)		2.22
"Urea kinetics has recently been re-evaluated using an on-line urea monitoring system applied to hemodiafiltration. "( Assessment of efficiency using on-line urea kinetic modeling in hemodiafiltration.
Navino, C; Tessore, V; Tetta, C; Verzetti, G, )		1.84
"14C-urea breath test has been widely used for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (H. "( Normal limits of 14C-urea breath test.
Bhasin, DK; Kaul, A; Pathak, CM; Ray, P; Sharma, BC; Singh, K; Vaiphei, K, )		1.01
"The urea breath test has a primary role for determining the success of eradication therapy."( Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection: non-invasive diagnostic tests.
Bazzoli, F; Berretti, D; De Luca, L; Fossi, S; Maltoni, S; Martuzzi, C; Nicolini, G; Pozzato, P; Ricciardiello, GL; Roda, E; Zagari, M, 1998)		0.78
"Urea has since long been used in the treatment of dry skin."( Studies on constituents of moisturizers: water-binding properties of urea and NaCl in aqueous solutions.
Gobom, S; Johansson, G; Miettinen, H; Swanbeck, G, )		1.09
"2 M urea, has defined near-UV circular dichroism spectral properties distinct from either the native or the denatured states."( Folding, stability, and physical properties of the alpha subunit of bacterial luciferase.
Baldwin, TO; Dangott, LJ; Noland, BW, 1999)		0.78
"Urea has long been used to treat dry skin. "( Do urea and sodium chloride together increase the efficacy of moisturisers for atopic dermatitis Skin? A comparative, double-blind and randomised study.
Emtestam, L; Hagströmer, L; Nyrén, M, )		2.2
"Urea has long been used to treat dry skin. "( Urea and sodium chloride in moisturisers for skin of the elderly--a comparative, double-blind, randomised study.
Emtestam, L; Hagströmer, L; Kuzmina, N, )		3.02
"Urea has been used in collagen chemistry to dissociate collagen by interfering with hydrophobic linkages and hydrogen bonds."( Urea and dilatation of the cervix.
Christian, CD; Chvapil, M; Droegemueller, W; Vining, J; Whitaker, L, 1978)		2.42
"Urea has been studied as an eluant, and it has been found that antigen can be eluted with 4M urea at pH 9 with satisfactory yields, minimal loss of antigenicity, and minimal disruption of the immunoabsorbent."( The use of immunoabsorbents for the purification of mycobacterial antigens.
Anderson, PA; Daniel, TM, 1977)		0.98
"Urea has been shown to be an obligate intermediate in and the penultimate product of the catabolism of pyrimidine-ring nitrogen in Rhodosporidium toruloides (Rhodotorula). "( Urea: obligate intermediate of pyrimidine-ring catabolism in Rhodosporidium toruloides.
Abbott, MT; Davis, CH; Thwaites, WM; Wallis-Biggart, N; Wondrack, LM, 1979)		3.15
"Urea has also been used in human feeding studies."( Urea as a dietary supplement for humans.
Fox, HM; Kies, C, 1978)		2.42
"Urea has a larger effect than mannitol."( Effect of transtubular osmotic gradients on the paracellular pathway in toad kidney proximal tubule: electron microscopic observations.
González, E; Pérez-González, M; Rawlins, FA; Whittembury, G, 1975)		0.98
"Urea has no inconvenient side effects and is recommended primarily as a test substance for the verification of endolymphatic hydrops, in conformity with glycerol."( Urea and hearing in patients with menière's disease.
Angelborg, C; Klockhoff, I; Stahle, J, 1977)		2.42
"Thus urea excretion has limitations as an indicator of arginine availability."( Arginine deficiency and orotic aciduria in mammals.
Milner, JA; Prior, RL; Visek, WJ, 1975)		0.71
"Urea has been used as an indicator for estimating 1) the dilution of epithelial lining fluid (ELF) that occurs during bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and 2) the permeability-surface area product (PS) of the pulmonary endothelium to this solute. "( Kinetics of urea exchange in air-filled and fluid-filled rat lungs.
Effros, RM; Hacker, A; Murphy, C; Ozker, K, 1992)		2.11
"2. Urea has been shown to be transported transcellularly through the respiratory cells of the gill secondary lamellae by passive diffusion."( The effects of surfactants on the permeability of isolated perfused fish gills to urea.
Jones, MN; Partearroyo, MA; Pilling, SJ, 1992)		1.02
"Urea kinetics have been used to measure adequacy of hemodialysis. "( Urea kinetics evaluation of hemodialysis and CAPD patients.
Acchiardo, SR; Adkins, D; Kaufman, PA; Kraus, AP; LaHatte, G; Moore, LW, 1992)		3.17
"This urea transporter has properties similar to those of the urea transporters in mammalian erythrocytes and in toad urinary bladder, namely, inhibition by phloretin, inhibition by urea analogues, saturation kinetics in equilibrium-exchange experiments, and regulation by vasopressin."( The vasopressin-regulated urea transporter in renal inner medullary collecting duct.
Knepper, MA; Star, RA, 1990)		1.03
"Urea has only slightly different effects on the two proteins."( Structural significance of an internal water molecule studied by site-directed mutagenesis of tyrosine-67 in rat cytochrome c.
Garber, EA; Luntz, TL; Margoliash, E; Schejter, A, 1989)		1
"Urease genes have been cloned from several species, and nickel-containing recombinant ureases have been characterized."( Microbial ureases: significance, regulation, and molecular characterization.
Hausinger, RP; Mobley, HL, 1989)		1.4
"Urea has been neglected up to now as a therapeutic agent in the field of mycology. "( [Urea treatment of mycoses].
Nolting, S, 1989)		2.63
"Urea addition has no effect on the oxidation-reduction equilibrium."( The redox potential, rH and pH values in the gastrointestinal tract of small ruminants.
Bartos, S; Marounek, M; Roubal, P, 1987)		0.99
"Urea has been used to remove the S1 spike glycopolypeptide from avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains M41 and Beaudette, without removing the S2 spike-anchoring glycopolypeptide. "( Coronavirus IBV: removal of spike glycopolypeptide S1 by urea abolishes infectivity and haemagglutination but not attachment to cells.
Cavanagh, D; Davis, PJ, 1986)		1.96
"Only urea has decreased very lightly but not out of norms."( [Biological effects of golytely in children].
Bichet-Sicard, A; De Miscault, G; Perrier, JF; Rose, E; Schmitt, M, 1988)		0.73
"The urea kinetic model has been used to individualize therapy prescription. "( A simplified approach to monitoring in vivo therapy prescription.
Berkseth, RO; Collins, AJ; Hanson, GL; Keshaviah, PR, )		0.69
"Urea-prostaglandin has fewer and less severe complications than saline injection, and seems to be more cost-effective than saline injection in terms of duration of hospitalization."( Pregnancy termination: techniques, risks, and complications and their management.
Castadot, RG, 1986)		0.89
"Urea has recently been used as an alternative."( Auditory dehydration testing: glycerol versus urea.
Arenberg, IK; Balkany, TJ; Van de Water, SM, 1986)		1.25

Actions

Urea transport was lower in neonatal than adult PCT at both 37 and 25 degrees C. Milk urea was generally lower in first-lactation cows. The urea-induced increase in Egr-1 mRNA expression was not secondary to enhanced message stability.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The ureagenesis plays a central role in the homeostatic control of nitrogen metabolism. "( Transcriptomic analyses suggest a dominant role of insulin in the coordinated control of energy metabolism and ureagenesis in goat liver.
Aschenbach, JR; Lu, Z; Shen, H; Shen, Z; Xu, Z, 2019)		1.28
"Urea displays its denaturing power in both secondary and tertiary motifs of the riboswitch structure."( Urea-induced denaturation of preQ1-riboswitch.
Hyeon, C; Thirumalai, D; Yoon, J, 2013)		2.55
"Urea can increase T2 and collapse the network of SHPP."( Effects of sucrose and urea on soy hull pectic polysaccharide gel induced by D-glucono-1,5-lactone.
Geng, P; He, Y; Li, J; Li, Q; Liu, H; Liu, J; Zhu, D, 2013)		1.42
"Urea caused an increase in the dry cell weight (18%) and pyruvate productivity was significantly increased (14%)."( Urea enhances cell growth and pyruvate production in Torulopsis glabrata.
Chen, J; Chen, X; Liu, L; Xu, N; Yang, S, )		2.3
"Phurealipids also inhibit JHEH, and therefore phurealipids might contribute to bacterial virulence."( A Photorhabdus natural product inhibits insect juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase.
Beeton, ML; Bode, HB; Bozhüyük, KA; Brachmann, AO; Casanova-Torres, ÁM; Chantratita, N; Chu, YY; Goodrich-Blair, H; Götz, F; Hammock, BD; Heinrich, AK; Kaiser, M; Kinski, S; Kleinhans, D; Morisseau, C; Mukherjee, K; Nollmann, FI; Phan Ke, L; Schultz, K; Stelzer, EH; Strobl, F; Thanwisai, A; Vilcinskas, A; Waterfield, NR, 2015)		0.98
"The urea aptasensor displays high selectivity for urea and is free from interference from common milk adulterants."( Non-enzymatic detection of urea using unmodified gold nanoparticles based aptasensor.
Kumar, P; Lambadi, PR; Navani, NK, 2015)		1.19
"Urea plays a critical role in the concentration of urine, thereby regulating water balance. "( Epac regulates UT-A1 to increase urea transport in inner medullary collecting ducts.
Blount, MA; Kent, KJ; Klein, JD; Martin, CF; Pech, V; Sands, JM; Wall, SM; Wang, Y, 2009)		2.08
"Urea can inhibit the sodium currents of ventricular myocyte in mice to make it happen conduction block arrhythmia."( [The effects of urea on ECG and the sodium currents of ventricular myocyte in mice].
Xi, SG; Zhang, XX; Zhao, CY, 2009)		2.14
"Urea and glycerol inhibit self-association, and arginine shows a dual nature."( Effects of arginine and other solution additives on the self-association of different surfactants: an investigation at single-molecule resolution.
Chattopadhyay, K; Haldar, S, 2011)		1.09
"Urea most likely plays a role in this process, but other mechanisms contribute to the loss."( Loss of human chorionic gonadotropin in urine during storage at -20°C.
Alfthan, H; Hotakainen, K; Lempiäinen, A; Stenman, UH, 2012)		1.1
"Urea plays an important role in the urinary concentrating mechanism in the kidney by contributing greatly in the generation of hyperosmolar medulla due to the presence of urea transporters, which mediate facilitated transport of urea. "( The diuretic effect of urea analog dimethylthiourea in female Wistar rats.
Cil, O; Ertunc, M; Onur, R, 2012)		2.13
"The urea-induced increase in K(m) was reduced by 85% in the presence of 1 microM HSP72 but only by 6% by 100 mM betaine, a "counteracting" trimethylamine osmolyte."( Heat shock protein 72, a chaperone abundant in renal papilla, counteracts urea-mediated inhibition of enzymes.
Fraek, ML; Neuhofer, W; X Beck, F, 2002)		1.03
"Urea increase was directly proportional to duration."( Lead nitrate induced unallied expression of liver and kidney functions in male albino rats.
Chougule, P; Kanase, A; Patil, B, 2005)		1.05
"Urea plays an important role in the urinary concentrating mechanism and expression of the urea transporters UT-A1, UT-A2, UT-A3, UT-A4, and UT-B is essential for tubular urea reabsorption."( Cytokine-mediated regulation of urea transporters during experimental endotoxemia.
Bucher, M; Höcherl, K; Schmidt, C, 2007)		1.34
"The urea decomposes to produce ammonium ions, thus raising the pH of the solution."( The interaction of urea with the generic class of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels.
Eckstein, EC; Pinchuk, L; Van De Mark, MR, )		0.94
"Urea and thiourea inhibit the transport of each other and the inhibition constant (KI) is approximately equal to the Km for both compounds."( Urea and ethylene glycol-facilitated transport systems in the human red cell membrane. Saturation, competition, and asymmetry.
Levitt, DG; Mayrand, RR, 1983)		2.43
"The urea-induced increase in Egr-1 mRNA expression was not secondary to enhanced message stability as determined by actinomycin D experiments and is therefore likely a consequence of urea-induced transcriptional activation."( Urea induces Egr-1 and c-fos expression in renal epithelial cells.
Cohen, DM; Gullans, SR, 1993)		2.21
"The urea-induced increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation was also evident in the renal epithelial LLC-PK1 cell line, but not in renal nonepithelial and epithelial nonrenal cell types examined."( Urea selectively induces DNA synthesis in renal epithelial cells.
Cohen, DM; Gullans, SR, 1993)		2.21
"Urea synthesis was lower in the cirrhosis patients than in the controls (3.3 +/- 2.2 mumol/kg.min vs 4.8 +/- 0.9 mumol/kg.min, P < 0.05). "( [Liver urea and glucose production in patients with alcohol-induced cirrhosis].
Adler, G; Albuszies, G; Beckh, KH; Ensinger, H; Geisser, W; Georgieff, M; Schricker, T; Weidenbach, H, 1997)		2.19
"Urea rebound was lower in group 1 than group 2: 9.5 +/- 4% vs 18 +/- 7% (p = 0.04)."( Residual renal function and post dialysis urea rebound.
Alaimo, M; Atti, S; Carofei, O; Fringuello, F; Taratufolo, A, )		1.12
"Urea was used to increase the populations of partially unfolded states which were labeled with deuterium following a brief exposure to D(2)O."( Rate and equilibrium constants for protein unfolding and refolding determined by hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry.
Deng, Y; Smith, DL, 1999)		1.02
"Milk urea was generally lower in first-lactation cows."( Factors associated with milk urea concentrations in Ontario dairy cows.
Godden, SM; Kelton, DF; Leslie, KE; Lissemore, KD; Lumsden, JH; Walton, JS, 2001)		1.06
"Urea transport was lower in neonatal than adult PCT at both 37 and 25 degrees C."( Ontogeny of rabbit proximal tubule urea permeability.
Baum, M; Lisec, A; Quigley, R, 2001)		1.31
"Urea was found to cause a clinically significant interference in the HPLC method at a level > or =17.0 mmol/l."( Glycohaemoglobin measurement: methodological differences in relation to interference by urea.
Benzie, IF; Lee, KF; Szeto, YT, 2002)		1.26
"Urea is found to inhibit the activity of glutamine synthetase, the inhibitory effect being independent on the time."( [Irreversible inactivation of Chlorella glutamine synthetase by urea].
Evstigneeva, ZG; Kretovich, WL; Rasulov, AS, 1978)		1.22
"urealyticum was slower in aged or pre-aerated medium than in fresh medium, although equivalent final yields were achieved."( Effect of reducing agents, catalase, and reuse of medium on toxicity of media for growth of Ureaplasma urealyticum.
Kenny, GE; Sayed, IA, 1979)		1.2
"Alkylureas not only inhibit sickling but are also capable of desickling erythrocytes that have been maintained in the deoxygenated state."( Molecular and cellular effects of antisickling concentrations of alkylureas.
Bookchin, RM; Elbaum, D; Jaffé, ER; Nagel, RL; Neumann, G; Roth, EF, 1976)		0.94
"Oral urea did not increase further the urine concentration achieved by combined fludrocortisone and vasopressin."( Assessment of urine-concentrating ability in man: effect of fludrocortisone and urea in enhancing response to vasopressin.
Goonaratna C e, F; Wrong, OM, 1975)		0.94
"D/P urea over time was lower in both pediatric groups compared to published adult data."( Use of the peritoneal equilibration test in pediatric dialysis patients.
Arnold, WC; Ellis, EN; Watts, K; Wells, TG, 1991)		0.76
"Urea may produce myoclonus by blockade of glycine receptors in the medullary reticular formation."( Urea-induced myoclonus: medullary glycine antagonism as mechanism of action.
Chung, E; Van Woert, MH; Yocca, F, 1985)		2.43

Treatment

Urea treatment of apo-ferritin did not result in nanorings. Urea+nitrate pretreatment combines positive effects of urea pretreatment and nitrate supplementation, and can be a potential strategy to improve ruminal biodegradation.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Urea pretreatment can enrich straws with nitrogen to make them more accessible to anaerobic microorganisms."( Highly digestible nitrogen-enriched straw upgraded by ozone-urea pretreatment: Digestibility metrics and energy-economic analysis.
Aghbashlo, M; Arabhosseini, A; Asefpour Vakilian, K; Ghorbani, M; Kianmehr, MH; Li, Q; Pan, J; Sarlaki, E; Tabatabaei, M; Varjani, S; Wang, Y; Wei, D, 2022)		1.68
"Urea treatments did not affect vineyard yield, oenological parameters of the grapes and yeast assimilable nitrogen. "( Evaluation of foliar applications of urea at three concentrations on grape amino acids composition.
Garde-Cerdán, T; Martínez-Vidaurre, JM; Murillo-Peña, R, 2023)		2.63
"Urea treatment of apo-ferritin did not result in nanorings, confirming that nanorings are a specific signature of denaturation of holo-ferritins after exposture to sufficiently high urea concentrations."(
Dachraoui, W; Mayer, M; Nirmalraj, PN; Rossell, MD; Thompson, D, 2023)		1.63
"Urea-treated mares had greater BUN (P < 0.05), with no differences in uterine and vaginal pH compared to control mares."( Effect of oral urea supplementation on the endometrial transcriptome of mares.
Ball, B; Barbosa Fernandes, C; Dini, P; El-Sheikh Ali, H; Esteller-Vico, A; Lawrence, L; Linhares Boakari, Y; Loux, S; Scoggin, K, 2020)		1.63
"Urea pretreatment of straw damages fiber structure, while nitrate supplementation of ruminal diets inhibits enteric methane production. "( Urea plus nitrate pretreatment of rice and wheat straws enhances degradation and reduces methane production in in vitro ruminal culture.
Beauchemin, KA; Bernard, LA; Long, D; Ma, Z; Mao, H; Tan, Z; Wang, M; Wang, R; Wen, J; Zhang, X, 2018)		3.37
"Urea pretreatment increased (P < 0.05) neutral-detergent solubles (NDS) content (+17%) and in vitro DM degradation of rice straw, in comparison with control. "( Urea plus nitrate pretreatment of rice and wheat straws enhances degradation and reduces methane production in in vitro ruminal culture.
Beauchemin, KA; Bernard, LA; Long, D; Ma, Z; Mao, H; Tan, Z; Wang, M; Wang, R; Wen, J; Zhang, X, 2018)		3.37
"Urea+nitrate pretreatment combines positive effects of urea pretreatment and nitrate supplementation, and can be a potential strategy to improve ruminal biodegradation, facilitate propionate production and reduce methane production from lignified straws. "( Urea plus nitrate pretreatment of rice and wheat straws enhances degradation and reduces methane production in in vitro ruminal culture.
Beauchemin, KA; Bernard, LA; Long, D; Ma, Z; Mao, H; Tan, Z; Wang, M; Wang, R; Wen, J; Zhang, X, 2018)		3.37
"Urea is one treatment option, which is thought to improve the efficacy of topical and oral antifungal agents."( The use of urea for the treatment of onychomycosis: a systematic review.
Banwell, HA; Dars, S; Matricciani, L, 2019)		1.63
"Urea treated with N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) at concentrations of 20% (NBPT"( Ammonia Volatilization Loss and Corn Nitrogen Nutrition and Productivity with Efficiency Enhanced UAN and Urea under No-tillage.
Essington, ME; Liu, S; McClure, A; Savoy, HJ; Wang, X; Yin, X, 2019)		1.45
"Urea-treated maize stover and M."( Production and economic performance of F1-crossbred dairy cattle fed non-conventional protein supplements in Zimbabwe.
Gusha, J; Hamandishe, VR; Imbayarwo-Chikosi, VE; Katsande, S; Manyuchi, CR; Zvinorova, PI, 2014)		1.12
"Both urea-treated PPB and rice straw diets showed higher (P < 0.05) apparent digestibility and digestible nutrient content in cattle than no-urea PPB diet."( Effects of adding urea on fermentation quality of pruned persimmon branch silage and its digestibility, preference, nitrogen balance and rumen fermentation in beef cattle.
Cao, Y; Lv, R; Takahashi, T; Yang, H; Yoshida, N; Zang, Y, 2014)		1.19
"Urea treatment increased the susceptibility to ouabain and caused a progressive impairment in the ability to maintain baseline [K(+)]o levels during episodes of repetitive SD."( Disruption of the blood-brain barrier exacerbates spreading depression in the locust CNS.
Money, TG; Robertson, RM; Rochon-Terry, G; Spong, KE, 2014)		1.12
"Urea treatment also increased hepatic ammonia uptake within 0.5 h (treatment x time P = 0.02, Exp."( Influence of slow-release urea on nitrogen balance and portal-drained visceral nutrient flux in beef steers.
Axe, DE; Elam, NA; Harmon, DL; Kitts, SE; Kristensen, NB; McLeod, KR; Taylor-Edwards, CC; Vanzant, ES, 2009)		1.37
"Urea-treated BZLF1 (uBZLF1) enters antigen-presenting cells in a temperature-dependent manner by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and is processed by the proteasome into peptides that are bound to nascent HLA I molecules."( Urea-mediated cross-presentation of soluble Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 protein.
Barabas, S; Bauer, T; Deml, L; Gary, R; Jilg, W; Lindner, J; Lindner, P; Weinberger, B; Wolf, H, 2008)		2.51
"Urea treatment proved to be a robust and efficient option for safe recycling of plant nutrients."( Sanitation of faeces from source-separating dry toilets using urea.
Nordin, A; Ottoson, JR; Vinnerås, B, 2009)		1.31
"Urea treatments (U100 + CC and U100 + CM) caused the highest concentration of ruminal ammonia nitrogen (p < 0.01), which was significantly decreased by all UCM products in combination with CC, but not with CM."( Influence of urea-calcium mixtures as rumen slow-release feed on in vitro fermentation using a gas production technique.
Cherdthong, A; Wachirapakorn, C; Wanapat, M, 2011)		1.46
"Urea and sludge treatments increased the yield at similar rates, while sludge-amended soil significantly increased N(2)O emissions but not CO(2) emissions compared to the other amended or unamended soils."( Greenhouse gas emissions and plant characteristics from soil cultivated with sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and amended with organic or inorganic fertilizers.
Dendooven, L; Fernández-Luqueño, F; López-Valdez, F; Luna-Suárez, S, 2011)		1.09
"Urea- and alkali-treated membranes from the nucleus had similar binding capacities for αA-crystallin, which were significantly higher than both cortical membrane extracts."( Understanding the α-crystallin cell membrane conjunction.
Aquilina, JA; Friedrich, MG; McArthur, JD; Su, SP; Truscott, RJ, 2011)		1.09
"The urease pretreatment of urine without fractionation resulted in a high recovery of these polar ureide compounds and allowed the highly sensitive GC/MS detection and diagnosis of betaUPase deficiency."( Screening and diagnosis of beta-ureidopropionase deficiency by gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis of urine.
Ishida, A; Kuhara, T; Matsuo, M; Ohse, M, 2002)		0.8
"Urea treatment proved to be efficient for disinfection of source separated faecal matter in a scale independent method used for safe recycling of nutrients found in the faecal matter.PAA reduced all of the above indicator organisms within 12 h after application."( The potential for disinfection of separated faecal matter by urea and by peracetic acid for hygienic nutrient recycling.
Albihn, A; Bagge, E; Holmqvist, A; Jönsson, H; Vinnerås, B, 2003)		1.28
"CTAB-urea treated RNA from highly pigmented melanoma cells can be successfully reverse transcribed and labeled to obtain probes which can be subsequently used in cDNA microarray experiments, giving consistent and reproducible results."( CTAB-urea method purifies RNA from melanin for cDNA microarray analysis.
Carninci, P; De Cecco, L; Di Stasi, D; Gariboldi, M; Lagonigro, MS; Ranzani, T; Rodolfo, M, 2004)		1.29
"In urea-pretreated membranes, exogenously added adenosine competed according to a simple mass-action model with a pK(L) of 5.66+/-0.05 (n=3)."( Effects of urea pretreatment on the binding properties of adenosine A1 receptors.
Christopoulos, A; May, LT; Sexton, PM, 2005)		1.23
"Urea treatment also improved the viability of intact tissues frozen in vitro, as demonstrated by post-thaw measures of metabolic activity and LDH leakage."( Cryoprotection by urea in a terrestrially hibernating frog.
Costanzo, JP; Lee, RE, 2005)		1.38
"Urea-treated gels showed excessive network disruption and breakdown."( Impact of urea on the microstructure of commercial canola protein-carrageenan network: a research note.
Arntfield, SD; Uruakpa, FO, 2006)		1.46
"Urea treated samples with a basic character and high nitrogen content presented the highest phenol uptake capacity; nitric acid treated carbons and oxygen gasified samples presented an acidic surface functionality and a low phenol adsorption capacity."( Effect of activated carbons modification on porosity, surface structure and phenol adsorption.
Sakellaropoulos, GP; Samaras, P; Stavropoulos, GG, 2008)		1.07
"Urea-treated muscles from this species performed no better than muscles incubated in saline, attesting that freeze tolerance cannot be conferred simply by augmenting cryoprotectant levels."( Urea loading enhances postfreeze performance of frog skeletal muscle.
Costanzo, JP; Fincel, EA; Lee, RE; Marjanovic, M, 2008)		2.51
"Urea treatment resulted in an improvement of the cerebral circulation whereas glycerol treatment led to a deterioration of cerebral blood flow which cannot be explained by failure to reduce edema and the consequent microcirculatory impairment."( Comparison of the effects of hypertonic glycerol and urea on brain edema, energy metabolism and blood flow following cerebral microembolism in the rat. Deleterious effect of glycerol treatment.
Beley, A; Beley, P; Bralet, AM; Bralet, J, )		1.1
"Urea-treatment of the microsome fraction of the heart of guinea-pigs caused selective reduction in the apparent affinity of an agonist (carbachol), but not an antagonist (atropine), to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR), measured as inhibition of binding of 3H-quinuclidinyl benzilate (3H-QNB). "( Effect of urea-treatment on agonist binding affinity of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.
Higuchi, H; Matsumoto, K; Mizushima, A; Uchida, S; Yoshida, H, 1983)		2.11
"In urea-treated rats, capillaries and venules frequently displayed extravasation of HRP as well."( The permeability alteration of brain and spinal cord vasculature to horseradish peroxidase during experimental decompression sickness as compared to the alteration in permeability induced by hyperosmolar solution.
Laitinen, LA; Lehtosalo, J; Panula, P, 1982)		0.78
"Urea treatment also induced a persistent osmotic diuresis, allowing a normal daily intake of water despite SIADH."( Treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone by urea.
Brimioulle, S; Decaux, G; Genette, F; Mockel, J, 1980)		1.21
"Urea pretreatment slows hexobarbital metabolsim and prolongs hexobarbital sleep times."( Effects of urea on hexobarbital and antipyrine disposition in rats.
Bachmann, K; Valentovic, M, 1980)		1.37
"Urea treatment of FN significantly reduced both BHK cell adhesion and the binding of both cell adhesion-inhibitory mAbs, whereas the binding of A35 and A3 was unaffected."( Effects of polystyrene surface chemistry on the biological activity of solid phase fibronectin and vitronectin, analysed with monoclonal antibodies.
Dalton, BA; Steele, JG; Underwood, PA, 1993)		1.01
"In urea-pretreated cells, swelling further activated cotransport, but without any measurable delay, in contrast to a time lag of 8 min when control cells (not exposed to urea) were swollen."( Urea activation of K-Cl transport in human erythrocytes.
Gasson, C; Kaji, DM, 1995)		2.25
"Urea-treated groups developed osmotic diuresis (urine flow = about 0.04 ml.min-1 x 100 g body weight-1) comparable to that in rats with experimental diabetes mellitus induced by i.v."( Effects of chronic, urea-induced osmotic diuresis on kidney weight and function in rats.
Ogino, Y; Okada, S; Ota, Z, 1994)		1.33
"Urea treatment also caused the projections induced both by micropipette aspiration and by lysophosphatidylcholine to become irreversible."( Remodeling the shape of the skeleton in the intact red cell.
Josephs, R; Khodadad, JK; Podolski, JL; Steck, TL; Waugh, RE, 1996)		1.02
"Urea-treated binding protein also cross-reacts poorly in the RIA with CRF-BP."( Heterogeneity of the human corticotropin-releasing factor-binding protein.
David, J; Kemp, CF; Lowry, PJ; Woods, RJ, 1997)		1.02
"Urea treatment preferentially eluted MAbs to discontinuous rather than continuous epitopes, independent of their affinities."( An investigation of the high-avidity antibody response to glycoprotein 120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
Arshad, H; Binley, JM; Fouts, TR; Moore, JP, 1997)		1.02
"Urea-treated inositol monophosphatase binds Co2+ ions with a dissociation constant of 3.3 microM."( Partially folded conformations of inositol monophosphatase endowed with catalytic activity.
Churchich, DR; Churchich, JE; Kwok, F; Lau, CK; Li, W; Lo, SC, 1998)		1.02
"Urea treatment did not induce WR behavior."( Intra- and extracellular dehydration-induced thirst-related behavior in an amphibian.
Mayer, LP; Propper, CR; Taylor, K, )		0.85
"Urea treatment (100-300 mM) increased expression of the oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor, Gadd153/CHOP, at the mRNA and protein levels (at >/=4 h) in renal medullary mIMCD3 cells in culture, whereas other solutes did not. "( Urea-associated oxidative stress and Gadd153/CHOP induction.
Cohen, DM; Yang, XY; Zhang, Z, 1999)		3.19
"Urea treatment also induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc and the recruitment to Shc of Grb2."( PI3K signaling in the murine kidney inner medullary cell response to urea.
Cohen, DM; Soltoff, SP; Yang, XY; Zhang, Z, 2000)		1.26
"Urea treatment (100-200 mM), but not sham treatment, increased Ras activation 124% at 2 min; the effect of NaCl did not achieve statistical significance."( Ras signaling in the inner medullary cell response to urea and NaCl.
Boss, GR; Cohen, DM; Tian, W, 2000)		1.28
"Urea or pH treatment of empty capsids released dimer, trimer, or pentamer capsid protein combinations, while treatment of full capsids consistently released trimer and, in some cases, pentamer forms."( Canine parvovirus capsid assembly and differences in mammalian and insect cells.
Parrish, CR; Yuan, W, 2001)		1.03
"In urea-treated membranes, transient absorption measurements upon a laser flash indicated a recombination between the photo-oxidized primary donor P798+ and a reduced acceptor with a time constant of 20 ms at room temperature."( Spectroscopic evidence for the presence of an iron-sulfur center similar to Fx of Photosystem I in Heliobacillus mobilis.
Blankenship, RE; Chiou, HC; Kleinherenbrink, FA; LoBrutto, R, 1994)		0.8
"Urea treatment caused a drastic increase in the segmental motion of the polypeptide chains that was completely reversible by its removal."( Stratum corneum protein dynamics as evaluated by a spin-label maleimide derivative: effect of urea.
Alonso, A; dos Santos, JG; dos Santos, WP; Leonor, SJ; Tabak, M, 2001)		1.25
"Urea treatments, i.e., 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.00%, stimulated higher densities of the desired microorganisms than the control, while undesired organisms showed lower counts (proteolytic and saccharolytic anaerobes)."( Factors affecting the microbial and chemical composition of silage. III. Effect of urea additions on maize silage.
Abd-el-Hafez, A; Mahmoud, SA; Saleh, EA; Zaki, MM, 1978)		1.2
"Urea- and saline-treated material showed complex isoelectric patterns that were quantitatively dissimilar."( A comparison of methods for the isolation of carcinoembryonic antigen.
Brattain, MG; Kimball, PM, 1978)		0.98
"The urea-removal treatment also increased the triadic junction width."( Calcium antagonism of the block in excitation-contraction coupling produced by a urea exposure-removal treatment.
Frank, GB; Treffers, RC, 1977)		0.96
"Urea treatment is very simple and without any complications, apart from a transient opacity of the cornea."( Effects of urea treatment in malignancies of the conjunctiva and cornea.
Danopoulos, ED; Danopoulou, IE; Liarikos, SB; Merkuris, KM, 1979)		1.37
"Urea-treated sorghum grain was equivalent to reconstituted, ensiled sorghum in digestion characteristics and was superior to dry sorghum."( Comparison of urea treatment with established methods of sorghum grain preservation and processing on site and extent of starch digestion by cattle.
Hill, TM; Russell, RW; Schmidt, SP; Thomas, EE; Wolfe, DF, 1991)		1.36
"Urea treatment of the enzyme, followed by modification with N-ethylmaleimide, produces the modification of 7 of the 10 cysteine residues present in the sequence."( The role of cysteine-150 in the structure and activity of rat liver S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase.
Corrales, FJ; Mato, JM; Ochoa, P; Pajares, MA, 1991)		1
"Urea-treated SF bound to heparin under physiological conditions, and salt concentrations of 0.4 M or higher were required for elution of urea-treated SF from heparin-Sepharose at pH 7.0."( Heparin-binding properties of human serum spreading factor.
Amos, B; Barnes, DW; Reing, JE, 1985)		0.99
"The urea and digitonin treatment of EP from NBT induced a break on the Arrhenius plot at 27.5-30.5 degrees C."( [Features of temperature dependence of the Na+,K+-ATPase reaction in normal and tumorous brain tissue].
Kullisaar, TE; Randvere, TO; Salum, TT; Sinisalu, VN; Tiakhepyld, LIa; Tsil'mer, K; Vikhalemm, TE, )		0.61
"Urea treatment of cytosol incubated with 20 nM [3H]triamcinolone acetonide caused transformation of glucocorticoid-receptor complexes (GRc) and resulted in an increase in the binding of GRc to DNA-cellulose and ATP-Sepharose."( In vitro modulation of rat liver glucocorticoid receptor by urea.
Eliezer, N; Hurd, C; Lombardo, G; Moudgil, VK; Vandenheede, L, 1987)		1.24
"Urea treatment resulted in both an increased number of stained bands and more concentrated staining of bands than any other treatment on polyacrylamide gels."( Recovery of soluble proteins from glanded cotton tissues with amines.
Schmidt, JH; Wells, R, 1986)		0.99
"Urea treatment resulted in dose-dependent lowering of complement fixing globulin capacity."( [Lowering the complement-fixing capacity and induction of tolerogenic properties in human globulins by urea treatment].
Shemerovskaia, TG; Sofronov, BN, 1986)		1.21
"Urea treatment of infected SMB supernatant fluids indicated that the CF antigens were more stable to the effect of urea than were the HA antigens."( Effect of urea on the hemagglutinating and complement-fixing antigens of type 2 Dengue virus.
Atchison, RW; Cornesky, RA; Hammon, WM; Sather, GE, 1972)		1.37
"5. Urea treatment inactivated both beta-galactosidases, the neutral beta-galactosidase being more sensitive than the acid beta-galactosidase."( Characteristics of beta-galactosidase in the mucosa of the small intestine of infant rats. Physicochemical properties.
Heringová, A; Jirsová, V; Kácl, K; Koldovský, O; Kraml, J; Ledvina, M; Pelichová, H, 1969)		0.76
"The treatments of urea + DCD and urea + DMPP0.5% produced a significantly lower concentration of extractable Cd in the paddy soil, and reduced the accumulation of Cd in brown rice."( Different effects of the application of urea combined with nitrification inhibitor on cadmium activity in the rice-rape rotation system.
Li, L; Liu, Y; Luo, B; Luo, S; Peng, L; Xiao, C; Zeng, Q, 2022)		1.31
"DAFR treated with urea or NaOH at concentrations of 40 and 60 g/kg DM decreased its neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.0115) and lignin (P < 0.0001) content, and this reduction was greater with the highest concentration (60 g/kg DM)."( Sodium hydroxide or urea pretreatment of acerola (Malpighia emarginata) fruit residue increases dry matter degradability and reduces methane production in in vitro rumen fermentation.
da Silva Pereira, FD; de Lima, PR; de Souza Rodrigues, RT; Dos Santos de Oliveira, A; Ferreira, CP; Menezes, DR; Moraes, SA; Moura, LML; Nascimento, JCS; Queiroz, MAÁ, 2020)		1.21
"Treatment with urea cream showed a lower incidence of severe sorafenib-induced HFSR at 2 weeks and reduced the tendency of HFSR development in HCC patients. "( Effect of urea cream on sorafenib-associated hand-foot skin reaction in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter, randomised, double-blind controlled study.
Cho, SB; Hong, YM; Hwang, SY; Jang, BK; Jang, ES; Jang, JY; Jung, YK; Kim, DY; Kim, HJ; Kim, JH; Kim, MY; Lee, HW; Lee, JH; Lee, YS; Seo, YS; Yim, HJ; Yoon, KT, 2020)		1.31
"Treatment with urea increased both levels at pH 7.4."( Short-chain fatty acids and acidic pH upregulate UT-B, GPR41, and GPR4 in rumen epithelial cells of goats.
Aschenbach, JR; Gui, H; Lu, Z; Martens, H; Shen, Z; Yan, L; Yao, L, 2015)		0.76
"Treatment with urea and bifonazole is effective and well tolerated, and easy to do also by elderly patients."( Evaluation of efficacy and tolerability of four weeks bifonazole treatment after nail ablation with 40% urea in mild to moderate distal subungual onychomycosis.
Alessandrini, A; Bruni, F; Piraccini, BM; Starace, M, 2016)		1
"Treating urea-amended soil with extracts of neem, mata-raton or lambda-cyhalothrin reduced the emission of CO2 significantly compared to the untreated soil with the largest decrease found in the latter."( Effect of pest controlling neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and mata-raton (Gliricidia sepium Jacquin) leaf extracts on emission of green house gases and inorganic-N content in urea-amended soil.
Dendooven, L; Fernández-Luqueño, F; Gutierrez-Miceli, FA; López-Valdez, F; Méndez-Bautista, J; Mendoza-Cristino, R; Montes-Molina, JA, 2009)		0.94
"Treatment with urea showed that xylanase secondary structure was stabilized up to 4 M urea to be destabilized thereafter in a cooperative way with a transition midpoint Dm = 5.7 ± 0.2 M, but the ellipticity at 220 nm was greater than control in the presence of urea up to 6 M."( Xylanase II from Trichoderma reesei QM 9414: conformational and catalytic stability to Chaotropes, Trifluoroethanol, and pH changes.
Bañares-Hidalgo, A; Estrada, P; López, G, 2011)		0.71
"Treatment of urea cycle disorders and related metabolic diseases consists of nutritional restriction of proteins, administration of specific amino acids, and use of alternative pathways for discarding excess nitrogen."( Clinical manifestations of inborn errors of the urea cycle and related metabolic disorders during childhood.
Endo, F; Matsuda, I; Matsuura, T; Yanagita, K, 2004)		0.93
"Pretreatment with urea also decreased binding, suggesting that hydrophobic interactions play a role in ZEN binding."( Chemical moieties and interactions involved in the binding of zearalenone to the surface of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains GG.
El-Nezami, H; Haskard, C; Juvonen, R; Lee, YK; Mykkänen, H; Polychronaki, N; Salminen, S, 2004)		0.65
"Pretreatment with urea caused a 56% reduction in membrane proteins."( Effects of urea pretreatment on the binding properties of adenosine A1 receptors.
Christopoulos, A; May, LT; Sexton, PM, 2005)		1.04
"Treatment with urea or trypsin converted compact nucleoids to partially expanded forms."( Cooperative transitions of isolated Escherichia coli nucleoids: implications for the nucleoid as a cellular phase.
Zimmerman, SB, 2006)		0.67
"Treatment with urea resulted in a total loss of activity at higher concentrations of denaturant with no major structural changes."( Crystallization and preliminary characterization of a highly thermostable lectin from Trichosanthes dioica and comparison with other Trichosanthes lectins.
Anuradha, P; Dharkar, PD; Gaikwad, SM; Suresh, CG, 2006)		0.67
"Treatments (2% urea and 0.5% ammonia), temperature (4 degrees C or 14 degrees C) and combinations of these factors significantly affected the inactivation rate."( Salmonella reduction in manure by the addition of urea and ammonia.
Nordin, A; Ottoson, J; Vinnerås, B; von Rosen, D, 2008)		0.94
"By treatment with urea or mersalyl, activation of both the NADPH and benzyl viologen activities can be realized under mild conditions, whereas by treatment with heat, the activation of benzyl viologen activity is concomitant with loss of the NADPH activity."( Active and inactive nitrate reductase. Effects of mild treatment with denaturing agents of protein.
Di Martino Rigano, V; Fuggi, A; Rigano, C; Vona, V, 1980)		0.58
"By treating the urea with PPD, the activity of urease, the hydrolysis rate of urea and the NH3-concentration in the rumen were significantly diminished 0.5 to 2 hours after feeding (alpha = 0.05)."( [Studies on the effect of phosphoric phenyl ester diamide as inhibitor of the rumen urease of dairy cows. 1. Influence on urea hydrolysis, ammonia release and fermentation in the rumen].
Bock, J; Piatkowski, B; Voigt, J, 1980)		0.82
"Treatment with urea-cycle amino acids increased hepatic detoxication of ammonia; however, there was no relationship between the doses used and survival rates."( Treatment of ammonia intoxication in rats through the use of amino acids from the urea cycle.
Marcondes, MC; Ortolani, EL, 1995)		0.86
"Pretreatment urease activity was assessed by the 14C-urea breath test (UBT) in all patients."( High Helicobacter pylori numbers are associated with low eradication rate after triple therapy.
Bujanover, Y; Gilat, T; Hallak, A; Konikoff, FM; Moshkowitz, M; Peled, Y; Santo, M; Tiomny, E, 1995)		0.64
"Pretreatment with urea (200 mM for 30 min) protected from the proapoptotic effect of hypertonic stress (200 mosmol/kgH(2)O) in this model."( Urea protects from the proapoptotic effect of NaCl in renal medullary cells.
Cohen, DM; Tian, W; Zhang, Z, 2000)		2.07
"Treatment with urea and sulfonation also produced changes in the retardation co-efficient."( Modification of calf lens crystallins as determined by gel electrophoresis.
Griess, GA; Yulo, T; Zigman, S, 1976)		0.6
"Treatment by urea of purified rat liver cystathionase (L-Cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating), EC 4.4.1.1) provoked a similar alteration of two activities of the enzyme, namely cysteine desulfhydration and homoserine deamination. "( New insights into the active center of rat liver cystathionase.
Chatagner, F; de Billy, G; Muller, P, 1975)		0.62
"Treatment with urea (2-3 M) does not severely damage the centriole cylinders but inactivates their ability to nucleate microtubules even at high tubulin concentrations."( Regulation of the microtubule nucleating activity of centrosomes in Xenopus egg extracts: role of cyclin A-associated protein kinase.
Buendia, B; Draetta, G; Karsenti, E, 1992)		0.62
"Treatment with urea resulted in a similar relationship between tryptophan fluorescence intensity and inactivation."( Mechanism of freeze-thaw damage to liver alcohol dehydrogenase and protection by cryoprotectants and amino acids.
Glofcheski, DJ; Heinz, KA; Kruuv, J; Lepock, JR, 1990)		0.62
"Treatment with urea or heating at 50 C in 3 mm NaCl also produced this effect."( Electron microscopic observations on the ribonucleic acid of murine leukemia virus.
Bader, JP; Kakefuda, T, 1969)		0.59
"Treatment with urea-mercaptoethanol of purified spores of Bacillus thuringiensis, other Bacillus species, and Clostridium roseum solubilizes a protein fraction between 5 and 12% of the dry weight of the spores. "( Urea-mercaptoethanol-soluble protein from spores of Bacillus thuringiensis and other species.
Delafield, FP; Rittenberg, SC; Somerville, HJ, 1970)		2.04

Toxicity

Urease showed its inhibitory effects on cancer cell lines through the generation of toxic ammonia, which in turn increased the pH of the surrounding medium. The number of patients with at least one adverse event was twice as high in the bifonazole-urea group.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"22 of 31 residents of a Somerset village where soil levels of cadmium were high had raised blood-cadmium levels, and some had clinical and biochemical findings (including hypertension and biochemical evidence of renal tubular damage) indicating toxic effects which could be attributed to the metal."( Evidence of cadmium toxicity in a population living in a zinc-mining area. Pilot survey of Shipham residents.
Carruthers, M; Smith, B, 1979)		0.26
" Ammonium acetate proved to be less toxic in rats treated with single or repeated doses of galactosamine than in untreated animals."( [Toxicity of ammonium acetate in rats with acute and subacute galactosamine-induced hepatitis (author's transl)].
Gerok, W; Hoppe-Seyler, G; Maier, KP; Senn, HJ, 1979)		0.26
"1 The tendency of a given oral dose of digoxin to induce cardiac dysrhythmia was determined indirectly at various times after its administration to eight conscious dogs by measurement of the intravenous dose of acetylstrophanthidin necessary to induce toxic changes in the ECG."( The relationship between cardiotoxicity and plasma digoxin concentration in conscious dogs.
Chapple, DJ; Hughes, R; Johnson, BF, 1976)		0.26
" Selectivity of protection by WR2721 is probably due to the preferential formation and uptake of the thiol metabolite 2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethanethiol (WR1065), which can inactivate toxic platinum-species inside the cell."( Time dependence of the selective modulation of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by WR2721 in the mouse.
Boven, E; Holwerda, U; Pinedo, HM; Treskes, M; van der Vijgh, WJ, 1992)		0.28
" Within the free plasma concentration range in this large patient group, we could detect no association between free naproxen concentration and efficacy score or between free concentrations and adverse events."( Naproxen free plasma concentrations and unbound fractions in patients with osteoarthritis: relation to age, sex, efficacy, and adverse events.
Hundal, O; Husby, G; Rugstad, HE, 1991)		0.28
" The dibromomonochlorinated analogue 1,3-dibromo-2-chloropropane was less organ toxic than DBCP and 1,2,3-tribromopropane, but induced more organ damage than the dichloromonobrominated analogues 1-bromo-2,3-dichloropropane and 1,3-dichloro-2-bromopropane."( Effect of bromine and chlorine positioning in the induction of renal and testicular toxicity by halogenated propanes.
Brunborg, G; Dahl, JE; Dybing, E; Holme, JA; Låg, M; Nelson, SD; Omichinski, JG; Søderlund, EJ, )		0.13
" The majority of current and past research and literature indicates that the current use of a 10% carbamide peroxide solution in the method advocated for bleaching vital teeth is apparently safe when administered properly under the supervision of a dentist."( Nightguard vital bleaching: how safe is it?
Haywood, VB; Heymann, HO, 1991)		0.28
"Studies were performed to evaluate the toxic effects of ammonium sulphate and urea (chemical fertilizers currently applied in ricelands of Cameroon) against eggs, juveniles, and adults of two species of freshwater snails (Helisoma trivolvis and Biomphalaria havanensis)."( Toxicity evaluation of ammonium sulphate and urea to three developmental stages of freshwater snails.
Englande, AJ; Malek, EA; Tchounwou, PB, 1991)		0.77
" Commercially available DMAPN metabolites, administered by gavage, produced toxic effects less adverse than DMAPN."( Studies on the mechanism of urotoxic effects of N,N'-dimethylaminopropionitrile in rats and mice. 1. Biochemical and morphologic characterization of the injury and its relationship to metabolism.
Ahmed, AE; Farooqui, MY; Frankenberg, L; Ghanayem, BI; Mumtaz, MM; Rajaraman, S, 1991)		0.28
" The toxic effect of diammonium phosphate was more pronounced than that of urea."( Evaluation of hematotoxic effects of two commonly used fertilizers, diammonium phosphate and urea, on fish Clarias batrachus.
Sethi, N; Singh, P; Singh, RK; Trivedi, SP, 1990)		0.73
"Hypertensive patients prescribed captopril while attending a hospital hypertension clinic were studied, to identify the benefits of the drug, its adverse effects and factors predisposing to them."( Adverse effects of captopril in hospital outpatients with hypertension.
Breckenridge, A; Grimmer, M; Orme, M; Roberts, D; Walley, T; Winstanley, P, 1990)		0.28
" Additional nutritional factors may play a crucial role in achieving the amelioration of this model of toxic nephropathy."( The effect of oral calcium load or verapamil on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.
Aladjem, M; Bogin, E; Tamir, A, 1989)		0.28
" In whole animals, inhibition of pyruvate carboxylase may contribute to benzoate toxicity and the adverse influence of glyoxylate on benzoate therapy."( Potentiation of benzoate toxicity by glyoxylate. Inhibition of pyruvate carboxylase and the urea cycle.
Cyr, DM; Tremblay, GC, 1989)		0.5
" Nitroprusside infusion, as described, in children with normal hepatic and renal function is safe and may not warrant routine assessment of thiocyanate levels."( Nitroprusside in children after cardiopulmonary bypass: a study of thiocyanate toxicity.
Cartmill, TB; Celermajer, JM; Kunathai, S; Nunn, GR; O'Halloran, M; Sholler, GF, 1989)		0.28
" Toxic effects were observed for all three drugs at 10 times the therapeutic plasma concentration."( A study of the relative hepatotoxicity in vitro of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen, flurbiprofen and butibufen.
Castell, JV; Gómez-Lechón, MJ; Larrauri, A, 1988)		0.27
" If phenobarbital protects from cyclosporine nephrotoxicity because of its enzyme inducing action, it would follow that the parent drug and not a toxic metabolite mediates renal dysfunction."( Effect of phenobarbital and cimetidine on experimental cyclosporine nephrotoxicity: preliminary observations.
Benner, KE; Bennett, WM; Houghton, DC; Sasaki, AW; Schwass, DE, 1986)		0.27
" The LD50 of Hg2+ (mg/kg total body weight), however, remains essentially constant (1."( The toxicity and teratogenicity of mercuric mercury in the pregnant rat.
Holt, D; Webb, M, 1986)		0.27
" Although many treatment regimens have been described over the years, their application has presented problems of adverse effects and all have required detailed and intensive supervision of patients."( Parenteral chlorpromazine and frusemide: safe and effective treatment for hypertensive emergencies.
Lawson, AA; Nimmo, GR, 1986)		0.27
" Studies on the toxicology, residues and metabolism of IMDP showed this to be a safe dosage regimen."( Efficacy, toxicity and metabolism of imidocarb dipropionate in the treatment of Babesia ovis infection in sheep.
Clampitt, RB; Crawley, RJ; James, JA; McHardy, N; Woollon, RM, 1986)		0.27
" HCBD was about four times more toxic to female rats than males."( Nephrotoxicity of hexachlorobutadiene and its glutathione-derived conjugates.
Ishmael, J; Lock, EA, 1986)		0.27
" The intraperitoneal administration of toxic doses of l-2,4-diaminobutyric acid to rats resulted in hyperirritability, tremors and convulsions in 12-20hr."( The 'neurotoxicity' of L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid.
Chen, CH; Koeppe, RE; Meghal, SK; O'Neal, RM; Reynolds, CS, 1968)		0.25
" A major side effect of CyA is nephrotoxicity."( Nephrotoxicity in bone marrow transplant recipients treated with cyclosporin A.
Baughan, A; Chipping, PM; Fairhead, S; Gordon-Smith, EC; Hows, JM; Smith, J, 1983)		0.27
" This study indicates that quinuronium is highly toxic and that rabbits are moderately resistant."( Acute toxicity studies with quinuronium sulfate in laboratory animals and sheep.
Maribei, JM; Mitema, ES; Nafstad, I, 1984)		0.27
" The present study was undertaken to examine whether the toxic effects of tacrolimus show administration time-dependent variations."( Administration time-dependent toxicity of a new immunosuppressive agent, tacrolimus (FK 506).
Ebihara, A; Fujimura, A, 1994)		0.29
" The intracellular level of glutathione, a scavanger of toxic oxygen metabolites, was decreased in cells exposed to carbamide peroxide; at higher concentrations of carbamide peroxide, leakage of lactic acid dehydrogenase was also evident."( Oxidative stress aspects of the cytotoxicity of carbamide peroxide: in vitro studies.
Babich, H; Leiser, AL; Sinensky, MC, 1995)		0.29
" The single dose LD50 values for a non-carbopol-containing CP (Gly-Oxide) and a carbopol-containing CP (Proxigel) in mice were found to be 143."( Toxicity of two carbamide peroxide products used in nightguard vital bleaching.
Haywood, VB; Heymann, HO; Woolverton, CJ, 1993)		0.29
"Commercial heat-sterilized fluids for peritoneal dialysis (PD) are unphysiological due to low pH, high osmolality, and the presence of several toxic glucose degradation products, formed during heat sterilization."( Toxicity of effluent peritoneal dialysis fluid.
Andrén, A; Hultqvist, M; Kjellstrand, P; Martinson, E; Wieslander, AP, 1993)		0.29
" Oral administration to rats of a single dose of 5 g/kg of Colgate Platinum did not induce any adverse effects."( Safety profile of Colgate Platinum Professional Toothwhitening System.
Adam-Rodwell, G; Bagley, DM; Christina, LM; Kong, BM; Tonucci, D, 1994)		0.29
"Subcutaneous administration of the LD50 dose of methyl isocyanate (MIC) to rats induced severe hyperglycaemia, lactic acidosis and uraemia in rats."( Influence of methylamine and N,N'-dimethylurea, the hydrolysis products of methyl isocyanate, on its systemic toxicity.
Jeevaratnam, K; Sugendran, K; Vaidyanathan, CS, )		0.4
" On the other hand, the target organ (the kidney or liver) and the toxic potency of 4-methylthiazoles were markedly altered with the type of substituents at the 2-position."( Possible role of thioformamide as a proximate toxicant in the nephrotoxicity of thiabendazole and related thiazoles in glutathione-depleted mice: structure-toxicity and metabolic studies.
Kawazoe, S; Mizutani, T; Yoshida, K, )		0.13
" In order to establish if such toxic effects are common to other 2-hydroxynaphthoquinone derivatives, the short-term toxicity of a number of 2-hydroxy-3-alkyl-1,4-naphthoquinones has been compared in rats."( Comparative toxicity of 2-hydroxy-3-alkyl-1,4-naphthoquinones in rats.
Munday, CM; Munday, R; Smith, BL, 1995)		0.29
" Preclinical animal studies have found bizelesin to be more toxic to beagle dogs than to rodents and that myelosuppression was the dose-limiting toxicity."( Myelotoxic effects of the bifunctional alkylating agent bizelesin on human, canine and murine myeloid progenitor cells.
Flora, KP; Garg, A; Grieshaber, CK; Murphy, MJ; Parchment, RE; Tomaszewski, JE; Volpe, DA, 1996)		0.29
"0 LD50 doses of lyophilized cell extract."( Toxicity evaluation of freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806: II. Nephrotoxicity in rats.
Bhattacharya, R; Dangi, RS; Rao, PV; Sugendran, K, 1997)		0.3
" These results support the hypothesis that the role of P-gp as a detoxicant in renal cells may be related to mechanisms that control the cytoplasmic removal of both toxic metabolites from CsA and those originating from the catabolism of signal transduction proteins (methylcysteine esters), which are produced as a result of ras activation in presence of angiotensin II."( Chronic cyclosporin A nephrotoxicity, P-glycoprotein overexpression, and relationships with intrarenal angiotensin II deposits.
Aguilar, M; Andujar, M; Arrebola, F; del Moral, RG; García-Chicano, MJ; Gómez-Morales, M; Guillén, M; Masseroli, M; Nogales, FF; O'Valle, F; Olmo, A; Ramírez, C, 1997)		0.3
" LHL significantly ameliorated the toxic renal biochemical changes induced by CDDP."( Effect of L-histidinol on cisplatin nephrotoxicity in the rat.
Al-Bekairi, AM; Al-Harbi, M; Al-Sawaf, HA; Badary, OA; Nagi, MN, 1997)		0.3
" External, skeletal and visceral findings revealed no adverse effects of ONO-1101 on fetuses."( [Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies of landiolol hydrochloride (ONO-1101) (3). Teratogenicity study in rabbits].
Aze, Y; Chihara, N; Fujita, T; Nakagawa, Y; Nishimura, T; Ozeki, Y; Sakamoto, T; Shimouchi, K; Tanaka, M, 1997)		0.3
" The results showed that, in vitro, both bleaching agents were cytotoxic to fibroblasts and the new bleaching agent was less toxic than hydrogen peroxide."( In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxicity of a bleaching agent.
Konstantinidis, A; Kortsaris, AH; Koulaouzidou, E; Lambrianidis, T, 1998)		0.3
" Seven groups of adult male rats were given a single sc toxic dose of HgCl2 (0."( Comparison of the effectiveness of 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) and meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) as protective agents against mercuric chloride-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
Bellés, M; de la Torre, A; Domingo, JL; Llobet, JM; Mayayo, E, 1998)		0.3
"The product tested is an effective and safe tooth-whitening agent."( The efficacy and safety of a 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching gel.
Carlson, TJ; Cochran, MA; Eckert, G; Matis, BA, 1998)		0.3
" The time at which a compound showed the greatest toxicity to the cell cycle was definable for APG (between 20 and 50 min postfertilization) and IU (from fertilization to 50 min later); the other compounds being toxic throughout division."( Mechanisms of cytotoxicity by cosmetic ingredients in sea urchin eggs.
Amouroux, I; Girard, JP; Noël, H; Pesando, D, 1999)		0.3
" The global incidence of adverse events was 45% higher with EC, though not significant (32 vs."( Comparative efficacy and safety of calcium carbasalate plus metoclopramide versus ergotamine tartrate plus caffeine in the treatment of acute migraine attacks.
Geraud, G; Gómez, JP; Henry, P; Joffroy, A; Lainez, JM; Le Jeunne, C; Liaño, H; Pradalier, A; Titus i Albareda, F, 1999)		0.3
"Since its introduction into dentistry in 1989, nightguard vital bleaching has been proven to be a simple and safe procedure to whiten discolored teeth."( Efficacy, longevity, side effects, and patient perceptions of nightguard vital bleaching.
Leonard, RH, 1998)		0.3
" However, potential adverse effects may occur in inappropriate applications, abuses, or the use of inappropriate products."( Tooth bleaching using peroxide-containing agents: current status of safety issues.
Li, Y, 1998)		0.3
" Results from the literature to date show that renal toxicity is the most serious adverse effect of AmB."( Must we really fear toxicity of conventional amphotericin B in oncological patients?
Doubek, M; Mayer, J; Vorlìcek, J, 1999)		0.3
"Cisplatin caused differential toxic effects on blood glucose and plasma urea, uric acid and creatinine levels."( Rehabilitating role of glutathione ester on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity.
Babu, E; Chandramohan, N; Ebrahim, AS; Sakthisekaran, D, 1999)		0.54
" Drug-related adverse effects were flulike symptoms, gingivitis, fever, local erythema, and eosinophilia."( Toxicity of a standardized mistletoe extract in immunocompromised and healthy individuals.
Gorter, RW; Stoss, M; van Wely, M, 1999)		0.3
" In this investigation, toxic effects of debitterized fenugreek (DFG) powder have been assessed following acute and subchronic regimens in mice and rats."( Acute and subchronic toxicity assessment of debitterized fenugreek powder in the mouse and rat.
Narasimhamurthy, K; Ramesh, BS; Viswanatha, S, 1999)		0.3
"Fears that the dentist-supervised use of a product that contains carbamide peroxide and that emits hydrogen peroxide may not be safe from the viewpoints of toxicity and cancer risk were engendered by unrealistic animal tests."( The safety-in-use of 10% carbamide peroxide (Opalescence) for bleaching teeth under the supervision of a dentist.
Kelleher, MG; Roe, FJ, 1999)		0.3
" Because there was no differences on the weight gains and food and water consumption of the dams it is suggested that this toxic effects in the fetuses was caused by the diffusion of MCT through the placenta."( Fetotoxicity and reproductive effects of monocrotaline in pregnant rats.
Górniak, SL; Guerra, JL; Medeiros, RM, 2000)		0.31
" Delayed diarrhea and neutropenia are the most common toxic side effects, both of which can usually be predicted, by knowing the criteria for patients who are at increased risk for those side effects."( Colorectal cancer: dilemmas regarding patient selection and toxicity prediction.
Jelic, S; Nikolic-Tomasevic, Z; Popov, I; Radosavljevic, D, 2000)		0.31
" Thus the 6-week old rats metabolized BPAU more efficiently by producing more BPOPD, a detoxified metabolite, and less HBPAU, a suspected toxic metabolite, than the 1-year old rats."( Age difference in the metabolism of p-bromophenylacetylurea in the rat: an implication for age-related susceptibility to its neurotoxicity.
Purcell, WM; Ray, DE; Xu, J, 2000)		0.55
" Despite numerous publications on the ergogenic effects of this naturally occurring substance, there is little information on the possible adverse effects of this supplement."( Adverse effects of creatine supplementation: fact or fiction?
Francaux, M; Poortmans, JR, 2000)		0.31
" No adverse clinical effect of OCM was reported."( Accuracy and safety of online clearance monitoring based on conductivity variation.
Goldau, R; Graf, T; Gross, M; Kuhlmann, U; Lange, H; Orlandini, G; Samadi, N, 2001)		0.31
"The OCM option of the haemodialysis machine provides a safe and accurate tool for continuous online monitoring of total urea clearance."( Accuracy and safety of online clearance monitoring based on conductivity variation.
Goldau, R; Graf, T; Gross, M; Kuhlmann, U; Lange, H; Orlandini, G; Samadi, N, 2001)		0.52
" However, the toxic effects of exposure to MCT in adult rats can be prevented by cysteine."( Lack of protective action of cysteine against the fetotoxic effect of monocrotaline.
Górniak, SL; Guerra, JL; Medeiros, RM; Soto-Blanco, B, 2001)		0.31
"Successful replacement of renal function with dialysis supports the concept that uremia is a toxic state resulting from accumulated solutes and that toxicity results from high concentrations of these solutes in body fluids."( Uremic toxicity: urea and beyond.
Depner, TA, )		0.47
"0 g kg(-1) and no toxic signs were observed in the surviving animals."( Acute toxicity studies of alpha-ketoglutarate: a promising antidote for cyanide poisoning.
Bhattacharya, R; Kumar, D; Pant, SC; Sugendran, K; Tulsawani, RK; Vijayaraghavan, R, )		0.13
" No one reported TS or Girr or any other adverse effects at the end of the study."( Nightguard vital bleaching: a long-term study on efficacy, shade retention. side effects, and patients' perceptions.
Bentley, C; Eagle, JC; Garland, GE; Knight, MC; Leonard, RH; Phillips, C, 2001)		0.31
" In addition, long-term shade retention was reported by 82% of the participants at the end of the study, with no adverse side effects."( Nightguard vital bleaching: a long-term study on efficacy, shade retention. side effects, and patients' perceptions.
Bentley, C; Eagle, JC; Garland, GE; Knight, MC; Leonard, RH; Phillips, C, 2001)		0.31
" The whitening effect lasted up to 47 months in 82% of the patients, with no adverse side effects reported at the end of the study."( Nightguard vital bleaching: a long-term study on efficacy, shade retention. side effects, and patients' perceptions.
Bentley, C; Eagle, JC; Garland, GE; Knight, MC; Leonard, RH; Phillips, C, 2001)		0.31
" The eluates were highly toxic but the toxicity decreased in later stages of the multistep leaching test (NEN 7349)."( Toxicity of industrial wastes and waste leaching test eluates containing organic compounds.
Ahtiainen, J; Joutti, A; Schultz, E; Vaajasaari, K, 2002)		0.31
"Nightguard vital bleaching using 10% carbamide peroxide is safe and effective, with no noticeable side effects, at approximately 10 years (average, 118 mo; range, 108-144 mo) post-treatment."( Safety and stability of nightguard vital bleaching: 9 to 12 years post-treatment.
Caplan, DJ; Haywood, VB; Leonard, RH; Ritter, AV; St Georges, AJ, 2002)		0.31
" These studies prove that Colgate Simply White Clear Whitening Gel is safe for daily use as directed."( Safety profile of a new liquid whitening gel.
Bagley, D; Heu, RT; Li, Y; Monsul-Barnes, V; Petrou, I; Santarpia, P; Slezak, B; Stranick, M; Sullivan, R; Xu, T, 2002)		0.31
" There has been no evidence of systemic adverse effects associated with the proper use of these whitening systems."( The safety of peroxide-containing at-home tooth whiteners.
Li, Y, 2003)		0.32
"The purpose of this study was to assess the acute nephrotoxicity of formaldehyde, as it is believed to be the toxic component of formocresol."( The acute nephrotoxicity of systemically administered formaldehyde in rats.
Boj, JR; Canalda, C; Cortés, O; Marco, I, 2003)		0.32
"During the 2-week treatment period, twelve adverse reactions were recorded as potentially attributable to the study products, evenly split between the two test groups."( Safety evaluation of a novel whitening gel, containing 6% hydrogen peroxide and a commercially available whitening gel containing 18% carbamide peroxide in an exaggerated use clinical study.
Collins, LZ; Gallagher, A; Maggio, B; Schäfer, F; York, M, 2004)		0.32
" It is concluded that both products are safe for their intended use."( Safety evaluation of a novel whitening gel, containing 6% hydrogen peroxide and a commercially available whitening gel containing 18% carbamide peroxide in an exaggerated use clinical study.
Collins, LZ; Gallagher, A; Maggio, B; Schäfer, F; York, M, 2004)		0.32
" Therefore, populations utilizing high ammonium concentration could be more toxic than those growing on nitrate or urea."( Variability in toxicity of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense in response to different nitrogen sources and concentrations.
Leong, SC; Murata, A; Nagashima, Y; Taguchi, S, 2004)		0.53
" The results suggested that females were comparatively more vulnerable to the toxic effects of cadmium than males."( Comparative hepatic and renal toxicity of cadmium in male and female rats.
Flora, SJ; Gubrelay, U; Mehta, A; Singh, M, 2004)		0.32
"Although oral creatine supplementation is very popular among athletes, no prospective placebo-controlled studies on the adverse effects of long-term supplementation have yet been conducted."( Few adverse effects of long-term creatine supplementation in a placebo-controlled trial.
Beijer, C; Groeneveld, GJ; Kalmijn, S; van den Berg, LH; Veldink, JH; Wokke, JH, 2005)		0.33
" Unlike general toxicity data, their prenatal toxic effects were not extensively studied before."( Comparison of developmental toxicity of selective and non-selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in CRL:(WI)WUBR Wistar rats--DFU and piroxicam study.
Burdan, F, 2005)		0.33
"Both selective and non-selective COX-2 inhibitors were toxic for rats fetuses when administered in the highest dose."( Comparison of developmental toxicity of selective and non-selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in CRL:(WI)WUBR Wistar rats--DFU and piroxicam study.
Burdan, F, 2005)		0.33
" At either dose of UC-II, no adverse effects were noted and no significant changes were noted in serum chemistry, suggesting that UC-II was well tolerated."( Efficacy and safety of glycosylated undenatured type-II collagen (UC-II) in therapy of arthritic dogs.
Bagchi, D; Bagchi, M; Canerdy, TD; D'Altilio, M; Deparle, LA; Goad, JT; Gupta, RC, 2005)		0.33
" Their use is frequently associated with dose-limiting adverse effects."( Simple pharmacological test battery to assess efficacy and side effect profile of centrally acting muscle relaxant drugs.
Berzsenyi, P; Farkas, S; Kárpáti, E; Kocsis, P; Tarnawa, I, )		0.13
" For detecting side effect liability (ataxia, sedation, impairment of voluntary motor functions), (1) the rota-rod test, (2) measurement of spontaneous motility, (3) the weight-lifting test and (4) the thiopental sleep test were used."( Simple pharmacological test battery to assess efficacy and side effect profile of centrally acting muscle relaxant drugs.
Berzsenyi, P; Farkas, S; Kárpáti, E; Kocsis, P; Tarnawa, I, )		0.13
"Therapeutic indices calculated from the results of these in vivo experiments for the clinically used muscle relaxants are in agreement with their adverse effect profiles in humans."( Simple pharmacological test battery to assess efficacy and side effect profile of centrally acting muscle relaxant drugs.
Berzsenyi, P; Farkas, S; Kárpáti, E; Kocsis, P; Tarnawa, I, )		0.13
" Oral examinations and interviews were used to ascertain any adverse events that may have occurred during treatment."( Effectiveness and safety of tooth bleaching in teenagers.
Donly, KJ; Gerlach, RW; Kennedy, P; Segura, A, )		0.13
" Twelve subjects (27%) in the polyethylene strip group reported adverse events compared to 5 subjects (42%) in the tray-delivered group."( Effectiveness and safety of tooth bleaching in teenagers.
Donly, KJ; Gerlach, RW; Kennedy, P; Segura, A, )		0.13
"0001) whitened teeth; there were no significant differences between the 2 groups in any of the color parameters; both whitening systems were well tolerated, and most adverse events were mild in severity."( Effectiveness and safety of tooth bleaching in teenagers.
Donly, KJ; Gerlach, RW; Kennedy, P; Segura, A, )		0.13
"5% solution was safe and may be useful in horses as treatment for distal limb infections."( Evaluation of safety and pharmacokinetics of vancomycin after intravenous regional limb perfusion in horses.
Andrés, MS; Cruz, AM; López-Sanromán, J; Román, FS; Rubio-Martínez, LM; Santos, M, 2005)		0.33
" Urea is generally recognized as safe by FDA for the following uses: side-seam cements for food contact; an inhibitor or stabilizer in pesticide formulations and formulations applied to animals; internal sizing for paper and paperboard and surface sizing and coating of paper and paper board that contact water-in-oil dairy emulsions, low-moisture fats and oils, moist bakery products, dry solids with surface containing no free fats or oil, and dry solids with the surface of fat or oil; and to facilitate fermentation of wine."( Final report of the safety assessment of Urea.
, 2005)		1.5
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of home-administered vital bleaching procedures and possible adverse effects derived from their use."( Comparison of the clinical efficacy and safety of carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide in at-home bleaching gels.
Alonso de la Peña, V; Balboa Cabrita, O, )		0.13
"Early AA administration was not associated with any clinically significant adverse effects; it was associated with reduction in the incidence of sepsis and marginally effective in reducing time to regain birth weight."( Safety and efficacy of early amino acids in preterm <28 weeks gestation: prospective observational comparison.
Benadiba-Torch, A; Cuddy, A; Kotsopoulos, K; Shah, PS, 2006)		0.33
" Toxic action of several molecules described below is still not proved; however there are some ongoing studies aimed to find pathophysiological links between old and new described uremic toxins."( [Clinical and metabolic consequences of uremic toxicity].
Rutkowski, P, 2006)		0.33
"Administration of MCPA did not cause mortality and had no adverse effects on hematological parameters of animals."( Adverse effects of herbicide MCPA on dogs in a 90 day toxicological study.
Flaskárová, E; Hózová, R; Sadlonová, I, 2006)		0.33
" Some such compounds are known, however, to be toxic to both animals and humans."( Structure-activity relationships in the haemolytic activity and nephrotoxicity of derivatives of 1,2- and 1,4-naphthoquinone.
Munday, CM; Munday, R; Smith, BL, )		0.13
"One of the major adverse effects of vancomycin (VAN) is nephrotoxicity, which the mechanism is not fully understood."( The effect of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid and tempol in prevention of vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
Ghafghazi, T; Hajhashemi, V; Naghibi, B; Taheri, D; Talebi, A, 2007)		0.34
" However, d-AMB is a toxic drug, the most important dose-limiting toxicities being nephrotoxicity and infusion-related allergic reactions."( Amphotericin B deoxycholate (d-AMB) use in cases with febrile neutropenia and fungal infections: lower toxicity with suitable premedication.
Disel, U; Oto, OA; Paydas, S; Seydaoglu, G; Yavuz, S, 2007)		0.34
" Therefore, the present results revealed that treatment with AA could minimize the toxic effects of stannous chloride."( Study of the protective effect of ascorbic acid against the toxicity of stannous chloride on oxidative damage, antioxidant enzymes and biochemical parameters in rabbits.
Awad, TI; Elhag, FA; Khaled, FA; Yousef, MI, 2007)		0.34
" The aim of the present study was to investigate if spiny dogfish were equally sensitive to copper exposure and whether the toxic mechanisms were the same."( Copper toxicity in the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias): urea loss contributes to the osmoregulatory disturbance.
Bucking, CP; De Boeck, G; Franklin, NM; Hattink, J; Walsh, PJ; Wood, CM; Wood, S, 2007)		0.58
" Exogenously administrated NAC might reduce toxic effects of Cd on the kidney without any reduction in tissue Cd level."( Influence of N-acetylcysteine on renal toxicity of cadmium in rats.
Aktoz, T; Atakan, IH; Aydoğdu, N; Inci, O; Kaplan, M; Ozpuyan, F; Seren, G; Tokuç, B, 2008)		0.35
" No adverse events were reported and all patients completed the 28-day treatment regimen."( Treatment of hyperkeratosis with Kerafoam emollient foam (30% urea) to assess effectiveness and safety within a clinical setting: a case study report.
Goldstein, JA; Gurge, RM, 2008)		0.59
"This study evaluated the adverse effects of carprofen in seven healthy cats."( Evaluation of the adverse effects of subcutaneous carprofen over six days in healthy cats.
Mantovani, FB; Moutinho, FQ; Passarelli, D; Steagall, PV; Thomassian, A, 2009)		0.35
" This drug, at effective higher doses, causes many physiological adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity."( Prevention of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by glucosides of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol.
Kagiya, TV; Maliakel, DM; Nair, CK, 2008)		0.35
" The fixed-dose combination of Ceftriaxone-Vancomycin, is found to be effective in treating various bacterial infections without any toxic effect on liver and kidney."( Efficacy and safety study of fixed-dose combination of ceftriaxone-vancomycin injection in patients with various infections.
Chaudhary, M; Sehgal, R; Shrivastava, SM, 2008)		0.35
" To reduce the risk of adverse effects, it is mandatory to have knowledge about the mode of action of bleaching agents."( [Questions and answers to possible side effects of external bleaching therapies].
Attin, T; Schmidlin, PR; Wiegand, A, 2008)		0.35
" Both 10% and 16% carbamide peroxide concentrations were equally effective and safe for a three-week at-home tooth-bleaching treatment."( Efficacy and safety of 10% and 16% carbamide peroxide tooth-whitening gels: a randomized clinical trial.
Della Bona, A; Demarco, FF; dos Santos, Ida S; Heckmann, SS; Leida, FL; Meireles, SS, )		0.13
"The aim of this study was to develop a safe and simple radiolabeling and purification procedure for high-dose (131)I-rituximab for treatment of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma."( A simple and safe method for 131I radiolabeling of rituximab for myeloablative high-dose radioimmunotherapy.
Baars, JW; Beijnen, JH; Hoefnagel, CA; Huitema, AD; Maessen, HJ; Tran, L, 2009)		0.35
" In clinical conditions, the daily low-level doses used to produce tooth whitening never generate general acute and sub-acute toxic effects."( Undesirable and adverse effects of tooth-whitening products: a review.
Goldberg, M; Grootveld, M; Lynch, E, 2010)		0.36
" We analyzed whether toxic doses of APAP could induce heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in the kidney and whether HSP70 could be detected in urine."( Heat shock protein 70 induction and its urinary excretion in a model of acetaminophen nephrotoxicity.
Molinas, SM; Monasterolo, LA; Pagotto, MA; Pisani, GB; Rosso, M; Trumper, L; Wayllace, NZ, 2010)		0.36
" No major adverse events occurred in both groups."( A randomized controlled trial: efficacy and safety of azithromycin, ofloxacin, bismuth, and omeprazole compared with amoxicillin, clarithromycin, bismuth, and omeprazole as second-line therapy in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection.
Davarpanah Jazi, AH; Fatahi, F; Minakari, M; Moghareabed, N; Shavakhi, A, 2010)		0.36
" An ideal inotropic drug should restore effective tissue perfusion by enhancing myocardial contractility without causing adverse effects."( Acute heart failure with low cardiac output: can we develop a short-term inotropic agent that does not increase adverse events?
Campia, U; Gheorghiade, M; Nodari, S, 2010)		0.36
" The present study was designed to evaluate the toxic effect of small doses of lithium chloride in male Wistar rats."( Lithium induced toxicity in rats: blood serum chemistry, antioxidative enzymes in red blood cells and histopathological studies.
Ahmad, M; Elnakady, Y; Farooq, M; Wadaan, M, 2011)		0.37
" Additional studies must be conducted to investigate the pharmacological potential of this natural substance in order to ensure their safe use in vivo."( Acute, subacute toxicity and mutagenic effects of anacardic acids from cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn.) in mice.
Annoni, R; Borelli, P; Carvalho, AL; Fock, RA; Mauad, T; Silva, PR; Trevisan, MT, 2011)		0.37
"Percutaneous microwave ablation of primary and metastatic liver tumor is no adverse influence on renal function for patients with renal dysfunction in this preliminary series, which can be a minimally invasive alternative therapy."( Is percutaneous microwave ablation of liver tumor safe for patients with renal dysfunction.
Dong, B; Liang, P; Liu, C; Ren, H; Wang, Y; Yu, X; Zhou, P, 2011)		0.37
" Histopathological analysis revealed that the toxic effect were mainly on the liver, kidney and spleen on all treated groups."( Toxicity of Hydnora johannis Becca. dried roots and ethanol extract in rats.
Chapleur, Y; Gadir, EH; Henry, M; Laurain-Mattar, D; Yagi, AI; Yagi, S, 2011)		0.37
"The results from this study suggest that the powder preparation as well as ethanolic extract of Hydnora johannis roots induced toxic effect on Wistar rats."( Toxicity of Hydnora johannis Becca. dried roots and ethanol extract in rats.
Chapleur, Y; Gadir, EH; Henry, M; Laurain-Mattar, D; Yagi, AI; Yagi, S, 2011)		0.37
"Recent investigations have proved the crucial role of nutritional antioxidants to prevent the damage caused by toxic compounds."( Antioxidant-rich date palm fruit extract inhibits oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity induced by dimethoate in rat.
Achour, L; El Arem, A; Elfeki, A; Hammami, M; Louedi, M; Najjar, MF; Saafi-Ben Salah, EB; Saoudi, M; Zakhama, A, 2012)		0.38
"Oral rehydration therapy until 2 h before surgery is safe and feasible in the low-risk Japanese surgical population."( Safety and efficacy of oral rehydration therapy until 2 h before surgery: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.
Fujita, Y; Fukuyama, T; Hinenoya, H; Itou, K; Iwao, Y; Kim, C; Miyao, H; Sakamoto, A; Sanui, M; Sasabuchi, Y; Seo, N; Suzuki, N; Suzuki, T; Takeuchi, M; Taniguchi, H; Yasuda, H, 2012)		0.38
" These results indicated that female mice were more susceptible to the toxic effect of chitosan than males when administered with the higher dose for a long period."( Chitosan induced hepato-nephrotoxicity in mice with special reference to gender effect in glycolytic enzymes activities.
Aly, HF; Nada, SA; Omara, EA, 2012)		0.38
"Early intravenous administration of landiolol in patients with AMI undergoing PCI is safe and has the potential to improve cardiac function and inhibit cardiac remodeling in the chronic phase."( Randomized study on the efficacy and safety of landiolol, an ultra-short-acting β1-adrenergic blocker, in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.
Abe, N; Hanada, K; Higuma, T; Kushibiki, M; Nishizaki, F; Oikawa, K; Okumura, K; Osanai, T; Saito, S; Sukekawa, T; Tomita, H; Yamada, M; Yokota, T, 2012)		0.38
" xanthocarpum fruit extract acts in the kidney as a potent scavenger of free radicals to prevent the toxic effects of GM both in the biochemical and histopathological parameters and thus validates its ethnomedicinal use."( Nephroprotective activity of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit extract against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and renal dysfunction in experimental rodents.
Eswaran, B; Gupta, RK; Hussain, T; Rao, CV; Sweety, K; Vijayakumar, M, 2012)		0.38
" LD50 (median lethal dose) value of 3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate was determined 2676."( Acute oral toxicity of 3-MCPD mono- and di-palmitic esters in Swiss mice and their cytotoxicity in NRK-52E rat kidney cells.
Gao, BY; Jiang, YR; Liu, M; Luo, W; Ma, AN; Qin, F; Shi, HM; Wu, PP; Xu, XB; Yu, LL, 2012)		0.38
" No decrease in systolic blood pressure or other adverse effects was observed."( Safety and efficacy of a bolus injection of landiolol hydrochloride as a premedication for multidetector-row computed tomography coronary angiography.
Akagi, N; Ito, H; Kanazawa, S; Kohno, K; Kusano, K; Miyoshi, T; Morimitsu, Y; Nakamura, K; Osawa, K; Sato, S, 2013)		0.39
" However, its clinical application is hampered by toxic effects in many organs."( Aliskiren alleviates doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress and podocyte injury.
Ahmad, SJ; Akhtar, M; Najmi, AK; Pillai, KK; Rashikh, A, 2013)		0.39
"The present work aimed to study the toxic effect of cadmium (Cd) on rabbits' blood indices, as well as the therapeutic effect of the antioxidant agents, vitamins C and B complex and bee honey on Cd intoxicated rabbits."( Toxicity of cadmium and protective effect of bee honey, vitamins C and B complex.
Abdelaziz, I; Ashour, AA; Elhabiby, MI, 2013)		0.39
" LD50 values of iodogen/DMSO were 59."( A safety study on single intravenous dose of tetrachloro-diphenyl glycoluril [iodogen] dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO).
Alpizar, YA; Chen, F; Cona, MM; de Witte, P; Feng, Y; Li, J; Ni, Y; Oyen, R; Sun, Z; Talavera, K; Vanstapel, F; Verbruggen, A, 2013)		0.39
"Hepatocytes are used widely as a cell model for investigation of xenobiotic metabolism and the toxic mechanism of drugs."( Integrative analysis of proteomic and transcriptomic data for identification of pathways related to simvastatin-induced hepatotoxicity.
Baek, MC; Cho, YE; Kang, W; Kim, SH; Lee, HC; Lee, JE; Lee, MH; Moon, PG; Singh, TS, 2013)		0.39
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of successive applications of 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) gel on odontoblast-like cells."( Toxic effects of daily applications of 10% carbamide peroxide on odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells.
de Souza Costa, CA; Hebling, J; Lima, AF; Ribeiro, AP; Sacono, NT; Soares, DG, 2013)		0.39
"It can be concluded that one application of 10% CP did not cause toxic effects in odontoblast-like cells, but the successive application of this product promoted severe cytotoxic effects."( Toxic effects of daily applications of 10% carbamide peroxide on odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells.
de Souza Costa, CA; Hebling, J; Lima, AF; Ribeiro, AP; Sacono, NT; Soares, DG, 2013)		0.39
" However, as many toxic responses in vivo are mediated by a complex interplay among different cell types and often require chronic drug exposures, the predictive performance of hepatocytes is very limited."( A long-term three dimensional liver co-culture system for improved prediction of clinically relevant drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
Applegate, D; Boess, F; Kostadinova, R; Naughton, B; Roth, A; Singer, T; Suter, L; Weiser, T, 2013)		0.39
" The number of patients with at least one adverse event was twice as high in the bifonazole-urea group in comparison to the 40% urea ointment with plastic dressing group."( Efficacy, safety and tolerability of an optimized avulsion technique with onyster® (40% urea ointment with plastic dressing) ointment compared to bifonazole-urea ointment for removal of the clinically infected nail in toenail onychomycosis: a randomized e
Baran, R; Bulai-Livideanu, C; Coubetergues, H; Lahfa, M; Ortonne, JP; Paul, C; Piraccini, BM; Richert, B; Sibaud, V; Szepietowski, JC; Tosti, A; Voisard, JJ, 2013)		0.83
" Nevertheless, animal and clinical studies have demonstrated that nephrotoxicity is the major adverse effect limiting the prolonged CsA therapeutic use."( Sildenafil protects against nitric oxide deficiency-related nephrotoxicity in cyclosporine A treated rats.
Abdel-latif, RG; El-Moselhy, MA; Khalifa, MA; Morsy, MA, 2013)		0.39
" vasica extract offers a biologically safe alternative to detoxify aflatoxin and has huge potential to be used in the poultry industry to reduce aflatoxicosis."( Role of Adhatoda vasica (L.) Nees leaf extract in the prevention of aflatoxin-induced toxicity in Wistar rats.
Brinda, R; Malathi, D; Paranidharan, V; Uma, D; Velazhahan, R; Vijayanandraj, S, 2013)		0.39
" Its primary dose-limiting side effect is nephrotoxicity."( Organic anion transporter 5 (Oat5) renal expression and urinary excretion in rats treated with cisplatin: a potential biomarker of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
Bulacio, RP; Torres, AM, 2013)		0.39
" It was concluded that, regardless of the increase in enamel hardness due to the application of fluoride solutions, the treated enamel surface did not prevent the toxic effects caused by the 16% CP gel to odontoblast-like cells."( Effect of fluoride-treated enamel on indirect cytotoxicity of a 16% carbamide peroxide bleaching gel to pulp cells.
de Souza Costa, CA; Hebling, J; Lima, AF; Ribeiro, AP; Sacono, NT; Soares, DG, 2013)		0.39
" The safety endpoint was the incidence of adverse events in each of the three groups."( The effectiveness and safety of landiolol hydrochloride, an ultra-short-acting β1-blocker, in postoperative patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Kikawa, S; Taenaka, N, 2013)		0.39
" No significant difference was observed in the incidence of adverse events among the three groups: 29."( The effectiveness and safety of landiolol hydrochloride, an ultra-short-acting β1-blocker, in postoperative patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Kikawa, S; Taenaka, N, 2013)		0.39
"Landiolol hydrochloride is effective and safe for patients with postoperative SVT."( The effectiveness and safety of landiolol hydrochloride, an ultra-short-acting β1-blocker, in postoperative patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Kikawa, S; Taenaka, N, 2013)		0.39
"Landiolol is an ultra-short-acting β-blocker that appears to be more cardioselective and less toxic than esmolol."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of landiolol hydrochloride in healthy Chinese subjects.
Hua, W; Huang, M; Wang, H; Wang, M; Zhang, Q; Zhou, W, 2014)		0.4
" The safety of landiolol hydrochloride was assessed by adverse events recording, 12-lead ECG findings, physical examination, laboratory testing, and vital signs."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of landiolol hydrochloride in healthy Chinese subjects.
Hua, W; Huang, M; Wang, H; Wang, M; Zhang, Q; Zhou, W, 2014)		0.4
" There were no adverse events in any subject."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of landiolol hydrochloride in healthy Chinese subjects.
Hua, W; Huang, M; Wang, H; Wang, M; Zhang, Q; Zhou, W, 2014)		0.4
"Cisplatin (a platinum-compound) is a anti-neoplastic drug used in the treatment of various cancers but eventually results in severe adverse effects namely nephrotoxicity or renal disorder through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)."( 1,2-Diazole prevents cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in experimental rats.
Guruvayoorappan, C; Kannan, N; Prabhu, VV, 2013)		0.39
"The aim of this study was to investigate the toxic impacts of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs) on rat kidneys and the possible prophylactic role of either quercetin or idebenone."( Potential impact of quercetin and idebenone against immuno- inflammatory and oxidative renal damage induced in rats by titanium dioxide nanoparticles toxicity.
Abdel Baky, NA; Al-Rasheed, NM; Faddah, LM; Mohamed, AM; Mohammad, RA, 2013)		0.39
" This implies that the hydrolysis of an excess of urea by soil bacteria or by the lichens themselves would increase the concentration of ammonia in the lichen thallus to a level that may be toxic to the photobiont."( Intracellular urease activity in the lichen Cladonia verticillaris, and its implication for toxicity.
da Silva, NH; de Vasconcelos, TL; Legaz, ME; Pereira, EC; Vicente, C, 2013)		1
"The results of the study suggest that Gouania longipetala is well tolerated in short term therapies, but may have long term toxic effects on the kidney and liver."( Acute and sub-chronic toxicity profile of methanol leaf extract of Gouania longipetala in rats.
Anaga, AO; Asuzu, IU; Ezeja, MI, 2014)		0.4
" These strategies can be categorized into (1) enhancement of ammonia excretion and reduction of ammonia entry, (2) conversion of ammonia to a less toxic product for accumulation and subsequent excretion, (3) reduction of ammonia production and avoidance of ammonia accumulation and (4) tolerance of ammonia at cellular and tissue levels."( Excretory nitrogen metabolism and defence against ammonia toxicity in air-breathing fishes.
Chew, SF; Ip, YK, 2014)		0.4
" These results show that (PhSe)2 can be efficient in protecting against these toxic effects presented by this Hg exposure model."( Effectiveness of (PhSe)2 in protect against the HgCl2 toxicity.
da Costa, M; Fiuza, Tda L; Oliveira, CS; Oliveira, VA; Pereira, ME; Zeni, G, 2015)		0.42
" The LD50 value was 160 μg/kg by a subcutaneous route."( Toxicity of parasporin-4 and health effects of pro-parasporin-4 diet in mice.
Inouye, K; Koga, H; Mizuki, E; Okumura, S, 2014)		0.4
" Although a low toxic tissue response was observed in the PVA/NOCC-implanted rats, further studies are necessary to justify the use of this material in tissue engineering applications."( Biocompatibility and toxicity of poly(vinyl alcohol)/N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan scaffold.
Choon, DS; Ibrahim, NS; Kamarul, T; Krishnamurithy, G; Raghavendran, HR; Salih, ND; Suhaeb, AR, 2014)		0.4
" The study concludes that the extract of Alchornea cordifolia leaves has toxic potential at 800 mg kg(-1) and 1600 mg kg(-1) doses, but is safe and has beneficial effects on male reproduction when used at doses equal to or lower than 400 mg kg(-1) ."( Reproductive and toxic effects of methanol extract of Alchornea cordifolia leaf in male rats.
Ajibade, TO; Olayemi, FO, 2015)		0.42
" No dose-dependent differences emerged in the proportion of patients stopping ETT3 for any reason or in the pattern of adverse events."( Safety and tolerability of omecamtiv mecarbil during exercise in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and angina.
Chen, MM; Chou, W; Eisenberg, P; Escandón, R; Greenberg, BH; Lee, JH; Malik, FI; Megreladze, I; Saikali, KG; Shaburishvili, T; Treshkur, T; Wasserman, SM; Wolff, AA, 2015)		0.42
" There were no significant differences between the groups in regard to the eradication rates and adverse events."( Comparison of efficacy and safety of levofloxacin-containing versus standard sequential therapy in eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in Korea.
Hong, SN; Kim, JJ; Lee, H; Lee, JH; Lee, YC; Min, BH; Rhee, PL, 2015)		0.42
" In this work, cholinium-based DESs comprised of choline chloride (ChCl) and choline acetate (ChAc) as the salt and urea (U), acetamide (A), glycerol (G) and ethylene glycol (EG) as the HBD were evaluated for their toxic effects on different living organisms such as Escherichia coli (a bacterium), Allium sativum (garlic, a plant) and hydra (an invertebrate), and their biodegradabilities were assessed by means of closed bottle tests."( Assessing the toxicity and biodegradability of deep eutectic solvents.
Chen, JX; Tang, YL; Wang, J; Wen, Q; Yang, Z, 2015)		0.63
" Based on these findings, KST9046 can be further evaluated as a promising safe new hit for the development of broad spectrum anticancer agents with a selectivity for DDR1 kinase."( Discovery of a broad spectrum antiproliferative agent with selectivity for DDR1 kinase: cell line-based assay, kinase panel, molecular docking, and toxicity studies.
Cho, NC; Elkamhawy, A; Pae, AN; Park, JE; Roh, EJ; Sim, T, 2016)		0.43
" The history of safe use revealed no convincing hazard reports for Bt pesticides and three-domain Cry proteins."( Food safety assessment of Cry8Ka5 mutant protein using Cry1Ac as a control Bt protein.
Carvalho, AFU; Farias, DF; Grossi-de-Sa, MF; Oliveira, GR; Pinto, CEM; Santos, VO; Vasconcelos, IM; Viana, DA; Viana, MP, 2015)		0.42
" The results of cytotoxicity and flow cytometry data showed that the compounds had a moderate to strong effect against MCF-7 and HepG2 cells and were less toxic to HEK293 cells."( Novel all trans-retinoic Acid derivatives: cytotoxicity, inhibition of cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis in human cancer cell lines.
Al-Khedhairy, AA; Al-Oqail, MM; Al-Sheddi, ES; Farshori, NN; Musarrat, J; Saquib, Q; Siddiqui, MA, 2015)		0.42
" These products represent a major safety threat for the consumers in Egypt and the Middle East, especially; the target audience is mostly affected with heart and blood pressure problems seeking natural and safe alternatives to the well-established Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors (PDE-5Is)."( Male enhancement Nutraceuticals in the Middle East market: Claim, pharmaceutical quality and safety assessments.
ElAgouri, G; ElAmrawy, F; ElYazbi, A; Eshra, A; Nounou, MI, 2015)		0.42
" Here, we investigated the toxic effects of oral sodium nitrite on kidney function in rats and evaluated potential protective effects of Nigella sativa oil (NSO)."( Nigella sativa oil attenuates chronic nephrotoxicity induced by oral sodium nitrite: Effects on tissue fibrosis and apoptosis.
Abbas, A; Al-Gayyar, MM; Alyoussef, A; Darweish, MM; El-Hawwary, AA; Hassan, HM, 2016)		0.43
" From the present findings, it can be evaluated that quercetin may protect against adverse effects resulted from multi-organophosphorous pesticides with significant high levels of uptake in man provided."( Effect of quercetin against mixture of four organophosphate pesticides induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
Cao, C; Li, S; Qi, L; Shi, H; Sun, C; Yang, S; Zhao, X, 2016)		0.43
"To establish the mortality risk and adverse events associated with the use of atypical antipsychotic medications in people with Parkinson disease psychosis (PDP) in a clinically defined trial cohort."( Impact of Current Antipsychotic Medications on Comparative Mortality and Adverse Events in People With Parkinson Disease Psychosis.
Ballard, C; Burn, DJ; Coate, B; Corbett, A; Isaacson, S; Mills, R; Pahwa, R; Rascol, O; Williams, H, 2015)		0.42
"Safety assessments at 2 weeks; 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months; and every 6 months thereafter, including evaluation of adverse events (AEs), vital signs, weight, physical examinations, 12-lead electrocardiograms, clinical laboratory tests (serum chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis), and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Parts II and III (UPDRS-II+III, activities of daily living and motor impairment, respectively)."( Impact of Current Antipsychotic Medications on Comparative Mortality and Adverse Events in People With Parkinson Disease Psychosis.
Ballard, C; Burn, DJ; Coate, B; Corbett, A; Isaacson, S; Mills, R; Pahwa, R; Rascol, O; Williams, H, 2015)		0.42
" Thus, the immobilization by novel polymeric carrier of anticancer drugs possessing high general toxicity in the treated organism mitigates their toxic effect, which is evident as normalization of specific biochemical indicators of the hepatodestructive effects of the anticancer drugs."( BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF HEPATOTOXICITY IN BLOOD SERUM OF RATS UNDER THE EFFECT OF NOVEL 4-THIAZOLIDINONE DERIVATIVES AND DOXORUBICIN AND THEIR COMPLEXES WITH POLYETHYLENEGLYCOL-CONTAINING NANOSCALE POLYMERIC CARRIER.
Havrylyuk, DY; Kobylinska, LI; Lesyk, RB; Mitina, NE; Ryabtseva, AO; Stoika, RS; Zaichenko, OS; Zimenkovsky, BS, )		0.13
" Therefore, a review of the literature was carried out (limited to aesthetic tooth-bleaching) to provide a broad overview of the efficacy and adverse effects of various tooth whitening products on soft and hard oral tissues."( Tooth-Bleaching: A Review of the Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Various Tooth Whitening Products.
Farooq, I; Grobler, SR; Majeed, A; Rossouw, RJ, 2015)		0.42
"Landiolol achieved swift and safe restoration of sinus rhythm in ICU patients with POAF and could be considered as a favorable drug choice over amiodarone in such patients."( Efficacy and Safety of Landiolol Compared to Amiodarone for the Management of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Intensive Care Patients.
Fujino, Y; Ohta, N; Shibata, SC; Uchiyama, A, 2016)		0.43
" Therefore, this system can be applied to a wide variety of potentially hostile compounds in basic screening to provide initial warning of adverse effects and trigger subsequent analysis and remedial actions."( Development of complex-shaped liver multicellular spheroids as a human-based model for nanoparticle toxicity assessment in vitro.
Dubiak-Szepietowska, M; Feller, KH; Jönsson-Niedziółka, M; Karczmarczyk, A; Winckler, T, 2016)		0.43
" Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), a member of the IL-6 family of cytokines, has been reported to protect the kidney against toxic and ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI)."( Cardiotrophin-1 therapy prevents gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
Blanco-Gozalo, V; López-Hernandez, FJ; López-Novoa, JM; Perez de Obanos, MP; Quirós, Y; Ruiz, J; Sanchez-Gallego, JI, 2016)		0.43
" Adverse events (AEs) were similar in the two studies to those expected for prevalent HD patients."( Clinical safety and performance of VIVIA: a novel home hemodialysis system.
Amdahl, M; Bernardo, AA; Culleton, BF; Demers, J; Hutchcraft, AM; Leypoldt, JK; Marbury, TC; McFarlane, PA; Minkus, M; Muller, M; Pauly, RP; Stallard, R, 2017)		0.46
" Adverse events, which were primarily mild and/or unrelated, were comparable between groups."( First-in-Human Trial of MIV-150 and Zinc Acetate Coformulated in a Carrageenan Gel: Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Acceptability, Adherence, and Pharmacodynamics.
Alami, M; Creasy, GW; Fernández-Romero, JA; Friedland, BA; Hoesley, CJ; Hoskin, E; Katzen, LL; Kleinbeck, KR; Novak, L; Plagianos, M; Teleshova, N; Zhang, S; Zydowsky, TM, 2016)		0.43
" Therefore, a safe and less toxic agent is desirable."( Modulatory role of betulinic acid in N-nitrosodimethylamine-induced hepatorenal toxicity in male Wistar rats.
Adaramoye, OA; Adeleke, GE, 2017)		0.46
"Heavy metal contamination may have adverse effects on wetland biota, particularly on amphibians."( Heavy metal-induced toxicity in the Indian green frog: Biochemical and histopathological alterations.
Angunawela, P; Jayawardena, UA; Ratnasooriya, WD; Udagama, PV; Wickramasinghe, DD, 2017)		0.46
" The present study aimed to survey the components of OTC drug package inserts for analgesic and antipyretic drugs and to evaluate the adverse event profiles using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database (JADER)."( Adverse Event Trends Associated with OTC Analgesic and Antipyretic Drug: Data Mining of the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report Database.
Abe, J; Fukuda, A; Hasegawa, S; Hatahira, H; Iguchi, K; Kato, Y; Motooka, Y; Naganuma, M; Nakamura, M; Nakao, S; Ohmori, T; Sasaoka, S; Shimauchi, A, 2017)		0.46
" Common adverse events were falls (21 [23%] of 90 participants in the pimavanserin group vs 21 [23%] of 91 in the placebo group), urinary tract infections (20 [22%] vs 25 [28%]), and agitation (19 [21%] vs 13 [14%])."( Evaluation of the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of pimavanserin versus placebo in patients with Alzheimer's disease psychosis: a phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.
Ballard, C; Banister, C; Coate, B; Cummings, J; Demos, G; Khan, Z; Owen, R; Stankovic, S; Youakim, JM, 2018)		0.48
" This study assesses the prevention of nephrotoxicity associated with high and low toxic doses of Colistin by alpha-tocopherol."( Alpha-tocopherol ameliorates nephrotoxicity associated with the use of colistin in rabbits.
Bader, Z; Bakhtiar, S; Khan, IM; Waheed, A, 2018)		0.48
" In vitro hemolytic studies and viability assays in kidney cells (HEK 293 cells) suggested that AmB in aggregated was state highly toxic but not AmB-OA."( Long chain fatty acid conjugation remarkably decreases the aggregation induced toxicity of Amphotericin B.
Jain, S; Prajapati, R; Sangamwar, AT; Thanki, K, 2018)		0.48
" The present research was to test the hypothesis that Mn causes putrescine accumulation over a physiologically adequate to toxic concentration range in a neuronal cell line."( Putrescine as indicator of manganese neurotoxicity: Dose-response study in human SH-SY5Y cells.
Chandler, JD; Fernandes, J; Go, YM; Jones, DP; Liu, KH; Uppal, K, 2018)		0.48
"Renal injury is a hallmark adverse reaction to sodium valproate (SVP), and caffeic acid (CAFF) is a phenolic compound that has anti-inflammatory and antioxsidant properties."( Study on the influence of caffeic acid against sodium valproate-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
Gad, AM, 2018)		0.48
" Urease showed its inhibitory effects on cancer cell lines through the generation of toxic ammonia, which in turn increased the pH of the surrounding medium."( Extracellular urease from Arthrobacter creatinolyticus MTCC 5604: scale up, purification and its cytotoxic effect thereof.
Kuppuswami, GM; Niraikulam, A; Pandi, A; Panneerselvam, J; Rajendran, R; Ramchary, A; Ramudu, KN; Thiagarajan, H, 2019)		1.78
"PF-04457845, a novel FAAH inhibitor, reduced cannabis withdrawal symptoms and cannabis use in men, and might represent an effective and safe approach for the treatment of cannabis use disorder."( Efficacy and safety of a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor (PF-04457845) in the treatment of cannabis withdrawal and dependence in men: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, phase 2a single-site randomised controlled trial.
Bielen, K; Bluez, G; Cahill, J; Cortes-Briones, J; Creatura, G; D'Souza, DC; Deaso, E; Gupta, A; Gupta, S; Makriyannis, A; Morgan, PT; Radhakrishnan, R; Ranganathan, M; Sherif, MA; Skosnik, PD; Surti, T; Thurnauer, H, 2019)		0.51
" Only environmentally safe construction biotechnologies should be used for such environmental and geotechnical engineering works as control of the seepage in dams, channels, landfills or tunnels, sealing of the channels and the ponds, prevention of soil erosion and soil dust emission, mitigation of soil liquefaction, and immobilization of soil pollutants."( Environmental safety and biosafety in construction biotechnology.
Ivanov, V; Kawasaki, S; Stabnikov, V; Stabnikova, O, 2019)		0.51
" Aims To determine whether non-hydrogen peroxide OTC whitening products available in the UK are safe and to determine the lightening effect of those products."( The safety and efficacy of 'over the counter' bleaching products in the UK.
Attal, JP; Francois, P; Greenwall, L; Greenwall-Cohen, J; Le Goff, S; Silikas, N, 2019)		0.51
"Nephrotoxicity is a common adverse effect of treatment with cisplatin (CDDP)."( The ameliorative effects of ceftriaxone and vitamin E against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
Abdel-Daim, MM; Abushouk, AI; Al-Sultan, NK; Alahmari, A; Alarifi, S; AlBasher, G; Aleya, L; Alghamdi, J; Ali, D; Alkahtane, AA; Alkahtani, S; Almeer, RS; Bungau, SG; El-Bialy, BE, 2019)		0.51
" Adverse events (AEs) were assessed for safety; 27 and 29 patients were analyzed for efficacy and safety, respectively."( Efficacy and Safety of the Ultra-Short-Acting β1-Selective Blocker Landiolol in Patients With Recurrent Hemodynamically Unstable Ventricular Tachyarrhymias　- Outcomes of J-Land II Study.
Daimon, T; Ikeda, T; Kinugawa, K; Nagai, R; Okamoto, H; Oki, K; Sakamoto, A; Shiga, T; Shimizu, W; Yamashita, T, 2019)		0.51
" During the study, type and number of adverse events (AEs), and device malfunctions were recorded."( Clinical evaluation of performance, biocompatibility, and safety of vitamin E-bonded polysulfone membrane hemodialyzer compared to non-vitamin E-bonded hemodialyzer.
Aritomi, M; Farah, M; Jung, B; Kiaii, M; Nagase, M, 2019)		0.51
" We recommend costus to be included in diet for its valuable effects, and also producers and consumers should become more aware about the toxic effects of ethephon."( Modulatory effects of Saussurea lappa root aqueous extract against ethephon-induced kidney toxicity in male rats.
Abdallah, A; El-Atrsh, A; Mansour, M; Tousson, E, 2019)		0.81
" Long term usage and over-dosage of diclofenac is associated with adverse effects like drug-induced liver injury, gastrointestinal and renal toxicity."( Protective effect of the ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts of Madhuca longifolia against diclofenac-induced toxicity in female Wistar albino rats.
Katturaja, R; Namachivayam, A; Nithyanandham, S; Parthasarathy, M; Prince, SE; Simon, JP, 2019)		0.51
" The hepato- and nephrotoxic potential of acetamiprid has not been clarified although it is known to be toxic to other several organ systems, including the nervous, respiratory and immune systems."( Toxic effects of subchronic oral acetamiprid exposure in rats.
Arican, YE; Binay, S; Boran, T; Kaptan, E; Karaca, BU; Okyar, A; Özhan, G, )		0.13
" By measuring the antinociceptive and respiratory depressant effects of these ligands, we showed that the low intrinsic efficacy of opioid ligands can explain an improved side effect profile."( Low intrinsic efficacy for G protein activation can explain the improved side effect profiles of new opioid agonists.
Alamein, C; Canals, M; Christie, MJ; Connor, M; Fritzwanker, S; Gillis, A; Gondin, AB; Grimsey, NL; Halls, ML; Kassiou, M; Katte, TA; Kellam, B; Kliewer, A; Krasel, C; Lane, JR; Lim, HD; Manandhar, P; Reekie, T; Sanchez, J; Santiago, M; Schmiedel, F; Schulz, S, 2020)		0.56
" Adverse events were observed in 49 (64%) of 77 patients in the landiolol group and in 44 (59%) of 74 in the control group, with serious adverse events (including adverse events leading to death) in nine (12%) of 77 and eight (11%) of 74 patients."( Efficacy and safety of landiolol, an ultra-short-acting β1-selective antagonist, for treatment of sepsis-related tachyarrhythmia (J-Land 3S): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial.
Kakihana, Y; Matsuda, N; Morimatsu, H; Morishima, E; Nagano, T; Nishida, O; Ogura, H; Okajima, M; Taniguchi, T; Yamada, Y, 2020)		0.56
" Adverse events (AEs) were found in less than one half of patients (45 patients, or 42."( [Efficacy and safety of narlaprevir/ritonavir and daclatasvir non interferon combination in population of Russian patients with chronic hepatitis C].
Batskikh, SN; Burnevich, EZ; Chulanov, VP; Gusev, DA; Kizlo, SN; Klimova, EA; Krasavina, EN; Mamonova, NA; Samsonov, MY; Tarkhova, EP; Yushchuk, ND; Znoyko, OO, 2019)		0.51
" This combination was found to be safe and well - tolerated."( [Efficacy and safety of narlaprevir/ritonavir and daclatasvir non interferon combination in population of Russian patients with chronic hepatitis C].
Batskikh, SN; Burnevich, EZ; Chulanov, VP; Gusev, DA; Kizlo, SN; Klimova, EA; Krasavina, EN; Mamonova, NA; Samsonov, MY; Tarkhova, EP; Yushchuk, ND; Znoyko, OO, 2019)		0.51
" Safety was evaluated from adverse events (AEs), clinical laboratory results, motor symptoms, electrocardiograms (ECG), and mortality."( Long-term evaluation of open-label pimavanserin safety and tolerability in Parkinson's disease psychosis.
Abler, V; Azulay, JP; Ballard, CG; Demos, G; Fernandez, HH; Ferreira, JJ; Ilic, TV; Isaacson, S; Kreitzman, DL; Liu, IY; Norton, JC; Stankovic, S, 2020)		0.56
" Safety, including collection of adverse events and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (MDS-UPDRS III) scores, was assessed in patients who received ≥1 pimavanserin dose."( An Open-Label, 8-Week Study of Safety and Efficacy of Pimavanserin Treatment in Adults with Parkinson's Disease and Depression.
Abler, V; Aldred, JL; Alva, G; Cantillon, M; Coate, B; DeKarske, D; Jacobi, L; Norton, JC; Nunez, R, 2020)		0.56
" Twenty-one of 47 patients experienced 42 treatment-emergent adverse events; the most common by system organ class were gastrointestinal (n = 7; 14."( An Open-Label, 8-Week Study of Safety and Efficacy of Pimavanserin Treatment in Adults with Parkinson's Disease and Depression.
Abler, V; Aldred, JL; Alva, G; Cantillon, M; Coate, B; DeKarske, D; Jacobi, L; Norton, JC; Nunez, R, 2020)		0.56
" Studies to identify RCTs of which main endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and grade 3 or more adverse events (AEs) in patients with GISTs were considered for inclusion."( Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Different Regimens of Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors After Failure Prior Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: A Network Meta-Analysis.
Li, Y; Liang, Y; Yin, J; Zhang, X, 2021)		0.62
" Three serious adverse events were reported, and none of them were considered device related."( Safety of a Novel Dialyzer Containing a Fluorinated Polyurethane Surface-Modifying Macromolecule in Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease.
Aslam, S; Ho, CH; Kossmann, RJ; Meyer, JM; Mullon, C; Steer, D; Thakuria, M; Weber, LA; Zeitone, AA, 2021)		0.62
" No adverse effects were reported in any patient."( Safety and Efficacy of Landiolol Hydrochloride in Children with Tachyarrhythmia of Various Etiologies.
Ashida, A; Kishi, K; Konishi, H; Nemoto, S; Odanaka, Y; Ozaki, N, 2021)		0.62
" There were no significant differences in adverse events at 24 h between the landiolol and control groups."( Efficacy and Safety of Early Intravenous Landiolol on Myocardial Salvage in Patients with ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction before Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Randomized Study.
Ichikawa, K; Ito, H; Miyamoto, M; Miyoshi, T; Mori, A; Nakamura, K; Oka, T; Osawa, K; Yoshikawa, M, 2021)		0.62
" EO for dialysate regeneration in a WAK is currently not safe due to the generation of GDPs which are not biocompatible."( Safety of electrooxidation for urea removal in a wearable artificial kidney is compromised by formation of glucose degradation products.
Bajo Rubio, MA; Besseling, PJ; Cappelli, G; Gerritsen, KGF; Giovanella, S; Hazenbrink, DHM; Joles, JA; Lentferink, BH; Ligabue, G; Simonis, F; van Gelder, MK; Verhaar, MC; Vollenbroek, JC, 2021)		0.91
" Therefore, at-home bleaching treatment is safe for nonsmokers and smokers even with a high carbamide peroxide concentration of 22%."( Influence of smoking on oral cells genotoxicity after at-home bleaching using 22% carbamide peroxide: a cohort study.
Benetti, P; Collares, K; De Carli, JP; Loguercio, AD; Presotto, JS; Silva, RR; Vanini, J; Vargas, JE, 2022)		0.72
" CP was given once intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg,) eliciting acute kidney injury as assured by several adverse histological changes; glomerulopathy, tubulopathy, and vasculopathy, an inflammatory response including elevated TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β."( TGF-β1, NAG-1, and antioxidant enzymes expression alterations in Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in a rat model: Comparative modulating role of Melatonin, Vit. E and Ozone.
Abd El-Emam, MM; Abdel-Rahman Mohamed, A; Bin Emran, T; El-Shetry, ES; Khater, SI; Metwally, MMM; Mostafa-Hedeab, G; Nassan, MA, 2022)		0.72
" Pooled analysis showed that omecamtiv mecarbil is not associated with increased incidence of death, any adverse events, hypotension, heart failure, ventricular tachyarrhythmia, dyspnea, dizziness, and serious adverse events."( Safety and efficacy of omecamtiv mecarbil for heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Alqatati, F; Bugazia, S; Elbahnasawy, M; Elsayed, SM; Elsnhory, AB; Fathy, MA; Nourelden, AZ; Ragab, KM; Shehata, M, )		0.13
" The control group received neither acetaminophen nor the extract while the last group received only a toxic dose of acetaminophen."( Protective Effect of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Pelargonium Graveolens L. on Rats with Acetaminophen- Induced Nephrotoxicity.
Akbarpour, B; Asmarian, S; Gholyaf, M; Mohammadi, F, 2022)		0.72
"The results showed that by strengthening cell protection mechanisms against oxidative stress, geranium extract reduces the toxic effects of acetaminophen on mice's kidney function and thus ameliorates the damage."( Protective Effect of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Pelargonium Graveolens L. on Rats with Acetaminophen- Induced Nephrotoxicity.
Akbarpour, B; Asmarian, S; Gholyaf, M; Mohammadi, F, 2022)		0.72
" Safety endpoints included the incidence and severity of adverse events (AE)."( Efficacy and Safety of Ripretinib in Chinese Patients with Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors as a Fourth- or Later-Line Therapy: A Multicenter, Single-Arm, Open-Label Phase II Study.
Cai, S; Cao, H; Deng, Y; Dong, J; Huang, Z; Li, J; Shen, L; Wu, X; Zhang, J; Zhou, Y, 2022)		0.72
" The most common treatment-related treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) of any grade in ≥15% of patients were increased lipase, alopecia, actinic keratosis, myalgia, arthralgia, decreased appetite, fatigue, hyperkeratosis, nausea, and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome."( Efficacy and safety of ripretinib in patients with KIT-altered metastatic melanoma.
Bauer, S; Chi, P; Janku, F; Jennings, J; Jones, RL; Meade, J; Psoinos, C; Ruiz-Soto, R; Shoumariyeh, K; Spreafico, A, 2022)		0.72
" Reasons for introduction, dosages, formulation, plas-ma levels, adverse drug reactions (ADR) and modifi-cations of electrocardiogram (EKG) and plasma levels of glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, urea, sodium, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were assessed."( Lithium treatment in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa: clinical use, side effects and tolerability.
Bergonzini, L; Parmeggiani, A; Pruccoli, J; Rosa, S, )		0.32
" The present study further widens our insights into the adverse effects of TCS."( Adverse effects of triclosan on kidney in mice: Implication of lipid metabolism disorders.
Cai, Z; Cao, G; Chen, D; Chen, Y; Deng, C; Huang, W; Wang, T, 2023)		0.91
" Conclusion: Praziquantel is effective and safe in the treatment of patients with neurocysticercosis."( Efficacy and safety of praziquantel in the treatment of neurocysticercosis in Vietnam.
Loi, CB; Phuc, TQ; Thang, TD; Thanh, DT; Thieu, NQ; Tho, TH; Tran-Anh, L, 2022)		0.72
"In conclusion, combined dietary supplementation of BN (10 mg/kg) and DS (05 mg/kg) in feed reduced the toxic effects of OTA contamination at levels of 250 and 500 µg/kg of feed in broilers."( Mitigation potential of individual and combined dietary supplementation of local Bentonite Clay and Distillery Sludge against Ochratoxin-A induced toxicity in broilers.
Aisha, R; Akhtar, M; Anwar, MI; Awais, MM; Fayyaz, A; Hameed, MR; Mehtab, U; Muhammad, F; Raza, A; Saleemi, MK, 2022)		0.72
" tuberculata at the doses of (1 ml/kg, 2 ml/kg and 3 ml/kg body weight) were significantly lower when compared to toxic control mice group (P<0."( Hepatoprotective effects of walnut oil and Caralluma tuberculata against paracetamol in experimentally induced liver toxicity in mice.
Alharbi, M; Ali, W; Alshammari, A; Aziz, T; Iqbal, Z; Jamil, S; Khan, AA; Khan, FF; Shahzad, M; Ur Rahman, S; Zahid, M, 2022)		0.72
" In recent years, more and more publications have appeared on the study of the toxic effects of urea with the development of toxic-uremic complications and the phenotype of premature aging, common in CKD."( [The value of a low-protein diet and ketoanalogues of essential amino acids in the сontrol of protein carbamylation and toxic effects of urea in chronic kidney disease].
Mikhailova, NA, 2021)		1.04
"CRRT is safe when the prescription is based on the current veterinary guidelines for gradual urea reduction."( Continuous renal replacement therapy is a safe and effective modality for the initial management of dogs with acute kidney injury.
Chen, H; Kelmer, E; Klainbart, S; Segev, G, 2022)		0.94
"Zn NPs treatment, especially at 25 mg/kg dose, attenuates the side effect of IR on kidneys through reducing oxidative stress factors, biochemical, and histopathological changes."( Radioprotective Effect of Zinc Nanoparticles on Ionizing Radiation-induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice.
Jomehzadeh, A; Rahimi, HR; Saadat, I; Salimi, A; Shakibaie, M; Torabizadeh, SA, 2023)		0.91
" Evaluating histopathological alterations in various tissues indicated no significant adverse effects in vaccinated mice when compared to control mice."( Preclinical toxicity assessment of a peptide-based antiPCSK9 vaccine in healthy mice.
Banach, M; Momtazi-Borojeni, AA; Sahebkar, A; Tabatabaei, SA, 2023)		0.91
"The findings of the present study indicate that antiPCSK9 is safe and exerts no adverse effects on the function of different organs and blood levels of cellular and biochemical biomarkers in healthy mice."( Preclinical toxicity assessment of a peptide-based antiPCSK9 vaccine in healthy mice.
Banach, M; Momtazi-Borojeni, AA; Sahebkar, A; Tabatabaei, SA, 2023)		0.91
"we conclude from these results that Artemisia may have a role in reducing the toxic effect of diclofenac on kidney and liver by decreasing the liver enzymes and kidney criteria in the blood."( Hepatorenal protective activity of Artemisia against diclofenac toxicity in male rats.
Kadhim, SH; Mosa, AU; Ubaid, MM, 2022)		0.72
" Gl extracts had no significant adverse, toxic or harmful effects on male and female rats compared to the control groups."( Effects of Mexican Ganoderma lucidum extracts on liver, kidney, and the gut microbiota of Wistar rats: A repeated dose oral toxicity study.
González-Ibáñez, L; Márquez-Mota, CC; Martínez-Carrera, D; Meneses, ME; Mitzi, V; Morales, A; Rendón, G; Sánchez-Tapia, M; Tello-Salgado, I; Torres, N; Tovar, AR, 2023)		0.91
" It has many important toxic side effects; one of the most important of which is nephrotoxicity."( Clemizole hydrochloride, a potent TRPC5 calcium channel inhibitor, prevents cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in Spraque-Dawley rats.
Eşrefoğlu, M; Gepdiremen, A; Karataş, E; Kumaş-Kulualp, M, 2023)		0.91
" Some drugs are more toxic than others."( Comparative analysis of multiorgan toxicity induced by long term use of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs.
Iqbal, MA; Mumtaz, T; Tahir, A; Tariq, MA, 2023)		0.91
"Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic metal and can cause severe damage to many organisms under natural conditions."( Melatonin alleviates Hg toxicity by modulating redox homeostasis and the urea cycle in moss.
Chen, JY; Chen, YE; He, AQ; Hu, WY; Huang, LY; Mao, HT; Su, YQ; Yin, XY; Yuan, M; Yuan, S; Zhang, ZW, 2024)		1.67

Pharmacokinetics

Urea compounds with an adamantyl or a 4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group on one side showed pharmacokinetic profiles with high plasma concentrations. Patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis have a higher PCR at given Kt/V values compared to hemodialysis patients.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In 19 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis, the mean (+/-SE) interdialysis half-life of gentamicin in serum was 49."( Clearance of gentamicin during hemodialysis: comparison of four artificial kidneys.
Axline, SG; Brown, DM; Coplon, NS; Halpren, BA, 1976)		0.26
" In support of the hypothesis that Kt/V requirements are related to peak concentration control rather than to time averaged blood urea nitrogen, patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis have a higher PCR at given Kt/V values compared to hemodialysis patients."( Cross-sectional assessment of weekly urea and creatinine clearances in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
Khanna, R; Meyer, M; Moore, HL; Nolph, KD; Ponferrada, L; Prowant, B; Twardowski, ZJ, )		0.61
" To ascertain which pharmacokinetic properties of these drugs explain this difference, we gave methylprednisolone and prednisolone, 5 mg/kg intravenous bolus, to 23 adult rabbits."( Methylprednisolone achieves greater concentrations in the lung than prednisolone. A pharmacokinetic analysis.
Bloedow, DC; Greos, LS; Hill, MR; Irvin, CG; Larsen, GL; Szefler, SJ; Vichyanond, P, 1991)		0.28
" If uremic toxicity is related to the peak rather than the time-averaged urea concentration, a higher KT/V would be required in HD to achieve a peak concentration at or below the steady-state CAPD concentration."( The peak concentration hypothesis: a urea kinetic approach to comparing the adequacy of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and hemodialysis.
Keshaviah, PR; Nolph, KD; Van Stone, JC, 1989)		0.78
" In mice and rabbits, the half-life is less than 5 min."( Pharmacokinetic study of butyric acid administered in vivo as sodium and arginine butyrate salts.
Baillet, J; Brazier, M; Cerutti, I; Chany, C; Daniel, P; Desmet, G; Pieri, F; Tardivel, I, 1989)		0.28
" These pharmacokinetic experiments were repeated 10 days later to determine the effect of time after implantation on tissue-chamber distribution."( Subcutaneously implanted tissue chambers--a pharmacokinetic study.
Bourne, DW; Clarke, CR; Short, CR; Usenik, EA, 1989)		0.28
" Pharmacokinetic results on BIU conjugation are described in the accompanying paper."( alpha-Bromoisovalerylurea as model substrate for studies on pharmacokinetics of glutathione conjugation in the rat. I. (Bio-) synthesis, analysis and identification of diastereomeric glutathione conjugates and mercapturates.
Brussee, J; Mulder, GJ; Olde Boerrigter, JC; te Koppele, JM; van der Gen, A; van der Greef, J; van der Mark, EJ, 1986)		0.59
" Its pharmacodynamic profile shows a diuretic efficacy is similar to that of frusemide (furosemide) at doses up to 40 mg, but the onset and duration of action are comparable to those of hydrochlorothiazide."( Xipamide. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy.
Brogden, RN; Prichard, BN, 1985)		0.27
" Pharmacokinetic data observed in advanced renal failure (creatinine clearance between 10 and 30 ml/min) are similar to those observed in healthy subjects or patients with normal renal function."( Diuretic effect and pharmacokinetic data observed at different stages of chronic renal failure with 240 mg of muzolimine.
Baumelou, A; Brouard, R; Chickh-Touami, C; Martre, H; Merdjan, H; Patte, R; Ritter, W; Singlas, E, 1985)		0.27
" The half-life of BL-P1654 (2."( Human pharmacokinetics of BL-P1654 compared with ampicillin.
Clarke, JT; Kirby, WM; Libke, RD; Luthy, RP; Ralph, ED, 1974)		0.25
" The distribution and kinetics of the two compounds appeared to obey a single compartment system with a half-life of approximately one hour."( Pharmacokinetics of 14C-2-allophanyl-2-allyl -gamma-valero-lactone: a prodrug of proxibarbal in rats.
Compagnon, PL; Jacquot, C; Lambrey, B, 1981)		0.26
" Moreover, urinary excretion of water, electrolytes, creatinine and urea nitrogen were estimated in order to check the pharmacodynamic effect of the drug."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of furosemide in patients with impaired renal function.
Keil, E; Sperschneider, H; Stein, G; Traeger, A, 1984)		0.5
"A simple urea pharmacokinetic model is developed to define the multiple correlations among dietary nitrogen intake, urea generation rate, and serum urea nitrogen."( Pharmacokinetics of urea: development of a kinetic model for correlating dietary nitrogen intake and urea metabolism in chronic renal failure.
Lee, CS, )		0.87
" The calculations of pharmacokinetic parameters were performed using the Hewlett-Packard 9830B computer and fitting the concentrations of the antibiotic in blood to the general biexponential equation."( Effect of unilateral nephrectomy on the pharmacokinetics of rolitetracycline in rabbits.
Gawrońska-Szklarz, B; Górnik, W; Kardel-Mizerska, T; Wójcicki, J, 1981)		0.26
"The pharmacokinetic behavior of the organic nitrates BM 12."( Pharmacokinetics of the organic nitrates trans-N-(4-nitroxycyclohexyl)-urea in dogs and trans-N-(4-nitroxycyclohexyl)-acetamide in dogs and in man.
Bartsch, W; Michel, H; Neidlein, R; Strein, K; Zell, C, 1994)		0.52
" No differences in absorption, excretion and pharmacokinetic parameters was evident between old volunteers and the youngs of a previous work."( Pharmacokinetics of pidotimod in elderly volunteers and in renal failure patients.
Biffi, M; Coppi, G; Mailland, F; Silingardi, S; Spotti, D, 1994)		0.29
" Our results confirm the fever-induced decrease in total plasma proteins and albumin but do not demonstrate any significant change in theophylline pharmacokinetic parameters."( Fever-induced changes in theophylline pharmacokinetics in rats.
Bruguerolle, B; Dubus, JC, 1993)		0.29
" The authors observed that the nPNA plateau is achieved at lower Kt/V in patients on CAPD than in those on hemodialysis, which is compatible with the peak concentration hypothesis."( A new approach to optimizing urea clearances in hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
Collins, A; Edward, A; Emerson, P; Keshaviah, P; Khanna, R; Moore, HL; Nolph, KD; Twardowski, ZJ; Van Stone, JC, )		0.42
" Trough zileuton plasma concentrations (Cmin) immediately before the morning dose were higher than Cmin immediately before the afternoon dose, suggesting a diurnal variation in the pharmacokinetics of zileuton."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zileuton after oral administration of single and multiple dose regimens of zileuton 600mg in healthy volunteers.
Awni, WM; Braeckman, RA; Dubé, LM; Granneman, GR; Witt, G, 1995)		0.29
" The pharmacokinetics of the N-dehydroxylated metabolite of zileuton were highly variable, with a more than dose-proportional increase in the mean dose-normalised Cmax and area under the concentration-time curve from zero to 24 hours."( The pharmacokinetics of single oral doses of zileuton 200 to 800mg, its enantiomers, and its metabolites, in normal healthy volunteers.
Awni, WM; Cavanaugh, JH; Dubé, LM; el-Shourbagy, T; Locke, CS; Wong, SL, 1995)		0.29
" The pharmacodynamic performance in the mouse of selected compounds was assessed using an ex vivo LTB4 assay and an adoptive peritoneal anaphylaxis assay at extended pretreat times."( Bicyclic N-hydroxyurea inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase: pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and in vitro metabolic studies characterizing N-hydroxy-N-(2,3-dihydro-6-(phenylmethoxy)-3-benzofuranyl)urea.
Adams, JL; Breton, JJ; Brian, WR; Chabot-Fletcher, M; Garigipati, RS; Garver, E; Griswold, DE; Newton, JF; Schmidt, SJ; Sorenson, M; Tyrrell, KA; Tzimas, M; Webb, EF; Yodis, LA, 1996)		0.63
"The diurnal variation in the pharmacokinetic parameters of zileuton were evaluated in 12 healthy male volunteers in a three-period study."( Evaluation of the diurnal variation in the pharmacokinetics of zileuton in healthy volunteers.
Awni, WM; Cavanaugh, JH; Dube, LM; Locke, C, 1997)		0.3
" This report describes methodologies designed to address these limitations by coupling a stable nitrogen isotope method with strict compartmental pharmacokinetic modeling."( Evaluation of urea kinetics utilizing stable isotope urea and pharmacokinetic modeling.
Henthorn, TK; Kaplan, B; Mujais, SK; Siddhom, O; Wang, Z, 1999)		0.66
" Both are related to and derived from pharmacokinetic models of blood urea concentration during the dialysis cycle."( The urea [clearance x dialysis time] product (Kt) as an outcome-based measure of hemodialysis dose.
Chertow, GM; Lazarus, JM; Lew, NL; Lowrie, EG; Owen, WF, 1999)		1.1
" We hypothesized that using a population pharmacodynamic model to determine individual heparin doses would improve dialyzer reuse rates."( Improved dialyzer reuse after use of a population pharmacodynamic model to determine heparin doses.
Brier, ME; Ouseph, R; Ward, RA, 2000)		0.31
" The influence of gestational and postnatal age, weight, Apgar score, and creatinine and urea plasma concentrations on the pharmacokinetic parameters was assessed."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of netilmicin in neonates and infants with use of a nonparametric method.
Merlé, Y; Pons, G; Semlali, A; Tréluyer, JM, 2000)		0.53
"Landiolol hydrochloride has a shorter elimination half-life than any other beta-blocker, and it can be administered safely to patients with various tachyarrhythmias."( Pharmacokinetics of landiolol hydrochloride, a new ultra-short-acting beta-blocker, in patients with cardiac arrhythmias.
Atarashi, H; Endoh, Y; Hayakawa, H; Ino, T; Kuruma, A; Saitoh, H; Yashima, M, 2000)		0.31
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of free ultrafilterable plasma Pt were determined using a noncompartment pharmacokinetic model of analysis."( Cisplatin pharmacokinetics and its nephrotoxicity in diabetic rabbits.
Najjar, TA; Saad, SY, )		0.13
"These findings might suggest that the reduction in CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity in diabetic rabbits is not due to a change in the plasma pharmacokinetic profile within the drug follow-up period."( Cisplatin pharmacokinetics and its nephrotoxicity in diabetic rabbits.
Najjar, TA; Saad, SY, )		0.13
" The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pregnancy on the plasma half-life and renal clearance of boron in Sprague-Dawley rats given a single oral dose of boric acid."( The effect of pregnancy on renal clearance of boron in rats given boric acid orally.
Andersen, ME; Culver, BD; Murray, FJ; Oveisi, F; Pahl, MV; Strong, PL; Vaziri, ND, 2001)		0.31
"Ten pharmacokinetic profiles were measured."( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in ICU patients on continuous veno-venous haemodiafiltration.
Daley, PJ; Lipman, J; Mullany, DV; Rickard, CM; Wallis, SC, 2001)		0.31
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using a two-compartment open model."( Comparative plasma pharmacokinetics and tolerance of florfenicol following intramuscular and intravenous administration to camels, sheep and goats.
Al-Qarawi, AA; Ali, BH; Hashaad, M, 2003)		0.32
"To characterize the pharmacokinetic behavior of oral cyclosporin (CsA) in renal transplant patient, based on through blood concentration (C0) value, and to develop and to evaluate a Bayesian method for the individualized adjustment of CsA daily dose (DD)."( [Cyclosporin pharmacokinetic modeling in renal transplant patients].
Jiménez Torres, NV; Pallardó Mateu, L; Pérez Ruixo, JJ; Porta Oltra, B, )		0.13
" Group A (N=48) was used to characterize CsA pharmacokinetic behavior and Group B (N=19) to evaluate Bayesian predictive performance for the model developed."( [Cyclosporin pharmacokinetic modeling in renal transplant patients].
Jiménez Torres, NV; Pallardó Mateu, L; Pérez Ruixo, JJ; Porta Oltra, B, )		0.13
" In the final model, the Dmax parameter is affected by plasmatic urea values and shows a half-life stabilization time of 90."( [Cyclosporin pharmacokinetic modeling in renal transplant patients].
Jiménez Torres, NV; Pallardó Mateu, L; Pérez Ruixo, JJ; Porta Oltra, B, )		0.37
"The characterization of the pharmacokinetic behavior of CsA requires us to consider parameters such as Dmax and Km as non lineal functions of time, while the first order autoregressive terms DD and C0 must also be incorporated into the model."( [Cyclosporin pharmacokinetic modeling in renal transplant patients].
Jiménez Torres, NV; Pallardó Mateu, L; Pérez Ruixo, JJ; Porta Oltra, B, )		0.13
"Urea pharmacokinetic equation systems have contributed to better understanding of treatment dose among hemodialysis patients."( Measurement of dialyzer clearance, dialysis time, and body size: death risk relationships among patients.
Lazarus, JM; Li, Z; Lowrie, EG; Ofsthun, N, 2004)		1.77
" In this paper we describe a simple, rapid, and convenient prediction model for predicting the level and time of occurrence of the peak concentration of 2-chlorobenzamide in the hydrolysis of CCU verified by experimental data."( Calculation of the peak concentration of 2-chlorobenzamide generated in the hydrolysis of the benzoylphenylurea insecticide 1-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)urea.
Liu, G; Lu, W; Zhou, Q, 2004)		0.54
" There were no significant changes in the elimination half-life of the drug."( Influence of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of landiolol hydrochloride, an ultra-short-acting beta1-blocker.
Munakata, A; Sakamoto, J; Suto, K; Suto, T; Takahata, T; Tateishi, T; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2005)		0.33
"The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of this ultra-short-acting beta1-blocker were maintained even in the patients with hepatic impairment."( Influence of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of landiolol hydrochloride, an ultra-short-acting beta1-blocker.
Munakata, A; Sakamoto, J; Suto, K; Suto, T; Takahata, T; Tateishi, T; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2005)		0.33
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was measured up to 216 hours after single oral/nasogastric doses of ACP-103 and after the last dose of once-daily oral administration of ACP-103 for 14 days."( Pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and safety of ACP-103 following single or multiple oral dose administration in healthy volunteers.
Davis, RE; Mant, TG; Robbins-Weilert, D; van Kammen, DP; Vanover, KE; Weiner, DM; Wilbraham, DG, 2007)		0.34
" This study described its pharmacodynamic profile in plasma and epithelial lining fluid (ELF)."( Use of population pharmacokinetic modeling and Monte Carlo simulation to describe the pharmacodynamic profile of cefditoren in plasma and epithelial lining fluid.
Bulitta, J; Drusano, GL; Hinder, M; Kinzig-Schippers, M; Lodise, TP; Loos, U; Sörgel, F; Vogel, F, 2008)		0.35
" Alkylated compounds showed weaker in vitro potencies in blocking capsaicin activation of TRPV1 receptor, but possessed improved pharmacokinetic properties."( Alpha-methylation at benzylic fragment of N-aryl-N'-benzyl ureas provides TRPV1 antagonists with better pharmacokinetic properties and higher efficacy in inflammatory pain model.
Bayburt, EK; Didomenico, S; Drizin, I; Faltynek, CR; Gomtsyan, A; Honore, P; Jinkerson, TK; Keddy, R; Koenig, JR; Lee, CH; Marsh, KC; McDonald, HA; Mikusa, J; Perner, RJ; Surowy, CS; Turner, SC; Wetter, JM, 2007)		0.58
" However, their relatively low metabolic stability leads to poor pharmacokinetic properties."( 1,3-disubstituted ureas functionalized with ether groups are potent inhibitors of the soluble epoxide hydrolase with improved pharmacokinetic properties.
Hammock, BD; Kasagami, T; Kim, IH; Morisseau, C; Nishi, K; Tsai, HJ, 2007)		0.67
" The pharmacokinetic profile of cefuroxime exhibited both one and two compartmental distribution."( Effect of severity disease on the pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in children with multiple organ system failure.
Asseff, IL; Guillé, GP; Olguín, HJ; Pérez, AG; Quesada, AC; Saldaña, NG; Vieyra, AC, 2008)		0.35
" A total of 420 blood concentration data points collected from 47 healthy male subjects were used for the population pharmacokinetic analysis."( Population pharmacokinetics of landiolol hydrochloride in healthy subjects.
Hasegawa, C; Hashimoto, Y; Honda, N; Kasai, H; Kikawa, S; Kitagawa, J; Kunisawa, T; Miyata, Y; Nakade, S; Ohno, T; Tanigawara, Y; Yamauchi, A, 2008)		0.35
" Here we present the evaluation of four sEHIs for improved pharmacokinetic properties and the anti-inflammatory effects of one sEHI."( Pharmacokinetic optimization of four soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors for use in a murine model of inflammation.
Hammock, BD; Hwang, SH; Jones, PD; Liu, JY; Morisseau, C; Tsai, HJ, 2009)		0.35
"Better pharmacokinetic parameters (higher C(max), longer t(1/2) and greater AUC) were obtained from the tested inhibitors, compared with AUDA."( Pharmacokinetic optimization of four soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors for use in a murine model of inflammation.
Hammock, BD; Hwang, SH; Jones, PD; Liu, JY; Morisseau, C; Tsai, HJ, 2009)		0.35
"t-AUCB is a potent sEHI with improved pharmacokinetic properties."( Pharmacokinetic optimization of four soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors for use in a murine model of inflammation.
Hammock, BD; Hwang, SH; Jones, PD; Liu, JY; Morisseau, C; Tsai, HJ, 2009)		0.35
" The apparent terminal elimination half-life was approximately 20 hours."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the urotensin-II receptor antagonist palosuran in healthy male subjects.
Dingemanse, J; Sidharta, PN; van Giersbergen, PL, 2009)		0.35
" Alternative clearances based on the TAC or peak concentration have the advantage of taking both spacing and frequency into account."( Effect of treatment spacing and frequency on three measures of equivalent clearance, including standard Kt/V.
Daugirdas, JT; Tattersall, J, 2010)		0.36
" Urea compounds with an adamantyl or a 4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group on one side and a piperidyl or a cyclohexyl ether group on the other side of the urea function showed pharmacokinetic profiles with high plasma concentrations and long half lives."( Pharmacokinetic screening of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors in dogs.
Hammock, BD; Hwang, SH; Jones, PD; Kasagami, T; Kim, IH; Morisseau, C; Tsai, HJ; Yang, J, 2010)		1.27
" Oral administration of 13 1-aryl-3-(1-acylpiperidin-4-yl)urea inhibitors in mice revealed substantial improvements in pharmacokinetic parameters over previously reported 1-adamantylurea based inhibitors."( 1-Aryl-3-(1-acylpiperidin-4-yl)urea inhibitors of human and murine soluble epoxide hydrolase: structure-activity relationships, pharmacokinetics, and reduction of inflammatory pain.
Hammock, BD; Inceoglu, B; Jones, PD; Liu, JY; Morisseau, C; Rose, TE; Sanborn, JR, 2010)		0.89
"67 h and a slow elimination proceeding with the terminal elimination half-life (T(1/2)) of 84."( Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of porcine fibrinogen after intraperitoneal injection of a porcine-derived fibrin glue to rats.
Fan, G; He, H; Wu, Y; Xie, Y; Zhong, G, 2011)		0.37
" The current study explored the introduction of the substituted piperazino group as the tertiary pharmacophore, which resulted in substantial improvements in pharmacokinetic parameters over previously reported 1-adamantylurea based inhibitors while retaining high potency."( Incorporation of piperazino functionality into 1,3-disubstituted urea as the tertiary pharmacophore affording potent inhibitors of soluble epoxide hydrolase with improved pharmacokinetic properties.
Hammock, BD; Huang, SX; Li, HY; Liu, JY; Long, YQ; Morisseau, C, 2010)		0.78
" The plasma concentrations of its metabolites, aspirin (ASA), salicylic acid (SA) and gentisic acid (GA) were determined by LC-MS/MS method and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental analysis."( Analytical determination and pharmacokinetics of major metabolites of carbasalate calcium in broilers following oral administration.
Chen, DM; Huang, LL; Ihsan, A; Wang, X; Yuan, ZH, 2011)		0.37
" The drug was rapidly absorbed with a mean terminal half-life ranging from 3 to 5 hours."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of AR9281, an inhibitor of soluble epoxide hydrolase, in single- and multiple-dose studies in healthy human subjects.
Anandan, SK; Chen, D; Do, ZN; Gless, R; MacIntyre, E; Patel, DV; Sabry, J; Tran, V; Webb, HK; Whitcomb, R, 2012)		0.38
" To maximize the likelihood of their clinical success, it is essential to optimize drug scheduling as well as pharmacodynamic biomarkers in preclinical models."( Assessment of chk1 phosphorylation as a pharmacodynamic biomarker of chk1 inhibition.
Arumugarajah, S; Brown, JL; Gross, M; Hassan, MC; Hylander-Gans, L; Lawrence, TS; Maybaum, J; Morgan, MA; Morosini, D; Parsels, JD; Parsels, LA; Qian, Y; Simeone, DM; Tanska, DM; Zabludoff, SD; Zhao, L, 2011)		0.37
" Potential pharmacodynamic biomarkers including pChk1, pChk2, pHistone H3, and caspase-3 were evaluated in vitro, followed by assessment of promising candidate biomarkers in vivo."( Assessment of chk1 phosphorylation as a pharmacodynamic biomarker of chk1 inhibition.
Arumugarajah, S; Brown, JL; Gross, M; Hassan, MC; Hylander-Gans, L; Lawrence, TS; Maybaum, J; Morgan, MA; Morosini, D; Parsels, JD; Parsels, LA; Qian, Y; Simeone, DM; Tanska, DM; Zabludoff, SD; Zhao, L, 2011)		0.37
" ABT-102 half-life ranged from 7 to 11 hours, and steady state was achieved by day 5 of dosing."( Pharmacokinetics of the TRPV1 antagonist ABT-102 in healthy human volunteers: population analysis of data from 3 phase 1 trials.
Awni, WM; Dutta, S; Nothaft, W; Othman, AA, 2012)		0.38
"Serial pharmacokinetic and body temperature (oral or core) measurements from three double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies [single dose (2, 6, 18, 30 and 40 mg, solution formulation), multiple dose (2, 4 and 8 mg twice daily for 7 days, solution formulation) and multiple-dose (1, 2 and 4 mg twice daily for 7 days, solid dispersion formulation)] were analyzed."( Effects of the TRPV1 antagonist ABT-102 on body temperature in healthy volunteers: pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic analysis of three phase 1 trials.
Awni, WM; Dutta, S; Nothaft, W; Othman, AA, 2013)		0.39
" Therefore, new potent inhibitors with the adamantyl group replaced by a substituted phenyl group were synthesized to presumptively offer better pharmacokinetic (PK) properties."( Substituted phenyl groups improve the pharmacokinetic profile and anti-inflammatory effect of urea-based soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors in murine models.
Chiamvimonvat, N; Hammock, BD; Hwang, SH; Lin, YP; Liu, JY; Morisseau, C; Qiu, H; Rose, TE, 2013)		0.61
" A pilot pharmacokinetic study analysed plasmas and urines from 2 healthy male subjects who each received an oral 250 mg THY dose."( Simultaneous determination of thymine and its sequential catabolites dihydrothymine and β-ureidoisobutyrate in human plasma and urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with pharmacokinetic application.
Charles, B; Duley, J; George, R; McGeary, R; Ni, M; Norris, R; Shannon, C, 2013)		0.39
" However, these compounds suffered from poor in vitro pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles and they have a similar structure/SAR to inhibitors of human soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzymes."( Design, synthesis and anti-tuberculosis activity of 1-adamantyl-3-heteroaryl ureas with improved in vitro pharmacokinetic properties.
Bruhn, DF; Grzegorzewicz, A; Hess, T; Jackson, M; Jones, V; Lee, RE; Maddox, MM; McNeil, MR; Morisseau, C; North, EJ; Scarborough, JS; Scherman, MS; Yang, L, 2013)		0.62
" Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling was utilized to understand the complex interaction between high DCU systemic concentrations and its effect on its own oral absorption."( Systemic concentrations can limit the oral absorption of poorly soluble drugs: an investigation of non-sink permeation using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.
Chiang, PC; La, H; Wong, H; Zhang, H, 2013)		0.39
" Pharmacokinetic parameters and dialyzability of sitafloxacin were evaluated."( Dialyzability and pharmacokinetics of sitafloxacin following multiple oral dosing in infected hemodialysis patients.
Hayasaka, T; Saito, T; Tsuruoka, S; Yamagata, K; Yokota, N, 2013)		0.39
" These results suggest that choice of chelator is an important pharmacokinetic consideration in the development of (99m)Tc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals targeting PSMA."( Effect of chelators on the pharmacokinetics of (99m)Tc-labeled imaging agents for the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA).
Byun, Y; Falk, A; Foss, CA; Mease, RC; Nimmagadda, S; Pomper, MG; Pullambhatla, M; Ray Banerjee, S, 2013)		0.39
" Electrolyte content of EBC and serum was also assessed as a potential pharmacodynamic marker of drug activity."( Airway drug pharmacokinetics via analysis of exhaled breath condensate.
Ansede, JH; Boucher, RC; Donn, KH; Esther, CR; Ghio, AJ; Hirsh, AJ; Johnson, MR; O'Riordan, TG, 2014)		0.4
"The main pharmacokinetic parameters of landiolol hydrochloride in healthy Chinese subjects were as follows: doses of 2 groups (L and H); Cmax of 400±110 and 731±246 ng/mL; C21min of 327±109 and 508±141 ng/mL; Tmax of 10."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of landiolol hydrochloride in healthy Chinese subjects.
Hua, W; Huang, M; Wang, H; Wang, M; Zhang, Q; Zhou, W, 2014)		0.4
"We previously determined the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of landiolol in healthy male volunteers."( Target-controlled infusion and population pharmacokinetics of landiolol hydrochloride in gynecologic patients.
Higashi, R; Iwasaki, H; Kunisawa, T; Kurosawa, A; Matsubara, K; Nakade, S; Sugawara, A; Suno, M; Yamagishi, A, 2015)		0.42
" In this study, we have utilized a well-established multicell-layered, three-dimensional pharmacokinetic model to measure ascorbate diffusion and transport parameters through dense tissue in vitro."( Pharmacokinetic modeling of ascorbate diffusion through normal and tumor tissue.
Hicks, KO; Kuiper, C; Vissers, MC, 2014)		0.4
" TMP/SMX CRRT doses were modeled using CLtm and published TMP/SMX pharmacokinetic parameters."( Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole transmembrane clearance during modeled continuous renal replacement therapy.
Argyres, DP; Kesner, JM; Mercier, RC; Vilay, AM; Walker, SE; Wong, CS; Yardman-Frank, JM, 2014)		0.4
" The pharmacokinetic studies in Wistar rats showed that HL-40 could maintain high compound concentration and long residence time in the blood circulation."( A novel anticancer diarylurea derivative HL-40 as a multi-kinases inhibitor with good pharmacokinetics in Wistar rats.
Li, WB; Lu, YY; Qu, XJ; Wang, RQ; Zhao, CR, 2015)		0.72
" The pharmacokinetic data of healthy volunteers were analysed assuming a non-compartmental model."( Towards a test to predict 5-fluorouracil toxicity: Pharmacokinetic data for thymine and two sequential metabolites following oral thymine administration to healthy adult males.
Cameron, A; Charles, BG; Duley, JA; George, R; Harris, M; Helsby, N; Mead, S; Ni, M; Norris, RL; Shannon, C; Sheffield, L; van Kuilenburg, AB, 2016)		0.43
" Pharmacokinetic and safety data were analyzed from 62 and 63 subjects in the fasting and fed states, respectively."( Relative bioavailability, food effect, and safety of the single-dose pharmacokinetics of omecamtiv mecarbil following administration of different modified-release formulations in healthy subjects.
Alvarez, P; Banfield, C; Johnson, J; Malik, F; Monsalvo, ML; Palaparthy, R; Smith, B; Yan, L, 2016)		0.43
" Preclinical pharmacokinetics conducted in several species were predictive for the observed pharmacokinetic behavior of 12 in cancer patients."( Discovery and Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacological Properties of the Potent and Selective MET Kinase Inhibitor 1-{6-[6-(4-Fluorophenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazin-3-ylsulfanyl]benzothiazol-2-yl}-3-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)urea (SAR125844).
Albert, E; Bacqué, E; Bonche, F; Calvet, L; Capdevila, C; Delaisi, C; Egile, C; Goulaouic, H; Grapinet, S; Houtmann, J; Kenigsberg, M; Khider, J; Lowinski, M; Martinet, N; Nemecek, C; Rak, A; Roesner, M; Schio, L; Semiond, D; Ugolini, A; Vallée, F, 2016)		0.62
"To date, no data have been reported on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of landiolol, a fast-acting cardioselective β1-adrenergic antagonist, in non-Asian subjects."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two different landiolol formulations in a healthy Caucasian group.
Hodisch, J; Kadlecová, P; Krumpl, G; Trebs, M; Ulc, I, 2016)		0.43
"In Caucasians, both landiolol formulations showed similar pharmacokinetic behaviours, displaying very short half-lives (3."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two different landiolol formulations in a healthy Caucasian group.
Hodisch, J; Kadlecová, P; Krumpl, G; Trebs, M; Ulc, I, 2016)		0.43
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental techniques and actual sampling times."( First-in-Human Trial of MIV-150 and Zinc Acetate Coformulated in a Carrageenan Gel: Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Acceptability, Adherence, and Pharmacodynamics.
Alami, M; Creasy, GW; Fernández-Romero, JA; Friedland, BA; Hoesley, CJ; Hoskin, E; Katzen, LL; Kleinbeck, KR; Novak, L; Plagianos, M; Teleshova, N; Zhang, S; Zydowsky, TM, 2016)		0.43
"Data from Phase I dose-escalation studies in adults and children were used to build a population pharmacokinetic model (NONMEM v7."( A population pharmacokinetic model of AT9283 in adults and children to predict the maximum tolerated dose in children with leukaemia.
Boddy, AV; Duong, JK; Edwards, D; Griffin, MJ; Hargrave, D; Vormoor, J, 2017)		0.46
"The plasma concentrations of AT9283 (n = 1770) from 92 patients (53 adults, 39 children) were used to build a two-compartment model with all pharmacokinetic parameters scaled using body weight."( A population pharmacokinetic model of AT9283 in adults and children to predict the maximum tolerated dose in children with leukaemia.
Boddy, AV; Duong, JK; Edwards, D; Griffin, MJ; Hargrave, D; Vormoor, J, 2017)		0.46
" The pharmacokinetic assessments were performed at 2 time points, 36 and 108 h, following the intraperitoneal dose of P407 (1 g/kg)."( Pharmacokinetics of metformin in the rat: assessment of the effect of hyperlipidemia and evidence for its metabolism to guanylurea.
Ben-Eltriki, M; Brocks, DR; El-Kadi, AO; El-Sherbeni, AA; Gabr, RQ, 2017)		0.66
" Landiolol turned out to be superior to esmolol with respect to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile and local tolerability."( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Low-, Intermediate-, and High-Dose Landiolol and Esmolol During Long-Term Infusion in Healthy Whites.
Hodisch, J; Husch, B; Kadlecová, P; Krumpl, G; Maurer, G; Trebs, M; Ulč, I, 2018)		0.48
"To study the pharmacokinetic and -dynamic behavior of landiolol in the presence of dobutamine in healthy subjects of European ancestry."( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic behavior of landiolol during dobutamine challenge in healthy adults.
Hodisch, J; Kadlecová, P; Krumpl, G; Trebs, M; Ulč, I, 2020)		0.56
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of landiolol in presence of dobutamine showed a short half-life (3."( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic behavior of landiolol during dobutamine challenge in healthy adults.
Hodisch, J; Kadlecová, P; Krumpl, G; Trebs, M; Ulč, I, 2020)		0.56
" This methodology was effectively used to estimate Pimavanserin in vivo human (K2EDTA) plasma concentration for a clinical pharmacokinetic study."( A Fully Validated UHPLC-MS/MS Method for the Estimation of Pimavanserin in Human (K2EDTA) Plasma and its Application to a Clinical Pharmacokinetic Study.
Aalapati, KK; Patnaik, RS; Singh, A, 2022)		0.72
" Coadministration of OM with omeprazole was not associated with any clinically significant pharmacokinetic drug interactions."( Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction Study of Omecamtiv Mecarbil With Omeprazole, a Proton Pump Inhibitor, in Healthy Subjects.
Abbasi, S; Dutta, S; Flach, S; Jafarinasabian, P; Lee, E; Sohn, W; Terminello, B; Trivedi, A; Zhang, H, 2022)		0.72
" The potential for a pharmacokinetic (PK) drug-drug interaction (DDI) was investigated, specifically to determine whether a single 50 mg dose of OM would impact the PKs of a single 10 mg dose of rosuvastatin in an open-label study in 14 healthy subjects."( Evaluation of drug-drug interaction potential between omecamtiv mecarbil and rosuvastatin, a BCRP substrate, with a clinical study in healthy subjects and using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model.
Abbasi, S; Dutta, S; Flach, S; Jafarinasabian, P; Kulkarni, P; Lee, E; Sohn, W; Spring, M; Trivedi, A; Wahlstrom, J; Zhang, H, 2021)		0.62
" In conclusion, OM coadministered with digoxin or amiodarone did not result in any clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions."( Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction Study of Omecamtiv Mecarbil With Amiodarone and Digoxin in Healthy Subjects.
Abbasi, S; Dutta, S; Flach, S; Hsu, CP; Hutton, S; Jafarinasabian, P; Lee, E; Sohn, W; Trivedi, A; Zhang, H, 2022)		0.72
"A new UPLC-MS/MS technique for the determination of ripretinib in beagle dog plasma was developed, and the pharmacokinetic effects of voriconazole and itraconazole on ripretinib in beagle dogs were studied."( The Pharmacokinetic Effect of Itraconazole and Voriconazole on Ripretinib in Beagle Dogs by UPLC-MS/MS Technique.
Geng, XN; Gou, KF; Qiu, XJ; Su, YD; Wang, HJ; Zhou, CY, 2021)		0.62
" The concentration of ripretinib was detected, and the pharmacokinetic parameters of ripretinib were calculated."( The Pharmacokinetic Effect of Itraconazole and Voriconazole on Ripretinib in Beagle Dogs by UPLC-MS/MS Technique.
Geng, XN; Gou, KF; Qiu, XJ; Su, YD; Wang, HJ; Zhou, CY, 2021)		0.62
" The objectives of this study were to analyze the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of omecamtiv mecarbil and to investigate the effects of potential covariates on pertinent PK parameters using population PK modeling of data from 3 clinical trials in healthy subjects (n = 85) and 3 clinical trials in patients with HF (n = 4261)."( Population Pharmacokinetic Properties of Omecamtiv Mecarbil in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction.
Ahamadi, M; Chen, PW; Dutta, S; Lee, E; Trivedi, A, 2022)		0.72
" However, little is known about the pharmacokinetic profiles of Y-99 in experimental animals."( An HPLC-MS/MS Method for Pharmacokinetic Study of Y-99: A Novel Diuretic Agent Targeting Urea Transporters.
Abulizi, A; Li, J; Lu, Y; Ma, W; Sun, J; Wang, S; Xu, Y; Yang, B, 2023)		1.13
" The pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out using a non-compartmental approach."( Pharmacokinetics and effect on renal function and average daily gain in lambs after castration and tail docking, of firocoxib and meloxicam.
Dukkipati, V; Hunt, H; Kongara, K; Purchas, G; Speed, D; Venkatachalam, D; Ward, N, 2023)		0.91
"There was no evidence for a difference in plasma elimination half-life between firocoxib given IM (LSM 18."( Pharmacokinetics and effect on renal function and average daily gain in lambs after castration and tail docking, of firocoxib and meloxicam.
Dukkipati, V; Hunt, H; Kongara, K; Purchas, G; Speed, D; Venkatachalam, D; Ward, N, 2023)		0.91
"Both formulations of firocoxib had a long plasma elimination half-life and large volume of distribution."( Pharmacokinetics and effect on renal function and average daily gain in lambs after castration and tail docking, of firocoxib and meloxicam.
Dukkipati, V; Hunt, H; Kongara, K; Purchas, G; Speed, D; Venkatachalam, D; Ward, N, 2023)		0.91
"In pharmacokinetic studies for respiratory diseases, urea is a commonly used dilution marker for volume normalization of various biological matrices, owing to the fact that urea diffuses freely throughout the body and is minimally affected by disease states."( A universal surrogate matrix assay for urea measurement in clinical pharmacokinetic studies of respiratory diseases.
Chen, L; Dean, B; Drelick, A; Liang, X; Tang, Y; Van Parys, M; Walker, A, 2023)		1.43

Compound-Compound Interactions

electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation combined with moxibustion (MOX) on changes of kidney and ureter tissue, plasma and uterine Ca2+, creatinine (Or) and urea nitrogen (UN) concentrations in rats with renal calcium oxalate stone. However, information regarding the Cd transfer in soil and crops system with the application of urea combined with NIs is limited.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" They received in random order: placebo; tienilic acid 250 mg/day; propranolol 80 mg twice daily; and tienilic acid 250 mg/day combined with propranolol 80 mg twice daily."( Biochemical and haematological changes induced by tienilic acid combined with propranolol in essential hypertension.
Bulpitt, CJ; Havard, CW; Pearson, RM, 1979)		0.26
"The effect of splenectomy alone and in combination with suboptimal doses of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) have been studied in the relatively weak (DA X Lewis)F1 to DA and the strong DA to Lewis renal allograft models."( Effect of splenectomy alone and in combination with antilymphocyte serum on renal allograft rejection in the rat.
Evans, DM; Fabre, JW; Millard, PR; Morris, PJ, 1979)		0.26
"46 patients with 47 cancers of the eyelids and the canthi, large or very large in their great majority, were treated with local urea injections in combination with thorough curettage."( Effects of urea treatment in combination with curettage in extensive periophthalmic malignancies.
Danopoulos, ED; Danopoulou, IE, 1979)		0.86
"A study was undertaken in order to investigate the clinical observation that patients who underwent midtrimester abortion using intra-amniotic PG F2alpha in combination with hyperosmolar urea, always aborted a dead fetus."( Midtrimester intra-aminotic administration of prostaglandin F2alpha in combination with an hyperosmolar urea solution: effect upon plasma levels of estradiol, progesterone, and human placental lactogen (HPL).
Katz, M; Sher, G, 1978)		0.66
"A study was undertaken in order to investigate the clinical observation that patients who underwent midtrimester abortion using intraamniotic prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) in combination with hyperosmolar urea, always aborted a dead fetus."( Midtrimester intra-aminotic administration of prostaglandin F2alpha in combination with an hyperosmolar urea solution: effect upon plasma levels of estradiol, progesterone, and human placental lactogen (HPL).
Katz, M; Sher, G, 1978)		0.66
"5 mg, 25 mg, and 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide combined with 400 mg acebutolol was assessed."( Lack of effect of beta-blocker on flat dose response to thiazide in hypertension: efficacy of low dose thiazide combined with beta-blocker.
Banks, RA; Bayliss, J; MacGregor, GA; Markandu, ND; Roulston, J, 1983)		0.27
"Thirty cases of lip cancer in 28 patients, 23 of which were extensive or very extensive, were treated with local urea injections in combination with curettage."( The effects of urea treatment in combination with curettage in extensive lip cancers.
Besbeas, S; Danopoulos, ED; Danopoulou, IE; Ramantanis, G, 1982)		0.83
"A parallel-group double-blind study was carried out which compared the efficacy of chemical avulsion of affected nail by urea 40% and bifonazole 1% cream alone with that of the same local therapy combined with short-term oral griseofulvin in onychomycosis."( Treatment of onychomycosis: a randomized, double-blind comparison study with topical bifonazole-urea ointment alone and in combination with short-duration oral griseofulvin.
Bergman, R; Bitterman, O; Cohen, A; Friedman-Birnbaum, R; Shemer, A; Stettendorf, S, 1997)		0.72
"We investigated the effect of low temperature and urea combined with high pressure on tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)."( Tobacco mosaic virus disassembly by high hydrostatic pressure in combination with urea and low temperature.
Bonafe, CF; Freitas, DR; Gonçalves, MC; Matsuura, MS; Pessine, FB; Telles, RC; Vega, J; Vital, CM, 1998)		0.78
" The aim of this study was to determine the optimal dose and duration of lansoprazole (LA) administration in combination with amoxicillin (AMPC) and metronidazole (MNZ)."( Eradication of Helicobacter pylori using 30 mg or 60 mg lansoprazole combined with amoxicillin and metronidazole: one and two weeks of a new triple therapy.
Asaka, M; Ishizuka, J; Kagaya, H; Katagiri, M; Kato, M; Komatsu, Y; Kudo, M; Kudo, T; Nishikawa, K; Sugiyama, T; Sukegawa, M; Takeda, H; Toyota, J, 1999)		0.3
"Application of fertilizers combined with nitrification inhibitors affects soil microbial biomass and activity."( The influence of mineral fertilizer combined with a nitrification inhibitor on microbial populations and activities in calcareous Uzbekistanian soil under cotton cultivation.
Egamberdiyeva, D; Mamiev, M; Poberejskaya, SK, 2001)		0.31
" We developed a cross-circulation system, using a semipermeable membrane combined with whole liver perfusion."( In vitro evaluation of cross-circulation system using semipermeable membrane combined with whole liver perfusion.
Hakamada, K; Ishizawa, Y; Nara, M; Sasaki, M; Totsuka, E; Umehara, M, 2004)		0.32
" It is concluded that vitamin C treatment, alone or its combination with vitamin A, may be beneficial in preventing endotoxin-induced oxidative renal tissue damage and shows potential for clinical use."( Protective effects of vitamin C, alone or in combination with vitamin A, on endotoxin-induced oxidative renal tissue damage in rats.
Armutcu, F; Coskun, O; Kanter, M; Kizilay, G; Uz, YH, 2005)		0.33
"To evaluate the toxicity profile and pharmacological properties of oral CP-547,632 alone and in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin administered every 3 weeks, and to assess efficacy as measured by the objective response and progressive disease rates of oral CP-547,632 administered in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin."( A phase I/randomized phase II, non-comparative, multicenter, open label trial of CP-547,632 in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin or paclitaxel and carboplatin alone as first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Cohen, RB; Cosgriff, TM; Eisenberg, PD; Hainsworth, JD; Healey, D; Langer, CJ; Liau, K; Madajewicz, S; Pierce, K; Simon, GR; Xu, H, 2007)		0.34
"Patients with stage IIIB/IV or recurrent non-small cell lung cancer receiving first-line chemotherapy were treated with oral daily CP-547,632 in combination with paclitaxel 225 mg/m(2) and carboplatin AUC = 6 every 3 weeks."( A phase I/randomized phase II, non-comparative, multicenter, open label trial of CP-547,632 in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin or paclitaxel and carboplatin alone as first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Cohen, RB; Cosgriff, TM; Eisenberg, PD; Hainsworth, JD; Healey, D; Langer, CJ; Liau, K; Madajewicz, S; Pierce, K; Simon, GR; Xu, H, 2007)		0.34
" Dose-limiting toxicity of CP-547,632 250 mg by mouth daily in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin was grade 3 rash and grade 3 diarrhea despite medical intervention."( A phase I/randomized phase II, non-comparative, multicenter, open label trial of CP-547,632 in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin or paclitaxel and carboplatin alone as first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Cohen, RB; Cosgriff, TM; Eisenberg, PD; Hainsworth, JD; Healey, D; Langer, CJ; Liau, K; Madajewicz, S; Pierce, K; Simon, GR; Xu, H, 2007)		0.34
" These effects were also observed in vivo, where the combination with piplartine but not piperine with 5-FU led to a higher tumor growth inhibition."( In vitro and in vivo antitumor effect of 5-FU combined with piplartine and piperine.
Alves, AP; Bezerra, DP; Costa-Lotufo, LV; de Alencar, NM; de Castro, FO; de Moraes, MO; Elmiro, FJ; Lima, MA; Lima, MW; Mesquita, RO; Pessoa, C; Silveira, ER, 2008)		0.35
"We describe a novel technique for a simple, rapid, and reliable quantitative detection of specific DNA sequences using an alternately binding quenching probe (AB-QProbe) that binds to either the gene of interest (target) or an internal standard (competitor) in combination with loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)."( Technique for quantitative detection of specific DNA sequences using alternately binding quenching probe competitive assay combined with loop-mediated isothermal amplification.
Adachi, K; Kanagawa, T; Kurata, S; Nakamura, K; Noda, N; Tani, H; Teramura, T; Tsuneda, S, 2007)		0.34
"We investigated the effect of compatible and non-compatible osmolytes in combination with macromolecular crowding on the kinetics of yeast hexokinase."( Effects of osmolytes on hexokinase kinetics combined with macromolecular crowding: test of the osmolyte compatibility hypothesis towards crowded systems.
Olsen, SN; Ramløv, H; Westh, P, 2007)		0.34
" Verify its use for studying drug-drug interactions."( An in silico transwell device for the study of drug transport and drug-drug interactions.
Garmire, DG; Garmire, LX; Hunt, CA, 2007)		0.34
" Those components were used to exemplify drug-drug interaction studies."( An in silico transwell device for the study of drug transport and drug-drug interactions.
Garmire, DG; Garmire, LX; Hunt, CA, 2007)		0.34
"The ISTD is an example of a new class of simulation models capable of realistically representing complex drug transport and drug-drug interaction phenomena."( An in silico transwell device for the study of drug transport and drug-drug interactions.
Garmire, DG; Garmire, LX; Hunt, CA, 2007)		0.34
"NT-proBNP is correlated with MVD severity and could be used in combination with clinical status to predict cardiac outcome."( Plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentration helps to predict survival in dogs with symptomatic degenerative mitral valve disease regardless of and in combination with the initial clinical status at admission.
Chetboul, V; Daste, T; Gouni, V; Hawa, G; Lefebvre, HP; Pouchelon, JL; Poujol, L; Sampedrano, CC; Serres, F; Tissier, R; Trumel, C, 2009)		0.35
" In period 2, after a 4-week washout, the same dose and regimen of narlaprevir was administered in combination with PEG-IFN-α-2b for 14 days."( Antiviral activity of narlaprevir combined with ritonavir and pegylated interferon in chronic hepatitis C patients.
Bergmann, JF; de Bruijne, J; de Knegt, RJ; Hughes, EA; Janssen, HL; Li, J; Molenkamp, R; Reesink, HW; Schinkel, J; Tong, X; Treitel, MA; van Lier, JJ; van Vliet, AA; Weegink, CJ, 2010)		0.36
"We evaluated the in vitro antimyeloma activity of AT9283 alone and in combination with lenalidomide and the in vivo efficacy by using a xenograft mouse model of human MM."( Antimyeloma activity of a multitargeted kinase inhibitor, AT9283, via potent Aurora kinase and STAT3 inhibition either alone or in combination with lenalidomide.
Anderson, KC; Bandi, M; Chauhan, D; Cirstea, D; Gorgun, G; Hideshima, T; Hu, Y; Mahindra, A; Munshi, NC; Nelson, EA; Patel, K; Pozzi, S; Raje, N; Rodig, S; Santo, L; Squires, M; Unitt, C; Vallet, S, 2011)		0.37
"Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of different dosages coated controlled release urea (PCU60, 60 d release duration) combined with conventional urea (U) used as basal on the winter wheat grain yield, nitrogen (N) recovery rate, and soil NO3- -N content, etc."( [Effects of coated controlled release urea combined with conventional urea on winter wheat growth and soil NO3- -N].
Gu, JL; Li, YX; Shi, GF; Sun, Z; Wu, L; Xu, QM; Yi, WP; Zhu, GL, 2011)		0.86
" Our data indicates that only certain types of chemotherapy would give rise to a synergistic lethal response in combination with specific Chk2 inhibitors, which will be important if Chk2 inhibitors enter the clinic."( Chk2 deficiency in Myc overexpressing lymphoma cells elicits a synergistic lethal response in combination with PARP inhibition.
Forshell, LP; Höglund, A; Li, Y; Nilsson, JA; Strömvall, K, 2011)		0.37
"By the method of static chamber, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of applying controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) and its combination with urea on the N2O emission during rice growth period."( [Effects of applying controlled-release fertilizer and its combination with urea on nitrous oxide emission during rice growth period].
Cai, ZC; Ji, Y; Li, XP; Ma, J; Xu, H; Zhang, XY, 2011)		0.8
" Therefore ASP could be developed to a new adjuvant combined with metformin for diabetes mellitus therapy in the future."( Anti-diabetic activities of Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide (ASP) in combination with metformin.
Fu, G; Fu, J; Gao, B; Tu, Y; Yuan, J; Zhang, N; Zhang, Y, 2012)		0.38
"The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the efficacy of in-office bleaching technique combined with the application of a casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) paste (MI Paste-MI) at different moments and its influence on enamel surface properties."( Efficacy of in-office bleaching techniques combined with the application of a casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate paste at different moments and its influence on enamel surface properties.
Alves-Junior, C; Borges, BC; Cunha, AG; De Vasconcelos, AA; Dos Santos, AJ; Machado, CT; Vitoriano, Jde O, 2012)		0.38
"The purpose of this study was to determine whether a low-dose β-blocker, in combination with milrinone, improves cardiac function in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) with tachycardia."( Low-dose β-blocker in combination with milrinone safely improves cardiac function and eliminates pulsus alternans in patients with acute decompensated heart failure.
Doi, M; Fukuta, S; Kobayashi, S; Matsuzaki, M; Murakami, W; Nao, T; Okamura, T; Okuda, S; Susa, T; Tanaka, T; Wada, Y; Yamada, J; Yano, M, 2012)		0.38
"A low-dose β-blocker in combination with milrinone improved cardiac function in ADHF patients with tachycardia; therefore, it may be considered as an adjunct therapy for use when standard therapy with milrinone is not effective at slowing HR."( Low-dose β-blocker in combination with milrinone safely improves cardiac function and eliminates pulsus alternans in patients with acute decompensated heart failure.
Doi, M; Fukuta, S; Kobayashi, S; Matsuzaki, M; Murakami, W; Nao, T; Okamura, T; Okuda, S; Susa, T; Tanaka, T; Wada, Y; Yamada, J; Yano, M, 2012)		0.38
"To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation combined with moxibustion (MOX) on changes of the kidney and ureter tissue, plasma and uterine Ca2+, creatinine (Or) and urea nitrogen (UN) concentrations in rats with renal calcium oxalate stone, so as to reveal its mechanism underlying relieving kidney stone."( [Influence of electroacupuncture combined with intensive moxibustion intervention on pathological changes of kidney and ureter tissues, plasma and uterine Ca2+, creatinine, and urea nitrogen levels in calcium oxalate stone rats].
Wang, W; Zhang, J, 2012)		0.76
"This open-label, Phase I, dose-escalation study evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK) and preliminary efficacy (RECIST) of AZD7762 alone and in combination with gemcitabine in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumours (NCT00937664)."( Phase I, dose-escalation study of AZD7762 alone and in combination with gemcitabine in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumours.
Agbo, F; Arita, S; Esaki, T; Fujimoto, C; Hamatake, M; Hirai, F; Kometani, T; Makiyama, A; Nosaki, K; Seto, T; Shi, X; Takeoka, H, 2013)		0.39
"The maximum tolerated dose of AZD7762 in combination with gemcitabine, 1,000 mg/m(2) was determined as 21 mg in Japanese patients."( Phase I, dose-escalation study of AZD7762 alone and in combination with gemcitabine in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumours.
Agbo, F; Arita, S; Esaki, T; Fujimoto, C; Hamatake, M; Hirai, F; Kometani, T; Makiyama, A; Nosaki, K; Seto, T; Shi, X; Takeoka, H, 2013)		0.39
"Forty-two patients received AZD7762 6 mg (n = 9), 9 mg (n = 3), 14 mg (n = 6), 21 mg (n = 3), 30 mg (n = 7), 32 mg (n = 6), and 40 mg (n = 8), in combination with gemcitabine."( Phase I dose-escalation study of AZD7762, a checkpoint kinase inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine in US patients with advanced solid tumors.
Agbo, F; Azad, N; Barker, P; Carducci, M; Carter, J; Cosgrove, D; Knight, R; Lorusso, P; Malburg, L; Oakes, P; Quinn, MF; Sausville, E; Senderowicz, A; Zabludoff, S, 2014)		0.4
"The maximum-tolerated dose of AZD7762 in combination with gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) was 30 mg."( Phase I dose-escalation study of AZD7762, a checkpoint kinase inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine in US patients with advanced solid tumors.
Agbo, F; Azad, N; Barker, P; Carducci, M; Carter, J; Cosgrove, D; Knight, R; Lorusso, P; Malburg, L; Oakes, P; Quinn, MF; Sausville, E; Senderowicz, A; Zabludoff, S, 2014)		0.4
"This study was aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of coenzyme Q10 and its combination with metformin on streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN)."( Effect of coenzyme Q10 alone and its combination with metformin on streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats.
Balaraman, R; Maheshwari, RA; Sen, AK; Seth, AK, )		0.13
"This study aims in optimizing and predicting the in-vivo activity of AT9283 as a monotherapy and evaluating its combination with paclitaxel."( Optimizing and predicting the in vivo activity of AT9283 as a monotherapy and in combination with paclitaxel.
Moawad, EY, 2015)		0.42
"Various cytotoxic agents were evaluated in combination with (131) I-MIP-1095 for their capacity to delay the growth of LNCaP cells cultured as multicellular tumour spheroids."( Preliminary evaluation of prostate-targeted radiotherapy using (131) I-MIP-1095 in combination with radiosensitising chemotherapeutic drugs.
Babich, JW; Mairs, RJ; Nixon, C; Rae, C; Tesson, M, 2016)		0.43
" However, the potential effects of DHEA supplementation combined with WBV training on to body composition, exercise performance, and hormone regulation are currently unclear."( Dehydroepiandrosterone Supplementation Combined with Whole-Body Vibration Training Affects Testosterone Level and Body Composition in Mice.
Chen, WC; Chen, YM; Huang, CC; Tzeng, YD, 2016)		0.43
" Untreated ACF TGR exhibited marked impairment of renal function and the treatment with ACEi alone or combined with sEH inhibition did not prevent it."( Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme blockade, alone or combined with blockade of soluble epoxide hydrolase, on the course of congestive heart failure and occurrence of renal dysfunction in Ren-2 transgenic hypertensive rats with aorto-caval fistula.
Červenka, L; Hammock, BD; Hwang, SH; Imig, JD; Kala, P; Kopkan, L; Melenovský, V; Nishiyama, A; Sadowski, J; Sedláková, L; Škaroupková, P; Táborský, M; Vaňourková, Z, 2018)		0.48
" The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of telmisartan administration either alone or in combination with etanercept on anemia of chronic inflammatory diseases in a model of rheumatoid arthritis in rats."( Telmisartan alone or in combination with etanercept improves anemia associated with rheumatoid arthritis in rats: a possible role of anti-inflammatory and reno-protective effects.
Hasanin, AH; Mohamed, RH, 2020)		0.56
" Telmisartan either alone or in combination with etanercept significantly improved arthritis and erythrocyte indices."( Telmisartan alone or in combination with etanercept improves anemia associated with rheumatoid arthritis in rats: a possible role of anti-inflammatory and reno-protective effects.
Hasanin, AH; Mohamed, RH, 2020)		0.56
" However, there are few case studies about reduced N application combined with double inhibitors (DIs, NI plus UI), especially under drip irrigation systems."( A 2-year study of the impact of reduced nitrogen application combined with double inhibitors on soil nitrogen transformation and wheat productivity under drip irrigation.
Chu, G; Hu, B; Li, J; Shah, JA; Tao, R, 2021)		0.62
"Cutting the N application rate by 20% combined with NBPT and nitrapyrin could provide a sustainable fertilization strategy for wheat production under drip irrigation."( A 2-year study of the impact of reduced nitrogen application combined with double inhibitors on soil nitrogen transformation and wheat productivity under drip irrigation.
Chu, G; Hu, B; Li, J; Shah, JA; Tao, R, 2021)		0.62
"A solid-phase extraction method combined with deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction has been developed for the extraction of three antibiotics in honey samples prior to their determination by ion mobility spectrometry."( Preparation of multiwall carbon nanotube/urea-formaldehyde nanocomposite as a new sorbent in solid-phase extraction and its combination with deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for extraction of antibiotic residues in hone
Afshar Mogaddam, MR; Javadi, A; Mirzaei, H; Nemati, M; Shahi, M, 2021)		0.89
" The potential for a pharmacokinetic (PK) drug-drug interaction (DDI) was investigated, specifically to determine whether a single 50 mg dose of OM would impact the PKs of a single 10 mg dose of rosuvastatin in an open-label study in 14 healthy subjects."( Evaluation of drug-drug interaction potential between omecamtiv mecarbil and rosuvastatin, a BCRP substrate, with a clinical study in healthy subjects and using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model.
Abbasi, S; Dutta, S; Flach, S; Jafarinasabian, P; Kulkarni, P; Lee, E; Sohn, W; Spring, M; Trivedi, A; Wahlstrom, J; Zhang, H, 2021)		0.62
" In vitro studies demonstrate OM as a substrate and inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which can result in drug-drug interactions."( Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction Study of Omecamtiv Mecarbil With Amiodarone and Digoxin in Healthy Subjects.
Abbasi, S; Dutta, S; Flach, S; Hsu, CP; Hutton, S; Jafarinasabian, P; Lee, E; Sohn, W; Trivedi, A; Zhang, H, 2022)		0.72
" In order to improve patients' physical function and quality of life, this meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the application value of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients."( A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training on maintenance hemodialysis patients.
Cai, X; Deng, J; Zeng, D, 2022)		0.72
" Included studies should meet the following criteria, the study population is MHD patients, the intervention is aerobic exercise combined with resistance training, and a randomized controlled study with clearly documented outcome indicators."( A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training on maintenance hemodialysis patients.
Cai, X; Deng, J; Zeng, D, 2022)		0.72
" The results of the meta-analysis showed significant differences between patients who received aerobic exercise combined with resistance training and control patients (the rest treatment was same as the study group) in the urea clearance index [mean difference (MD) =0."( A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training on maintenance hemodialysis patients.
Cai, X; Deng, J; Zeng, D, 2022)		0.91
"Although aerobic exercise combined with resistance training did not improve the physical functioning of MHD patients, it improved their urea clearance, mental health, and social functioning and positively affected their quality of life, risk of bias should also be considered."( A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training on maintenance hemodialysis patients.
Cai, X; Deng, J; Zeng, D, 2022)		0.92
" However, information regarding the Cd transfer in soil and crops system with the application of urea combined with NIs is limited."( Different effects of the application of urea combined with nitrification inhibitor on cadmium activity in the rice-rape rotation system.
Li, L; Liu, Y; Luo, B; Luo, S; Peng, L; Xiao, C; Zeng, Q, 2022)		1.21
" When administered to three-week-old CTLN1 mice, all the animals receiving VTX-804 in combination with SOC gained body weight normally, presented with a normalization of ammonia and reduction of citrulline levels in circulation, and 100% survived for 7 months."( Gene Therapy in Combination with Nitrogen Scavenger Pretreatment Corrects Biochemical and Behavioral Abnormalities of Infant Citrullinemia Type 1 Mice.
Aldabe, R; Bazo, A; Bénichou, B; Combal, JP; Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza, G; Häberle, J; Lantero, A; Mauleón, I; Neri, L; Poms, M; Ricobaraza, A, 2022)		0.72
" In summary, ATR-FTIR combined with univariate and multivariate chemometric analyses provides an innovative, non-invasive, and sustainable approach to diabetes surveillance."( Monitoring glucose levels in urine using FTIR spectroscopy combined with univariate and multivariate statistical methods.
Caixeta, DC; Espindola, FS; Goodacre, R; Guevara-Vega, M; Lima, C; Sabino-Silva, R; Xu, Y; Zezell, DM, 2023)		0.91

Bioavailability

Urea as a possible candidate of organic nitrogen component might have a significant influence to the marine ecosystem since its bioavailability and broad range of natural and anthropogenic sources.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In contrast to these results, compounds such as urea and amitrole, which remain completely nonionized over the pH range studied, showed no change in absorption rate when the pH was varied."( Lung pH and pulmonary absorption of nonvolatile drugs in the rat.
Less, MJ; Schanker, LS, )		0.39
" During the steady state, the rate of absorption of 3MG from the intestinal lumen is equal to the rate of appearance in the portal venous effluent; this rate of transfer is to a small, but significant, extent directly related to the rate of arterial perfusion."( Effects of vascular perfusion on the accumulation, distribution and transfer of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose within and across the small intestine.
Boyd, CA; Parsons, DS, 1978)		0.26
" By measuring the brain function using computer period analysis of cerebral biopotentials, dose-efficacy relations were found (in the range of 25-75 mcg) which suggest the bioavailability of LHM at the CNS level."( Prediction of psychotropic properties of lisuride hydrogen maleate by quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalogram.
Akpinar, S; Herrmann, WM; Itil, TM, 1975)		0.25
" The urinary bladder readsorbed labeled urea and D20 in winter; the rate of absorption of urea was equal to the rate of excretion of it into the bladder."( Nitrogen metabolism in bears: urea metabolism in summer starvation and in winter sleep and role of urinary bladder in water and nitrogen conservation.
Code, CF; Jones, JD; McGill, DB; Nelson, RA; Wahner, HW, 1975)		0.81
" Because mannitol absorption was zero at all perfusion rates, none of the enhanced glucose absorption rate need be attributed to enhanced mucosal permeability, even though intraluminal pressure was increased at higher perfusion rates."( Effect of perfusion rate on absorption, surface area, unstirred water layer thickness, permeability, and intraluminal pressure in the rat ileum in vivo.
Fordtran, JS; Lewis, LD, 1975)		0.25
" Serum levels were significantly higher at 8 and 24 hours in those patients who received their first dose intramuscularly compared with those who received their first dose orally, irrespective of the bioavailability of the oral preparation used."( Treatment with digoxin and measurement of serum digoxin levels after myocardial infarction.
McL White, B; Norris, RM; Sharpe, DN, 1975)		0.25
" The bioavailability of an investigational drug in cynomolgus monkeys could be enhanced sevenfold by inclusion complexation with 2-HP-beta-CD."( Effect of hydrotropic substances on the complexation of sparingly soluble drugs with cyclodextrin derivatives and the influence of cyclodextrin complexation on the pharmacokinetics of the drugs.
Albers, E; Müller, BW, 1991)		0.28
" Our results showed that a hydrophilic compound poorly absorbed (urea) was insensitive to cutaneous blood flow modifications whereas compounds readily absorbed (caffeine, amphiphilic; urea on stripped skin) or slightly absorbed (progesterone, lipophilic) exhibited local concentration phenomena in relation to cutaneous blood flow lowering."( Importance of blood flow to the local distribution of drugs after percutaneous absorption in the bipediculated dorsal flap of the hairless rat.
Auclair, F; Besnard, M; Dupont, C; Wepierre, J, 1991)		0.52
" Since low birthweight infants also have a high requirement for nitrogen, the bioavailability of urea nitrogen was investigated in low birthweight infants using 15N,15N-urea."( Bioavailability of urea nitrogen for the low birthweight infant.
Atkinson, SA; Donovan, SM; Lönnerdal, B, 1990)		0.83
" We measured both fluid absorption rate and urea concentration in collected fluid and calculated the osmolality of the collected fluid."( Urea gradient-associated fluid absorption with sigma urea = 1 in rat terminal collecting duct.
Chou, CL; Knepper, MA; Nonoguchi, H; Sands, JM, 1990)		1.98
" The rate of absorption or desorption of tracers from the cycled plugs was compared with that of unloaded control plugs."( Influence of cyclic loading on the nutrition of articular cartilage.
Maroudas, A; O'Hara, BP; Urban, JP, 1990)		0.28
" Thus derived first-order intestinal absorption rate constants (ka) obtained from the in vivo studies in rats were compared with the membrane permeability clearances (CLa,m) estimated in a single-pass perfusion system."( Relationship between in vivo first-order intestinal absorption rate constant and the membrane permeability clearance.
Hanano, M; Iga, T; Watanabe, J; Yuasa, H, 1989)		0.28
" The bioavailability of topically administered beta APN was determined by measuring the degree of collagen cross-linking inhibition in the underlying granuloma tissue."( Effect of topically applied beta-aminopropionitrile on granuloma tissue biochemistry.
Chvapil, M; Dhar, SC; Gibeault, JD; Gowri, C; Lata, A, 1988)		0.27
" Bioavailability was 18% in the monkey (low and high doses) and 79% (low doses) and 38% (high dose), respectively, in the rat."( Pharmacokinetics of proterguride in rat and cynomolgus monkey.
Hümpel, M; Krause, W, 1988)		0.27
" The method described can be used to assess the bioavailability of keratolytic agents incorporated in topical formulations."( In vivo measurement of the keratolytic effect of salicylic acid in three ointment formulations.
Nook, TH, 1987)		0.27
" Another very important prerequisite for systematic treatment is the removal of as much fungus-infected nail material as possible, or else bioavailability at the site of infection cannot, or only hardly, be guaranteed."( Non-traumatic removal of the nail and simultaneous treatment of onychomycosis.
Nolting, S, 1984)		0.27
" The control solution contained only 80% of the normal NaCl concentration, the remainder of the osmolality was made up by mannitol, a condition that did not significantly decrease the fluid absorption rate in gallbladder sac preparations."( Gallbladder epithelial cell hydraulic water permeability and volume regulation.
Persson, BE; Spring, KR, 1982)		0.26
" Although potency was retained, acute oral toxicity was greatly reduced, due to a combination of factors - the esters were poorly absorbed in high dosage whilst relatively slow breakdown permitted effective levels to be attained on epididymal spermatozoa."( Antifertility and toxicological studies with aromatic esters of alpha-chlorohydrin in male rats.
Jackson, H; Rooney, FR, 1980)		0.26
" Absolute bioavailability of DMP 323 from oral doses ranged from 15 to 27% in rats and from 37 to 38% in dogs."( Pharmacokinetics of HIV protease inhibitor DMP 323 in rats and dogs.
Burcham, DL; Grubb, MF; Huang, SM; Quon, CY; Saxton, PL; Wong, YN, )		0.13
"2 h by oral application; the bioavailability was nearly 100%."( Pharmacokinetics of the organic nitrates trans-N-(4-nitroxycyclohexyl)-urea in dogs and trans-N-(4-nitroxycyclohexyl)-acetamide in dogs and in man.
Bartsch, W; Michel, H; Neidlein, R; Strein, K; Zell, C, 1994)		0.52
"3 h in rats and the absolute oral bioavailability ranged from 18 to 100%."( A pharmacokinetic evaluation of HIV protease inhibitors, cyclic ureas, in rats and dogs.
Burcham, DL; Erickson-Viitanen, S; Grubb, MF; Huang, SM; Quon, CY; Saxton, PL; Wong, YN, 1994)		0.53
" We evaluated the effect of a potent, poorly absorbed ACAT inhibitor (DuP 128: N'-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-N-[5-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylthio)pe ntyl]- N-heptylurea) on cholesterol absorption in a randomized trial."( Effect of the acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor DuP 128 on cholesterol absorption and serum cholesterol in humans.
Connell, JM; Crouse, JR; Gillies, PJ; Hainer, JW; Hunt, TL; Jenkins, RM; Livak, KJ; Shand, DL; Terry, JG; Zyruk, H, 1994)		0.48
" Although 2 exhibited 25% oral bioavailability in rats, pharmacokinetic studies conducted in monkeys revealed that the parent compound was less than 5% bioavailable, the result of extensive first-pass biotransformation in the liver."( Inhibitors of blood platelet cAMP phosphodiesterase. 4. Structural variation of the side-chain terminus of water-soluble 1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-b]quinolin-2-one derivatives.
Gamberdella, M; Goldenberg, HJ; Hewawasam, P; Meanwell, NA; Russell, JW; Seiler, SM; Thomas, JA; Wright, JJ; Zavoico, GB, 1993)		0.29
" Highly selective, preorganized inhibitors with relatively low molecular weight and high oral bioavailability were synthesized."( Rational design of potent, bioavailable, nonpeptide cyclic ureas as HIV protease inhibitors.
Bacheler, LT; Eyermann, CJ; Hodge, CN; Jadhav, PK; Lam, PY; Meek, JL; Otto, MJ; Rayner, MM; Ru, Y; Wong, YN, 1994)		0.53
"The bioavailability of threonine in solvent-extracted soybean meal for 10- to 20-kg pigs was determined using the slope-ratio method."( Bioavailability of threonine in soybean meal for young pigs.
Kovar, JL; Lewis, AJ; Miller, PS; Radke, TR, 1993)		0.29
" The oral bioavailability of [14C]SC-52151 is 17% when it is administered as an elixir to the rat, dog, or monkey."( SC-52151, a novel inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus protease.
Bryant, M; Clare, M; DeCrescenzo, G; Dillard, R; Getman, D; Heintz, R; Houseman, K; Lansky, D; Marr, J; Smidt, M, 1995)		0.29
" A possible mechanism is the known effect of thyroid hormones in reducing the bioavailability of insulin-like growth factor-I."( Effects of long-term growth hormone (GH) and triiodothyronine (T3) administration on functional hepatic nitrogen clearance in normal man.
Grøfte, T; Jørgensen, JO; Møller, N; Vilstrup, H; Wolthers, T, 1996)		0.29
" The small size probably contributes to the observed good oral bioavailability in animals."( Cyclic HIV protease inhibitors: synthesis, conformational analysis, P2/P2' structure-activity relationship, and molecular recognition of cyclic ureas.
Aldrich, PE; Bacheler, LT; Chang, CH; Confalone, PN; Daneker, WF; DeLucca, GV; Emmett, G; Eyermann, CJ; Han, Q; Hodge, CN; Holler, ER; Jadhav, PK; Klabe, RM; Kornhauser, DM; Lam, PY; Li, L; Li, R; Markwalder, JA; McHugh, RJ; Rayner, MM; Ru, Y; Seitz, SP; Sharpe, TR; Shum, L; Winslow, DL, 1996)		0.49
" Limited information exists about intragastric pH and bioavailability of amoxycillin during combination therapy."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between omeprazole and amoxycillin in Helicobacter pylori-positive healthy subjects.
Braun, M; Idström, JP; Londong, W; Pommerien, W; Wrangstadh, M, 1996)		0.29
"Effective HIV protease inhibitors must combine potency towards wild-type and mutant variants of HIV with oral bioavailability such that drug levels in relevant tissues continuously exceed that required for inhibition of virus replication."( Improved cyclic urea inhibitors of the HIV-1 protease: synthesis, potency, resistance profile, human pharmacokinetics and X-ray crystal structure of DMP 450.
Aldrich, PE; Bacheler, LT; Chang, CH; Erickson-Viitanen, S; Eyermann, CJ; Garber, S; Grubb, M; Hodge, CN; Jackson, DA; Jadhav, PK; Korant, B; Lam, PY; Maurin, MB; Meek, JL; Otto, MJ; Rayner, MM; Reid, C; Sharpe, TR; Shum, L; Winslow, DL, 1996)		0.64
" For each of the three dependent variables, estimates of tryptophan bioavailability were > 100% when daily supplemental tryptophan intake was used as the independent variable."( Bioavailability of tryptophan in soybean meal for 10-kg pigs using slope-ratio assay.
Adeola, O, 1996)		0.29
"7 nM) was chosen for oral bioavailability studies based on its log P and solubility profile."( Improved P1/P1' substituents for cyclic urea based HIV-1 protease inhibitors: synthesis, structure-activity relationship, and X-ray crystal structure analysis.
Bacheler, LT; Chang, CH; Cordova, B; Cornelius, L; Erickson-Viitanen, S; Garber, S; Gorey-Feret, LJ; Holler, ER; Jacobs, K; Jadhav, PK; Klabe, RM; Lam, GN; Logue, KA; Nugiel, DA; Reid, C; Seitz, SP, 1997)		0.56
" SC-52151, an HIV protease inhibitor, is mainly metabolized by CYP3A4 and is poorly bioavailable after oral administration."( Improvement of bioavailability of the HIV protease inhibitor SC-52151 in the beagle dog by coadministration of the CYP3A4 inhibitor, ketoconazole.
Salamon, CM; Schoenhard, GL; Snook, SS; Stolzenbach, JC; Yuan, JH, 1997)		0.3
" This increase in the drain volume was mainly due to a decrease in peritoneal fluid absorption rate in the DSS group (0."( Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate increases net ultrafiltration in peritoneal dialysis.
Bergström, J; Chen, C; Heimbürger, O; Lindholm, B; Qureshi, AR; Wang, T; Waniewski, J, 1997)		0.3
" Subsequent SAR studies led to the synthesis of new analogs with improved potency, solubility, and bioavailability relative to the initial lead."( Structure-activity relationships for a novel series of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Amar, A; Bradford, L; Connolly, CJ; Dahring, T; Doherty, AM; Fry, DW; Hallak, H; Hamby, JM; Keiser, J; Kraker, AJ; Lu, GH; Major, TC; Nelson, JM; Olsewski, B; Panek, RL; Ryan, MJ; Schroeder, MC; Shen, C; Showalter, HD; Slintak, V; Winters, RT, 1997)		0.3
" The HPLC methods were successfully applied to assay samples from two oral bioavailability studies."( Development and application of sensitive HPLC assays for NK3 antagonists in rat plasma.
Atherton, JP; Kuo, BS, 1998)		0.3
" Adding glucose to the PG solution increased the RISA elimination rate (KE, representing the fluid absorption rate from the peritoneal cavity): 25."( Peritoneal fluid and solute transport with different polyglucose formulations.
Bergström, J; Cheng, HH; Heimbürger, O; Lindholm, B; Wang, T, )		0.13
" The positive fluid removal induced by the PG solution is partially due to the lower fluid absorption rate associated with this solution and may, to some extent, also be due to the degradation of glucose polymer within the peritoneal cavity, resulting in increased dialysate osmolality."( Peritoneal fluid and solute transport with different polyglucose formulations.
Bergström, J; Cheng, HH; Heimbürger, O; Lindholm, B; Wang, T, )		0.13
" Using this approach several very potent (IC90 11 nM) and orally bioavailable (F% 93-100%) compounds were discovered (21, 22)."( Nonsymmetric P2/P2' cyclic urea HIV protease inhibitors. Structure-activity relationship, bioavailability, and resistance profile of monoindazole-substituted P2 analogues.
Bacheler, LT; Cordova, B; De Lucca, GV; Erickson-Viitanen, S; Garber, S; Kim, UT; Klabe, RM; Ko, SS; Lam, GN; Liang, J; Logue, KA; Trainor, GL; Wright, MR, 1998)		0.6
"The effect of Na-nutrient cotransport on intestinal permeability was measured in unrestrained, unanaesthetised, chronically catheterised male Sprague-Dawley rats using two different methods: measurement of the rate of absorption of passively absorbed hexoses, mannitol and L-glucose; and measurement of the mannitol:urea diffusion ratio."( Effect of sodium ion coupled nutrient transport on intestinal permeability in chronically catheterised rats.
Uhing, MR, 1998)		0.47
" The ultimate success of DMP 850 and DMP 851 in clinical trials might depend on achieving or exceeding the oral bioavailability seen in dog."( Design and selection of DMP 850 and DMP 851: the next generation of cyclic urea HIV protease inhibitors.
Anderson, PS; Bacheler, LT; Chang, CH; Cordova, B; Erickson-Viitanen, S; Garber, S; Johnson, BL; Klabe, RM; Ko, SS; Lam, PY; Li, R; Reid, C; Rodgers, JD; Ru, Y; Seitz, SP; Trainor, GL; Wang, H; Wright, MR, 1998)		0.53
"Backbone cyclization of urea-based somatostatin agonists resulted in novel, orally bioavailable agonists."( Potent, orally bioavailable somatostatin agonists: good absorption achieved by urea backbone cyclization.
Birzin, ET; Cheng, K; Huskey, SE; Jacks, T; Marino, D; Mosley, R; Pan, Y; Pasternak, A; Patchett, AA; Rohrer, SP; Sanderson, PE; Schaeffer, JM; Schleim, KD; Yang, L, 1999)		0.84
" Pharmacokinetic analysis of several compounds indicated excellent oral bioavailability and a reasonable half-life in rats."( Piperazine imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxaline ureas as high-affinity GABAA ligands of dual functionality.
Belonga, KL; Carter, DB; Im, HK; Im, WB; Jacobsen, EJ; Mickelson, JW; Petke, JD; Sethy, VH; Stelzer, LS; Tang, AH; TenBrink, RE; VonVoigtlander, PF; Zhong, WZ, 1999)		0.58
" The lower net ultrafiltration associated with higher PRV was due to (a) a significantly lower transcapillary ultrafiltration rate (Qu) caused by a lower osmotic gradient, and (b) a significantly higher peritoneal fluid absorption rate (KE) caused by an increased intraperitoneal hydrostatic pressure."( High peritoneal residual volume decreases the efficiency of peritoneal dialysis.
Bergström, J; Cheng, HH; Heimbürger, O; Lindholm, B; Wang, T, 1999)		0.3
" Preliminary pharmacokinetics in rats showed that compound 18 is orally bioavailable and penetrates well into the brain."( Urea-PETT compounds as a new class of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. 3. Synthesis and further structure-activity relationship studies of PETT analogues.
Bäckbro, K; Engelhardt, P; Fridborg, K; Högberg, M; Johansson, NG; Kangasmetsä, J; Lövgren, S; Noréen, R; Oberg, B; Sahlberg, BL; Sahlberg, C; Unge, T; Vrang, L; Zhang, H, 1999)		1.75
" There were no differences in the peritoneal fluid absorption rate (KE) and the lymphatic flow rate (KEB) between the three groups."( Amphotericin B does not increase peritoneal fluid removal.
Bergström, J; Cheng, HH; Heimbürger, O; Lindholm, B; Wang, T, 1998)		0.3
" However, the bioavailability of protein and amino acids from weaning foods, in addition to their protein content, should be considered, as indicated by some indices of protein metabolism in the Italian infants."( Protein intake and metabolism in formula-fed infants given Swedish or Italian weaning foods.
Axelsson, IE; Karlsland Akeson, PK; Minoli, I; Moro, G; Räihä, NC; Warm, A, 2000)		0.31
"Without changing the nitrogen absorptive balance, sucrose markedly affected the bioavailability profile, which is governed by gastric emptying."( Postprandial modulation of dietary and whole-body nitrogen utilization by carbohydrates in humans.
Benamouzig, R; Luengo, C; Mahé, S; Mariotti, F; Tomé, D, 2000)		0.31
"Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase may contribute to the metabolism of orally ingested ethanol and decrease the bioavailability of the drug."( Influence of age, sex, and Helicobacter pylori infection before and after eradication on gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity.
Borch, K; Jones, AW; Jönsson , KA; Kechagias, S, 2001)		0.31
" We propose that the observed dietary-induced changes in the ovarian IGF system increase bioavailability of intrafollicular IGF, thus increasing the sensitivity of follicles to FSH."( Effect of dietary energy and protein on bovine follicular dynamics and embryo production in vitro: associations with the ovarian insulin-like growth factor system.
Armstrong, DG; Baxter, G; Hogg, CO; McEvoy, TG; Robinson, JJ; Sinclair, KD; Webb, R; Woad, KJ, 2001)		0.31
" The peritoneal fluid absorption rate (K(E)) was taken into account for the calculation of S(I)."( Peritoneal transport of glucose in rat.
Lee, EY; Lee, HB; Park, MS; Suh, GI; Waniewski, J; Werynski, A, )		0.13
" The effects on bioavailability were studied by using the [(13)C]glycine breath test (to assess gastric emptying) and (15)N enrichment in plasma amino acids (for systemic amino acid bioavailability)."( Guar gum does not impair the absorption and utilization of dietary nitrogen but affects early endogenous urea kinetics in humans.
Benamouzig, R; Mahé, S; Mariotti, F; Pueyo, ME; Tomé, D, 2001)		0.52
"Guar gum did not significantly affect the bioavailability or utilization of dietary protein."( Guar gum does not impair the absorption and utilization of dietary nitrogen but affects early endogenous urea kinetics in humans.
Benamouzig, R; Mahé, S; Mariotti, F; Pueyo, ME; Tomé, D, 2001)		0.52
", 3a) that are potent and selective Y5 antagonists, representing interesting starting points but suffering from poor bioavailability and concerns about potential toxicity as a consequence of the embedded aminocarbazole fragment."( Discovery and optimization of a series of carbazole ureas as NPY5 antagonists for the treatment of obesity.
Block, MH; Boyer, S; Brailsford, W; Brittain, DR; Carroll, D; Chapman, S; Clarke, DS; Donald, CS; Foote, KM; Godfrey, L; Ladner, A; Marsham, PR; Masters, DJ; Mee, CD; O'Donovan, MR; Pease, JE; Pickup, AG; Rayner, JW; Roberts, A; Schofield, P; Suleman, A; Turnbull, AV, 2002)		0.57
"As a part of a steroid-sparing clinical trial, we studied the effect of steroids on MPA bioavailability in 26 kidney transplant recipients."( Glucocorticoids interfere with mycophenolate mofetil bioavailability in kidney transplantation.
Cattaneo, D; Gaspari, F; Gotti, E; Perico, N; Remuzzi, G, 2002)		0.31
" The results showed that the sorption capacity of imidacloprid on clay minerals and HA was reduced in the presence of the metabolite, implying that imidacloprid-urea could occupy or block adsorption sites of imidacloprid on soil, potentially affecting the fate, transport, and bioavailability of imidacloprid in the environment."( Competitive sorption between imidacloprid and imidacloprid-urea on soil clay minerals and humic acids.
Gan, J; Liu, W; Zheng, W, 2002)		0.75
"01), at least compatible to the inhibition by vincristine (43% inhibition), indicating good bioavailability of the compound in the circulation."( Inhibition of microtubule polymerization by 3-bromopropionylamino benzoylurea (JIMB01), a new cancericidal tubulin ligand.
Bekesi, G; Holland, JF; Hu, QY; Jiang, JD; Li, JN; Lin, YH; Song, DQ; Yin, L, 2003)		0.55
" Some of the compounds have shown good oral bioavailability and half-life in rats."( Discovery of novel benzothiazolesulfonamides as potent inhibitors of HIV-1 protease.
Blystone, L; De Crescenzo, GA; Funkes-Shippy, CL; Getman, DP; Houseman, KA; Kishore, N; Kocan, GP; Lu, HF; McDonald, JJ; Mehta, PP; Nagarajan, SR; Sikorski, JA; Walker, JL, 2003)		0.32
" It is predicted that the high oral bioavailability for these compounds in multiple species should translate into lower intra- and intersubject variability in man."( Discovery of novel 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decanes as orally active glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonists.
Heath, JA; Hollenbach, SJ; Lambing, JL; Mehrotra, MM; Nannizzi-Alaimo, L; Pandey, A; Park, GL; Rose, JW; Scarborough, RM; Seroogy, JM; Smyth, MS; Volkots, DL, 2004)		0.32
" With the use of higher volumes, fluid absorption rate and the appearance of proinflammatory cytokines in the dialysate are increased."( Impact of fill volume on peritoneal clearances and cytokine appearance in peritoneal dialysis.
Alcántara, G; Amato, D; Barrón, L; Chimalpopoca, A; Galindo, T; González, I; Hurtado, ME; Mujais, S; Paniagua, R; Rodríguez, E; Sanjurjo, A; Sil, J; Ventura, Mde J, )		0.13
" Finally, transformation of indol-1-yl to indol-3-yl resulted in discovery of a novel highly potent and orally bioavailable ADA inhibitor, 1-[(R)-4-(5-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)propoxy)-1-methylindol-3-yl)-1-hydroxy-2-butyl]imidazole-4-carboxamide 8c."( Structure-based design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of novel non-nucleoside adenosine deaminase inhibitors.
Kinoshita, T; Kuno, M; Nakanishi, I; Seki, N; Tanaka, K; Terasaka, T, 2004)		0.32
" The 5-isoquinoline-containing compound 14a (hTRPV1 IC50 = 4 nM) exhibited 46% oral bioavailability and in vivo activity in animal models of visceral and inflammatory pain."( Novel transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of pain: structure-activity relationships for ureas with quinoline, isoquinoline, quinazoline, phthalazine, quinoxaline, and cinnoline moieties.
Bayburt, EK; Didomenico, S; Drizin, I; Faltynek, CR; Gomtsyan, A; Hannick, SM; Honore, P; Jarvis, MF; Jinkerson, T; Koenig, JR; Lee, CH; Macri, BS; Marsh, KC; McDonald, HA; Oie, T; Perner, RJ; Schmidt, RG; Stewart, KD; Surowy, CS; Turner, S; Wetter, J; Wismer, CT; Zheng, GZ, 2005)		0.53
" The potency of 32 for mouse CCR3 (chemotaxis IC(50) = 41 nM) and its oral bioavailability in mice (20% F ) were adequate to assess the efficacy in animal models of allergic airway inflammation."( Discovery of CC chemokine receptor-3 (CCR3) antagonists with picomolar potency.
Covington, M; Das, AM; Davies, P; De Lucca, GV; Decicco, CP; Duncia, JV; Emmett, G; Gardner, DS; Graden, DM; Kim, UT; Ko, SS; Liauw, A; Newton, RC; Santella, JB; Solomon, KA; Stowell, NC; Trainor, GL; Vargo, BJ; Wacker, DA; Wadman, EA; Wang, Z; Welch, PK; Yeleswaram, S; Zheng, C, 2005)		0.33
" Compound 15 is orally bioavailable in several preclinical species and shows selectivity toward cardiac ion channels and other family B receptors, such as hGIP1 and hGLP."( Discovery of novel, potent, and orally active spiro-urea human glucagon receptor antagonists.
Brady, EJ; Candelore, MR; Chapman, KT; Dallas-Yang, Q; Ding, VD; Dragovic, J; Feeney, WP; Jiang, G; McCann, PE; Mock, S; Parmee, ER; Qureshi, SA; Saperstein, R; Shen, DM; Shen, X; Tamvakopoulos, C; Tata, JR; Tong, X; Tota, LM; Wright, MJ; Yang, X; Zhang, BB; Zhang, F; Zheng, S, 2005)		0.58
" Intraperitoneal dialysate volume and fluid absorption rate were assessed using radiolabeled human serum albumin (RISA)."( Fluid and solute transport in CAPD patients before and after permanent loss of ultrafiltration capacity.
Debowska, M; Heimbürger, O; Lindholm, B; Sobiecka, D; Waniewski, J; Weryński, A, 2005)		0.33
" In all studies of these five patients the fluid absorption rate was within the normal range."( Fluid and solute transport in CAPD patients before and after permanent loss of ultrafiltration capacity.
Debowska, M; Heimbürger, O; Lindholm, B; Sobiecka, D; Waniewski, J; Weryński, A, 2005)		0.33
" However, a case of a mixed type of UFC loss with high fluid absorption rate and high K(BD) for small solutes, but normal osmotic conductance, and with normalization of initially high K(BD) for small solutes, linked with decreasing initially normal osmotic conductance,was also found."( Fluid and solute transport in CAPD patients before and after permanent loss of ultrafiltration capacity.
Debowska, M; Heimbürger, O; Lindholm, B; Sobiecka, D; Waniewski, J; Weryński, A, 2005)		0.33
"6% oral bioavailability in rats."( Pharmacological and behavioral profile of N-(4-fluorophenylmethyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)phenylmethyl) carbamide (2R,3R)-dihydroxybutanedioate (2:1) (ACP-103), a novel 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor inverse agonist.
Andersson, CM; Brann, MR; Burstein, ES; Davis, RE; Del Tredici, AL; Gardell, LR; Geyer, MA; Harvey, SC; Lameh, J; Makhay, M; Ott, TR; Piu, F; Powell, SB; Schiffer, HH; Schlienger, N; Son, TY; Thygesen, MB; Tolf, BR; Uldam, AK; Vanover, KE; Veinbergs, I; Weiner, DM, 2006)		0.33
" The strain selection for optimal deposition of a dense CaCO(3) layer on limestone, was based on decrease in water absorption rate by treated limestone."( Bio-deposition of a calcium carbonate layer on degraded limestone by Bacillus species.
De Belie, N; De Graef, B; De Windt, W; Dick, J; Saveyn, H; Van der Meeren, P; Verstraete, W, 2006)		0.33
" These results supported our hypothesis that HSCAS tightly-bind and immobilized ZEN resulted in reduction of toxin bioavailability in animal's gastrointestinal tract."( Preventive role of phyllosilicate clay on the Immunological and Biochemical toxicity of zearalenone in Balb/c mice.
Abbès, S; Abdel-Wahhab, MA; Bacha, H; Houas, Z; Othman, O; Ouanes, Z; Oueslati, R; Salah-Abbès, JB, 2006)		0.33
" Compounds from this series exhibited potent binding affinity and functional activity at MCH-R1, and good oral bioavailability in rat."( Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of retro bis-aminopyrrolidine urea (rAPU) derived small-molecule antagonists of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1 (MCH-R1). Part 1.
Dwight, W; Dyck, B; Fisher, A; Goodfellow, VS; Grey, J; Heise, CE; Kiankarimi, M; Madan, A; Petroski, R; Rowbottom, MW; Schwarz, D; Tamiya, J; Vickers, TD; Wade, WS; Wu, D; Zhang, M, 2006)		0.56
"The discovery and pharmacological evaluation of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) antagonists are reported."( Discovery and pharmacological evaluation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor antagonists.
Beno, DW; Brune, ME; Bush, EN; Collins, CA; Droz, BA; Falls, HD; Fey, TA; Hoff, ED; Hutchins, CW; Jacobson, PB; Knourek-Segel, VE; Kosogof, C; Lin, CW; Liu, B; Liu, G; Liu, M; Ogiela, CA; Sarris, KA; Serby, MD; Sham, HL; Shapiro, R; Szczepankiewicz, BG; Turner, TM; Xin, Z; Zhao, H, 2006)		0.33
" The resulting aminoquinazoline 70 represents a novel VR1 antagonist with improved in vitro potency and oral bioavailability vs the analogous compounds from the lead series."( From arylureas to biarylamides to aminoquinazolines: discovery of a novel, potent TRPV1 antagonist.
Bakthavatchalam, R; Blum, CA; Blurton, P; Brian Jones, A; Brielmann, H; Burkamp, F; Chandrasekhar, J; Clarkson, R; Cortright, D; Crandall, M; De Lombaert, S; Hodgetts, KJ; Hutchison, A; Zheng, X, 2006)		0.75
"0 nM) that was also orally bioavailable in canines."( Synthesis and SAR of conformationally restricted inhibitors of soluble epoxide hydrolase.
Do, ZN; Hammock, BD; Jones, PD; Morisseau, C; Tsai, HJ, 2006)		0.33
" While our lead compound 2 showed low apparent bioavailability in dogs and rats, this series of compounds revealed that sEH inhibitor structures could accept large groups that could lead to better orally available drugs."( Peptidyl-urea based inhibitors of soluble epoxide hydrolases.
Baecker, PA; Hammock, BD; Morisseau, C; Newman, JW; Tsai, HJ, 2006)		0.75
"Cyclic ureas form a perspective class of non-peptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitors with major bioavailability problems."( P-glycoprotein effects of cyclic urea HIV protease inhibitor DMP 323 in competitional absorption studies.
Gyémánt, N; Hilgeroth, A; Molnár, J; Richter, M, 2006)		1.07
" Results demonstrate that SNEB affects hepatic synthesis of IGF-I, and other components known to modulate the bioavailability and stability of circulating IGF-I."( Interrelationships between negative energy balance (NEB) and IGF regulation in liver of lactating dairy cows.
Diskin, MG; Fenwick, MA; Fitzpatrick, R; Kenny, DA; Murphy, JJ; Patton, J; Wathes, DC, 2008)		0.35
"05 nM) had excellent oral bioavailability (98%, n = 2) and blood area under the curve in dogs and was effective in vivo to treat hypotension in lipopolysaccharide challenged murine models."( Orally bioavailable potent soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors.
Hammock, BD; Hwang, SH; Liu, JY; Morisseau, C; Tsai, HJ, 2007)		0.34
" SB-705498 is a potent, selective and orally bioavailable TRPV1 antagonist with demonstrated efficacy in a number of preclinical pain models."( The effects of the TRPV1 antagonist SB-705498 on TRPV1 receptor-mediated activity and inflammatory hyperalgesia in humans.
Appleby, JM; Aylott, MC; Brooke, AC; Bullman, JN; Chizh, BA; Gray, EJ; Lai, RY; Napolitano, A; O'Donnell, MB; Wang, J; Williams, PM, 2007)		0.34
" A number of compounds have been identified to be orally bioavailable and efficacious in the mouse edema model."( Identification of aminopyrazolopyridine ureas as potent VEGFR/PDGFR multitargeted kinase inhibitors.
Albert, DH; Bouska, JJ; Dai, Y; Davidsen, SK; Doktor, SZ; Glaser, KB; Hartandi, K; Marcotte, PA; Michaelides, MR; Olson, AM; Osterling, DJ; Pease, LJ; Reuter, DR; Soni, NB; Stewart, KD, 2008)		0.61
" Oral bioavailability was demonstrated in a Sprague-Dawley rat, while efficacy to reduce plasma triglycerides and plasma glucose was demonstrated in db/db mice."( Design and synthesis of indane-ureido-thioisobutyric acids: A novel class of PPARalpha agonists.
Chen, X; Cryan, E; Demarest, KT; Hlasta, DJ; Matthews, JM; Rybczynski, PJ; Strauss, K; Tang, Y; Xu, JZ; Yang, M; Zhou, L, 2007)		0.34
" (2) 12- to 24 h NHT improved bioavailability of NO in cortices/medullae of kidneys recuperating from haemorrhagic shock."( Application of normobaric hyperoxia therapy for amelioration of haemorrhagic shock-induced acute renal failure.
Averbukh, Z; Ben Aharon, G; Berman, S; Efrati, S; Siman-Tov, Y; Weissgarten, J, 2008)		0.35
" Preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies led to the discovery of potent, and orally bioavailable piperidine-aryl urea-based SCD1 inhibitors."( Discovery of piperidine-aryl urea-based stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 inhibitors.
Camp, HS; Cao, N; Collins, CA; Janis, RS; Liu, B; Liu, G; Liu, M; Nelson, LT; Serby, MD; Sham, HL; Smith, HT; Suhar, TS; Surowy, TK; Szczepankiewicz, BG; Xin, Z; Zhao, H, 2008)		0.84
"5 nM) and selective (CC(50) (Huh-7 cells)>50 microM) inhibitor, displaying an excellent PK profile in rats characterized by an oral bioavailability of 54% and a high liver exposure after oral administration."( Discovery of novel, potent and bioavailable proline-urea based macrocyclic HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors.
Antonov, D; Ayesa, S; Classon, B; de Kock, H; Delouvroy, F; Edlund, M; Eneroth, A; Hu, L; Ivanov, V; Johansson, PO; Kahnberg, P; Kindermans, N; Lenz, O; Lin, TI; Lindström, S; McGowan, D; Nilsson, M; Raboisson, P; Rosenquist, A; Samuelsson, B; Simmen, K; Surleraux, D; Tahri, A; Van de Vreken, W; Van Dooren, M; Vendeville, S; Vrang, L; Wigerinck, P; Wikstrom, K, 2008)		0.6
" Oral bioavailability of t-AUCB (0."( Pharmacokinetic optimization of four soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors for use in a murine model of inflammation.
Hammock, BD; Hwang, SH; Jones, PD; Liu, JY; Morisseau, C; Tsai, HJ, 2009)		0.35
" Systematic optimization of different positions (P', P3, and P1) of the inhibitor resulted in the identification of the lead compound 46, which had an excellent potency (K(i)* = 4 nM, EC(90) = 30 nM) and good pharmacokinetic profile (22% and 35% bioavailability in rats and dogs, respectively)."( Second-generation highly potent and selective inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus NS3 serine protease.
Arasappan, A; Bennett, F; Blackman, ML; Bogen, SL; Chen, KX; Cheng, KC; Nair, L; Njoroge, FG; Padilla, AI; Pan, W; Prongay, A; Shih, NY; Tong, X; Venkatraman, S; Vibulbhan, B; Yang, W, 2009)		0.35
" Some of the antagonists showed good oral bioavailability and/or good brain penetration."( Identification of novel and orally active spiroindoline NPY Y5 receptor antagonists.
Fukami, T; Gao, YD; Gomori, A; Haga, Y; Hidaka, M; Ishihara, A; Iwaasa, H; Kanatani, A; Kitazawa, H; Macneil, DJ; Moriya, M; Nonoshita, K; Okamoto, O; Sakamoto, T; Shibata, T; Takahashi, T; Yang, L, 2009)		0.35
" Urea as a possible candidate of organic nitrogen component might have a significant influence to the marine ecosystem since its bioavailability and broad range of natural and anthropogenic sources."( [Urea in aerosol and rainwater over the East China Sea in winter and spring].
Bo, SY; Gao, HW; Qi, JH; Qiao, JJ; Shi, JH; Zhang, J, 2009)		2.17
" We also investigated possible uses of DES in solubilizing poorly soluble compounds for enhanced bioavailability in early drug development such as toxicology studies."( Characterization of thermal behavior of deep eutectic solvents and their potential as drug solubilization vehicles.
Morrison, HG; Neervannan, S; Sun, CC, 2009)		0.35
" It is likely that diminished NO bioavailability in SAH contributes to cardiovascular complications."( Platelet aggregation in arterial hypertension: is there a nitric oxide-urea connection?
Brunini, TM; Mann, GE; Mendes-Ribeiro, AC; Moss, MB; Siqueira, MA, 2010)		0.59
"A series of diaryl ureas with an amide substitution at the 4-position was prepared and found to be potent and selective FLT3 inhibitors with good oral bioavailability and efficacy in a tumor xenograft model."( Arylcarboxyamino-substituted diaryl ureas as potent and selective FLT3 inhibitors.
Bhagwat, SS; Carter, TA; Chao, Q; Fabian, MA; Grotzfeld, RM; James, J; Lai, AG; Lockhart, DJ; Mehta, SA; Milanov, ZV; Patel, HK; Sprankle, KG; Treiber, DK; Velasco, AM; Zarrinkar, PP, 2009)		0.96
" We considered two related measures of UCM effectiveness: the urine-to-plasma osmolality (U/P) ratio and free-water absorption rate (FWA)."( An optimization study of a mathematical model of the urine concentrating mechanism of the rat kidney.
Layton, AT; Loreto, M, 2010)		0.36
" Lead compound 10j was shown to be orally bioavailable in three species, distributed into adipose tissue in the mouse, and its (R) isomer 10j2 was efficacious in a primate pharmacodynamic model."( Spirocyclic ureas: orally bioavailable 11 beta-HSD1 inhibitors identified by computer-aided drug design.
Berbaum, J; Bruno, JG; Bukhtiyarov, Y; Cacatian, ST; Claremon, DA; Guo, J; Harrison, RK; He, W; Johnson, JJ; Krosky, PM; Kruk, BA; Lindblom, P; McGeehan, GM; McKeever, BM; Panemangalore, R; Scott, BB; Simpson, RD; Singh, SB; Tice, CM; Xu, Z; Ye, YJ; Zhao, W; Zhao, Y; Zhuang, L, 2010)		0.74
" However, in vivo usage of early sEH inhibitors has been limited by their low bioavailability and poor physiochemical properties."( Pharmacokinetic screening of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors in dogs.
Hammock, BD; Hwang, SH; Jones, PD; Kasagami, T; Kim, IH; Morisseau, C; Tsai, HJ; Yang, J, 2010)		0.36
" One of the compounds of the series containing a urea moiety (16) was further shown to be a selective agonist of the alpha7 nAChR with excellent in vitro and in vivo profiles, brain penetration, and oral bioavailability and demonstrated in vivo efficacy in multiple behavioral cognition models."( Novel alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists containing a urea moiety: identification and characterization of the potent, selective, and orally efficacious agonist 1-[6-(4-fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl]-3-(4-piperidin-1-ylbutyl) urea (SEN34625/WYE-
Aschmies, S; Bothmann, H; Castaldo, C; Cocconcelli, G; Comery, TA; Di, L; Dunlop, J; Ghiron, C; Grauer, S; Harrison, B; Haydar, SN; Jow, F; Kowal, D; Kramer, A; La Rosa, S; Lock, T; Maccari, L; Marquis, KL; Micco, I; Nencini, A; Quinn, J; Robichaud, AJ; Roncarati, R; Scali, C; Terstappen, GC; Turlizzi, E; Valacchi, M; Varrone, M; Zanaletti, R; Zanelli, U, 2010)		0.85
" The study was designed as a two period (uncoated versus coated capsule) crossover single dose bioavailability study in healthy subjects."( Oral ileocolonic drug delivery by the colopulse-system: a bioavailability study in healthy volunteers.
Frijlink, HW; Kosterink, JG; Olsder, GG; Schellekens, RC; Stellaard, F; Woerdenbag, HJ, 2010)		0.36
"We report the discovery of piperazine urea based compound 1, a potent, selective, orally bioavailable melanocortin subtype-4 receptor partial agonist."( Discovery of a piperazine urea based compound as a potent, selective, orally bioavailable melanocortin subtype-4 receptor partial agonist.
Bakshi, RK; Cashen, DE; Chen, AS; Chen, HY; Fong, TM; Guo, L; He, S; Hong, Q; Liu, J; MacIntyre, DE; MacNeil, T; Martin, WJ; Miller, RR; Nargund, RP; Palucki, BL; Park, MK; Peng, Q; Pollard, PG; Sebhat, IK; Stearns, RA; Strack, AM; Tamvakopoulos, C; Tang, R; Weinberg, DH; Wyvratt, MJ; Ye, Z, 2011)		0.94
" The model included formulation-dependent lag times and a bioavailability factor (F(rel)) for solution relative to solid dispersion."( Pharmacokinetics of the TRPV1 antagonist ABT-102 in healthy human volunteers: population analysis of data from 3 phase 1 trials.
Awni, WM; Dutta, S; Nothaft, W; Othman, AA, 2012)		0.38
"Determination of the pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of an experimental compound, SCH 900518, following a 89."( Precision and accuracy in the quantitative analysis of biological samples by accelerator mass spectrometry: application in microdose absolute bioavailability studies.
Arjomand, A; Chowdhury, SK; Gao, L; Hesk, D; Kasserra, C; Li, J; Song, Q, 2011)		0.37
" It had lower oral absorption and bioavailability than salmeterol in both rat and dog."( The discovery of long-acting saligenin β₂ adrenergic receptor agonists incorporating a urea group.
Barrett, VJ; Ford, AJ; Looker, BE; Lunniss, GE; Needham, D; Procopiou, PA; Smith, CE; Somers, G, 2011)		0.59
" The oral bioavailability of AT9283 was assessed in a cohort of seven patients."( A phase I dose escalation study of AT9283, a small molecule inhibitor of aurora kinases, in patients with advanced solid malignancies.
Arkenau, HT; Calvert, H; Judson, I; Lewis, S; Lock, V; Lyons, J; Molife, LR; Olmos, D; Plummer, R; Squires, M; Yap, TA; Yule, M, 2012)		0.38
" Bioisosteric replacement of this biaryl moiety by arylpiperazine resulted in a soluble, orally bioavailable carbamate analogue providing identical activity in the acute model, comparable efficacy to OPC-67683 in a chronic infection model, favorable pharmacokinetic profiles across several species, and enhanced safety."( Structure-activity relationships for amide-, carbamate-, and urea-linked analogues of the tuberculosis drug (6S)-2-nitro-6-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine (PA-824).
Blaser, A; Denny, WA; Franzblau, SG; Kmentova, I; Ma, Z; Palmer, BD; Sutherland, HS; Thompson, AM; Wan, B; Wang, Y, 2012)		0.62
"Conventional bioavailability testing of dosage forms based on plasma concentration-time graphs of two products in a two-period, crossover-design, is not applicable to topical treatment of intestinal segments."( A non-invasive, low-cost study design to determine the release profile of colon drug delivery systems: a feasibility study.
Dijkstra, G; Frijlink, HW; Kosterink, JG; Maurer, MJ; Schellekens, RC; Stellaard, F; Woerdenbag, HJ; Wutzke, KD, 2012)		0.38
"Breath and urine (13)C and (15)N data describe the release-profile and local bioavailability of a colon delivery device."( A non-invasive, low-cost study design to determine the release profile of colon drug delivery systems: a feasibility study.
Dijkstra, G; Frijlink, HW; Kosterink, JG; Maurer, MJ; Schellekens, RC; Stellaard, F; Woerdenbag, HJ; Wutzke, KD, 2012)		0.38
" However, active compounds to date have high cLogP's and are poorly soluble, leading to low bioavailability and thus limiting any therapeutic application."( Screening a library of 1600 adamantyl ureas for anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity in vitro and for better physical chemical properties for bioavailability.
Grzegorzewicz, AE; Hess, TN; Jackson, M; Jones, V; Kasagami, T; Kim, IH; Lee, RE; Lenaerts, AJ; McNeil, MR; Merzlikin, O; Morisseau, C; North, EJ; Scherman, MS, 2012)		0.65
" In contrast, c-AUCB treatment significantly reduced BP, increased intrarenal bioavailability of EETs and significantly suppressed AngII levels in TGR."( Antihypertensive action of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition in Ren-2 transgenic rats is mediated by suppression of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system.
Cervenka, L; Hammock, BD; Huskova, Z; Hwang, SH; Imig, JD; Kitada, K; Kramer, HJ; Varcabova, S, 2013)		0.39
"We examined whether changes in the gut microbiota induced by clinically relevant interventions would impact the bioavailability of dietary amino acids in neonates."( Modulation of the gut microbiota with antibiotic treatment suppresses whole body urea production in neonatal pigs.
Boehm, G; Boye, M; Burrin, D; de Bruijn, A; Mølbak, L; Puiman, P; Renes, I; Schierbeek, H; Stoll, B; van Goudoever, J, 2013)		0.62
" These compounds present a challenge to formulation scientists who are tasked with improving their oral bioavailability because high systemic concentrations are required."( Systemic concentrations can limit the oral absorption of poorly soluble drugs: an investigation of non-sink permeation using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.
Chiang, PC; La, H; Wong, H; Zhang, H, 2013)		0.39
" The measured oral bioavailability of compound B was 47."( Biological evaluation of benzothiazole ethyl urea inhibitors of bacterial type II topoisomerases.
Barker, S; Bennett, JM; Berry, J; Collins, I; Czaplewski, LG; Gamble, V; Haydon, DJ; Lancett, P; Logan, A; Lunniss, CJ; Peasley, H; Pommier, S; Price, D; Smee, C; Stokes, NR; Thomaides-Brears, HB, 2013)		0.65
" Information on bioavailability and release characteristics of ColoPulse tablets in Crohn's patients and the influence of food and time of food intake is a prerequisite to properly design future clinical studies with active substances in these patients."( ColoPulse tablets perform comparably in healthy volunteers and Crohn's patients and show no influence of food and time of food intake on bioavailability.
Buurman, DJ; Dijkstra, G; Frijlink, HW; Kosterink, JG; Maurer, JM; Schellekens, RC; Stellaard, F; van Rieke, HM; Woerdenbag, HJ; Wutzke, KD, 2013)		0.39
" We also describe an orally bioavailable ABHD6 inhibitor, KT185, that displays excellent selectivity against other brain and liver serine hydrolases in vivo."( Discovery and optimization of piperidyl-1,2,3-triazole ureas as potent, selective, and in vivo-active inhibitors of α/β-hydrolase domain containing 6 (ABHD6).
Chang, JW; Cravatt, BF; Hsu, KL; Pugh, H; Speers, AE; Tsuboi, K; Whitby, LR, 2013)		0.64
" In particular, spiropiperidine indoline-substituted diaryl ureas are described as potent, orally bioavailable small-molecule P2Y1 antagonists with improved activity in functional assays and improved oral bioavailability in rats."( Conformationally constrained ortho-anilino diaryl ureas: discovery of 1-(2-(1'-neopentylspiro[indoline-3,4'-piperidine]-1-yl)phenyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)urea, a potent, selective, and bioavailable P2Y1 antagonist.
Abell, LM; Bostwick, JS; Bouthillier, G; Chang, M; Gao, Q; Hiebert, S; Hua, J; Huang, CS; L'Heureux, A; Lam, PY; Liu, E; Lloyd, J; Ma, B; McDonnell, PA; Pi, Z; Price, LA; Qiao, JX; Rehfuss, R; Ruel, R; Schnur, DM; Schumacher, WA; Spronk, SA; Steinbacher, TE; Thibeault, C; Wang, TC; Wexler, RR; Wu, Q; Zheng, J, 2013)		0.89
" Thereafter, a new methodology was successfully developed to obtain the bioavailability data by measurement of the urinary excretion rate of [(13)C]urea."( Isotope-labelled urea to test colon drug delivery devices in vivo: principles, calculations and interpretations.
Maurer, MJ; Schellekens, RC; Stellaard, F; Wutzke, KD, 2013)		0.93
" SAR studies were conducted to improve PK and potency, resulting in the identification of compound 3e, a potent, orally bioavailable P2Y1 antagonist with a suitable PK profile in preclinical species."( Identification of 1-{2-[4-chloro-1'-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-7-hydroxy-1,2-dihydrospiro[indole-3,4'-piperidine]-1-yl]phenyl}-3-{5-chloro-[1,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl}urea, a potent, efficacious and orally bioavailable P2Y(1) antagonist as an antiplatelet
Bostwick, JS; Chacko, SA; Chen, BC; Chen, XQ; Clark, CG; Hiebert, S; Hua, J; Huang, CS; Jeon, YT; Lam, PY; Levesque, PC; Li, D; Li, L; Liu, Y; Malley, M; Mathur, A; Price, LA; Qiao, JX; Rehfuss, R; Ruel, R; Schumacher, WA; Seiffert, DA; Shen, H; Stewart, AB; Sun, D; Thibeault, C; Wang, TC; Wang, Y; Wexler, RR; Wong, HS; Wu, DR; Yang, W; Zhu, J, 2014)		0.6
" We tested the hypothesis that ADMA would inhibit NOS but not arginase activity and that this pattern of inhibition would result in greater L-arginine bioavailability to arginase, thereby increasing viable cell number."( Asymmetric dimethylarginine does not inhibit arginase activity and is pro-proliferative in pulmonary endothelial cells.
Chen, B; Chicoine, LG; Cui, H; Jin, Y; Nelin, LD; Strauch, K, 2014)		0.4
" Considering the bioavailability and societal relevance of cellulose, turning this renewable resource into an active material is a vital step towards sustainability."( Responsive mesoporous photonic cellulose films by supramolecular cotemplating.
Blusch, LK; Giese, M; Hamad, WY; Khan, MK; MacLachlan, MJ, 2014)		0.4
"The synthesis and characterization of a series of selective, orally bioavailable 1-(chroman-4-yl)urea TRPV1 antagonists is described."( Discovery of (R)-1-(7-chloro-2,2-bis(fluoromethyl)chroman-4-yl)-3-(3-methylisoquinolin-5-yl)urea (A-1165442): a temperature-neutral transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) antagonist with analgesic efficacy.
Baker, SJ; Bayburt, EK; Bianchi, BR; Chen, J; Daanen, JF; DiDomenico, S; Faltynek, CR; Franklin, PH; Gauvin, DM; Gomtsyan, AR; Han, P; Joshi, SK; King, AJ; Kort, ME; Kym, PR; Lewis, LR; McDonald, HA; Mikusa, JP; Neelands, TR; Nelson, RA; Perner, RJ; Polakowski, JS; Puttfarcken, PS; Reilly, RM; Schmidt, RG; Segreti, JA; Su, Z; Voight, EA, 2014)		0.84
" Modulation of PXR transactivation has revealed the selective and orally bioavailable CCR1 antagonist BMS-817399 (29), which entered clinical trials for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis."( Discovery of the CCR1 antagonist, BMS-817399, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
An, Y; Barrish, JC; Briceno, SW; Caceres-Cortes, J; Camac, DM; Caporuscio, C; Carter, PH; Cavallaro, C; Cvijic, ME; Davies, P; Dhar, M; Duncia, JV; Foster, WR; Gardner, DS; Grafstrom, RR; Hynes, J; Khan, JA; Liu, R; Patel, SR; Rose, AV; Santella, JB; Tebben, AJ; Vickery, RD; Watson, AJ; Wu, H; Yang, G; Yarde, M, 2014)		0.4
"62 hours, and absolute bioavailability was estimated as 90%; elimination half-life was approximately 18."( Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of omecamtiv mecarbil, a cardiac myosin activator, in healthy volunteers and patients with stable heart failure.
Chow, AT; Ma, P; Malik, FI; Vu, T; Wang, YM; Xiao, JJ, 2015)		0.42
" The relative bioavailability was high (> 75%) for three MR formulations but lower (< 65%) for the other two."( Relative bioavailability, food effect, and safety of the single-dose pharmacokinetics of omecamtiv mecarbil following administration of different modified-release formulations in healthy subjects.
Alvarez, P; Banfield, C; Johnson, J; Malik, F; Monsalvo, ML; Palaparthy, R; Smith, B; Yan, L, 2016)		0.43
"The relative bioavailability of omecamtiv mecarbil was high (> 75%) for 3 of the five MR formulations."( Relative bioavailability, food effect, and safety of the single-dose pharmacokinetics of omecamtiv mecarbil following administration of different modified-release formulations in healthy subjects.
Alvarez, P; Banfield, C; Johnson, J; Malik, F; Monsalvo, ML; Palaparthy, R; Smith, B; Yan, L, 2016)		0.43
" There is an urgent need to obtain new solid forms of higher solubility to improve the bioavailability of the API (active pharmaceutical ingredient)."( New multi-component solid forms of anti-cancer drug Erlotinib: role of auxiliary interactions in determining a preferred conformation.
Desiraju, GR; Gopi, SP; Rajput, L; Sanphui, P, 2016)		0.43
" It is classified as a poorly soluble drug, and improvements in its solubility and higher bioavailability with oral administration are needed."( Solid dispersions of efonidipine hydrochloride ethanolate with improved physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties prepared with microwave treatment.
Fukami, T; Inoue, M; Maeno, Y; Otsuka, M; Ozeki, T; Tagami, T, 2016)		0.43
" Moreover, hERG and BBB-PAMPA assays presented safe cardiotoxicity and high CNS bioavailability profiles for 5x."( Discovery of 1-(3-(benzyloxy)pyridin-2-yl)-3-(2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)urea: A new modulator for amyloid beta-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.
Elkamhawy, A; Hassan, AHE; Lee, J; Moon, B; Pae, AN; Park, BG; Park, HM; Park, JE; Ra, H; Roh, EJ, 2017)		0.69
" ARG2 protein is not reduced in the prodromal stage, though enzyme activity is reduced, indicating that altered Mn bioavailability as a cofactor leads to the deficient enzymatic activity."( Reduced bioavailable manganese causes striatal urea cycle pathology in Huntington's disease mouse model.
Aschner, M; Bichell, TJV; Bowman, AB; Bradley, EM; Bryan, M; Colbran, RJ; Di Pardo, A; Dudek, K; Fisher, N; Halbesma, T; Holt, HK; Horning, K; Kwakye, GF; Maglione, V; Neely, MD; Osmand, A; Stubbs, AD; Tidball, AM; Tipps, KG; Uhouse, MA; Umashanker, P; Wegrzynowicz, M, 2017)		0.71
" Taken together, our study shows the high bioavailability of urea, its impact on C:N stoichiometry, and the sensitivity of urea transporter gene expression to urea availability."( Utilization of urea and expression profiles of related genes in the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense.
Jing, X; Koerting, C; Lin, S; Yu, Z; Zhang, H, 2017)		1.05
" Therefore, it can be speculated that phytoplankton can produce large amounts of specific exudate, which may accelerate the metal bioavailability (insufficient levels) and reduce metal toxicity (excess levels) to maintain an equilibrium with metals in the environment."( Regulated effects of Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu exudate on nickel bioavailability when cultured with different nitrogen sources.
Huang, XG; Lan, WR; Li, SX; Liu, FJ, 2018)		0.48
" PLGA (Poly Lactic co-Glycolic Acid) encapsulation of drug nanoparticles have showed to induce sustain release and henceforth enhance the efficiency and bioavailability of drugs."( Design and Characterization of Apocynin Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles and their In vivo Efficacy in Hyperoxaluric Rats.
Bhardwaj, R; Bijarnia, RK; Kaur, T; Parmar, A; Sharma, S, 2018)		0.48
" The clinical implication of native curcumin is hindered in the target cells due to its low aqueous solubility, poor bioavailability and poor pharmacokinetics."( Potential amelioration of nicotine-induced toxicity by nanocurcumin.
Chattopadhyay, B; Chattopadhyay, K; Mukhopadhyay, S; Samanta, A, 2018)		0.48
"It was concluded that the concept of mixed hydrotropic solid dispersion is a safe, novel and cost-effective technique for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs by dissolving the drug in a nonionized form."( Improving the solubility of nevirapine using A hydrotropy and mixed hydrotropy based solid dispersion approach.
Awasthi, R; Dua, K; Kamate, VJ; Madan, JR, )		0.13
"Clinical and model studies indicate that low nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability due in part to profound hypoargininemia contributes to cerebral malaria (CM) pathogenesis."( Citrulline protects mice from experimental cerebral malaria by ameliorating hypoargininemia, urea cycle changes and vascular leak.
Caparros-Wanderley, W; Chang, YS; Combes, V; Gramaglia, I; Grau, G; Stins, MF; van der Heyde, HC; Velez, J, 2019)		0.73
" Bioaccumulation and exposure to these elements have been associated with different types of diseases and cancer, thus looking for alternatives that decrease their bioavailability in the environment is crucial."( Metal and metalloid immobilization by microbiologically induced carbonates precipitation.
Brandão, PFB; Castillo, E; Tamayo-Figueroa, DP, 2019)		0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
" These data indicate that the effects of SB on opioid seeking behavior persist beyond the bioavailability of the compound."( Persistent effects of the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 on motivation for the fast acting opioid remifentanil.
Aston-Jones, G; James, MH; Mohammadkhani, A; Pantazis, CB, 2020)		0.56
"Lunasin is a 43-amino acid peptide from seeds and grains with bioavailability in humans and potent chemotherapeutic action against several cancer cell lines."( Physicochemical and structural properties of lunasin revealed by spectroscopic, chromatographic and molecular dynamics approaches.
Alves de Souza, SM; de Souza, TLF; Fernandes, TVA; Kalume, DE; Pascutti, PG; T R Lima, LM, 2020)		0.56
" Hence, the improvement in solubility and bioavailability of ACF is very crucial for successful product development."( Novel Aceclofenac-l-Cystine and Aceclofenac-Urea Cocrystals with Enhanced Oral Bioavailability.
Gupta, A; Kumar, S; Mishra, CK; Singh, S, 2021)		0.88
"The specific objective of this research work was the measurement of bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic parameters of ACF cocrystals prepared by the mechanochemical grinding method."( Novel Aceclofenac-l-Cystine and Aceclofenac-Urea Cocrystals with Enhanced Oral Bioavailability.
Gupta, A; Kumar, S; Mishra, CK; Singh, S, 2021)		0.88
"Cocrystals of ACF with l-cystine and urea were prepared by neat grinding (NG) method and in-vivo oral bioavailability of prepared cocrystals was measured in Wistar rats."( Novel Aceclofenac-l-Cystine and Aceclofenac-Urea Cocrystals with Enhanced Oral Bioavailability.
Gupta, A; Kumar, S; Mishra, CK; Singh, S, 2021)		1.16
"Percent relative bioavailability of ACF-l-CYS NG and ACF-UREA NG cocrystals in Wistar rats was found to be 242."( Novel Aceclofenac-l-Cystine and Aceclofenac-Urea Cocrystals with Enhanced Oral Bioavailability.
Gupta, A; Kumar, S; Mishra, CK; Singh, S, 2021)		1.13
"The present study indicates that the enhanced aqueous solubility of the prepared cocrystals leads to enhanced oral bioavailability of ACF."( Novel Aceclofenac-l-Cystine and Aceclofenac-Urea Cocrystals with Enhanced Oral Bioavailability.
Gupta, A; Kumar, S; Mishra, CK; Singh, S, 2021)		0.88
"5 mg OM MR tablets and to assess its relative bioavailability to the 25 mg MR tablet, a 25 mg oral solution under fed or fasted states in Study 2 (n = 34)."( Switchability and minimal effect of food on pharmacokinetics of modified release tablet strengths of omecamtiv mecarbil, a cardiac myosin activator.
Abbasi, S; Dutta, S; Flach, S; Jafarinasabian, P; Lee, E; Mackowski, M; Oberoi, RK; Simiens, MA; Terminello, B; Trivedi, A; Zhang, H, 2021)		0.62
" The primary objective of this study was to determine the bioavailability of the minitablets relative to the adult matrix MR formulation tablets."( Relative Bioavailability of Omecamtiv Mecarbil Pediatric Minitablet Formulations in Healthy Adult Subjects.
Bhatia, A; Dutta, S; Flach, S; Jafarinasabian, P; Lee, E; Mackowski, M; Terminello, B; Trivedi, A; Zhang, H, 2021)		0.62
"Relative bioavailability of slow-release minitablets was demonstrated to be similar to the adult matrix MR formulation."( Relative Bioavailability of Omecamtiv Mecarbil Pediatric Minitablet Formulations in Healthy Adult Subjects.
Bhatia, A; Dutta, S; Flach, S; Jafarinasabian, P; Lee, E; Mackowski, M; Terminello, B; Trivedi, A; Zhang, H, 2021)		0.62
"Study 1 (n = 36) evaluated the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics after intravenous infusion (15 mg/h for 4 h) and an oral modified release (MR) tablet in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects using 25 mg single and multiple doses and 50 mg single dose."( Pharmacokinetics, Tolerability, and Safety of Single and Multiple Omecamtiv Mecarbil Doses in Healthy Japanese and Caucasian Subjects.
Abbasi, S; Aoki, M; Dutta, S; Hutton, S; Lee, E; Mackowski, M; Malik, FI; Trivedi, A, 2021)		0.62
"The aim of the study was to improve the bioavailability of Cinacalcet hydrochloride (CLC) and enhance its efficacy by the nanoemulsion drug delivery system."( Cinacalcet hydrochloride-nanoemulsion: preparation, characterization, enhanced bioavailability and pharmacodynamics.
Chen, GG; Ren, LL; Wang, J, 2022)		0.72
" The release of CLC-NE in vitro was investigated with four different dissolution media, and the bioavailability of CLC-NE in vivo was studied through beagle dogs."( Cinacalcet hydrochloride-nanoemulsion: preparation, characterization, enhanced bioavailability and pharmacodynamics.
Chen, GG; Ren, LL; Wang, J, 2022)		0.72
" CLC-NE has similar dissolution rates in different pH media, and the relative bioavailability of CLC-NE was 166."( Cinacalcet hydrochloride-nanoemulsion: preparation, characterization, enhanced bioavailability and pharmacodynamics.
Chen, GG; Ren, LL; Wang, J, 2022)		0.72
" Lung and liver tissues from EC Arg1 KO mice showed respectively increase or decrease in nitrosyl-heme species, indicating that the lack of endothelial Arg1 affects NO bioavailability in these organs."( Downregulation of eNOS and preserved endothelial function in endothelial-specific arginase 1-deficient mice.
Carlström, M; Cortese-Krott, MM; Grandoch, M; Guimaraes Braga, DD; Heuser, SK; Kelm, M; Leo, F; Li, J; LoBue, A; Lundberg, JO; Montero, L; Olsson, A; Pernow, J; Schmitt, JP; Schmitz, OJ; Schneckmann, R; Srivrastava, T; Suvorava, T; Weitzberg, E; Zhuge, Z, 2022)		0.72
" Nevertheless, Liposomal drug delivery system is a promising era in the field of Nano-medicine and have the advantageous of increasing drug bioavailability and retention phenomena in addition to targeting organ for all mentioned the present study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that messenger RNA gene expression of Signal transducer and activator of transcription- 5 A (STAT-5A), Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), phosphoinositol kinase (PI3K) and alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT) can trigger HgCl3 induced nephrotoxicity post Ubidecarenone and liposomal Ubidecarenone therapy."( Ubiquitous toxicity of Mercuric Chloride in target tissues and organs: Impact of Ubidecarenone and liposomal-Ubidecarenone STAT 5A/ PTEN /PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.
Abdel Megeed, RM; Kadry, MO, 2022)		0.72
" The heterogeneity of Ni bioavailability and toxicity of Prorocentrum donghaiense influenced by DOM fractions incubated in urea was investigated in this study."( Responses of nickel bioavailability and toxicity of Prorocentrum Donghaienses to dissolved organic matter (DOM) fractions incubated in urea.
Chang, SH; Chen, XH; Fang, LC; Huang, XG; Jia, LP; Li, SX; Liu, FJ; Wang, ZH, 2022)		1.13
" Four Phase 1 studies were conducted to characterize the bioavailability (BA) and/or bioequivalence (BE) of ACER-001 (in healthy volunteers) and taste assessment relative to NaPBA powder (in taste panelists)."( Taste-masked formulation of sodium phenylbutyrate (ACER-001) for the treatment of urea cycle disorders.
Cederbaum, SD; Edwards, J; Kellmeyer, T; Peters, Y; Steiner, RD, 2023)		1.14
" Compared to free GA, the optimized PEUU nanocarrier improves the intratumoral distribution of GA by more than 9-fold, which significantly enhances the bioavailability and persistence of GA after intravenous administration."( Optimization of amino acid-based poly(ester urea urethane) nanoparticles for the systemic delivery of gambogic acid for treating triple negative breast cancer.
Bian, Z; Chu, CC; Ji, Y; Kwan, HY; Li, J; Xiao, S, 2023)		1.17
" The optimal CG-SA was obtained with a water absorption rate of 680."( Network interpenetrating slow-release nitrogen fertilizer based on carrageenan and urea: A new low-cost water and fertilizer regulation carrier.
Cheng, D; Li, J; Liu, M; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Zhou, T; Zhu, Y, 2023)		1.14

Dosage Studied

We have examined the differences in urinary excretion of water, sodium, potassium, chloride, urea, and creatinine produced by different dosage regimens offurosemide in normal volunteers. All samples were assayed for growth hormone (GH) and insulin, while samples taken at -4, -2, 0, +2, +4, +6 and +8 hr relative to dosing were assays for thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine ( T3), cortisol, urease, glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA)

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Experiments in 214 DS carcinosarcoma bearing Wistar rats have shown that BA 1, at a dosage of only about 12 percent LD50 (150 mg kg) and negligible lethality (1."( [Demonstration of tumor inhibiting properties of a strongly immunostimulating low-molecular weight substance. Comparative studies with ifosfamide on the immuno-labile DS carcinosarcoma. Stimulation of the autoimmune activity for approx. 20 days by BA 1, a
Ardenne, M; Reitnauer, PG, 1975)		0.25
" This inhibitory effect may be particularly important when urinary concentrations of gentamicin are reduced either because of a reduction in dosage or because of decreased excretion due to renal insufficiency."( Inhibition of the antibacterial activity of gentamicin by urine.
Minuth, JN; Musher, DM; Thorsteinsson, SB, 1976)		0.26
"Thiamphenicol at the rate of 50 mg/kg/day given to female NZBxOUW F1 hybrid mice from weaning and continuing throughout life resulted in a considerable extension of lifespan, although this was less than in mice given the same drug dosage from first antinuclear antibody (ANA) positivity (Simpson, Aarons and Howie, 1979)."( Thiamphenicol and lupus nephritis. II. The effects of giving the drug from weaning to NZBxOUW F1 hybrid female mice.
Aarons, I; Howie, JB; Simpson, LO, 1979)		0.26
" Insulin dosage was calculated from the patient's weight and was independent of the degree of hyperglycaemia."( Diabetic crises in children treated with small doses of intramuscular insulin.
Moseley, J, 1975)		0.25
" The results obtained here demonstrate the possibility of an occurence of the majority of the analyzed substances as metastable polymorphic modifications in solid dosage forms."( IR analysis of crystalline samples of some urea derivatives.
Halkiewicz, J; Kaliszan, R, )		0.39
"Adriamycin (doxorubicin, Adriblastin) and cis-diammine-dichloro-platinum (II) (DDP, NSC 119 875) were used in the treatment of 18 patients with ovarian carcinoma, usually after intensive pre-treatment, both in a dosage of 50 mg/m2 once every 4 weeks."( [Combination of adriamycin and cis-diammine-dichloro-platinum (II) in the treatment of advanced, therapy-resistant, ovarian carcinoma (author's transl)].
Brunner, KW; Cavalli, F; Sonntag, RW; Stoller, U; Tschopp, L, 1978)		0.26
"According to the present studies it is shown that arginine ketoglutarate in sufficiently high dosage (3x3 g daily by mouth) produces a significant lowering of plasma ammonia and free serum phenols with a high-protein diet in patients with liver cirrhosis, compared to a previous day without this substance."( [Effect of arginine ketoglutarate on the detoxifying capacity of the liver in cirrhosis of the liver (author's transl)].
Horback, L; Müting, D, 1977)		0.26
" Primed continuous infusion of [2-3H]glucose was used to determine the steady-state turnover rate of glucose and to monitor changes in the rates of inflow and outflow of glucose from the glucose pool following a single dosage of urea (0."( Effect of intraruminal urea administration on glucose metabolism in dairy steers.
Clark, JH; Spires, HR, 1979)		0.75
" Nevertheless, in view of the potential seriousness of volume depletion, dosage should probably begin at 20 rather than 40 mg daily."( Adverse reactions to frusemide in hospital inpatients.
Gray, J; Henry, DA; Lawson, DH; Lowe, J, 1979)		0.26
" The dosage regimen for patients with renal impairment should be adjusted by modifying the dosage interval whilst maintaining the amount administered."( Pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin in patients with normal or impaired renal function.
Dominguez-Gil, A; Garcia, MJ; Sanchez Tomero, JA; Tabernero, JM, 1979)		0.26
" Insulin in dosage 1 unit per 1 kg of body weight increased excretion of serum proteins and urine from the digestive system into the blood."( [Effect of thyroxine and insulin on nitrogen metabolism in the gastrointestinal system and mammary glands of lactating cows].
Shatokhin, VV; Soldatenkov, PF, 1977)		0.26
" After intra-ruminal dosing with urea (10 g) or ammonia (2 g), the values may rise up to 1000 microgram N/100 ml."( [Saliva ammonia and urea in the sheep. Effects of alimentary nitrogen additives (author's transl)].
Boivin, R; Bost, J, 1977)		0.86
" There was a significant difference in instillation to abortion time when comparing the three groups and a marked reduction in gastrointestinal side effects using a lower dosage of prostaglandin."( Midtrimester abortion with urea, prostaglandin F2alpha, laminaria, and oxytocin. A new regimen.
Wilson, WB, 1978)		0.56
" The findings indicate that the synergistic effect of urea and prostaglandin was enhanced by the concurrent use of laminaria and oxytocin; the urea dosage was only half of that used in previous studies of synergism, the prostaglandin dosage half of that of prostaglandin only infusions."( Midtrimester abortion with urea, prostaglandin F2alpha, laminaria, and oxytocin. A new regimen.
Wilson, WB, 1978)		0.8
" Comparisons were made: 1) between results obtained with single (S) and repeated (R) oral dosage of tracer; and 2) between urea and ammonia as end products."( Protein turnover in man measured with 15N: comparison of end products and dose regimes.
Garlick, PJ; Golden, MH; Waterlow, JC, 1978)		0.47
" Taking the stated dosage instructions and contra-indications into consideration, beta-aescin can thus be administered without hesitation."( [The prevention and treatment of post-operative and post-traumatic oedema. Chemical laboratory tests on the renal tolerance of beta-aescin (reparil) (author's transl)].
Feldmeier, C; Wilhelm, K, 1975)		0.25
" in different dosages (1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000 mg/kg/day; dosage interval: 12 h) over a period of five days."( [Experimental studies on the renal tolerance of cefuroxime (author's transl)].
Kaiser, U; Sack, K; Züllich, B, 1977)		0.26
" In 2 control subjects a comparison was made between intermittent dosage and continuous infusion of 15N-glycine for the estimation of total protein turnover."( Protein turnover in patients before and after elective orthopaedic operations.
Crane, CW; Picou, D; Smith, R; Waterlow, JC, 1977)		0.26
" The therapeutic cycles were standardized, for each drug, in the way of administration, dosage and total duration of the treatment."( [Therapeutic possibilities in idiopathic headaches. Analysis of about 1000 cases].
Agostoni, A; Brandi, G; Cottino, A; Gai, V; Gastaldi, L; Lisino, F; Nattero, G, 1976)		0.26
"Two different kinds of automatic dosage of urea in blood, the chemical with diacetyl monoxime and the enzymatic urea test Sclavo, are compared in order to verify the possibility of an utilization in screening on population."( [Comparison between two automatic methods, chemical and enzymatical, of urea determination in blood (author's transl)].
Grugni, E; Laddomada, M; Sottocornola, F, 1976)		0.75
" In the rat these same dosage levels produced urinary inhibitory activity equivalent to 16 to 140 fold that required for 90 per cent urease inhibition."( Benurestat, a urease inhibitor for the therapy of infected ureolysis.
Andersen, JA, 1975)		0.82
"We have examined the differences in urinary excretion of water, sodium, potassium, chloride, urea, and creatinine produced by different dosage regimens offurosemide in normal volunteers."( Effect of dosage regimen on natriuretic response to furosemide.
Falk, KJ; Labelle, JL; Nguyen, KB; Wilson, TW, 1975)		0.47
" However, in view of the possible predisposition of such patients to toxicity, lower serum levels than were achieved in many of our patients seem desirable and a modified dosage schedule is suggested."( Treatment with digoxin and measurement of serum digoxin levels after myocardial infarction.
McL White, B; Norris, RM; Sharpe, DN, 1975)		0.25
" By measurement of expired 14CO2 and excreted 14C-urea in the urine during a 5-hr period following intravenous administration of Na214CO3 in five subjects, some quantitative data on 14C retention and radiation dosage were obtained."( Estimation of radiation dosage and transmutation effect of 14-C involved in measuring rate of albumin synthesis with 14-C-carbonate.
Binkhorst, RA; Buys, WC; Goossens, CM; Hafkenscheid, JC; van Tongeren, JH; Yap, SH, 1975)		0.51
"The effect of vitamin A deprivation at different stages, and of dosing with different levels of the vitamin of some parameters of protein catabolism was examined in chicks."( Influence of vitamin A on formation and excretion of end products of nitrogen catabolism in chicks.
Ascarelli, I; Bruckental, I, 1975)		0.25
" The urea tolerance of the sheep, is indicated by blood ammonia levels after oral dosing with aqueous solutions of urea, was determined after the period of supplementation."( The efficacy of protein supplementation in overcoming urea toxicity in sheep.
Laws, L; Payne, E, 1976)		1.02
" 4 There was no correlation between plasma levels of digoxin and the tendency to dysrhythmia, since peak plasma concentrations of digoxin were reached at about 60 min after dosing whereas maximal sensitivity to acetylstrophanthidin was found 3 to 6 h after administration of digoxin."( The relationship between cardiotoxicity and plasma digoxin concentration in conscious dogs.
Chapple, DJ; Hughes, R; Johnson, BF, 1976)		0.26
" Furosemide in high dosage in over-hydrated patients is an effective diuretic even in advanced renal failure."( [Investigations into urea elimination in patients with advanced chronic renal failure during forced diuresis].
Kluthe, R; Quirin, H; Schaeffer, G, 1976)		0.57
" With a rapid test method, sources of variation such as diurnal and day-to-day variations, dosage and non-compliance are easily controlled."( A three-hour test for rapid comparison of effects of moisturizers and active constituents (urea). Measurement of hydration, scaling and skin surface lipidization by noninvasive techniques.
Serup, J, 1992)		0.5
" To test this question, we gave rhGH for 14 days at a dosage of 3 units/day intraperitoneally to two-stage, 5/6 nephrectomized, male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 18) compared to sex- and age-matched control (n = 27) and CRI (n = 40) rats."( Hypercholesterolemia in rats with chronic renal insufficiency not aggravated by recombinant human growth hormone.
Chan, JC; Foreman, JW; Hanna, JD; Krieg, RJ; Niimi, K; Perkins, AH; Santos, F, 1992)		0.28
" Once-daily dosing of aminoglycosides results in higher peak plasma concentrations without increasing toxic reactions and with optimization of pharmacodynamic properties."( Penetration of netilmicin in the lower respiratory tract after once-daily dosing.
Colardyn, FA; Pauwels, RA; Valcke, YJ; Vogelaers, DP, 1992)		0.28
" All samples were assayed for growth hormone (GH) and insulin, while samples taken at -4, -2, 0, +2, +4, +6 and +8 hr relative to dosing were assayed for thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), cortisol, urea, glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA)."( Effects of cimaterol administration on plasma concentrations of various hormones and metabolites in Friesian steers.
Austin, FH; Chikhou, F; Enright, WJ; Moloney, AP; Roche, JF, 1991)		0.47
" Dose-response curves following noradrenergic stimulation were shifted to the right after 13 (but not after 180) days recovery."( Vascular calcium overload produced by administration of vitamin D3 and nicotine in rats. Changes in tissue calcium levels, blood pressure, and pressor responses to electrical stimulation or norepinephrine in vivo.
Atkinson, J; Capdeville, C; Chillon, JM; Henrion, D; Hicks, PE; Martin, JA; Oster, L; Thorin, E; Thorin-Trescases, N, 1990)		0.28
" Oral medication and water intake were standardized; furosemide dosage was adjusted on a daly basis, allowing the study of this drug's requirements in each group."( [Diet with usual quantity of salt in hospital treatment of congestive heart insufficiency].
Alonso, RR; Barretto, AC; Bellotti, G; Ciscato, CM; Pileggi, F; Velloso, LG, 1991)		0.28
"0%), cumulative furosemide dosage (568 x 599 mg), mean daily furosemide dosage per kilogram of lean weight (1."( [Diet with usual quantity of salt in hospital treatment of congestive heart insufficiency].
Alonso, RR; Barretto, AC; Bellotti, G; Ciscato, CM; Pileggi, F; Velloso, LG, 1991)		0.28
" The dosage of contrast medium (350 mg I/ml) was 700 mg I/kg body weight."( Renal effects of iopentol and iohexol after intravenous injection.
Berg, KJ; Jakobsen, JA; Kolbenstvedt, AN, 1991)		0.28
" In order to investigate the mechanism of DMAPN toxicity, we carried out time-course (0-72 h) and dose-response (175-700 mg/kg) studies on the effects of DMAPN in rats and mice."( Studies on the mechanism of urotoxic effects of N,N'-dimethylaminopropionitrile in rats and mice. 1. Biochemical and morphologic characterization of the injury and its relationship to metabolism.
Ahmed, AE; Farooqui, MY; Frankenberg, L; Ghanayem, BI; Mumtaz, MM; Rajaraman, S, 1991)		0.28
"Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) inhibits glucagon-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation and shifts to the right the dose-response curve to glucagon for ureagenesis."( Modulation of glucagon actions by phorbol myristate acetate in isolated hepatocytes. Effect of hypothyroidism.
García-Sáinz, JA; Hernández-Sotomayor, SM; Hruby, VJ; Macías-Silva, M; Torres-Márquez, ME; Trivedi, D, 1990)		0.48
" In conclusion, nephrotoxicity of drugs may be in most cases prevented owing to an accurate knowledge of their pharmacokinetics and of risk factors inherent in patients, and to survey of renal function with suitable methods which may lead to modify drug dosage and/or to choose a therapy considering the own evolution of the disease and the possible occurrence of irreversible renal impairment."( [Clinicobiological study of drug-induced renal diseases].
Chayvialle, JA; Couder, J; Hadj-Aissa, A; Laville, M; Pozet, N; Souquet, JC, 1989)		0.28
" An apparent improvement in utilization of even-MCT was observed between 6 and 18 h, as evidenced by a twofold vs a sixfold increase in 3-OH-butyrate (BHBA) concentration 1 h after dosing and a twofold vs 12-fold increase in plasma fatty acid concentration."( Utilization of medium-chain triglycerides by neonatal piglets: II. Effects of even- and odd-chain triglyceride consumption over the first 2 days of life on blood metabolites and urinary nitrogen excretion.
Benevenga, NJ; Crenshaw, TD; Odle, J, 1989)		0.28
" While other attempts at gossypol detoxification using divalent ions have been, mainly, in the form of calcium hydroxide and/or ferrous sulphate, this paper describes the dose-response relationships between dietary oyster shell (a much cheaper source of calcium than Ca(OH)2) and some serum constituents and erythrocyte indices in the chicken fed gossypol-containing cottonseed cake (CSC) diets."( Effect of varying levels of oyster shell on serum constituents and erythrocyte indices in growing chicken fed gossypol-containing Nigerian cottonseed cake.
Aletor, VA, 1989)		0.28
" We conclude that low dose captopril with a variable frusemide dosage represents a simple and effective treatment for moderate to severe hypertension."( Low dose, twice daily captopril and frusemide: a safe, effective and flexible third line treatment regimen for hypertension.
Corrie, J; Flapan, AD; Lindsay, BA; Padfield, PL; Rademaker, M, 1989)		0.28
" Assessment of possible variables that might influence the dosage response was also undertaken, both in a retrospective and prospective manner."( Recombinant human erythropoietin correction of anemia. Dialysis efficiency, waste retention, and chronic dose variables.
Abdulhadi, MH; Garcia, J; Magnusson, MO; Paganini, EP, )		0.13
" The alterations in the levels of the indoleamine in tuberculum olfactorium and its relationship with dosage as well as duration and intensity of LON-954 tremor indicate the involvement of the mesolimbic system in its action."( Tremorogenesis by LON-954 [N-carbamoyl-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl) acetamidine hydrochloride]: evidence for the involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine.
Ganguly, DK; Mohanakumar, KP, 1989)		0.28
" Dosing PAP (25-100 mg/kg) to male F344 rats resulted in a dose-related proximal nephropathy with consequent elevations in urinary enzymes, glucose, and urine total protein as shown by conventional methodology."( Biochemical characterisation of para-aminophenol-induced nephrotoxic lesions in the F344 rat.
Bonner, FW; Gartland, KP; Nicholson, JK; Timbrell, JA, 1989)		0.28
" Bovine serum albumin (BSA) nephritis was induced in rats with subcutaneous immunization and intravenous dosage of BSA."( Effect of the antiplatelet agents ticlopidine and dipyridamole on experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis in rats.
Asaka, M; Iida, H; Izumino, K; Mizumura, Y; Sasayama, S, 1986)		0.27
" After hydrochlorothiazide was added to patients not achieving 'target' blood pressure, the fall in systolic pressure was significantly greater in the enalapril group than in the atenolol group, despite similar dosage of hydrochlorothiazide in the two groups."( Enalapril in moderate to severe hypertension: a comparison with atenolol.
Burgess, J; Cooper, WD; Davidson, C; Fairhurst, G; Petrie, JC; Richardson, PJ; Robb, OJ; Trafford, J; Vandenburg, MJ; Webster, J, 1986)		0.27
" Variations in drug dosage and feeding regimens will, however, need to be perfected to limit catabolic effects."( Effect of propranolol administration on hemodynamic and metabolic responses of burned pediatric patients.
Barrow, RE; Herndon, DN; Jahoor, F; Minifee, P; Rutan, TC; Wolfe, RR, 1988)		0.27
" Lithium carbonate shows a significant increase of leukocytes in peripheral blood in dependence of dosage and frequency of applications."( [Effect of 2-cyanoethylurea, thymus extract and lithium carbonate on the leukocyte count in peripheral blood following whole body irradiation].
Kehrberg, G; Rose, H; Saul, G, 1986)		0.58
" Lithium-carbonate shows a significant increase of leucocytes in peripheral blood in dependence of dosage and frequency of application."( [Modification of radiogenic leukopenia].
Kehrberg, G; Rose, H; Saul, G, 1987)		0.27
" A dose-response study revealed that the concentration of phloretin causing half-maximal inhibition (K1/2) was 5 x 10(-4) M for adapted animals."( Active urea transport by the skin of Bufo viridis: amiloride- and phloretin-sensitive transport sites.
Abuful, A; Chaimovitz, C; Hays, RM; Noeh, Z; Rapoport, J, 1988)		0.73
"We have designed a simple nomogram for predicting digoxin dosage and have tested it prospectively in two consecutive studies."( A simple aid to digoxin prescribing.
Johnston, GD; McDevitt, DG; Taggart, AJ, 1987)		0.27
" Following oral single-pulse labelling in a dosage of 10 mg 15N/kg body weight the 15N-excretion in stools and urine as well as the 15N-abundance in plasma proteins and in the TCA-soluble plasma fraction were determined."( Excretion of 15N and incorporation into plasma proteins after high-dosage pulse labelling with various tracer substances in infants.
Friedrich, M; Heine, W; Martens, E; Müller, M; Walther, F; Wutzke, KD, 1987)		0.27
" The complement activation measured by the dosage of the C3a Desarg fraction existed in all the patients, reaching an average 6 times the initial level compared to 40 times for Cuprophan."( Evaluation and tolerance of a new polycarbonate membrane in elderly patients. Preliminary results.
Alibeu, C; Forêt, M; Hachache, T; Kuentz, F; Meftahi, H, 1986)		0.27
" Although there was no excess of side effects in the elderly patients it is suggested that when naproxen is given to elderly patients, therapy should be started at the lower end of the dosage range."( Pharmacokinetics of naproxen in elderly patients.
Lethbridge, J; Littler, T; Martin, N; McVerry, RM; Mukerjee, SK; Orme, ML; Sibeon, R; Tallis, R, 1986)		0.27
" The teratogenic effects in the foetus and both the structural and functional damage to the maternal kidneys, however, are essentially the same in animals that are dosed with Hg2+ either immediately before, or immediately after these gestational ages."( The toxicity and teratogenicity of mercuric mercury in the pregnant rat.
Holt, D; Webb, M, 1986)		0.27
" No remarkable changes were investigated in findings at near-term caesarean section in any dosed group including 400 mg/kg/day."( [Reproduction study of 1,1,3-trimethyl-5-phenylbiuret (ST-281): teratological study in rabbits by oral administration].
Imamura, K; Kashihara, A; Koida, M; Morita, K; Shinomiya, M; Yamakita, O; Yoshida, R, 1986)		0.27
" Studies on the toxicology, residues and metabolism of IMDP showed this to be a safe dosage regimen."( Efficacy, toxicity and metabolism of imidocarb dipropionate in the treatment of Babesia ovis infection in sheep.
Clampitt, RB; Crawley, RJ; James, JA; McHardy, N; Woollon, RM, 1986)		0.27
" Dose-response analysis of the A-II + urea interaction suggested that A-II pressor effects and A-II + urea potentiation involve a common mechanism."( The synergistic effect of angiotensin II and urea on systemic blood pressure.
Chan, JC; Corley, KC; Gipson, J; Mauck, HP; Owusu, K, )		0.66
" Behavioral testing, 2 days to 4 mo post-treatment, indicated that DMSO and/or 50 mg/kg of BPAU retarded habituation of spontaneous exploratory activity, impaired acquisition of conditioned (auto-shaped) behavior, and changed the dose-response relationship ford-amphetamine-induced suppression of operant (fixed ratio 32) responding."( Long lasting behavioral effects of dimethyl sulfoxide and the "peripheral" toxicant p-bromophenylacetylurea.
Fossom, LH; Messing, RB; Sparber, SB, 1985)		0.48
"Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) inhibited the stimulation of ureogenesis produced by adrenaline, but produced a minimal displacement to the right of the dose-response curve for glucagon."( Effects of phorbol esters on alpha 1-adrenergic-mediated and glucagon-mediated actions in isolated rat hepatocytes.
García-Sáinz, JA; Martínez-Olmedo, MA; Mendlovic, F, 1985)		0.27
" AVP was found to stimulate urea synthesis and the dose-response curve suggests that such an effect is present at concentrations of the hormone as low as 25-50 pmol/l."( The effect of arginine vasopressin on ureagenesis in isolated rat hepatocytes.
Cohen, RD; Drew, PJ; Evans, SJ; Iles, RA; Metcalfe, HK; Monson, JP, 1985)		0.83
" If diastolic pressure was normalized (less than 95 mmHg), this dosage was continued for a further 6 weeks; patients whose blood pressure remained high after the initial 6 weeks received 1 capsule twice daily for a further 6 weeks."( The effects of piretanide capsules on blood pressure during ergometric and isometric work loads in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension.
Maass, L; Meywald, W; Rangoonwala, B; Verho, M, 1985)		0.27
" Almost half of the patients taking aspirin were unable to tolerate the drug in adequate dosage for six months."( Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with fenoprofen: comparison with aspirin.
Balme, HW; Berry, H; Hart, FD; Huskisson, EC; Scott, J; Wojtulewski, JA, 1974)		0.25
" Ketoacid dosage varied from 6 to 14 g daily, as sodium or calcium salts."( The effect of keto-analogues of essential amino acids in severe chronic uremia.
Coulter, AW; Crantz, FR; Dighe, S; Walser, M, 1973)		0.25
" None of the dystrophy cases exhibited an anabolic response to any dosage of HGH tested."( Metabolic effects of human growth hormone and of estrogens in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Barlow, J; Chyatte, SB; Gerron, GG; Jordan, A; O'Beirne, I; Patterson, JH; Rudman, D; Shavin, JS, 1972)		0.25
" Pyrantel embonate was administered orally, in dosage schedules (randomized) of 100, 75, 50, 20, 15, and 10 mg/kg of body weight."( Pyrantel embonate in treatment of hookworm infestation.
Ajmani, NK; Chuttani, HK; Pandey, KN; Sarin, GS; Sharathchandra, SG, 1971)		0.25
" The concentration of ammonia in the blood of the three sheep given the low-protein diet rose exponentially with time after dosing with urea and all sheep died."( The effect of protein content of the diet on the rate of urea formation in sheep liver.
Morris, JG; Payne, E, 1969)		0.7
" It is concluded that the data are most reasonably interpreted on the basis that several hormone-sensitive loci exist in the kidneys, each with individual dose-response and kinetic characteristics."( Influence of lysine-vasopressin dosage on the time course of changes in renal tissue and urinary composition in the conscious rat.
Atherton, JC; Green, R; Thomas, S, 1971)		0.25
" Statistical analyses indicate that the PSPI measures the same function as the 15-minute urine test when PSP is administered in a dosage of 1 mg."( The plasma phenolsulfonphthalein index (PSPI) of renal function. II. Correlation with other parameters of renal function and indications for use.
Ferguson, GA; Gault, MH; Gonda, A; Kinsella, TD, 1966)		0.24
" Such estimation of creatinine clearance is widely used as a parameter for individualization of dosage of drugs secreted primary via the kidneys."( [Development of urea, creatinine and creatinine clearance as a function of age and sex].
Carlier, J; Chapelle, JP; Deleixhe, A; El Allaf, D; El Allaf, M; Marchal, C, 1984)		0.61
" over a course of 5 days; dosage interval 12 h, dosage 2,5, 5, 10, 20, 100 and 500 mg/kg per day, respectively."( [Experimental study on renal tolerability of aminoglycosides butirosin and bekanamycin (author's transl)].
Beck, H; Eikenberg, P; Sack, K, 1980)		0.26
" This occurred after intravenous bolus injection of high dosages of acyclovir but the risk was considerably reduced by slow intravenous infusion of the same dosage over one hour, with adequate hydration of the patient and adjustment of dosage in patients with preexisting impaired renal function."( Renal function after acyclovir intravenous injection.
Brigden, D; Rosling, AE; Woods, NC, 1982)		0.26
" In hepatocytes obtained from rats partially hepatectomized 3 days before experiments were performed, the dose-response curves to glucagon were shifted to the right by about two orders of magnitude as compared to those of the control cells."( Sensitivity of liver cells formed after partial hepatectomy to glucagon, vasopressin and angiotensin II.
Corvera, S; García-Saínz, JA; Huerta-Bahena, J; Villalobos-Molina, R, 1983)		0.27
" Increasing insulin dosage counteracted these effects, but could not restore positive accretion rates."( Interactive effects of insulin and corticosterone on myofibrillar protein turnover in rats as determined by N tau-methylhistidine excretion.
Jones, LM; Murray, AJ; Tomas, FM, 1984)		0.27
" It is concluded that high dosed caffeine causes peripheral insulin resistance in the human being as well as in the experimental animal."( [Effect of caffeine on various metabolic parameters in vivo].
Förster, H; Sachs, M, 1984)		0.27
" Daily dosage was 40-100 mg, given in two or three divided doses."( Pinacidil monotherapy for hypertension.
Ward, JW, 1984)		0.27
" Each animal was dosed 30 min."( Effects of quinuronium sulfate pre-exposure on hepatic excretion of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) as measured by isolated perfused rat liver.
Frøslie, A; Mitema, ES; Nafstad, I, 1983)		0.27
" In the electron microscope mitochondrial swelling was seen 1 and 2 h after dosing in the S1 and S2 segments of the proximal tubule, whereas by 4 and 8 h the major pathological changes were confined to the lower S2 and S3 segments and consisted of mitochondrial swelling and cellular necrosis."( Hexachloro-1:3-butadiene-induced renal tubular necrosis in the mouse.
Ishmael, J; Lock, EA; Pratt, I, 1984)		0.27
" Sulphinpyrazone in both dosage regimens increased uric acid excretion and lowered plasma urate concentration."( Sulphinpyrazone and renal function following myocardial infarction.
Choudhury, SL; Morgan, DB; Swaminathan, R; Taylor, SH; Wieringa, G, 1983)		0.27
"A benzothiazepine derivative, CRD-401, was administered orally in a dosage of 60 to 120 mg/day to 14 patients with various renal diseases."( Effects of benzothiazepine derivative (CRD-401) on blood pressure, excretion of electrolytes, and plasma renin activity.
Funyu, T; Hamada, W; Nigawara, K; Ohno, K; Yagihashi, Y, 1981)		0.26
" All the parameters showed a circadian variation, with maximum toxicity occurring after dosage of 06."( The effect of timing of a single injection on the toxicity of methotrexate in the rat.
Aherne, GW; English, J; Marks, V, 1982)		0.26
" It is assumed that the dosage regimen of rolitetracycline should be changed in subjects possessing one kidney."( Effect of unilateral nephrectomy on the pharmacokinetics of rolitetracycline in rabbits.
Gawrońska-Szklarz, B; Górnik, W; Kardel-Mizerska, T; Wójcicki, J, 1981)		0.26
" After 2 week's medication, a decline in blood pressure was noted in all dosage groups and this was maximal by 4 weeks."( Chlorthalidone in mild hypertension - dose response relationship.
Humphries, IS; Mayhew, SR; Russell, JG, 1981)		0.26
" We concluded that because carotid blood ammonia concentration increased so rapidly after dosing with urea, ammonia must leak past the liver, and it is therefore unlikely, that there is a liver threshold for ammonia which must be exceeded before ammonia will reach the carotid artery."( Ammonia toxicity in cattle. V. Ammonia concentration of lymph and portal, carotid and jugular blood after the ingestion of urea.
Avery, TB; Bartley, EE; Davidovich, A; Galitzer, S; Lassman, B; Nagaraja, TG; Watt, BR, 1981)		0.69
" The recommended dosage is 0,5 mg/kg body mass of primaquine base."( Chemotherapy of Babesia felis infection: efficacy of certain drugs.
Potgieter, FT, 1981)		0.26
" Although potency was retained, acute oral toxicity was greatly reduced, due to a combination of factors - the esters were poorly absorbed in high dosage whilst relatively slow breakdown permitted effective levels to be attained on epididymal spermatozoa."( Antifertility and toxicological studies with aromatic esters of alpha-chlorohydrin in male rats.
Jackson, H; Rooney, FR, 1980)		0.26
"In 90 male and female patients suffering from recurrent affective disorders who had been stabilised for long periods on lithium carbonate an investigation was carried out to determine factors influencing the dosage and excretion of lithium."( Pharmacodynamic aspects of long-term prophylactic lithium.
Birch, NJ; Greenfield, AA; Hullin, RP, 1980)		0.26
" Blood samples were obtained at 24 hours after the final dosage of the agent."( Administration time-dependent toxicity of a new immunosuppressive agent, tacrolimus (FK 506).
Ebihara, A; Fujimura, A, 1994)		0.29
"8-fold) and albumin (19-fold) while lower O3 dosage (0."( Differential effects of ozone on lung epithelial lining fluid volume and protein content.
Boat, TF; Cheng, PW; Costa, DL; Hu, PC; Shaikh, S; Wang, OL, )		0.13
"To develop equations for predicting body composition, mature Holstein cows (n = 21) were slaughtered at three physiological stages (-7, 63, and 269 d postpartum) after consecutive intravenous dosing with urea and D2O."( Prediction of body composition of dairy cows at three physiological stages from deuterium oxide and urea dilution.
Andrew, SM; Erdman, RA; Waldo, DR, 1995)		0.7
" The dose-response curves were virtually identical for IMCD suspensions from Sprague-Dawley rats and Brattleboro rats."( Oxytocin as an antidiuretic hormone. II. Role of V2 vasopressin receptor.
Chou, CL; DiGiovanni, SR; Knepper, MA; Lolait, SJ; Luther, A, 1995)		0.29
" The osmole gap may also be helpful for confirming pseudohyponatremia, as a gauge for dosing mannitol and glycerol when used to treat intracranial hypertension, and as a prognostic indicator in circulatory shock."( The serum osmole gap.
Cadnapaphornchai, P; Kruse, JA, 1994)		0.29
" Compounds from this class exhibit good cholesterol lowering in a chronic cholesterol-fed rat model of hypercholesterolemia even when dosed in an aqueous vehicle."( Inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyl transferase (ACAT) as hypocholesterolemic agents. 8. Incorporation of amide or amine functionalities into a series of disubstituted ureas and carbamates. Effects on ACAT inhibition in vitro and efficacy in vivo.
Blankley, CJ; Hamelehle, KL; Krause, BR; O'Brien, PM; Roth, BD; Sliskovic, DR; Stanfield, RL; Wilson, MW, 1994)		0.48
"4-Methoxytoluene was given by gavage to 4 groups of 20 rats at dosage levels of 0, 40, 120 or 240 mg kg-1 body weight/day for 4 weeks."( Four-week toxicity study of 4-methoxytoluene in rats.
Brunsborg, B; Meyer, O; Olsen, P; Würtzen, G, 1994)		0.29
" In this study, we examined several aspects of ureagenesis after the single oral dosing of sodium benzoate in six healthy subjects who participated in the study previously reported and in two patients with citrullinaemia."( Effect of single oral dose of sodium benzoate on ureagenesis in healthy men and two patients with late onset citrullinaemia.
Ishizaki, T; Kubota, K, 1993)		0.8
" Creatinine concentrations should not be considered when dosage adjustments of renally eliminated drugs are being calculated for patients with such metabolic interferences."( Creatinine metabolism impairment by an anticonvulsant drug, phenacemide.
Baltassat, P; Cahen, R; Francois, B; Louisot, P; Martin, A, 1994)		0.29
" Maternal toxicity and developmental toxicity should not be etiologically linked solely because of their concurrent appearance on the dose-response curve."( Fetal development in the rat following disruption of maternal renal function during pregnancy.
Gray, JA; Kavlock, RJ; Logsdon, T, 1993)		0.29
" It is, however, obvious that both in rats and mice the severity of symptoms depends not only on dose and dosing schedule of TAA, but also on strain and body weight (age)."( Effects of inhibition of ornithine aminotransferase on thioacetamide-induced hepatogenic encephalopathy.
Grauffel, C; Knödgen, B; Sarhan, S; Seiler, N, 1993)		0.29
" Evidence for this hypothesis was provided by the results that thioformamide and tert-butylglyoxal as the accompanying fragment were identified as urinary metabolites in mice dosed with 4-tert-butylthiazole and that thioformamide caused a marked increase in SUN concentration when administered to mice in combination with BSO."( Possible role of thioformamide as a proximate toxicant in the nephrotoxicity of thiabendazole and related thiazoles in glutathione-depleted mice: structure-toxicity and metabolic studies.
Kawazoe, S; Mizutani, T; Yoshida, K, )		0.13
"The determination of the perdialytic urea reduction ratio (URR) allows the quantification of the dialysis dosage actually delivered to patients."( [Methodology and practical use in hemodialysis of the percentage of urea reduction (PUR)].
el Akrout, M; Jadoul, M, 1995)		0.8
" Steers were dosed po with 100, 300 or 600 mg 2,4-D/kg bw."( Effects of acute 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on cattle serum components and enzyme activities.
Palermo-Neto, J; Paulino, CA, 1995)		0.29
" Furthermore, the toxicity of the hydroxy-alkylnaphthoquinones decreased with increasing size of the alkyl substituent and no toxic changes were recorded in animals dosed with 2-hydroxy-3-butyl- or 2-hydroxy-3-pentyl-1,4-naphthoquinone."( Comparative toxicity of 2-hydroxy-3-alkyl-1,4-naphthoquinones in rats.
Munday, CM; Munday, R; Smith, BL, 1995)		0.29
"This study analyses the 13C-urea breath test with the aim of determining the optimal time interval between dosing and breath sampling and examines the feasibility of having patients perform the test without supervision at home."( Evaluation of clinical and home performance of the 13C-urea breath test for the detection of Helicobacter pylori.
Elzinga, H; Kleibeuker, JH; Stellaard, F; Thijs, JC; Thijs, WJ, 1995)		0.83
" The sensitivity of the clinical test depended on the time interval between dosing and collection of the evaluated sample."( Evaluation of clinical and home performance of the 13C-urea breath test for the detection of Helicobacter pylori.
Elzinga, H; Kleibeuker, JH; Stellaard, F; Thijs, JC; Thijs, WJ, 1995)		0.54
"Multiple lines of evidence suggest that inadequately prescribed or delivered dosage of hemodialysis is associated with increased morbidity and mortality."( Current standards for dialysis adequacy.
Keen, M; Schulman, G, 1995)		0.29
" Tetrazole urea 2i dosed at 3 mg/kg lowered plasma total cholesterol (TC) 67% in an acute, cholesterol-fed (C-fed) rat model of hypercholesterolemia and 47% in C-fed dogs."( Heterocyclic ureas: inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase as hypocholesterolemic agents.
Blankley, CJ; Bousley, RF; Chucholowski, AW; Creswell, MW; Dominick, MA; Essenburg, AD; Hamelehle, KL; Krause, BR; Neub, M; Stanfield, RL; White, AD; Wilson, MW, 1996)		1.05
"A computerized system, structured by 4 different models concerning urea depuration, and bicarbonate and sodium handling in acetate-free hemodiafiltration has been conceived for integrated use covering each step of the therapeutic cycle, from a) the prescription of the session to b) its delivery, up to c) the dose-response analysis: the system, now fully developed for the bicarbonate cycle, covers both working areas; the medical one, with a program implemented on a Personal Computer, called Skipper which deals with steps a) and c), and the nursing area, with a program built into the dialytic equipment software."( Prescription and surveillance of the acetate-free biofiltration sessions: the bicarbonate cycle.
Atti, M; Casino, FG; Pacitti, A; Pedrini, L; Santoro, A, 1995)		0.53
" The estimated urea nitrogen removed during hemodialysis using this approach is similar to that using the total dialysate collection method; Ing's method is simple and useful in quantifying the dialysis dosage and in its assessment of the nutritional status of patients on hemodialysis."( A partial dialysate collection method.
Chau, KF; Cheng, YL; Li, CS; Shek, CC; Wong, AK; Wong, FK, 1997)		0.65
" Dogs were dosed daily with ketoconazole at dose of 100 mg ketoconazole per dog (approximately 10 mg/kg) for 5 days prior to the initiation of coadministration of SC-52151 for 15 days."( Improvement of bioavailability of the HIV protease inhibitor SC-52151 in the beagle dog by coadministration of the CYP3A4 inhibitor, ketoconazole.
Salamon, CM; Schoenhard, GL; Snook, SS; Stolzenbach, JC; Yuan, JH, 1997)		0.3
" Forty-nine patients received the elixir or SEDDS at a dosage of 750 mg three times daily or 1125 mg twice daily for 14 days."( Phase I/II study of the toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and activity of the HIV protease inhibitor SC-52151.
Fischl, MA; Flexner, C; Haubrich, R; Holden-Wiltse, J; Karim, A; Meehan, PM; Para, MF; Richman, DD; Yeramian, P, 1997)		0.3
" Further, and for the first time, we report a long-term assessment of dialysis dosage in a dialysis clinic using both the classical PDC and the new CSSD system in a group of six stable dialysis patients who were followed for a period of three years."( Precise quantification of dialysis using continuous sampling of spent dialysate and total dialysate volume measurement.
Adelé, C; Argilés, A; Bosc, JY; Canaud, B; Ficheux, A; Flavier, JL; Garred, LJ; Kerr, PG; Leblanc, M; Lorho, R; Mion, CM; Mion, H; Stec, F; Thomas, M, 1997)		0.3
" Histopathological examination of the kidneys of goats killed or found dead 2, 4, 6, 8, 11 or 16 days after dosing revealed tubular epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis."( Nephrotoxicity in goats caused by dosing with a water extract from the stems of Narthecium ossifragum plants.
Bratberg, B; Flåøyen, A; Frøslie, A; Grønstøl, H; Langseth, W; Mantle, PG; von Krogh, A, 1997)		0.3
"The ongoing HEMO Study, a National Institutes of Health (NIH) sponsored multicenter trial to test the effects of dialysis dosage and membrane flux on morbidity and mortality, was preceded by a Pilot Study (called the MMHD Pilot Study) designed to test the reliability of methods for quantifying hemodialysis."( Comparison of methods to predict equilibrated Kt/V in the HEMO Pilot Study.
Daugirdas, JT; Depner, TA; Gotch, FA; Greene, T; Keshaviah, P; Levin, NW; Schulman, G, 1997)		0.3
" In an effort to contribute to the development of a simple and standard procedure for the 13C-urea breath test, we investigated whether either the posture of the patient during the procedure or the mouthwash after dosing affects the shape of the delta 13C excretion curve."( Effect of fasting subjects' posture on 13C-urea breath test for detection of Helicobacter pylori infection.
Kawabe, M; Miwa, H; Murai, T; Ogihara, T; Ohkura, R; Sato, N; Tanaka, H; Watanabe, S, 1997)		0.78
" The aim of this study was to analyze whether individual high-flux hemodialysis treatment parameters are of predictive value for dosing guidelines, with use of vancomycin as a model compound."( Urea kinetics and dialysis treatment time predict vancomycin elimination during high-flux hemodialysis.
Schaedeli, F; Uehlinger, DE, 1998)		1.74
"The described population pharmacokinetic model allows individualization of vancomycin dosing intervals in patients receiving hemodialysis, based on patient characteristics and urea kinetic modeling."( Urea kinetics and dialysis treatment time predict vancomycin elimination during high-flux hemodialysis.
Schaedeli, F; Uehlinger, DE, 1998)		1.94
" Overall, a wider distribution was found in R values from blood-side determinations, most likely consequent to variability in the dosing method."( Direct determination of blood recirculation rate in hemodialysis by a conductivity method.
Babinet, F; Bosc, JY; Canaud, B; Foret, M; Garred, LJ; LeBlanc, M; Marc, JM; Tetta, C, )		0.13
" Transitory licking chops, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea and soft feces were observed occasionally in both sexes dosed 25 and 50 mg/kg/day and the incidence seemed dose-dependent."( [Toxicity studies of landiolol hydrochloride (ONO-1101) (3). 4-week repeated dose intravenous toxicity study in dogs with 4-week recovery test].
Fujita, T; Oida, H; Shichino, Y; Shimizu, K; Suzuki, Y; Tanaka, M; Ueda, H; Yamaguchi, K; Yanagi, H; Yonezawa, H, 1997)		0.3
" Hypoactivity, bradypnea/apnea and clonic convulsion after administration was observed in animal dosed 100 mg/kg/day."( [Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies of landiolol hydrochloride (ONO-1101) (3). Teratogenicity study in rabbits].
Aze, Y; Chihara, N; Fujita, T; Nakagawa, Y; Nishimura, T; Ozeki, Y; Sakamoto, T; Shimouchi, K; Tanaka, M, 1997)		0.3
" In repeat dosing studies, fluorofamide (50 mg/kg per os, three times a day) was compared with the Helicobacter triple therapy regime (amoxycillin, metronidazole, and bismuth subcitrate)."( Effect of potent urease inhibitor, fluorofamide, on Helicobacter sp. in vivo and in vitro.
Hills, J; McVey, M; Pope, AJ; Richardson, S; Rushant, B; Toseland, CD, 1998)		0.64
" This compound displayed excellent in vitro efficacy, irrespective of dosing method, indicating superior characteristics compared to other ACAT inhibitors."( Synthesis, X-ray crystal structure, and biological activity of FR186054, a novel, potent, orally active inhibitor of acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACAT) bearing a pyrazole ring.
Hagihara, H; Ishibe, N; Kinoshita, T; Sakuma, Y; Sawada, M; Takasugi, H; Tanaka, A; Tanaka, H; Terasawa, T, 1998)		0.3
" In conclusion, renal impairment has no biologically relevant influence on marbofloxacin disposition and there is no need for dosage adjustment of marbofloxacin in dogs with mild renal impairment."( Effect of experimental renal impairment on disposition of marbofloxacin and its metabolites in the dog.
Costes, G; Delesalle, L; Dupouy, V; Laroute, V; Lefebvre, HP; Schneider, M; Toutain, PL, 1998)		0.3
" 15N-labeled sodium nitrate was administered intravenously at the dosage of 400 micromol."( The fate of nitrogen from 15N-labeled nitrate after single intravenous administration of Na15NO3 in sheep.
Garwacki, S; Karlik, W; Lewicki, J; Souffrant, WB; Wiechetek, M, 1998)		0.3
"One moose (Alces alces), two red deer (Cervus elaphus), two reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and two fallow deer (Dama dama) were dosed intraruminally with an aqueous extract made from 30 g of bog asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum) (wet weight) per kg live weight."( Experimental Narthecium ossifragum nephrotoxicity in cervids from Norway.
Flåøyen, A; Handeland, K; Refsum, T; Ryeng, KA; Stuve, G, 1999)		0.3
" Uniquely, a number of these analogues were found to have a bell-shaped dose-response profile in the alpha1 beta2 gamma2 subtype as determined by whole cell patch-clamp technique, where in vitro efficacy was found to decrease with increasing drug concentration."( Piperazine imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxaline ureas as high-affinity GABAA ligands of dual functionality.
Belonga, KL; Carter, DB; Im, HK; Im, WB; Jacobsen, EJ; Mickelson, JW; Petke, JD; Sethy, VH; Stelzer, LS; Tang, AH; TenBrink, RE; VonVoigtlander, PF; Zhong, WZ, 1999)		0.58
" Male and female rats were dosed separately by gavage for a minimum of 28 days with 0, 10, 50, and 500 mg/kg/day of ZD7114 or with 0, 10, 30, and 150 mg/kg/day of ZD2079."( Urinary tract toxicity in rats following administration of beta 3-adrenoceptor agonists.
Aldridge, A; Kalinowski, A; Nunn, G; Waghe, M; Westwood, R, )		0.13
" After a 7 day adjustment period, animals were dosed with chromium mordant and Co-EDTA as markers for digesta passage and all feed refusals and feces were collected at timed intervals for 7 days."( Intake, digestibility, and passage of a commercially designed diet by two Propithecus species.
Campbell, JL; Crissey, SD; Eisemann, JH; Glander, KE, 1999)		0.3
" For several amino acids, the dose-response curve was blunted after a single amino acid exchange following 3 months of amino acid dialysis, which may, in part, be due to the induction of hepatic enzyme synthesis."( Effects of amino acid dialysis compared to dextrose dialysis in children on continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis.
Balfe, JA; Balfe, JW; Levin, L; Qamar, IU; Secker, D; Zlotkin, S, )		0.13
" The cost of producing 13C-urea is high, but it may be possible to reduce the dosage further by administering it in capsule form."( The 13C urea breath test in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection.
Celle, G; Savarino, V; Vigneri, S, 1999)		1.03
"Animal experiments suggest that omeprazole dosing increases shedding of Helicobacter into the gastric lumen, and hence into gastric juice."( The effect of omeprazole dosing on the isolation of Helicobacter pylori from gastric aspirates.
Lawson, AJ; Owen, RJ; Pounder, RE; Sercombe, JC; Slater, E; Williams, MP, 1999)		0.3
" pylori from 77% of infected subject aspirates before, and 67% of aspirates during dosing with omeprazole."( The effect of omeprazole dosing on the isolation of Helicobacter pylori from gastric aspirates.
Lawson, AJ; Owen, RJ; Pounder, RE; Sercombe, JC; Slater, E; Williams, MP, 1999)		0.3
" Both types of assayed compounds, the N-(2-pyridylsulfonyl)urea and N-(2-pyridylsulfenyl)urea derivatives, inhibited by 50% the growth of the CCRF-CEM cell line at a dosage near to 1 microM."( Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of N-(2-pyridylsulfenyl)urea derivatives. A new class of potential antineoplastic agents.
Arteaga, C; Encío, I; Gil, MJ; González, A; Mañú, MA; Martínez-Merino, V; Migliaccio, M, 1999)		0.79
" A nonnephrotoxic and powerful immunosuppressant such as mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) could allow a reduction of cyclosporine dosage or its withdrawal and an improvement in renal function in these patients."( Conversion of liver transplant recipients on cyclosporine with renal impairment to mycophenolate mofetil.
Alvárez-Cienfuegos, J; Girala, M; Gómez-Manero, N; Herrero, JI; Pardo, F; Prieto, J; Quiroga, J; Sangro, B, 1999)		0.3
" In the acute study, DFG powder intragastrically administered to albino mice (CFT-Swiss, Mus musculus) and albino rats (CFT-Wistar, Rattus norvegicus) of both sexes failed to induce any signs of toxicity or mortality up to a maximum practical dosage of 2 and 5 g/kg body weight, respectively."( Acute and subchronic toxicity assessment of debitterized fenugreek powder in the mouse and rat.
Narasimhamurthy, K; Ramesh, BS; Viswanatha, S, 1999)		0.3
"Postoperative renal dysfunction in rats is induced by ketorolac dosed concurrently with gentamicin."( Renal dysfunction associated with the perioperative use of diclofenac.
Cousins, MJ; Eckstein, RP; Jordan, V; Kim, H; Lin, Y; Mather, LE; Power, I; Xu, M, 1999)		0.3
" Heparin dosage was standardized with ACT during an eight week run-in period and remained unchanged through the study."( Urea kinetics with dialyzer reuse--a prospective study.
Butts, D; Ferrand, K; Hayes, P; Kohli, R; Papandenatos, G; Pinnavaia, L; Reger, D; Sridhar, NR, 1999)		1.75
"While addition of metronidazole to the omeprazole-amoxycillin combination has been shown to be advantageous, the optimal dosage and drug distribution of the antimicrobials has not been sufficiently evaluated."( Efficacy of two different dosage regimens of omeprazole, amoxycillin and metronidazole for the cure of Helicobacter pylori infection.
Bayerdörffer, E; Burman, CF; Díete, U; Dité, P; Domján, L; Kisfalvi, I; Lonovics, J; Mégraud, F; Pap, A; Sipponen, P; Zeijlon, L, 1999)		0.3
" The total daily dose, and the choice of twice or three times daily dosing does not seem critical with this regimen."( Efficacy of two different dosage regimens of omeprazole, amoxycillin and metronidazole for the cure of Helicobacter pylori infection.
Bayerdörffer, E; Burman, CF; Díete, U; Dité, P; Domján, L; Kisfalvi, I; Lonovics, J; Mégraud, F; Pap, A; Sipponen, P; Zeijlon, L, 1999)		0.3
" The effect of acute (72 h) and subacute (30 days) treatment of the drug with different dosage on liver and kidney functions and hematological parameters were studied."( Toxic studies on biochemical parameters carried out in rats with Serankottai nei, a siddha drug-milk extract of Semecarpus anacardium nut.
Muthulakshmi, V; Sachdanandam, P; Vijayalakshmi, T, 2000)		0.31
" 20% casein) to determine the dose-response relationships between low dietary protein and food intake, body composition, energy balance and serum leptin concentrations."( Food intake, energy balance and serum leptin concentrations in rats fed low-protein diets.
Du, F; Higginbotham, DA; White, BD, 2000)		0.31
" dose of 150 mg/kg BPAU, the absorbed fraction of dosed BPAU was 65."( Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of p-bromophenylacetylurea in the female rat.
Purcell, WM; Ray, DE; Xu, J, 2000)		0.54
" There was no correlation between dialysis dosage and urea removal mass in either the CAPD or HD groups."( Significance of nitrogen removal mass in uremic patients on different modalities of dialysis therapy.
Chen, TW; Huang, TP; Wang, ML, 2000)		0.56
" Ambiguous medical prescriptions and inadequate cross-checking of drug dosage by physicians, nurses and pharmacists were the main causes of these incidents."( Three cases of intravenous sodium benzoate and sodium phenylacetate toxicity occurring in the treatment of acute hyperammonaemia.
Boyadjiev, SA; Brusilow, SW; Geraghty, MT; Praphanphoj, V; Waber, LJ, 2000)		0.31
" Tools like urea kinetic modeling give us valuable insight in making mathematical projections about the timing as well as dosing of dialysis."( Adequacy in dialysis: intermittent versus continuous therapies.
Misra, M; Nolph, KD, 2000)		0.69
" This suggests that the same dosage of BPAU may produce less severe initial lesions in young animals than in adults, and hence young animals exhibit more resistance to BPAU-induced neurotoxicity than adult rats."( Age difference in the metabolism of p-bromophenylacetylurea in the rat: an implication for age-related susceptibility to its neurotoxicity.
Purcell, WM; Ray, DE; Xu, J, 2000)		0.55
" Therefore, a study was designed in which rats suffering from post-ischemic renal failure were treated with high dosage growth hormone (GH)."( High dosage growth hormone treatment and post-ischemic acute renal failure in the rat.
Bengtsson, BA; Matejka, GL, 1998)		0.3
" The response to intramuscular administration was significantly greater than the response to the oral dosing regime."( The effect of stanozolol on 15nitrogen retention in the dog.
Morck, DW; Olson, ME; Quinn, KB, 2000)		0.31
" Six 363-kg heifers in two simultaneous 3 x 3 Latin squares were fed prairie hay and dosed once daily via ruminal cannulas with urea (45 or 90 g/d) and with Zn chloride to provide the equivalent of an additional 30 (the dietary requirement), 250, or 470 ppm of dietary Zn."( Effects of supplemental zinc and manganese on ruminal fermentation, forage intake, and digestion by cattle fed prairie hay and urea.
Arelovich, HM; Horn, GW; Owens, FN; Vizcarra, JA, 2000)		0.72
" We investigated the effect of piracetam and clonazepam, an anti-epileptic drug, on high dosage urea-induced myoclonus using an electromyogram in rats."( [A pharmacological profile of piracetam (Myocalm), a drug for myoclonus].
Nanri, M; Tajima, K, 2000)		0.53
"4) than with the latter urea dosage and test meal (mean -1."( Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) versus laser-assisted ratio analyzer (LARA): a comparative study using two doses of.
Biagini, R; Celle, G; Dulbecco, P; Gatta, L; Landi, F; Miglioli, M; Ricci, C; Savarino, V; Tessieri, L; Vaira, D, 2000)		0.61
"Young adult sheep were dosed with extracts of Narthecium ossifragum plants by the oral or parenteral routes and the resulting nephrotoxicity was assessed from the increases in the concentrations of creatinine and urea in the serum."( Tolerance to the nephrotoxic component of Narthecium ossifragum in sheep: the effects of repeated oral doses of plant extracts.
Flåøyen, A; Hove, K; Wilkins, AL, 2001)		0.5
"The aim of this study was to determine whether sodium cloprostenol administered at a continuous low dosage induced luteolysis and polydipsia in early dioestrous bitches."( Sodium cloprostenol administered at a continuous low dosage induces polydipsia and suppresses luteal function in early dioestrous bitches.
Parry, BW; Watts, JR; Wright, PJ, 2001)		0.31
" A positive dose-response relationship was found."( Standardization of the TRUE Test imidazolidinyl urea and diazolidinyl urea patches.
Agner, T; Andersen, KE; Björkner, B; Bruze, M; Frosch, PJ; Gruvberger, B; Hoeck, U; Kreilgaard, B; Menné, T; Sommer, J, 2001)		0.57
" We examined avoidance behavior of Western toads and Cascades frogs on both paper towel and soil substrates dosed with urea (control and 100 kg N/ha and an additional treatment of 50 kg N/ha for Western toads on soil substrate) and avoidance behavior of long-toed salamanders on soil substrate dosed with urea."( Juvenile amphibians do not avoid potentially lethal levels of urea on soil substrate.
Belden, LK; Blaustein, AR; Hatch, AC; Scheessele, E, 2001)		0.76
" The dosage of NAC should therefore be modified to avoid these disadvantages."( Influence of N-acetylcysteine on hepatic amino acid metabolism in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation.
Babylon, A; Breitkreutz, R; Dröge, W; Martin, E; Taut, FJ; Thies, JC; Zapletal, CM, 2001)		0.31
" Twenty-four hours after LPS dosing in vivo, the mortality rate was 15%, while CsA pretreatment increased mortality rate to 30% and reduced hepatocyte viability, increased ALT leakage and reduced urea synthesis."( Inhibition of endotoxemia-induced nitric oxide synthase expression by cyclosporin A enhances hepatocyte injury in rats: amelioration by NO donors.
Canová, N; Farghali, H; Gaier, N; Kmonicková, E; Lincová, D; Masek, K; Strestíková, P, 2002)		0.5
"In order to find a proper hemodialysis dosage and improve the life quality of the patients undergoing hemodialysis."( [A clinical study on solute removal index as an index to quantitate the adequacy of hemodialysis].
Hao, J; Song, W; Wang, Z, 1999)		0.3
" Dosing of rats with NCX-1015 (0."( Potent antiarthritic properties of a glucocorticoid derivative, NCX-1015, in an experimental model of arthritis.
Del Soldato, P; Flower, RJ; Mancini, L; Paul-Clark, MJ; Perretti, M, 2002)		0.31
" In summary, while the impact of delivered intermittent hemodialysis on the survival of patients with ARF remains to be determined, these results indicate that dialysis delivery is suboptimal in ARF, and empiric dosing should strongly consider factors related to lean body mass, including age and gender."( Correlates of urea kinetic modeling during hemodialysis in patients with acute renal failure.
Balakrishnan, VS; Cendoroglo, M; Cunniff-Jaber, PJ; Jaber, BL; King, AJ; Pereira, BJ; Ruthazer, R, 2002)		0.68
" Tooth color measurements revealed dose-response bleaching in vitro with the increases in L* and decreases in b* normally expected with effective bleaching."( Peroxide interactions with hard tissues: effects on surface hardness and surface/subsurface ultrastructural properties.
Duschner, H; Götz, H; Kozak, KM; White, DJ; Zoladz, JR, 2002)		0.31
"The optimization of oral dosage form formulation has been developed for N-4472, N-[2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenethyl)-4,6-difluorophenyl]-N'-[4-(N-benzylpiperidyl)] urea, which was a poorly water-soluble drug having a lipid-lowering effect."( Improvement of physicochemical properties of N-4472 part I formulation design by using self-microemulsifying system.
Itoh, K; Oguchi, T; Tozuka, Y; Yamamoto, K, 2002)		0.51
" This finding is supported by the weak inhibitory activity observed in the agar diffusion test (using 100% of the finished dosage form)."( Antiseptic effect of a topical dermatological formulation that contains Hamamelis distillate and urea.
Gloor, M; Holzgang, HE; Reichling, J; Wasik, B, 2002)		0.53
" Less pronounced changes of the indicator values were noted under repeated dosing of 2-BP."( Acute and subacute nephrotoxicity of 2-bromophenol in rats.
Bruchajzer, E; Piotrowski, JK; Szymanska, JA, 2002)		0.31
"FTY720 is a novel immunomodulator that may provide an opportunity for a reduction in calcineurin inhibitor dosage in transplant recipients with renal/hepatic side effects."( Effects of immunosuppressant FTY720 on renal and hepatic hemodynamics in the rat.
Mabuchi, A; Tawadrous, MN; Wheatley, AM; Zimmermann, A, 2002)		0.31
" Renal function and renal tubular parameters were examined in animals that received repeat high dosage of FTY720."( Effects of immunosuppressant FTY720 on renal and hepatic hemodynamics in the rat.
Mabuchi, A; Tawadrous, MN; Wheatley, AM; Zimmermann, A, 2002)		0.31
" FTY720 at the same repeat oral dosage was, nevertheless, associated with a significantly lower 24 h sodium excretion and a significantly lower fractional excretion of sodium compared with those in control animals (223."( Effects of immunosuppressant FTY720 on renal and hepatic hemodynamics in the rat.
Mabuchi, A; Tawadrous, MN; Wheatley, AM; Zimmermann, A, 2002)		0.31
" More data, particularly on dose-response relationships are needed."( Use of additives to contrast media to improve imaging in plain film and computed tomography urography.
Krause, W; Schromm, M, 2003)		0.32
"Creatine supplementation at a dosage of 2% w/w for 4 weeks does not impair kidney function in animals with pre-existing renal failure or in control animals."( Creatine supplementation does not affect kidney function in an animal model with pre-existing renal failure.
Delanghe, JR; Lameire, NH; Taes, YE; van de Voorde, J; Wuyts, B, 2003)		0.32
" administration of the combination of malathion + superphosphate or urea on Najdi sheep were evaluated in sheep dosed as untreated controls, malathion-treated at 25 mg/kg/d, superphosphate-treated at 450 mg/kg/d, urea-treated at 450 mg/kg/d, malathion-treated at 25 mg/kg/d + superphosphate treated at 450 mg/kg/d, or malathion treated at 25 mg/kg/d + urea treated at 450 mg/kg/d."( Effects of malathion plus superphosphate or urea on Najdi sheep.
Adam, SE; Al-Qarawi, AA, 2003)		0.82
" pylori eradication on intragastric acidity and plasma gastrin during dosing with lansoprazole, omeprazole, rabeprazole and placebo."( Eradication of Helicobacter pylori increases nocturnal intragastric acidity during dosing with rabeprazole, omeprazole, lansoprazole and placebo.
Chilton, A; Nwokolo, CU; Pounder, RE; Sercombe, J; Usselmann, B; Williams, MP, 2003)		0.32
" pylori eradication during dosing with proton pump inhibitors is a drug-class effect, particularly affecting nocturnal acid control."( Eradication of Helicobacter pylori increases nocturnal intragastric acidity during dosing with rabeprazole, omeprazole, lansoprazole and placebo.
Chilton, A; Nwokolo, CU; Pounder, RE; Sercombe, J; Usselmann, B; Williams, MP, 2003)		0.32
"15% dosage and 5 days of treatment."( The potential for disinfection of separated faecal matter by urea and by peracetic acid for hygienic nutrient recycling.
Albihn, A; Bagge, E; Holmqvist, A; Jönsson, H; Vinnerås, B, 2003)		0.56
" All three beta blockers were equally protective but the intermediate dosage of landiolol preserved LVP during the pre-ischemic period."( Landiolol, esmolol and propranolol protect from ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated guinea pig hearts.
Fujita, S; Kanaya, N; Kurosawa, S; Nakayama, M; Namiki, A; Niiyama, Y, 2003)		0.32
" The aim of this study was to understand the kinetics of urea and methylene blue instilled into the inner ear space through the RWM and to establish a method for determining the optimal dosage for the treatment of inner ear disorders."( Estimation of perilymph concentration of agents applied to the round window membrane by microdialysis.
Hunter, BA; Juhn, SK; Lee, S; Odland, RM, 2003)		0.56
"Inner ear microdialysis may be a useful method for establishing a therapeutic dosage for ototoxic agents used in the treatment of inner ear disorders."( Estimation of perilymph concentration of agents applied to the round window membrane by microdialysis.
Hunter, BA; Juhn, SK; Lee, S; Odland, RM, 2003)		0.32
"In the London Daily/Nocturnal Hemodialysis Study, dosing and adequacy of quotidian HD regimens, both short daily HD (n = 11) and long nocturnal HD (n = 12), were compared with conventional thrice-weekly HD (n = 22) using several models."( Adequacy of quotidian hemodialysis.
Blake, PG; Depner, TA; Heidenheim, AP; Lindsay, RM; Suri, R, 2003)		0.32
"To test the hypothesis that muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is regulated by the concentration of extracellular amino acids, we investigated the dose-response relationship between the rate of human MPS and the concentrations of blood and intramuscular amino acids."( Human muscle protein synthesis is modulated by extracellular, not intramuscular amino acid availability: a dose-response study.
Bohé, J; Low, A; Rennie, MJ; Wolfe, RR, 2003)		0.32
" It is the authors' view that studies comparing clinical outcome with SDHD and LNHD to conventional hemodialysis (CHD) must have dialysis dosage well defined if they are to provide generalizable results."( Daily dialysis: the long and the short of it.
Gotch, FA; Levin, NW, 2003)		0.32
" In rats, a single dose and intermittent dosing of ibandronate resulted in a similar incidence (one of six and two of six rats, respectively) and severity score (1."( The renal effects of minimally nephrotoxic doses of ibandronate and zoledronate following single and intermittent intravenous administration in rats.
Atzpodien, E; Bauss, F; Pfister, T, 2003)		0.32
" Finally, we describe several compounds that potently inhibit TNF-alpha production when dosed orally in mice."( Structure-activity relationships of the p38alpha MAP kinase inhibitor 1-(5-tert-butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-3-[4-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethoxy)naph- thalen-1-yl]urea (BIRB 796).
Capolino, A; Cirillo, PF; Gilmore, T; Graham, AG; Hickey, E; Kroe, RR; Madwed, J; Moriak, M; Moss, N; Nelson, R; Pargellis, CA; Regan, J; Swinamer, A; Torcellini, C; Tsang, M, 2003)		0.52
" In a dose-response experiment, increases in SPA were correlated with dose of orexin A linearly up to 2 nmol."( Orexin A (hypocretin 1) injected into hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and spontaneous physical activity in rats.
Kiwaki, K; Kotz, CM; Lanningham-Foster, L; Levine, JA; Wang, C, 2004)		0.32
" pylori) positive after gastrectomy for the treatment of gastric cancer, and we determined the difference in amoxicillin dosage between the therapeutic successes and failures."( How to eradicate Helicobacter pylori using amoxicillin and omeprazole in the remnant stomach.
Hasuo, K; Imada, T; Inaba, M; Kabara, T; Kawamoto, M; Ohshima, T; Rino, Y; Shiozawa, M; Takahashi, M; Takanashi, Y; Tokunaga, M; Yoneyama, K; Yoshikawa, T; Yukawa, H, )		0.13
" The amoxicillin dosage in the therapeutic successes was compared with that in the therapeutic failures, and we found that the dosage was 14."( How to eradicate Helicobacter pylori using amoxicillin and omeprazole in the remnant stomach.
Hasuo, K; Imada, T; Inaba, M; Kabara, T; Kawamoto, M; Ohshima, T; Rino, Y; Shiozawa, M; Takahashi, M; Takanashi, Y; Tokunaga, M; Yoneyama, K; Yoshikawa, T; Yukawa, H, )		0.13
"We assumed that the optimal dosage of amoxicillin was over 15."( How to eradicate Helicobacter pylori using amoxicillin and omeprazole in the remnant stomach.
Hasuo, K; Imada, T; Inaba, M; Kabara, T; Kawamoto, M; Ohshima, T; Rino, Y; Shiozawa, M; Takahashi, M; Takanashi, Y; Tokunaga, M; Yoneyama, K; Yoshikawa, T; Yukawa, H, )		0.13
" In particular, the role of the dialysis modality, dialyzer characteristics, and dosing strategies are discussed."( Update on dialytic management of acute renal failure.
Jaber, BL; Liangos, O; Teehan, GS, )		0.13
"To determine the steady-state, extracellular, and intracellular pulmonary disposition of moxifloxacin (MXF), levofloxacin (LEVO), and azithromycin (AZI) relative to that of the plasma over a 24-h dosing interval."( Steady-state intrapulmonary concentrations of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and azithromycin in older adults.
Braman, S; Capitano, B; Mattoes, HM; Nicolau, DP; O'Brien, A; Shore, E; Sutherland, C, 2004)		0.32
"0 micro g/mL) throughout the dosing interval."( Steady-state intrapulmonary concentrations of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and azithromycin in older adults.
Braman, S; Capitano, B; Mattoes, HM; Nicolau, DP; O'Brien, A; Shore, E; Sutherland, C, 2004)		0.32
" Calcium dosage was assessed from the bleaching gel collected after initial exposure on day one, then from gel collected between days two and seven and gel collected between day eight and 14 using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer."( In situ and in vitro effects of bleaching with carbamide peroxide on human enamel.
Demarco, FF; Justino, LM; Tames, DR, )		0.13
" While the use of currently approved HIV protease inhibitors in concert with drugs that target the reverse transcriptase has dramatically ameliorated the disease state for many individuals, highly-structured dosing regimens accompanied by adverse side-effect profiles have led to a significant level of patient non-compliance."( Non-peptidic HIV protease inhibitors.
Chrusciel, RA; Strohbach, JW, 2004)		0.32
"Previous trials have demonstrated that sheep on a low protein diet and free access to water, and sheep dosed with boluses of NaCl intraruminally also with free access to water, showed decreases in urea loss via the urine compared to control animals."( Changes in the renal handling of urea in sheep on a low protein diet exposed to saline drinking water.
Engelbrecht, H; Meintjes, RA, 2004)		0.79
" D-AAO activity in the kidney was decreased by 50% 1 h after dosing with SB suggesting that inhibition of this enzyme may be responsible for the observed protection."( Sodium benzoate attenuates D-serine induced nephrotoxicity in the rat.
Lock, EA; Williams, RE, 2005)		0.33
" Overall, current data support the hypothesis that a persistent anorectic action contributes to the significant loss of bodyweight observed 24 h following acute dosing with SB-334867."( Anorexia and weight loss in male rats 24 h following single dose treatment with orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867.
Blundell, JE; Halford, JC; Ishii, Y; Jeffrey, P; Johns, A; Porter, R; Rodgers, RJ; Summerfield, S; Upton, N, 2005)		0.33
" Some of the urea-containing glucokinase activators lowered blood glucose levels in vivo following oral dosing to C57BL/6J mice."( Glucokinase-activating ureas.
Castelhano, AL; Dong, H; Fyfe, MC; Gardner, LS; Kamikozawa, Y; Kurabayashi, S; Nawano, M; Ohashi, R; Procter, MJ; Qiu, L; Rasamison, CM; Schofield, KL; Shah, VK; Ueta, K; Williams, GM; Witter, D; Yasuda, K, 2005)		1.01
" We aimed to determine the appropriate dosage of landiolol for the treatment of hemodynamic changes in response to endotracheal intubation."( Landiolol attenuates tachycardia in response to endotracheal intubation without affecting blood pressure.
Fujii, K; Hatano, Y; Hironaka, Y; Iranami, H; Kinoshita, H; Nakahata, K; Shimogai, M; Yamazaki, A, 2005)		0.33
"Drugs were separately, orally once daily dosed to pregnant rats from day 8 to 21 (GD1=plug day)."( Comparison of developmental toxicity of selective and non-selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in CRL:(WI)WUBR Wistar rats--DFU and piroxicam study.
Burdan, F, 2005)		0.33
" The chronic intake of arginine asparate during four weeks by male endurance athletes showed independent of dosage no influence on performance, selected metabolic or endocrine parameters."( Influence of chronic supplementation of arginine aspartate in endurance athletes on performance and substrate metabolism - a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Abel, T; Eser, P; Knecht, H; Knechtle, B; Perret, C; von Arx, P, 2005)		0.33
" administration, the peak plasma concentration (C(max)) obtained 45 min after dosing was 15."( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a new potent antiepileptic drug, 2,2,3,3-tetramethycyclopropanecarbonylurea, in rats.
Bialer, M; Britzi, M; Gibson, D; Sobol, E; Winkler, I; Yagen, B, 2005)		0.54
"5-1 mg/kg) resulted in a rightward shift of the cocaine dose-response curve, while SDZ SER-082 (1 mg/kg) shifted the dose-response for cocaine to the left; SB 204741 (1-3 mg/kg) was inactive."( Contribution of serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2 receptor subtypes to the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in rats.
Bubar, MJ; Cunningham, KA; Filip, M, 2006)		0.33
" A clear dose-response relationship was seen regarding preservative concentration in the product."( Experimental elicitation of contact allergy from a diazolidinyl urea-preserved cream in relation to anatomical region, exposure time and concentration.
Andersen, KE; Cottin, M; Cupferman, S; Hall, B; Menné, T; Zachariae, C, 2005)		0.57
" No signs of toxicity were observed in male piglets dosed orally with up to 4 g/kg Urea for 5 days."( Final report of the safety assessment of Urea.
, 2005)		0.82
" For each of the SG, SVS, and L*a*b* scores, the dose-response correlation with CP concentration was significant at one or more assessment times."( Tooth bleaching by different concentrations of carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide whitening strips: an in vitro study.
Addy, M; MacDonald, E; Newcombe, RG; Rees, JS; Sulieman, M, 2006)		0.33
"0]hexyl urea series with particular emphasis on structure-activity relationships and optimization of receptor occupancy, measured both in vitro and via an ex vivo binding assay following an oral dosing regimen."( Discovery of orally efficacious melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1 antagonists as antiobesity agents. Synthesis, SAR, and biological evaluation of bicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl ureas.
Clader, JW; Cook, J; Cox, K; Farley, C; Greenlee, WJ; Guzik, H; Hawes, BE; Kowalski, TJ; McBriar, MD; O'neill, K; Palani, A; Paruchova, J; Shapiro, S; Spar, BD; Weig, B; Weston, DJ; Xu, R, 2006)		0.96
" The dosage of carbimazole needed to achieve euthyroidism ranged from 4 to 17 mg twice daily."( [Transdermal carbimazole for the treatment of feline hyperthyroidism].
Buijtels, JJ; Galac, S; Kooistra, HS; Kurvers, IA; Winter, EA, 2006)		0.33
" Oral aspirin has a repertoire of gastrointestinal side effects even at low doses and requires high frequent dosing because it undergoes extensive presystemic metabolism."( Design of a transdermal delivery system for aspirin as an antithrombotic drug.
Ammar, HO; El-Nahhas, SA; Ghorab, M; Kamel, R, 2006)		0.33
" This suppression in drug release rate due to a high fat meal is not anticipated to affect in vivo performance of the dosage form, as the rise in pressure is short-lived."( Mechanistic investigation of drug release from asymmetric membrane tablets: effect of media gradients (osmotic pressure and concentration), and potential coating failures on in vitro release.
Am Ende, MT; Miller, LA, 2007)		0.34
" After endoscopy, each child ingested a randomly assigned dosage of either 75 mg or 125 mg 13C-urea, and blood was withdrawn 30 min later."( Comparison of the 13C-urea blood test to histology and rapid urease testing in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children.
Jolley, CD; Wagner, DA, 2007)		0.87
"Irrespective of the dosage of 13C-urea, the 13C-urea blood test performed with high accuracy (89%) when compared against either histology or rapid urease testing."( Comparison of the 13C-urea blood test to histology and rapid urease testing in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children.
Jolley, CD; Wagner, DA, 2007)		0.93
" pylori infection in children, and the smaller dosage of 13C-urea does not adversely affect blood test performance."( Comparison of the 13C-urea blood test to histology and rapid urease testing in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children.
Jolley, CD; Wagner, DA, 2007)		0.9
"In this study, rational dosing guidelines for amphotericin B-deoxycholate (AmB) are proposed for children."( Amphotericin B dose optimization in children with malignant diseases.
Coakley, JC; Earl, JW; McLachlan, AJ; Nath, CE; Shaw, PJ, 2007)		0.34
" Body weight of dosed and control rats increase throughout the duration of treatment but food and water consumption were not significantly affected."( Toxicological evaluation of ethyl acetate extract of Cylicodiscus gabunensis stem bark (Mimosaceae).
Essame, O; Etoa, FX; Kouam, J; Kouitcheu Mabeku, LB; Penlap Beng, V, 2007)		0.34
" Lung tumor yield was examined on the 84th day and 140 days after B(a)P dosing and 240 days after NTCU treatment."( Oral consumption of pomegranate fruit extract inhibits growth and progression of primary lung tumors in mice.
Afaq, F; Khan, N; Kim, K; Kweon, MH; Mukhtar, H, 2007)		0.34
" The preliminary bioassay showed that some of the title compounds show excellent insecticidal activity against Mythimna separata at the dosage of 25 mg kg(-1) and moderate insecticidal activity against Nephotettix cincticeps at the dosage of 500 mg kg(-1)."( Synthesis and bioassay evaluation of 1-(4-substitutedideneaminooxymethyl)-phenyl-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)ureas.
Bi, FC; Chen, L; Huang, RQ; Mao, CH; Ou, XM; Shang, J; Wang, QM, 2007)		0.55
" We therefore aimed at describing dose-response relationships between amino acid metabolism and circulating FFA concentrations at clamped hormone levels."( Dose-response effects of free fatty acids on amino acid metabolism and ureagenesis.
Christiansen, JS; Gjedde, S; Gjedsted, J; Gormsen, LC; Jørgensen, JO; Møller, N; Nørrelund, H; Schmitz, O, 2008)		0.58
"Administration of landiolol using the presently recommended dosage and administration route causes a decrease in HR without aggravation of hemodynamics in patients with normal cardiac function, but in patients with preoperative EF lower than 50%, it may lead to further deterioration of cardiac function due to a decrease in HR."( The effect of landiolol on hemodynamics and left ventricular function in patients with coronary artery disease.
Goto, K; Miyakawa, H; Miyamoto, S; Noguchi, T; Shingu, C, 2007)		0.34
" Specifically, compound 4a conferred weight loss and a reduction in liver triglycerides when dosed chronically in DIO mice and depleted serum triglycerides following a lipid challenge in a dose-dependent manner, thus, reproducing major phenotypical characteristics of DGAT-1(-/-) mice."( Validation of diacyl glycerolacyltransferase I as a novel target for the treatment of obesity and dyslipidemia using a potent and selective small molecule inhibitor.
Beno, DW; Brodjian, S; Brune, ME; Collins, CA; Dayton, BD; Diaz, GJ; Droz, B; Engstrom, KM; Falls, HD; Freeman, J; Fry, D; Gao, J; Grihalde, N; Iyengar, RR; Judd, AS; Kym, PR; Lau, YY; Lynch, JK; Marsh, KC; Mulhern, MM; Ravn, MM; Reilly, RM; Sham, H; Souers, AJ; Su, Z; Voorbach, M; Wagaw, SH; Wang, X; Zhao, G, 2008)		0.35
" The data indicate that the pharmacokinetic differences determined by severity of disease are useful for establishing an individualized regimen dosage in children with multiple organ system failure."( Effect of severity disease on the pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in children with multiple organ system failure.
Asseff, IL; Guillé, GP; Olguín, HJ; Pérez, AG; Quesada, AC; Saldaña, NG; Vieyra, AC, 2008)		0.35
" The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the treatment of 83 hyperthyroid cats with 131I The dosage of 131I ranged from 4 to 6 milliCurie (mCi)."( [Treatment of feline hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine-131].
Hof, AJ; van Dijl, IC, 2008)		0.35
"Blood-side dosing methods may overestimate urea removal in comparison to dialysate-side measurements during intermittent HD (IHD) for acute renal failure (ARF)."( Dosing intermittent haemodialysis in the intensive care unit patient with acute renal failure--estimation of urea removal and evidence for the regional blood flow model.
Daugirdas, JT; Depner, TA; Greene, T; Kanagasundaram, NS; Larive, AB; Paganini, EP, 2008)		0.82
" 1,3-dicyclohexylurea (DCU), a potent sEH inhibitor, lowers systemic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats when dosed intraperitoneally."( Oral delivery of 1,3-dicyclohexylurea nanosuspension enhances exposure and lowers blood pressure in hypertensive rats.
Chiang, PC; Fujiwara, H; Ghosh, S; Roberds, SL; Selbo, JG; Wahlstrom, JL, 2008)		0.97
" The optimum dosage to inhibit sulfide generation in sewage was 12-19 mg L(-1) formaldehyde."( Inhibition of sulfide generation by dosing formaldehyde and its derivatives in sewage under anaerobic conditions.
Marzorati, M; Mendoza, L; Verstraete, W; Zhang, L, 2008)		0.35
" The DIP was provided as casein dosed ruminally once daily in amounts of 0, 59, 118, and 177 mg of N/kg of BW daily."( Effect of rumen-degradable intake protein supplementation on urea kinetics and microbial use of recycled urea in steers consuming low-quality forage.
Cochran, RC; Gnad, DP; Titgemeyer, EC; Wickersham, EE; Wickersham, TA, 2008)		0.59
" Multi-catheterized steers were used to determine effects of intraruminal dosing (Exp."( Influence of slow-release urea on nitrogen balance and portal-drained visceral nutrient flux in beef steers.
Axe, DE; Elam, NA; Harmon, DL; Kitts, SE; Kristensen, NB; McLeod, KR; Taylor-Edwards, CC; Vanzant, ES, 2009)		0.65
" To this end, male Wistar rats received (PhSe)2 by oral route at the dosage of 31."( Oral administration of diphenyl diselenide potentiates hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats.
Borges, LP; Nogueira, CW; Souza, AC, 2009)		0.35
" Although a single dose of ABT-102 produced a self-limiting increase in core body temperature that remained in the normal range, the hyperthermic effects of ABT-102 effectively tolerated following twice-daily dosing for 2 days."( Repeated dosing of ABT-102, a potent and selective TRPV1 antagonist, enhances TRPV1-mediated analgesic activity in rodents, but attenuates antagonist-induced hyperthermia.
Banfor, PN; Bayburt, E; Chandran, P; Daanen, JF; Faltynek, CR; Fryer, RM; Gauvin, DM; Ghilardi, JR; Gomtsyan, A; Hernandez, G; Honore, P; Jarvis, MF; Joshi, SK; Kort, ME; Kym, PR; Lee, CH; Mantyh, PW; Marsh, K; Mikusa, JP; Neelands, T; Reilly, RM; Segreti, JA; Sevcik, MA; Sullivan, JP; Surowy, CS; Zhong, C, 2009)		0.35
" The dose-response curves of Raw and Cdyn to acetylcholine were significantly elevated and declined in the ovalbumin-sensitized model compared with those in the control group."( Beta-1 selective adrenergic antagonist landiolol and esmolol can be safely used in patients with airway hyperreactivity.
Iwasaki, S; Jeong, SW; Namiki, A; Satoh, J; Yamakage, M, )		0.13
" Subsequent studies should be performed to evaluate antibiotic resistance, doses, dosing intervals, duration of treatment, and safety of these two regimes."( Failure of Helicobacter pylori treatment after regimes containing clarithromycin: new practical therapeutic options.
Coelho, L; Moretzsohn, L; Sanches, B; Vieira, G, 2008)		0.35
" With increasing frequency, stdKt/V as the dosing target results in shorter treatment times and higher concentrations than EKR."( Effect of treatment frequency on haemodialysis dose: comparison of EKR and stdKt/V.
Vartia, A, 2009)		0.35
" Twenty-two patients (15 without nephropathy and seven with nephropathy) received atorvastatin in individually adjusted oral dosage (range 10-20 mg) once per day for 12 weeks."( Modulating effect of atorvastatin on paraoxonase 1 activity in type 2 diabetic Egyptian patients with or without nephropathy.
Abdin, AA; El-Noeman, Sel-D; Hassanien, MA; Ibrahim, EA, )		0.13
" No stereoselective pharmacokinetics was observed following intraperitoneal dosing of racemic-VCU to rats."( Evaluation of stereoselective anticonvulsant, teratogenic, and pharmacokinetic profile of valnoctylurea (capuride): a chiral stereoisomer of valproic acid urea derivative.
Bialer, M; Finnell, RH; Schurig, V; Shimshoni, JA; Wlodarczyk, B; Yagen, B, 2010)		0.58
" Hypochlorite dosed into milk on an industrial scale, at concentrations extreme for unintentional residues, produced monochloramine, but, without pH adjustment, hypochlorite alone did not generate semicarbazide."( Semicarbazide is non-specific as a marker metabolite to reveal nitrofurazone abuse as it can form under Hofmann conditions.
Bendall, JG, 2009)		0.35
"(13)C-urea may be a suitable marker to assess the in vivo fate of colon-targeted dosage forms given by mouth."( Proof-of-concept study on the suitability of 13C-urea as a marker substance for assessment of in vivo behaviour of oral colon-targeted dosage forms.
Boer, T; Frijlink, HW; Kosterink, JG; Langenberg, SM; Olsder, GG; Schellekens, RC; Stellaard, F; Woerdenbag, HJ, 2009)		1.09
"In this proof-of-concept study, (13)C-urea was able to provide information on both the release kinetics of a colon-targeted oral dosage form and the gastrointestinal segment where it was released."( Proof-of-concept study on the suitability of 13C-urea as a marker substance for assessment of in vivo behaviour of oral colon-targeted dosage forms.
Boer, T; Frijlink, HW; Kosterink, JG; Langenberg, SM; Olsder, GG; Schellekens, RC; Stellaard, F; Woerdenbag, HJ, 2009)		0.88
" After topical dosing to the eye in a steroid induced mouse model of ocular hypertension, the compounds reduce intraocular pressure to baseline levels."( Novel class of LIM-kinase 2 inhibitors for the treatment of ocular hypertension and associated glaucoma.
Allen, J; Almstead, ZY; Courtney, LF; Crist, M; Crosson, CE; Gardyan, M; Gopinathan, S; Gu, KJ; Hamman, BD; Harrison, BA; Key, B; Kimball, SD; Liu, Q; Liu, Y; Mabon, R; McKnight, B; Patel, N; Rawlins, DB; Rice, DS; Voronkov, MV; Whitlock, NA; Wilson, AG; Yates, PW; Zhang, Y; Zhou, J, 2009)		0.35
"A PK/PD model was built that linked the dosing regimen of a compound to the inhibition of tumor growth in mouse xenograft models."( Preclinical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models to predict synergistic effects of co-administered anti-cancer agents.
Ashwell, S; Brassil, PJ; Dai, J; Garner, CE; Gönen, M; Goteti, K; Kern, SE; Moustakas, DT; Schwartz, GK; Utley, L; Zabludoff, S, 2010)		0.36
" When Model II was applied to the antitumor activity of irinotecan and flavopiridol combination therapy, the modeling was able to reproduce the optimal dosing interval between administrations of the compounds."( Preclinical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models to predict synergistic effects of co-administered anti-cancer agents.
Ashwell, S; Brassil, PJ; Dai, J; Garner, CE; Gönen, M; Goteti, K; Kern, SE; Moustakas, DT; Schwartz, GK; Utley, L; Zabludoff, S, 2010)		0.36
" The optimal dosage and duration have not been assessed."( Efficacy of four different moxifloxacin-based triple therapies for first-line H. pylori treatment.
Amitrano, M; Grossi, L; Manzoli, L; Marzio, L; Sacco, F; Spezzaferro, M, 2010)		0.36
"Body water volume (BWV) equals urea distribution volume (UDV), crucial for accurate calculation of dialysis dosage from urea clearance in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis."( [True body water volume in patients on peritoneal dialysis].
Jakić, M, )		0.42
" In day zero had been placed 12 engorged tick females in each lot and made fertilization with urea in the dosage of 60 g in the lots of the treat group."( [Effect of the urea fertilization in pasture on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)].
Bastianetto, E; Bello, AC; Da Cunha, AP; Dalla Rosa, RC; De Freitas, CM; Domingues, LN; Leite, RC; Martins, JR; Oliveira, PR; Ribeiro, AC; Wanderley, RP, 2008)		0.92
" By contrast, clinical neuropathy in mice following acute dosing with OPs or any other toxic compound has never been reported."( Organophosphates induce distal axonal damage, but not brain oedema, by inactivating neuropathy target esterase.
Cavanagh, JB; Chao, MV; Glynn, P; Li, Y; Read, DJ, 2010)		0.36
"BACKGROUND AND OBSERVATIONS: The current denominator for dosing dialysis is the urea distribution volume (V)."( Dose of dialysis based on body surface area is markedly less in younger children than in older adolescents.
Becker-Cohen, R; Daugirdas, JT; Hanna, MG; Langman, CB, 2010)		0.59
" It was able to inhibit the biomarker phosphorylation for 8h when dosed at 25 mg/kg iv."( 5-ureidobenzofuranone indoles as potent and efficacious inhibitors of PI3 kinase-alpha and mTOR for the treatment of breast cancer.
Anderson, JT; Ayral-Kaloustian, S; Brooijmans, N; Das, S; Hollander, I; Lucas, J; Mallon, R; Nguyen, T; Venkatesan, AM; Yu, K; Zhang, N, 2010)		0.36
" Dosing of diuretics is difficult in these patients."( Management of diuretic treatment: a challenge in the obese patient.
Jespersen, B; Lassen, CK, 2011)		0.37
" AR9281 pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics support a twice-daily or thrice-daily dosing regimen in patients."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of AR9281, an inhibitor of soluble epoxide hydrolase, in single- and multiple-dose studies in healthy human subjects.
Anandan, SK; Chen, D; Do, ZN; Gless, R; MacIntyre, E; Patel, DV; Sabry, J; Tran, V; Webb, HK; Whitcomb, R, 2012)		0.38
" Together these data support the clinical investigation of AZD7762 with gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer under a dosing schedule in which gemcitabine is administered concurrent with or before AZD7762 and in conjunction with skin biopsies to measure pS345 Chk1."( Assessment of chk1 phosphorylation as a pharmacodynamic biomarker of chk1 inhibition.
Arumugarajah, S; Brown, JL; Gross, M; Hassan, MC; Hylander-Gans, L; Lawrence, TS; Maybaum, J; Morgan, MA; Morosini, D; Parsels, JD; Parsels, LA; Qian, Y; Simeone, DM; Tanska, DM; Zabludoff, SD; Zhao, L, 2011)		0.37
" The proposed method provides more relevant screening conditions for solid dosage forms, and is useful in selecting optimal solid form(s), determining potential degradation products, and formulation screening during development."( A novel accelerated oxidative stability screening method for pharmaceutical solids.
George, KLST; Zhang, GGZ; Zhou, D; Zhu, DA, 2011)		0.37
" In short and long term studies, tolvaptane has been shown to be effective in raising serum sodium levels in a predictable fashion in patients with SIADH with only few side effects, when serum sodium was frequently monitored and dosage of tolvaptans was properly adjusted."( [Treatment of hyponatremia: new developments and controversies].
Hensen, J, 2011)		0.37
" Safety evaluations performed during 14- and 28-day visits which included in-clinic dosing and assessments at peak drug concentrations provided core data for the DMC review."( Application of adaptive design and decision making to a phase II trial of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the treatment of intermittent claudication.
Brass, EP; Connor, JT; Cooper, LT; Hiatt, WR; Lewis, RJ; Murphy, JR; Teerlink, JR, 2011)		0.37
" No statistically significant differences were observed in plasma phenylacetic acid and PAGN exposure during dosing with GPB vs."( Ammonia control in children with urea cycle disorders (UCDs); phase 2 comparison of sodium phenylbutyrate and glycerol phenylbutyrate.
Beliveau, M; Diaz, GA; Dickinson, K; Feigenbaum, A; Jomphe, C; Lichter-Konecki, U; Marier, JF; Martinez, A; Mauney, J; Merritt, JL; Mokhtarani, M; Rhead, W; Scharschmidt, B, 2011)		0.65
"The study aim was to investigate potential hypoglycemic (and hypolipidemic) activity of CS-extract after a single oral dose and after daily dosing for 30 days (sub-chronic study) in normal and obese-hyperglycemic-hyperlipidemic (OHH) Meriones shawi rats."( Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Coriandrum sativum L. in Meriones shawi rats.
Aissaoui, A; Israili, ZH; Lyoussi, B; Zizi, S, 2011)		0.37
" However, such dosing is often impractical; we assess the effectiveness of achievable slow regimens relative to steady dosing, using the single-pool approximation, applicable to slow regimens."( A method of comparison of different regimens for dialyzing single-pool solutes.
John, M; Leonard, EF, )		0.13
" Photoluminescence spectra manifested that the dosage and molecular weight of PEG are crucial for formation of vacancies and photocatalytic oxidation activities."( Synthesis of mesoporous β-Ga2O3 nanorods using PEG as template: preparation, characterization and photocatalytic properties.
Hao, R; Liu, F; Ren, D; Tan, M; Tang, J; Wang, Y; Yang, Y; Zhao, D; Zhao, W, 2011)		0.37
"Conventional bioavailability testing of dosage forms based on plasma concentration-time graphs of two products in a two-period, crossover-design, is not applicable to topical treatment of intestinal segments."( A non-invasive, low-cost study design to determine the release profile of colon drug delivery systems: a feasibility study.
Dijkstra, G; Frijlink, HW; Kosterink, JG; Maurer, MJ; Schellekens, RC; Stellaard, F; Woerdenbag, HJ; Wutzke, KD, 2012)		0.38
"Although selective beta-1 adrenoceptor antagonists are known to provide neuroprotective effects after brain ischemia, dose-response relationships of their neuroprotective effects have not been examined."( Neuroprotective effects of selective β-1 adrenoceptor antagonists, landiolol and esmolol, on transient forebrain ischemia in rats; a dose-response study.
Goyagi, T; Horiguchi, T; Masaki, Y; Nishikawa, T; Tobe, Y, 2012)		0.38
" Hydroxyurea, at the dosage of 500-1000 mg/day, was being administered to 28."( Evaluation of renal function in sickle cell disease patients in Brazil.
Bem, AX; Costa, CM; Costa, R; Daher, EF; Figueiredo Filho, AC; Guedes, AL; Libório, AB; Lopes Filho, AS; Silva Junior, GB; Souza, JH; Vieira, AP, 2012)		0.81
" Further study is needed to determine whether these results concerning mechanism and dosage can be the basis for prevention of the development of CIS in at risk populations."( Prevention of the phencyclidine-induced impairment in novel object recognition in female rats by co-administration of lurasidone or tandospirone, a 5-HT(1A) partial agonist.
Adelekun, AE; Hannaway, KE; Horiguchi, M; Jayathilake, K; Meltzer, HY, 2012)		0.38
"2 kg of glucose and 240 or 480 g of casein dosed ruminally once daily."( Effects of ruminal casein and glucose on forage digestion and urea kinetics in beef cattle.
Anderson, DE; Bailey, EA; Brake, DW; Jones, ML; Olson, KC; Titgemeyer, EC, 2012)		0.62
" Energy treatments included a control, 600 g glucose dosed ruminally once daily, and 480 g VFA infused ruminally over 8 h daily."( Effects of supplemental energy and protein on forage digestion and urea kinetics in growing beef cattle.
Anderson, DE; Bailey, EA; Brake, DW; Jones, ML; Olson, KC; Titgemeyer, EC, 2012)		0.62
" Depending on the dosage form administered in in vivo studies, a solution or a suspension was placed in the gastric compartment."( An in vitro methodology for forecasting luminal concentrations and precipitation of highly permeable lipophilic weak bases in the fasted upper small intestine.
Busby, D; Butler, J; Dressman, J; Psachoulias, D; Reppas, C; Symillides, M; Vertzoni, M, 2012)		0.38
" As repeated drug dosing can have differential effects and is more clinically relevant than acute dosing, in the current study we examined the effects of repeated SB-334867 on cocaine self-administration, extinction, and reinstatement to cocaine seeking in Sprague-Dawley rats."( Repeated orexin 1 receptor antagonism effects on cocaine seeking in rats.
Aston-Jones, G; Do, PH; See, RE; Smith, RJ; Zhou, L, 2012)		0.38
" Variability of urea distribution volume, urea generation, and treatment schedule, for instance, complicates dialysis dosing in the latter group although progress has been made in our understanding of their needs."( Hemodialysis adequacy and the hospitalized end-stage renal disease patient--raising awareness.
Kanagasundaram, NS, )		0.48
" We tested SB 334867 in three doses (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg), TCS-OX2-29 in two doses (5 and 10 mg/kg) and morphine with highest effective dose based on our dose-response experiment (5 mg/kg)."( The differential effects of OX1R and OX2R selective antagonists on morphine conditioned place preference in naïve versus morphine-dependent mice.
Dehpour, AR; Esmaeili, B; Ghaffarpour, M; Javadi-Paydar, M; Mirbaha, H; Motiei-Langroudi, R; Tabaeizadeh, M; Tahsili-Fahadan, P, 2013)		0.39
" Secondary analyses found a dose-response between prescribed session length and survival."( Shorter length dialysis sessions are associated with increased mortality, independent of body weight.
Brunelli, SM; Curhan, GC; Flythe, JE, 2013)		0.39
" However, rapid metabolism and shorter half-life of drug mandate higher dose and frequent dosing schedule which subsequently results into higher toxicity."( Site specific/targeted delivery of gemcitabine through anisamide anchored chitosan/poly ethylene glycol nanoparticles: an improved understanding of lung cancer therapeutic intervention.
Campbell, C; Dwivedi, P; Garg, NK; Tyagi, RK, 2012)		0.38
" On the other hand, the effects of cilostazol on MCA occlusion time and cerebral infarct size are relatively weak even at the high dosage of 300 mg/kg."( K-134, a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, prevents brain damage by inhibiting thrombus formation in a rat cerebral infarction model.
Asanuma, A; Ashikawa, Y; Hidaka, H; Inoue, Y; Itoh, S; Nakagawa, T; Tanabe, S; Yoshida, H, 2012)		0.38
" It might be related to the low dosage of our probiotic regimen and/or high frequency of upper gastrointestinal adverse effects which in turn could decrease the eradication efficacy."( The effects of multistrain probiotic compound on bismuth-containing quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: a randomized placebo-controlled triple-blind study.
Gholamrezaei, A; Hashemi, H; Khodadoostan, M; Minakari, M; Shavakhi, A; Shavakhi, S; Tabesh, E; Tabesh, F; Yaghoutkar, A, 2013)		0.39
" Ten milligram per millilitre intranasal SB-705498, dosed 24 h prior to capsaicin challenge produced a 52% reduction in secretory response."( Effect of the TRPV1 antagonist SB-705498 on the nasal parasympathetic reflex response in the ovalbumin sensitized guinea pig.
Biggadike, K; Busza, A; Campbell, S; Changani, K; Coe, D; Denyer, J; Dinnewell, L; Hotee, S; Lines, M; Pindoria, K; Saklatvala, P; Thompson, SA; Vitulli, G, 2013)		0.39
" Secondary analyses demonstrated dose-response relationships between both and mortality."( Disentangling the ultrafiltration rate-mortality association: the respective roles of session length and weight gain.
Brunelli, SM; Curhan, GC; Flythe, JE, 2013)		0.39
" Compound 50 also showed excellent in vivo antitumor efficacy when dosed orally in an A2780 ovarian tumor xenograft model (TGI of 97% was observed on day 17)."( Structure-based identification of ureas as novel nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) inhibitors.
Bair, KW; Bauer, P; Baumeister, T; Buckmelter, AJ; Caligiuri, M; Clodfelter, KH; Dragovich, PS; Gunzner-Toste, J; Han, B; Ho, YC; Kley, N; Lin, J; Oh, A; Reynolds, DJ; Sharma, G; Smith, CC; Wang, W; Wang, Z; Yuen, PW; Zak, M; Zhao, G; Zheng, X, 2013)		0.67
" Oral dosing of this drug at 50 mg daily in maintenance hemodialysis patients provides a safe drug concentration compatible with that of healthy subjects orally receiving 100 mg daily."( Dialyzability and pharmacokinetics of sitafloxacin following multiple oral dosing in infected hemodialysis patients.
Hayasaka, T; Saito, T; Tsuruoka, S; Yamagata, K; Yokota, N, 2013)		0.39
" SB-705498 was well tolerated and pharmacokinetics exposure results supported the dosing regimen."( The effects of a TRPV1 antagonist, SB-705498, in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Bareille, P; Bentley, J; Denyer, J; Horak, F; Lemell, P; Murdoch, RD; Smart, K; Yarnall, K; Zieglmayer, P; Zieglmayer, R, 2013)		0.39
" New insight has been gained regarding volume management, including dosing strategies for intravenous loop diuretics and the role of ultrafiltration in patients with heart failure and renal dysfunction."( Acute decompensated heart failure: update on new and emerging evidence and directions for future research.
Albert, NM; Butler, J; Carson, PE; Collins, SP; Colvin-Adams, M; Dimarco, JP; Ezekowitz, JA; Fang, JC; Givertz, MM; Hernandez, AF; Hershberger, RE; Katz, SD; Krishnamani, R; Rogers, JG; Spertus, JA; Starling, RC; Stevenson, WG; Stough, WG; Sweitzer, NK; Tang, WH; Teerlink, JR; Walsh, MN; Westlake Canary, CA, 2013)		0.39
"The purpose of this study was to find a safe dosing regimen for landiolol, an ultra-short-acting β-adrenergic blocking agent, to rapidly control supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVTs) in patients with heart failure (HF)."( Novel use of the ultra-short-acting intravenous β1-selective blocker landiolol for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with congestive heart failure.
Adachi, T; Aonuma, K; Baba, M; Hasegawa, T; Hiraya, D; Hoshi, T; Kuroki, K; Sato, A, 2014)		0.4
"5 to 12 mg and of repeat dosing with 6 mg and 12 mg twice daily for 14 days and (ii) a PD efficacy study in subjects with non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) to evaluate the effect of 12 mg intranasal SB-705498 against nasal capsaicin challenge."( Inhibition of capsaicin-driven nasal hyper-reactivity by SB-705498, a TRPV1 antagonist.
Beerahee, M; Denyer, J; Fokkens, W; Holland, C; Newlands, A; Segboer, C; Smart, K; Terreehorst, I; Tsitoura, DC; van Drunen, C, 2014)		0.4
"Single and repeat dosing with intranasal SB-705498 was safe and well tolerated."( Inhibition of capsaicin-driven nasal hyper-reactivity by SB-705498, a TRPV1 antagonist.
Beerahee, M; Denyer, J; Fokkens, W; Holland, C; Newlands, A; Segboer, C; Smart, K; Terreehorst, I; Tsitoura, DC; van Drunen, C, 2014)		0.4
" Especially, with regard to topical dosage forms, however, hydrotropic solubilization can provide valuable alternatives to establish solubilization approaches."( Correlation of hydrotropic solubilization by urea with logD of drug molecules and utilization of this effect for topical formulations.
Evers, DH; Herbig, ME, 2013)		0.65
" Until now ColoPulse dosage forms (only capsules) have been studied in healthy volunteers having a standardized breakfast three hours after administration but not in specific patient groups and not with a shorter interval between administration and breakfast."( ColoPulse tablets perform comparably in healthy volunteers and Crohn's patients and show no influence of food and time of food intake on bioavailability.
Buurman, DJ; Dijkstra, G; Frijlink, HW; Kosterink, JG; Maurer, JM; Schellekens, RC; Stellaard, F; van Rieke, HM; Woerdenbag, HJ; Wutzke, KD, 2013)		0.39
"In standard regimens for Helicobacter pylori infection, amoxicillin is dosed twice daily, although the bactericidal effect of amoxicillin depends on the %time-above-MIC."( Effect of dosing schemes of amoxicillin on eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori with amoxicillin-based triple therapy.
Furuta, T; Ichikawa, H; Osawa, S; Sahara, S; Sugimoto, K; Sugimoto, M; Umemura, K; Uotani, T; Watanabe, H; Yamada, T; Yamade, M, 2014)		0.4
" Eradication rates in regimens with tid and qid dosing of amoxicillin were higher than those of regimens with the bid dosing of amoxicillin."( Effect of dosing schemes of amoxicillin on eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori with amoxicillin-based triple therapy.
Furuta, T; Ichikawa, H; Osawa, S; Sahara, S; Sugimoto, K; Sugimoto, M; Umemura, K; Uotani, T; Watanabe, H; Yamada, T; Yamade, M, 2014)		0.4
"The dosing scheme of amoxicillin significantly influenced eradication rates of triple therapies."( Effect of dosing schemes of amoxicillin on eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori with amoxicillin-based triple therapy.
Furuta, T; Ichikawa, H; Osawa, S; Sahara, S; Sugimoto, K; Sugimoto, M; Umemura, K; Uotani, T; Watanabe, H; Yamada, T; Yamade, M, 2014)		0.4
"Haemodialysis dosing is traditionally based on urea clearance (Kt/V)."( The effects of racial differences on body composition and total body water measured by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis influence delivered Kt/V dialysis dosing.
Davenport, A; Khosravi, M; Kumar, S; Massart, A; Potluri, M, 2013)		0.65
" MF-BIA assessments of body water should be evaluated as a method for dosing dialysis patients."( The effects of racial differences on body composition and total body water measured by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis influence delivered Kt/V dialysis dosing.
Davenport, A; Khosravi, M; Kumar, S; Massart, A; Potluri, M, 2013)		0.39
" Once daily oral dosing of lead compound 3 demonstrated sustained antitumor efficacy in A549 human non-small-cell lung cancer xenograft model."( Identification of type II inhibitors targeting BRAF using privileged pharmacophores.
Chen, X; He, Y; Wang, F; Wang, J; You, Q; Zhang, Q; Zhou, H, 2014)		0.4
"1 years after narlaprevir dosing in two patients in 5% and 45% of the viral population."( Evolutionary dynamics of hepatitis C virus NS3 protease domain during and following treatment with narlaprevir, a potent NS3 protease inhibitor.
Bergmann, JF; de Bruijne, J; de Knegt, RJ; Hughes, E; Janssen, HL; Molenkamp, R; Rebers, SP; Reesink, HW; Schinkel, J; Thomas, XV; Treitel, MA; Weegink, CJ, 2013)		0.39
" Reconstituted Ki was administered at a dosage of 900mgkg(-1) (high dose), 300mgkg(-1) with a control group receiving an equivalent volume of distilled water (as vehicle) by gastric lavage."( Short-term administration of an aqueous extract of kalanchoe integra var. crenata (Andr.) Cuf leaves produces no major organ damage in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Antwi, DA; Asiedu-Gyekye, IJ; Awortwe, C; N'guessan, BB; Nyarko, AK, 2014)		0.4
"To assess whether the dosage of Shenmai injection influences renal function."( [Based on hospital information system data, analysis of effects of different doses of shenmai injection on renal function].
Jiang, JJ; Tang, H; Xie, YM; Yang, H; Zhuang, Y, 2013)		0.39
" SB-705498 was well tolerated and pharmacokinetics analysis supported the dosing regimen."( TRPV1 inhibition does not prevent cold dry air-elicited symptoms in non-allergic rhinitis.
Bareille, P; Bentley, J; Denyer, J; Murdoch, RD; Newlands, A; Patel, D; Smart, K; Yarnall, K, 2014)		0.4
" Toxicity assessment studies with this model showed an increased sensitivity in identifying hepatotoxic compounds with repeated dosing regimens."( A 3D in vitro model of differentiated HepG2 cell spheroids with improved liver-like properties for repeated dose high-throughput toxicity studies.
Commandeur, JN; den Braver, MW; Herpers, B; Price, LS; Ramaiahgari, SC; Terpstra, V; van de Water, B, 2014)		0.4
" When dosed orally, 4-trifluoromethyl-7-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylindolinyl analogue 4 was highly efficacious in a model of arterial thrombosis in rats with limited bleeding."( 4-Benzothiazole-7-hydroxyindolinyl diaryl ureas are potent P2Y1 antagonists with favorable pharmacokinetics: low clearance and small volume of distribution.
Bostwick, JS; Chacko, SA; Clark, CG; Everlof, G; Han, Y; Hiebert, S; Hu, CH; Hua, J; Huang, CS; Lam, PY; Li, YX; Price, LA; Qiao, JX; Rehfuss, R; Schumacher, WA; Seiffert, DA; Shen, H; Spronk, SA; Steinbacher, TE; Wang, TC; Wexler, RR, 2014)		0.67
"6) % was achieved on prescribed metformin dosage of 2550 (2000-2550) mg per day."( The role of genetic factors and kidney and liver function in glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients on long-term metformin and sulphonylurea cotreatment.
Dolžan, V; Goričar, K; Janež, A; Klen, J, 2014)		0.6
" Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the dose-response effect of intravenous arginine supplementation in post-absorptive patients with septic shock on arginine-NO and protein metabolism and on global and regional haemodynamics."( Arginine infusion in patients with septic shock increases nitric oxide production without haemodynamic instability.
Deutz, NE; Luiking, YC; Poeze, M, 2015)		0.42
" There was no correlation between lithemia, usage time and dosage of LC."( Evaluation of parathyroid function and mineral metabolism in psychiatric patients using lithium salts.
Aguiar-Oliveira, MH; Campos Neto, IA; Oliveira, TC; Pereira, Fde A, 2014)		0.4
"The beneficial effect of L-arginine (L-Arg) supplementation, on the physiology of several species, has generated an interest in the use of L-Arg as a nutraceutical in horses, but dosage and absorption of orally supplemented L-Arg must be inferred from other species."( Orally supplemented L-arginine impairs amino acid absorption depending on dose in horses.
Kelley, DE; Mortensen, CJ; Warren, LK, 2014)		0.4
" iMPCCs, created in industry-standard 96-well plates, were treated for 6 days with a set of 47 drugs, and multiple functional endpoints (albumin, urea, ATP) were evaluated in dosed cultures against vehicle-only controls to enable binary toxicity decisions."( Prediction of Drug-Induced Liver Injury in Micropatterned Co-cultures Containing iPSC-Derived Human Hepatocytes.
Berger, DR; Khetani, SR; Ware, BR, 2015)		0.62
" The dose-response curve of eGFR over protein intake is unknown."( Population-based dose-response curve of glomerular filtration rate to dietary protein intake.
Bilancio, G; Cavallo, P; Cirillo, M; Lombardi, C; Zanchetti, A; Zingone, F, 2015)		0.42
"5 mg dosed every 8, 12, and 24 hours) showed that a pharmacodynamic effect (delta SET ≥20 milliseconds) could be maintained in the absence of excessive omecamtiv mecarbil plasma concentrations."( Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of omecamtiv mecarbil, a cardiac myosin activator, in healthy volunteers and patients with stable heart failure.
Chow, AT; Ma, P; Malik, FI; Vu, T; Wang, YM; Xiao, JJ, 2015)		0.42
" A dose-response experiment was conducted to estimate the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Leu to Lys ratio required for the maximum growth of young pigs after weaning."( The optimum ratio of standardized ileal digestible leucine to lysine for 8 to 12 kg female pigs.
Corrent, E; Nørgaard, JV; Poulsen, HD; Sloth, NM; Soumeh, EA; van Milgen, J, 2015)		0.42
" In conclusion, feeding EN to beef heifers lowered enteric methane production in a dose-response manner, which slightly increased energy supply."( Effects of encapsulated nitrate on enteric methane production and nitrogen and energy utilization in beef heifers.
Araujo, RC; Beauchemin, KA; Koenig, KM; Lee, C, 2015)		0.42
" Firstly, formulations of indomethacin and nicotinamide in varying weight ratios were studied since novel tablet dosage forms containing multi-drugs are of industrial interest."( Comparison of pharmaceutical formulations: ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging to study drug-carrier interactions.
Biggart, GD; Clarke, GS; Ewing, AV; Hale, CR; Kazarian, SG, 2015)		0.42
" This study will provide essential dosing information for the requisite phase III trials which will investigate whether the beneficial effects of omecamtiv mecarbil translate into improved clinical outcomes."( Omecamtiv mecarbil: a new cardiac myosin activator for the treatment of heart failure.
Dorhout, B; Liu, LC; Teerlink, JR; van der Meer, P; Voors, AA, 2016)		0.43
" Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that oral dosing of t-CUPM resulted in higher blood levels than that of sorafenib throughout the complete time course (48 h)."( Inhibition of mutant KrasG12D-initiated murine pancreatic carcinoma growth by a dual c-Raf and soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor t-CUPM.
Hammock, BD; Hwang, SH; Li, H; Liao, J; Liu, JY; Wecksler, AT; Yang, GY; Yang, J; Yang, Y, 2016)		0.43
" The degradation of BDE-47 over the composite oxide prepared at a urea dosage of 3 mmol generated BDE-17 as the major isomer product, followed by BDE-28/33, -30, and -32, among the tribromodiphenyl ethers (tri-BDEs)."( Thermal degradation of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) over synthesized Fe-Al composite oxide.
Huang, X; Li, B; Li, Q; Miao, X; Su, G; Yang, F; Zhao, Y; Zheng, M, 2016)		0.67
" Supplemental RDP (casein plus NPN) was ruminally dosed twice daily, and RUP supply (casein) was continuously infused abomasally."( Effects of varying ruminally undegradable protein supplementation on forage digestion, nitrogen metabolism, and urea kinetics in Nellore cattle fed low-quality tropical forage.
Batista, ED; Detmann, E; Paulino, MF; Prates, LL; Rennó, LN; Titgemeyer, EC; Valadares Filho, SC; Valadares, RF, 2016)		0.65
" The experimental setup provided evidence that the cell environment has significant influence on cell sensitivity and that liver spheroid is a useful and novel tool to examine nanoparticle dosing effect even at the level of in vitro studies."( Development of complex-shaped liver multicellular spheroids as a human-based model for nanoparticle toxicity assessment in vitro.
Dubiak-Szepietowska, M; Feller, KH; Jönsson-Niedziółka, M; Karczmarczyk, A; Winckler, T, 2016)		0.43
" However, results have to be interpreted with caution given the lack of full recovery of dosed (15)N urea at time of injection."( Influence of milk urea concentration on fractional urea disappearance rate from milk to blood plasma in dairy cows.
Bannink, A; Dijkstra, J; Spek, JW, 2016)		0.98
" Histopathological and biochemical alterations of post-UN dosing in comparison to control were evaluated."( Biochemical and histopathological responses of the Swiss albino mice treated with uranyl nitrate and its recovery.
Arun, AB; Dinesh, U; Rekha, PD; Sangeetha Vijayan, P, 2016)		0.43
" Based on our results, we recommend a dosage of 10 g Ca(OH)2 L(-1) of fresh urine to ensure solid Ca(OH)2 always remains in the urine reactor which ensures sufficiently high pH values."( A novel approach for stabilizing fresh urine by calcium hydroxide addition.
Köpping, I; Krähenbühl, M; Larsen, TA; Randall, DG; Udert, KM, 2016)		0.43
" It was performed right nephrectomy, stereological and morphometric analysis of the renal tissue (renal volume and weight, density of volume (Vv[glom]) and numerical density (Nv[glom]) of the renal glomeruli and average glomerular volume (Vol[glom])) and also it was evaluated the renal function for the dosage of serum creatinine and urea."( Quantitative analysis of the renal aging in rats. Stereological study.
Fraga, Rd; Martins, EL; Melchioretto, EF; Veronez, DA; Zeni, M, 2016)		0.61
" CVL antiviral EC50 values were calculated using a dose-response inhibition analysis."( First-in-Human Trial of MIV-150 and Zinc Acetate Coformulated in a Carrageenan Gel: Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Acceptability, Adherence, and Pharmacodynamics.
Alami, M; Creasy, GW; Fernández-Romero, JA; Friedland, BA; Hoesley, CJ; Hoskin, E; Katzen, LL; Kleinbeck, KR; Novak, L; Plagianos, M; Teleshova, N; Zhang, S; Zydowsky, TM, 2016)		0.43
" Both biochemical and morphological studies clearly revealed that chrysin protects against cell injury induced by ammonia intoxication in a dose-response manner with respect to endogenous antioxidants and hypoammonemic effects."( Chrysin, a flavonoid attenuates histological changes of hyperammonemic rats: A dose dependent study.
Ramakrishnan, A; Renuka, M; Vijayakumar, N, 2016)		0.43
" Landiolol was infused with a dosage of 5 μg/kg/min during general anesthesia in the landiolol group, which was compared with the placebo control group with no landiolol."( Landiolol infusion during general anesthesia does not prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing lung resection.
Aoyama, H; Aoyama, Y; Otsuka, Y, 2016)		0.43
" Clarke) has been used by Unani physicians since ancient times in retention of urine, renal and bladder calculi, nephritis and other associated disorders in different dosage forms."( Antilithiatic effect of Peucedanum grande C. B. Clarke in chemically induced urolithiasis in rats.
Bano, H; Husain, S; Jahan, N; Kumar, BN; Makbul, SA; Sofi, G; Wadud, A, 2016)		0.43
"Omecamtiv mecarbil dosing guided by pharmacokinetics achieved plasma concentrations associated with improved cardiac function and decreased ventricular diameter."( Chronic Oral Study of Myosin Activation to Increase Contractility in Heart Failure (COSMIC-HF): a phase 2, pharmacokinetic, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.
Adams, KF; Cleland, JG; Ezekowitz, JA; Felker, GM; Goudev, A; Honarpour, N; Johnston, J; Macdonald, P; Malik, FI; McMurray, JJ; Metra, M; Mitrovic, V; Monsalvo, ML; Ponikowski, P; Serpytis, P; Solomon, SD; Spinar, J; Teerlink, JR; Tomcsányi, J; Vandekerckhove, HJ; Voors, AA, 2016)		0.43
"This study investigates whether the toxicity in kidneys as well as oxidative stress varied according to the dosing time of an immunosuppressive agent "mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)" in Wistar Rat."( Dosing-time dependent oxidative effects of an immunosuppressive drug "Mycophenolate Mofetil" on rat kidneys.
Aouam, K; Ben-Attia, M; Ben-Cherif, W; Boughattas, NA; Chahdoura, H; Dridi, I; Haouas, Z; Reinberg, A, 2017)		0.46
"For adults, GFR was a significant predictor of clearance, whilst body-weight based dosing was more useful than BSA in determining the drug exposure in children."( A population pharmacokinetic model of AT9283 in adults and children to predict the maximum tolerated dose in children with leukaemia.
Boddy, AV; Duong, JK; Edwards, D; Griffin, MJ; Hargrave, D; Vormoor, J, 2017)		0.46
" The combination can reduce dosage of AMG by almost twenty times, paving the way for effective protein glycation inhibition without toxicity."( Effective inhibition of protein glycation by combinatorial usage of limonene and aminoguanidine through differential and synergistic mechanisms.
Arvindekar, AU; Bavkar, LN; Joglekar, MM; Sistla, S, 2017)		0.46
"We propose an adaptation of a maintenance dialysis parameter (standard Kt/V) as a benchmark to supplement effluent-based dosing of CRRT."( Quantification and Dosing of Renal Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury: A Reappraisal.
Clark, WR; Leblanc, M; Ricci, Z; Ronco, C, 2017)		0.46
" Modification of the isoindoline and/or the terminal functionality of screening hit 5 provided inhibitors such as 52 and 58 with nanomolar antiproliferative activity and preclinical pharmacokinetics properties which enabled potent antitumor activity when dosed orally in mouse xenograft models."( SAR and characterization of non-substrate isoindoline urea inhibitors of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT).
Aguirre, AL; Algire, MA; Badagnani, I; Buchanan, FG; Cheng, D; Cheng, M; Chiang, GG; Clark, RF; Curtin, ML; Doherty, GA; Frey, RR; Guo, J; Hansen, TM; Heyman, HR; Korepanova, AV; Kovar, PJ; Longenecker, KL; Maag, D; Marin, VL; Michaelides, MR; Pliushchev, MA; Raich, D; Richardson, PL; Sarris, KA; Shrestha, A; Soni, NB; Sorensen, BK; Sweis, RF; Tse, C; Tu, N; Vasudevan, A; Wilsbacher, JL; Woller, K, 2017)		0.7
"01) with EN in a dose-response manner, but total blood methemoglobin levels for all treatments were low, below the detection limit."( Effects of encapsulated nitrate on growth performance, carcass characteristics, nitrate residues in tissues, and enteric methane emissions in beef steers: Finishing phase.
Araujo, RC; Beauchemin, KA; Koenig, KM; Lee, C, 2017)		0.46
" CPF inhibited ChE activity in spleen and liver (all dosages) and in brain (highest dosage only)."( Inhibition of Endocannabinoid-Metabolizing Enzymes in Peripheral Tissues Following Developmental Chlorpyrifos Exposure in Rats.
Alugubelly, N; Buntyn, RW; Carr, RL; Hybart, RL; Mohammed, AN; Nail, CA; Parker, GC; Ross, MK, )		0.13
"Limited systematic data are available on prescription and dosing of haemodialysis (HD) in children and adolescents compared with adults."( Age- and weight-based differences in haemodialysis prescription and delivery in children, adolescents and young adults.
Gotta, V; Marsenic, O; Pfister, M, 2018)		0.48
" No information is available on dose-response effects of Mn on putrescine abundance and related polyamine metabolism."( Putrescine as indicator of manganese neurotoxicity: Dose-response study in human SH-SY5Y cells.
Chandler, JD; Fernandes, J; Go, YM; Jones, DP; Liu, KH; Uppal, K, 2018)		0.48
" 67% abdominal obesity was found, decreasing at 53% after drinking the established dosage of juice."( Effect of consumption of tree tomato juice (Cyphomandra betacea) on lipid profile and glucose con centrations in adults with hyperlipidemia, Ecuador.
Barahona, A; Bermeo, B; Chtivez, C; Freire, P; Mndez, J; Ortiz, K; Salas, H; Salazar-Lugo, R; Santamaria, M, 2016)		0.43
" Animals were dosed orally for 4 weeks with either strontium chloride or barium chloride or combined."( Biodistribution of strontium and barium in the developing and mature skeleton of rats.
Chapman, LD; Cooper, DML; Panahifar, A; Samadi, N; Weber, L, 2019)		0.51
" Since the achievement and maintenance of optimum therapeutic levels of β-lactam antibiotics is critical for the resolution of many infectious clinical situations, and to avoid antibiotic resistance generation, the design of new non-aqueous dosage forms is urgent."( A Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Formulated to Stabilize β-Lactam Antibiotics.
Calderón, C; M Munita, J; Martínez, F; Olivares, B; R Campodonico, P; Rivas, L, 2018)		0.48
" Constant rate infusion at a conventional dosage of 1 mg/kg/min cannot maintain these effects in dogs with normal renal function, because mannitol concentration decreases rapidly."( Sequential changes in urine production, glomerular filtration rate, and electrolyte excretion after mannitol administration.
Cowgill, LD; Kirby, J; Segev, G; Stafford, C, 2019)		0.51
" The results indicate that this approach is adequate for the design of eco-compatible starch-based composite materials for urea dosage in soil based on cassava starch and bagasse."( Eco-compatible cassava starch films for fertilizer controlled-release.
García, MA; Urriza, M; Versino, F, 2019)		0.72
" Inhalation therapy would be more economical and allow more frequent dosing with a potentially lower level of drug."( Multiorgan microfluidic platform with breathable lung chamber for inhalation or intravenous drug screening and development.
Chen, CY; Gao, E; Miller, PG; Shuler, ML; Wang, YI, 2020)		0.56
" Significantly, we demonstrate a wide variation in temporal delivery and dosing within this family of PEUs and show that the delivery can be extended by varying the film thickness."( Antibiotic eluting poly(ester urea) films for control of a model cardiac implantable electronic device infection.
Barton, HA; Becker, ML; Everitt, JI; Nettleton, K; Nikam, SP, 2020)		0.85
"It is important to calculate the drug removal by hemodialysis (HD) for drug dosing regimens in HD patients."( In vivo evaluation of drug dialyzability in a rat model of hemodialysis.
Fukunaga, M; Hagiwara, S; Hirata, S; Ito, H; Kadowaki, D; Maruyama, T; Mori, M; Narita, Y; Otagiri, M; Saruwatari, J; Taguchi, K; Tanaka, R; Watanabe, H; Yamasaki, K, 2020)		0.56
" Nevanimibe hydrochloride (ATR-101), which selectively inhibits adrenal cortex function, might reduce androgen excess independent of ACTH and thus allow for lower glucocorticoid dosing in CAH."( A Phase 2, Multicenter Study of Nevanimibe for the Treatment of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.
Auchus, RJ; Chang, AY; El-Maouche, D; Joyal, EG; Lin, VH; Merke, DP; Mohideen, P; Plaunt, MR; Turcu, AF; Vogiatzi, MG; Weintraub, L, 2020)		0.56
" Significantly, the application of U-ACP allowed a considerable reduction of nitrogen dosage to maintain the quality of the harvest, thereby mitigating the environmental impact."( Towards a more sustainable viticulture: foliar application of N-doped calcium phosphate nanoparticles on Tempranillo grapes.
Carmona, FJ; Delgado-López, JM; Garde-Cerdán, T; Guagliardi, A; Martínez-Vidaurre, JM; Masciocchi, N; Pérez-Álvarez, EP; Ramírez-Rodríguez, GB, 2021)		0.62
" SAstdKt/V is a better parameter in defining hemodialysis dosing which can be calculated by an available online tool."( The association of standard Kt/V and surface area-normalized standard Kt/V with clinical outcomes in hemodialysis patients.
Chan, L; Chaudhary, K; Chauhan, K; Coca, SG; El Shamy, O; Nadkarni, GN; Pattharanitima, P; Sharma, S; Uribarri, J, 2020)		0.56
" Blood samples were collected up to 144 hours after dosing following administration of OM on days 1 and 9 to characterize plasma concentrations of OM."( Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction Study of Omecamtiv Mecarbil With Omeprazole, a Proton Pump Inhibitor, in Healthy Subjects.
Abbasi, S; Dutta, S; Flach, S; Jafarinasabian, P; Lee, E; Sohn, W; Terminello, B; Trivedi, A; Zhang, H, 2022)		0.72
" In the pre-precipitation mixing process, the optimal standing time and dosage of the bio-cement slurry prepared by the bio-mineralization method were 6 h and 30%, respectively."( Mechanical properties of bio-cementation materials in pre-precipitation mixing process.
Wang, J; Wang, Z; Yu, X, 2022)		0.72
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were summarised by dosing periods and compared descriptively."( Ripretinib intrapatient dose escalation after disease progression provides clinically meaningful outcomes in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour.
Chi, P; Ganjoo, K; Gelderblom, H; George, S; Gordon, MS; Heinrich, MC; Janku, F; Jennings, J; Jones, RL; Meade, J; Razak, AA; Ruiz-Soto, R; Shi, K; Somaiah, N; Su, Y; Trent, J; von Mehren, M, 2021)		0.62
"OM showed consistent and predictable pharmacokinetics after multiple dosing in Japanese subjects."( Pharmacokinetics, Tolerability, and Safety of Single and Multiple Omecamtiv Mecarbil Doses in Healthy Japanese and Caucasian Subjects.
Abbasi, S; Aoki, M; Dutta, S; Hutton, S; Lee, E; Mackowski, M; Malik, FI; Trivedi, A, 2021)		0.62
"Hand-foot syndrome (HFS) is a specific adverse effect of certain chemotherapy that may lead to dosage reduction or chemotherapy discontinuation in patients with cancer."( Effect of Urea Cream on Hand-Foot Syndrome in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy: A Meta-analysis.
Huang, TW; Lan, TC; Tam, KW; Tsou, PH, )		0.53
" Of them, the GAC-PMS system could completely remove urea at the least oxidant (1 g/L) and catalyst dosage (0."( Urea removal in reclaimed water used for ultrapure water production by spent coffee biochar/granular activated carbon activating peroxymonosulfate and peroxydisulfate.
Guo, W; Hao Ngo, H; Long, T; Sun, F; Wang, X; Yang, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, X, 2022)		2.41
" The compound was also well-tolerated in a first-in-human oral dosing study in healthy and older volunteers with a favorable, dose-dependent pharmacokinetic profile."( The Compound ATH434 Prevents Alpha-Synuclein Toxicity in a Murine Model of Multiple System Atrophy.
Adlard, PA; Barnham, KJ; Billings, JL; Cherny, RA; Finkelstein, DI; Saleh, E; Shukla, JJ; Stefanova, N, 2022)		0.72
" The starting dosage of 20 mg of pimavanserin or placebo could be adjusted to 34 mg or 10 mg within the first 8 weeks of the study, after which dosage remained stable until the end of the study."( Pimavanserin for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: results from the ADVANCE phase 2 randomised, placebo-controlled trial in North America and Europe.
Abbs, B; Arango, C; Bugarski-Kirola, D; Fava, M; Liu, IY; Nasrallah, H; Stankovic, S, 2022)		0.72
" However, given the small effect size, further investigation with optimised dosing is warranted to determine the clinical significance of this effect."( Pimavanserin for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: results from the ADVANCE phase 2 randomised, placebo-controlled trial in North America and Europe.
Abbs, B; Arango, C; Bugarski-Kirola, D; Fava, M; Liu, IY; Nasrallah, H; Stankovic, S, 2022)		0.72
" Landiolol was effective in terms of rate control and haemodynamics optimization, enabling de-escalation of catecholamine dosing in all patients."( Effect of landiolol in patients with tachyarrhythmias and acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF): a case series.
Colombo, C; Ditali, V; Garatti, L; Morici, N; Oliva, F; Sacco, A; Villanova, L, 2022)		0.72
" Users rated the test as "often helpful" for ruling out PAA toxicity (44%), informing PB dosing decisions (42%), and assessing adherence (28%)."( Perceptions and use of phenylbutyrate metabolite testing in urea cycle disorders: Results of a clinician survey and analysis of a centralized testing database.
Burdett, A; Ficicioglu, C; Hata, A; Liu, N; Porter, M; Sun, Q; Sutton, VR, 2022)		0.96
", dysphagia) occur in up to 40% of the adult general population, particularly among the elderly prescribed solid oral dosage forms."( In Vitro Stability and Recovery Studies of Pimavanserin in Water and in Different Vehicles Orally Administered.
Adegbenle, YH; Bokser, AD; Norton, JC; Stoisavljevic, V, 2022)		0.72
"The developed microsponge system could be beneficial for topical delivery of urea as it could reduce the dosing frequency of urea and increase patient compliance through its sustained release."( Development and Characterization of Polymeric Microsponge as a New Vehicle to Deliver Urea Topically.
Hussain, SB; Kumar, L; Kumar, R; Kumari, S; Pal, Y, 2023)		1.36
" The latter provided dose-response curves, showing that all substances inhibited urease, with NBPTO being the most effective."( Major metabolites of NBPT degradation pathways contribute to urease inhibition in soil.
Peters, N; Thiele-Bruhn, S, 2022)		1.19
" On the other hand, a non-significant dosage of orexin-1 reversed the antidepressant effect of citalopram in the normal and REM sleep-deprived animals."( Synergistic antidepressant effects of citalopram and SB-334867 in the REM sleep-deprived mice: Possible role of BDNF.
Alibeik, H; Bananej, M; Khakpai, F; Saadati, N; Zarrindast, MR, 2022)		0.72
" As with many drugs, dosing is extremely important to get the beneficial effects of exercise."( Nephroprotective effect of exercise training in cisplatin-induced renal damage in mice: influence of training protocol.
Almeida, AA; Coqueiro, RS; Correia, TML; Machado, M; Magalhães, ACM; Pereira, R; Pires, RA; Queiroz, RF; Silva, DAD; Soares, TJ, 2022)		0.72
"5, 1, or 4 mL phosphate-buffered saline was instilled to lungs of rats to obtain lavage samples after systemic dosing of mAb and tool small molecule (n≥4/group)."( Assessment of Epithelial Lining Fluid Partitioning of Systemically Administered Monoclonal Antibodies in Rats.
Bäckström, E; Boger, E; Erngren, T; Fihn, BM; Leonard, E; Rubin, K, 2023)		0.91
" Thermodynamic simulations and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate changes in chemistry of real fresh urine dosed and dehydrated using two different organic and inorganic acids."( Factors influencing the recovery of organic nitrogen from fresh human urine dosed with organic/inorganic acids and concentrated by evaporation in ambient conditions.
Randall, DG; Simha, P; Vasiljev, A; Vinnerås, B, 2023)		0.91
" Comparative studies on dose-response effects of firocoxib and meloxicam in lambs following the procedures are required."( Pharmacokinetics and effect on renal function and average daily gain in lambs after castration and tail docking, of firocoxib and meloxicam.
Dukkipati, V; Hunt, H; Kongara, K; Purchas, G; Speed, D; Venkatachalam, D; Ward, N, 2023)		0.91
" Furthermore, in vitro RSV neutralization of human nasal ELF following dosing was also measured to examine the activity of clesrovimab in the nasal compartment."( Quantification of clesrovimab, an investigational, half-life extended, anti-respiratory syncytial virus protein F human monoclonal antibody in the nasal epithelial lining fluid of healthy adults.
Aliprantis, AO; Cao, Y; Caro, L; Catchpole, AP; Li, H; Maas, BM; Phuah, JY; Railkar, RA; Roadcap, B; Swanson, MD; Tang, A; Vora, KA; Zhang, Y, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (10 Items)

ItemProcessFrequency
en:open-beauty-factscore-ingredient11
Open Beauty Factscore-ingredient4
Non alimentairecore-ingredient2
Beveragescore-ingredient1
en:Fersen Cremecore-ingredient1
Non-Food-Produktecore-ingredient1
ru:Hand creamcore-ingredient1
Creamscore-ingredient1
Dairiescore-ingredient1
Non food productscore-ingredient1

Roles (7)

RoleDescription
flour treatment agentA food additive which is added to flour or dough to improve baking quality and/or colour.
human metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
Daphnia magna metaboliteA Daphnia metabolite produced by the species Daphnia magna.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metaboliteAny fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
Escherichia coli metaboliteAny bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli.
mouse metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
fertilizerA fertilizer is any substance that is added to soil or water to assist the growth of plants.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
monocarboxylic acid amideA carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid.
one-carbon compoundAn organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C1).
isoureaA carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.
one-carbon compoundAn organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C1).
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (117)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Transport of small molecules39295
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport13567
Transport of bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds4928
Aquaporin-mediated transport1811
Passive transport by Aquaporins133
Metabolism14961108
Amino acid and derivative metabolism250260
Metabolism of polyamines5621
Agmatine biosynthesis26
Urea cycle822
Urea Cycle1325
Arginine and Proline Metabolism2047
D-Arginine and D-Ornithine Metabolism110
Prolidase Deficiency (PD)2047
Arginine: Glycine Amidinotransferase Deficiency (AGAT Deficiency)2047
Hyperprolinemia Type II2047
Hyperprolinemia Type I2047
Prolinemia Type II2047
Guanidinoacetate Methyltransferase Deficiency (GAMT Deficiency)2047
Ornithine Aminotransferase Deficiency (OAT Deficiency)2047
Kidney Function349
Argininemia1325
Argininosuccinic Aciduria1325
Citrullinemia Type I1325
Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency (OTC Deficiency)1325
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase Deficiency1325
Glucose Transporter Defect (SGLT2)318
Hartnup Disorder318
Iminoglycinuria318
Lysinuric Protein Intolerance318
Chlorothiazide Action Pathway319
Polythiazide Action Pathway319
Methyclothiazide Action Pathway319
Bumetanide Action Pathway319
Bendroflumethiazide Action Pathway319
Quinethazone Action Pathway319
Ethacrynic Acid Action Pathway319
Hydrochlorothiazide Action Pathway319
Cyclothiazide Action Pathway319
Metolazone Action Pathway319
Hydroflumethiazide Action Pathway319
Indapamide Action Pathway319
Furosemide Action Pathway319
Torsemide Action Pathway319
Trichlormethiazide Action Pathway319
Chlorthalidone Action Pathway319
Triamterene Action Pathway319
Amiloride Action Pathway319
Spironolactone Action Pathway319
Eplerenone Action Pathway319
Creatine Deficiency, Guanidinoacetate Methyltransferase Deficiency2047
Hyperornithinemia with Gyrate Atrophy (HOGA)2047
Hyperornithinemia-Hyperammonemia-Homocitrullinuria [HHH-syndrome]2047
L-Arginine:Glycine Amidinotransferase Deficiency2047
Blue Diaper Syndrome318
Lysinuric Protein Intolerance (LPI)318
Cystinuria318
Arginine Metabolism2848
Glycolate and Glyoxylate Degradation1522
L-arginine degradation X (arginine monooxygenase pathway)29
urea degradation I010
superpathway of L-citrulline metabolism629
L-arginine degradation VI (arginase 2 pathway)112
canavanine degradation012
putrescine biosynthesis I17
allantoin degradation to ureidoglycolate I (urea producing)07
L-citrulline biosynthesis621
superpathway of allantoin degradation in plants516
allantoin degradation to glyoxylate III014
L-arginine degradation I (arginase pathway)210
allantoin degradation to glyoxylate I09
superpathway of purines degradation in plants745
L-Nu03B4-acetylornithine biosynthesis520
urea cycle217
urea degradation II16
putrescine biosynthesis IV128
superpathway of hyoscyamine (atropine) and scopolamine biosynthesis039
Arginine and Proline metabolism ( Arginine and Proline metabolism )4255
Purine nucleotides and Nucleosides metabolism ( Purine nucleotides and Nucleosides metabolism )10577
Biomarkers for urea cycle disorders1222
Urea cycle and associated pathways2430
Kidney Function - Collecting Duct2011
Organic Nitrogen Assimilation436
T cell modulation in pancreatic cancer459
Metabolic Epileptic Disorders2589
putrescine biosynthesis IV118
putrescine biosynthesis I520
allantoin degradation to ureidoglycolate II (ammonia producing)518
allantoin degradation to glyoxylate III421
allantoin degradation to glyoxylate I310
allantoin degradation to ureidoglycolate I (urea producing)39
superpathway of allantoin degradation in yeast415
superpathway of allantoin degradation in plants416
urea cycle633
spermidine biosynthesis III511
superpathway of polyamine biosynthesis I759
nicotine degradation I (pyridine pathway)1341
superpathway of arginine and polyamine biosynthesis18101
uracil degradation II (oxidative)112
clavulanate biosynthesis525
superpathway of L-citrulline metabolism1852
L-citrulline biosynthesis736
L-Nu03B4-acetylornithine biosynthesis620
urea degradation I111
urea degradation II66
L-arginine degradation VIII (arginine oxidase pathway)325
L-arginine degradation VI (arginase 2 pathway)312
L-arginine degradation XII19
superpathway of L-arginine, putrescine, and 4-aminobutanoate degradation1242
L-arginine degradation I (arginase pathway)831
L-arginine degradation III (arginine decarboxylase/agmatinase pathway)321
L-arginine degradation XI012
L-arginine degradation X (arginine monooxygenase pathway)119
L-arginine degradation VII (arginase 3 pathway)210
L-arginine degradation IX (arginine:pyruvate transaminase pathway)215
superpathway of L-arginine and L-ornithine degradation1347
creatinine degradation III06
creatinine degradation I418
superpathway of purines degradation in plants645
urea degradation111
arginine degradation VI (arginase 2 pathway)312
citrulline biosynthesis823
ornithine biosynthesis (arginine degradation)04
arginine degradation III (arginine decarboxylase/agmatinase pathway)07
superpathway of arginine and ornithine degradation027
arginine degradation VII (arginase 3 pathway)06
arginine degradation I (arginase pathway)011
superpathway of arginine, putrescine, and 4-aminobutyrate degradation026
arginine degradation X (arginine monooxygenase pathway)010
arginine degradation VII012
superpathway of citrulline metabolism227
L-Nu03B4-acetylornithine biosynthesis015
Metabolism overview078
Biochemical pathways: part I0466
Amino acid metabolism094
Arginine degradation412
Citrulline biosynthesis522
Putrescine biosynthesis I06
Amino acid metabolism316
Arginine metabolism112

Protein Targets (25)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASEHomo sapiens (human)Potency28.18380.004023.8416100.0000AID485290
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency3.44430.006038.004119,952.5996AID1159523
GLI family zinc finger 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency7.27960.000714.592883.7951AID1259369
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency6.02800.000221.22318,912.5098AID1259247; AID743036
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine proteaseHomo sapiens (human)Potency32.51670.013326.981070.7614AID1346978
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1Homo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.011212.4002100.0000AID1030
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency10.89200.001022.650876.6163AID1224893
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency30.95870.003041.611522,387.1992AID1159553; AID1159555
retinoid X nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency18.44630.000817.505159.3239AID1159531
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency23.49730.001530.607315,848.9004AID1259401; AID1259403
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency9.16440.005428.02631,258.9301AID1346982
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency9.16440.000229.305416,493.5996AID1259248
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor deltaHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.04470.001024.504861.6448AID588535
caspase-3Homo sapiens (human)Potency32.51670.013326.981070.7614AID1346978
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)Homo sapiens (human)Potency18.44630.057821.109761.2679AID1159528
Histone H2A.xCricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)Potency5.05720.039147.5451146.8240AID1224896
chromobox protein homolog 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency100.00000.006026.168889.1251AID540317
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency74.97800.000627.21521,122.0200AID651741
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)Homo sapiens (human)Potency89.12510.050127.073689.1251AID588590
lethal factor (plasmid)Bacillus anthracis str. A2012Potency31.62280.020010.786931.6228AID912
lamin isoform A-delta10Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.79430.891312.067628.1838AID1487
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency125.89206.309660.2008112.2020AID720707
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Urease subunit alphaHelicobacter pylori 26695Ki6,470.00000.22603.40579.3400AID1632084
Urease subunit betaHelicobacter pylori 26695Ki6,470.00000.22603.40579.3400AID1632084
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Olfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.02300.00000.07800.5700AID1639697
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (28)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
angiogenesisRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
associative learningRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
Rap protein signal transductionRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organizationRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusionRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular signal transductionRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of GTPase activityRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of angiogenesisRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of angiogenesisRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein export from nucleusRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of stress fiber assemblyRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusionRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
establishment of endothelial barrierRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cAMPRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transductionRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of insulin secretionRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
cell migrationOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
melanocyte differentiationOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
steroid hormone mediated signaling pathwayOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood pressureOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smellOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to fatty acidOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
melanocyte proliferationOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of renin secretion into blood streamOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (8)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activityRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein domain specific bindingRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP bindingRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear steroid receptor activityOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
olfactory receptor activityOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor activityOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (10)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
cortical actin cytoskeletonRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
microvillusRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
endomembrane systemRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
membraneRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
lamellipodiumRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
filopodiumRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome membraneOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular organelleOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (47)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID21264Effective permeability measured in human.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-03, Volume: 41, Issue:25
Correlation of human jejunal permeability (in vivo) of drugs with experimentally and theoretically derived parameters. A multivariate data analysis approach.
AID23443Partition coefficient (logP)1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 28, Issue:3
Use of physicochemical parameters in distance geometry and related three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships: a demonstration using Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors.
AID156089Binding to POPC (palmitoyl-oleolyl-phosphatidyl-choline) liposomes using biosensor system2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 43, Issue:11
SPR biosensor studies of the direct interaction between 27 drugs and a liposome surface: correlation with fraction absorbed in humans.
AID1662683Lipophilicity, log P of the compound2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-24, Volume: 63, Issue:18
Essential Medicinal Chemistry of Essential Medicines.
AID674462Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound in DMSO at 25 degC2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 20, Issue:14
RCAI-84, 91, and 105-108, ureido and thioureido analogs of KRN7000: their synthesis and bioactivity for mouse lymphocytes to produce Th1-biased cytokines.
AID588211Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID481445Apparent permeability at pH 6.5 from in-situ rat brain perfusion assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-13, Volume: 53, Issue:9
How well can the Caco-2/Madin-Darby canine kidney models predict effective human jejunal permeability?
AID18849Estimation of fraction absorbed (Fa) in the human intestine using biosensor technology.2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 43, Issue:11
SPR biosensor studies of the direct interaction between 27 drugs and a liposome surface: correlation with fraction absorbed in humans.
AID26577pKa value of the compound. (extrapolated values); nm = 'not measured'1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-03, Volume: 41, Issue:25
Correlation of human jejunal permeability (in vivo) of drugs with experimentally and theoretically derived parameters. A multivariate data analysis approach.
AID588212Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID481446Effective permeability across human jejunum2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-13, Volume: 53, Issue:9
How well can the Caco-2/Madin-Darby canine kidney models predict effective human jejunal permeability?
AID1601159Induction of recombinant human C5a destabilization assessed as intrinsically disordered structure at 2 to 8 M by circular dichroism analysis2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19
A rational search for discovering potential neutraligands of human complement fragment 5a (
AID156203Binding to POPC/GMI liposomes using biosensor system2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 43, Issue:11
SPR biosensor studies of the direct interaction between 27 drugs and a liposome surface: correlation with fraction absorbed in humans.
AID249256Partition coefficient (logP) of the compound2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-24, Volume: 48, Issue:4
Extravascular transport of drugs in tumor tissue: effect of lipophilicity on diffusion of tirapazamine analogues in multicellular layer cultures.
AID26811Partition coefficient (logP)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 23, Issue:6
Relationship of octanol/water partition coefficient and molecular weight to rat brain capillary permeability.
AID15711Calculated partition coefficient (clogP)1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-03, Volume: 41, Issue:25
Correlation of human jejunal permeability (in vivo) of drugs with experimentally and theoretically derived parameters. A multivariate data analysis approach.
AID481441Aqueous diffusivity at 37C2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-13, Volume: 53, Issue:9
How well can the Caco-2/Madin-Darby canine kidney models predict effective human jejunal permeability?
AID23734Micelle/water partition coefficient (Pmic) of the compound was determined1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-21, Volume: 39, Issue:13
Thermodynamic aspects of hydrophobicity and the blood-brain barrier permeability studied with a gel filtration chromatography.
AID481444Octanol-water partition coefficient, log P of the compound2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-13, Volume: 53, Issue:9
How well can the Caco-2/Madin-Darby canine kidney models predict effective human jejunal permeability?
AID977599Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B1-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID189629The capillary permeability of radioligand was measured in Rat brain1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 23, Issue:6
Relationship of octanol/water partition coefficient and molecular weight to rat brain capillary permeability.
AID977602Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B3-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID1632084Substrate inhibition of Helicobacter pylori urease in presence of >4 mM urea by indophenol method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-01, Volume: 24, Issue:19
3-Arylpropionylhydroxamic acid derivatives as Helicobacter pylori urease inhibitors: Synthesis, molecular docking and biological evaluation.
AID588213Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID311367Permeability coefficient in human skin2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 15, Issue:22
Transdermal penetration behaviour of drugs: CART-clustering, QSPR and selection of model compounds.
AID1601169Induction of recombinant human C5a destabilization assessed as intrinsically disordered structure at 8 M incubated for 1 hr by fluorescence analysis2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19
A rational search for discovering potential neutraligands of human complement fragment 5a (
AID455986Permeability across human Caco-2 cells2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 17, Issue:19
Computational modeling of novel inhibitors targeting the Akt pleckstrin homology domain.
AID1601171Induction of recombinant human C5a destabilization assessed as intrinsically disordered structure at 8 M incubated for overnight by fluorescence analysis2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19
A rational search for discovering potential neutraligands of human complement fragment 5a (
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID540299A screen for compounds that inhibit the MenB enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 20, Issue:21
Synthesis and SAR studies of 1,4-benzoxazine MenB inhibitors: novel antibacterial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID588519A screen for compounds that inhibit viral RNA polymerase binding and polymerization activities2011Antiviral research, Sep, Volume: 91, Issue:3
High-throughput screening identification of poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID1159550Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening2015Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (42,715)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199019812 (46.38)18.7374
1990's5643 (13.21)18.2507
2000's7260 (17.00)29.6817
2010's7564 (17.71)24.3611
2020's2436 (5.70)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 93.05

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index93.05 (24.57)
Research Supply Index10.77 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.50 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index206.24 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.32 (0.95)

This Compound (93.05)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials2,047 (4.50%)5.53%
Reviews1,811 (3.98%)6.00%
Case Studies788 (1.73%)4.05%
Observational87 (0.19%)0.25%
Other40,717 (89.59%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetylcarnitine
Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.		4.551O-acylcarnitinehuman metabolite
monoisopropanolamine
monoisopropanolamine: possible industrial pollutant; structure. 1-aminopropan-2-ol : Any amino alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by an amino group at position 1.		1.9610amino alcohol;
secondary alcohol		Escherichia coli metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.		2.8940C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
sensitiser
ethylene dichloride
ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.0310chloroethaneshepatotoxic agent;
mutagen;
non-polar solvent
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.		2.0310dihydroxybenzoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
ethylene chlorohydrin
Ethylene Chlorohydrin: Used as a solvent, in the manufacture of insecticides, and for treating sweet potatoes before planting. May cause nausea, vomiting, pains in head and chest, stupefaction. Irritates mucous membranes and causes kidney and liver degeneration.. chloroethanol : An organochlorine compound that is ethanol substituted by at least one chloro group.		1.9510chloroethanolxenobiotic metabolite
2-oxo-3-methylvalerate
alpha-keto-beta-methylvaleric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is valeric acid carrying oxo- and methyl substituents at C-2 and C-3, respectively. An alpha-keto acid analogue and metabolite of isoleucine in man, animals and bacteria. Used as a clinical marker for maple syrup urine disease (MSUD).		2.37202-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
branched-chain keto acid		human metabolite
alpha-ketoisovalerate
alpha-ketoisovalerate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of isovaleric acid.		8.22602-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
branched-chain keto acid		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alpha-ketobutyric acid
alpha-ketobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of butanoic acid.		1.94102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
short-chain fatty acid
2,3-diphosphoglycerate
2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.		1.9810bisphosphoglyceric acid;
tetronic acid derivative		human metabolite
2-keto-4-methylvalerate
alpha-ketoisocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid.. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid (valeric acid) substituted with a keto group at C-2 and a methyl group at C-4. A metabolite that has been found to accumulate in maple syrup urine disease.		6.851422-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
branched-chain keto acid		algal metabolite;
human metabolite
3-chloroalanine
3-chloroalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-chloroalanine : A chloroalanine obtained by replacement of one of the methyl hydrogens of alanine by a chloro group.		1.9810chloroalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid
3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid: An oxidation product of tryptophan metabolism. It may be a free radical scavenger and a carcinogen.. 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted at C-2 by an amine group and at C-3 by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan.. 3-hydroxyanthranilate : A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid.		1.9510aminobenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3-hydroxykynurenine
3-hydroxykynurenine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxykynurenine that is kynurenine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.. hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxy-amino acid that is kynurenine substituted by a single hydroxy group at unspecified position. A "closed" class.		2.0310hydroxykynureninehuman metabolite
acetoacetic acid
acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.		6.732233-oxo fatty acid;
ketone body		metabolite
phosphoserine
Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.		3.7830non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid;
serine derivative		human metabolite
cysteine sulfinic acid
cysteine sulfinic acid: metabolite of sulfur-containing amino acids		1.9710
n-carbamoyl-beta-alanine
N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine : A beta-alanine derivative that is propionic acid bearing a ureido group at position 3.		4.4551beta-alanine derivativemetabolite;
mouse metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		6.1390amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.		3.8521monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		1.9810monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		11.59914-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-aminovaleric acid
5-aminovaleric acid: from red fox anal secretion; RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-aminopentanoic acid : A delta-amino acid comprising pentanoic acid with an amino substituent at C-5; a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is a weak GABA agonist.		2.5720amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		human metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		4.3160hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		5.23480ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		9.3754monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		5.97210aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		4.76310acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
acetoin
[no description available]		2.0810methyl ketone;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		metabolite
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		8.11771ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		10.177916-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adipic acid
adipic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.		2.8530alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		food acidity regulator;
human xenobiotic metabolite
agmatine
Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.		4.9110guanidines;
primary amino compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allantoic acid
allantoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. allantoic acid : A member of the class of ureas that consists of acetic acid in which the two methyl hydrogens are replaced by carbamoylamino groups respectively.		9.4351ureasmouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		11.081391imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		23.792,48974azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
anthranilic acid
anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.		3.2660aminobenzoic acidhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
arsenic acid
arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.		2.8130arsenic oxoacidEscherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		3.9130acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine
[no description available]		5.56171amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde
[no description available]		3.1750benzaldehydesEC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
odorant receptor agonist;
plant metabolite
benzene
[no description available]		7.49231aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		9.06331benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.9740benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		11.53983amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		5.84970halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		5.71270alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		3.87120fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine
[no description available]		2.6630alkane-alpha,omega-diamineDaphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		13.193203amino-acid anion
carbamic acid
carbamic acid : A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised.		2.7630carbon oxoacid;
one-carbon compound;
organonitrogen compound		Escherichia coli metabolite
carbamyl phosphate
Carbamyl Phosphate: The monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING).		13.32401acyl monophosphate;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ureidosuccinic acid
ureidosuccinic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. N-carbamoylaspartic acid : An N-carbamoylamino acid that is aspartic acid with one of its amino hydrogens replaced by a carbamoyl group.		2.8540aspartic acid derivative;
C4-dicarboxylic acid;
N-carbamoyl-amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		7.2490carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		10.89231monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
aminooxyacetic acid
Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.		3.9130amino acid;
hydroxylamines;
monocarboxylic acid		anticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
carnitine
[no description available]		10.38495amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		2.4520catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		10.791135alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
chloroacetic acid
chloroacetic acid: urinary metabolite of vinyl chloride; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroacetic acid : A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid carrying a 2-chloro substituent.		3.0750chlorocarboxylic acid;
haloacetic acid		alkylating agent;
herbicide
choline
[no description available]		8.351030cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aconitic acid
Aconitic Acid: A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH.. aconitic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is prop-1-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.		2.3520tricarboxylic acid
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		12.498813tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		18.4884227halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		9.351303chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		3.3460coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		9.14377monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
3-cresol
3-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. m-cresol : A cresol with the methyl substituent at position 3. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.		1.9610cresolhuman xenobiotic metabolite
octane
Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.		3.4170alkanexenobiotic
phloroglucinol
Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.		2.110benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		algal metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		8.1450trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
2-butynedioic acid
2-butynedioic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. butynedioic acid : An acetylenic compound that is acetylene in which the hydrogens are replaced by carboxy groups.		1.9510acetylenic compound;
C4-dicarboxylic acid
4-nitrophenylphosphate
nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid. 4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.		2.9240aryl phosphatemouse metabolite
octanoic acid
octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.		3.87120medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
2-nitropropane
2-nitropropane: RN given refers to cpd with locant for nitro moiety in 2 position. 2-nitropropane : A secondary nitroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a nitro group. Mainly used as a solvent (b.p. 120degreeC).		3.9630secondary nitroalkanecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
xenobiotic
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		5.49161gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol
4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.		2.7130aminophenolallergen;
metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		17.0213614(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.4920aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
caprylic aldehyde
caprylic aldehyde: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1765. octanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of caprylic acid (octanoic acid).		2.1310medium-chain fatty aldehyde;
n-alkanal;
saturated fatty aldehyde		plant metabolite
oxaluric acid
oxaluric acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is amino(oxo)acetic acid substituted by a carbamoylamino group at the nitrogen atom.		4.17502-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite
n(1)-methylnicotinamide
N(1)-methylnicotinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinium ion comprising nicotinamide having a methyl group at the 1-position. It is a metabolite of nicotinamide which was initially considered to be biologically inactive but has emerged as an anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory agent.		1.9710pyridinium ionalgal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		7.3420guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
hippuric acid
hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.		9.71202N-acylglycinehuman blood serum metabolite;
uremic toxin
2-aminoadipic acid
2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.		3.830amino dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid
2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid derived from L-methionine via the action of methionine transaminase.		1.9610omega-(methylthio)-2-oxocarboxylic acid
methylmalonic acid
Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.		10.4180C4-dicarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
gamma-guanidinobutyric acid
gamma-guanidinobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-guanidinobutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted by a guanidino group at position 4.. 4-guanidinobutanoate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-guanidinobutanoic acid.. 4-guanidinobutanoic acid : The 4-guanidino derivative of butanoic acid.		2.940guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid;
zwitterion		fungal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine
N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine		6.43121alpha-amino acid
trimetaphosphoric acid
trimetaphosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclotriphosphoric acid : The cyclic anhydride of triphosphoric acid.		2.0210cyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
inorganic heterocyclic compound;
phosphorus oxoacid
threo-alpha-methylisocitrate
threo-alpha-methylisocitrate: RN given refers to cpd without specific stereochemistry; designated cpd not in Chemline 11/1/79. 3-hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is butan-2-ol in which a hydrogen from each of positions 2, 3, and 4 has been replaced by carboxy groups.		1.9510methylisocitric acid;
tertiary alcohol;
tricarboxylic acid
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.		4.3702-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
phosphoglycolate
phosphoglycolate: RN given refers to parent acid. 2-phosphoglycolic acid : The O-phospho derivative of glycolic acid.		2.0110carboxyalkyl phosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.3720monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.4220catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
alpha-keto-delta-guanidinovaleric acid
5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 2-oxopentanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carbamimidamido group.		4.29412-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		3.2260amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
dibenzofuran
Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		2.4520dibenzofurans;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		xenobiotic
creatine
[no description available]		15.9939412glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
cytosine
[no description available]		4.45230aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alanine
[no description available]		2.0510alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion		fundamental metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		16.11282342-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dihydrouracil
hexahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 5,6-dihydrouracil : A pyrimidine obtained by formal addition of hydrogen across the 5,6-position of uracil.		2.8740pyrimidoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diacetyl
butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.		4.35210alpha-diketoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydroxyacetone
[no description available]		7.5220ketotriose;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antifungal agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylglycine
dimethylglycine: metabolic product of calcium pangamate; mutagen when mixed with nitrite; RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-dimethylglycine : An N-methylglycine that is glycine carrying two N-methyl substituents.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dimethylamine
[no description available]		3.4720methylamines;
secondary aliphatic amine		metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		9.821701sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
ethanolamine
[no description available]		2.5220ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		12.813146aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide
formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.		5.07430carboximidic acid;
formamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		solvent
glutaric acid
glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.		3.9840alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		14.743667alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.		9.6690aldotriosefundamental metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		18.0155122alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid
[no description available]		2.0310glycerol monophosphatealgal metabolite;
human metabolite
glycolic acid
glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.		2.99402-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
primary alcohol		keratolytic drug;
metabolite
glyoxylic acid
glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.		2.93402-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
aldehydic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycocyamine
glycocyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanidinoacetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of guanidinoacetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. guanidinoacetic acid : The N-amidino derivative of glycine.		5.33131guanidinoacetic acids;
zwitterion		bacterial metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
rat metabolite
carbonic acid
Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		3.2460carbon oxoacid;
chalcocarbonic acid		mouse metabolite
hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom		3.97130hydracid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
poison
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		2344832carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		6.5163
histamine
[no description available]		9.64444aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		12.021393elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		3.4270benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine
amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.		8.0750hydroxylaminesalgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
nitric oxide donor;
nucleophilic reagent
imidazole
imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.		8.72100imidazole
indole
[no description available]		5.33100indole;
polycyclic heteroarene		Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid
indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.		6.3691indole-3-acetic acids;
monocarboxylic acid		auxin;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		13.821714diatomic iodinenutrient
itaconic acid
itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		2.110dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid;
olefinic compound		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		3.4580hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
kynurenine
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.		9.9791aromatic ketone;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
substituted aniline		human metabolite
lipoamide
Lipozyme: lipase from Rhizomucor miehei immobilized on anion exchange resin		2.0510dithiolanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		10.95142dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
endolysin
lysine-4,4,5,5-d4 : A deuterated compound that is lysne in which the methylene hydrogens at positions 4, 4, 5 and 5 have been replaced by deuterium.		7.6930alpha-amino acid;
diamino acid;
polar amino acid		Daphnia magna metabolite
malonic acid
malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.		8.5280alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
racemethionine
Racemethionine: A preparation of METHIONINE that includes a mixture of D-methionine and L-methionine isomers.		4.2821alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
sulfur-containing amino acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylmercaptan
methylmercaptan: intermediate in the manufacturing of jet fuels, pesticides, fungicides, plastics, synthesis of methionine; odor may cause nausea; narcotic in high concentrations; depresses urea biosynthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9610alkanethiolhuman metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvaldehyde
Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.		2.73302-oxo aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		10.291841alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		4.9970inositol phosphate
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		10.32562cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		10.79201acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
acetanilide
acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.		7.0510acetamides;
anilide		analgesic
naphthalene
[no description available]		3.2660naphthalenes;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene		apoptosis inhibitor;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		11.69963metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		16793pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		5.66260pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		16.6835121monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid
Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.		2.9940nitrogen oxoacidprotic solvent;
reagent
nitroxyl
nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.		10.6541nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		10.81501monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		11.61823gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
1-octanol
1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.		2.0210octanol;
primary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel additive;
kairomone;
plant metabolite
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		3.1140oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
hydroxypyruvic acid
hydroxypyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-hydroxypyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate involved in the glycine and serine metabolism.		2.37202-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		10.891262pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxaloacetic acid
Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.		2.3720C4-dicarboxylic acid;
oxo dicarboxylic acid		geroprotector;
metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		11.63161alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
oxamic acid
Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.		5.48120dicarboxylic acid monoamideEscherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		3.9130aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		3.23504-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid
triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		5.5441acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		4.37200long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
parathion
[no description available]		4.1450C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol
PENTA: structure given in first source		7.110aromatic fungicide;
chlorophenol;
organochlorine pesticide;
pentachlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		5.82300phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylpyruvic acid
phenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenylpyruvate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from deprotonation of the carboxy group of either keto- or enol-phenylpyruvic acid.. keto-phenylpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropanoic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in the phenylalanine pathway.		2.65302-oxo monocarboxylic acidchromogenic compound;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
phenylacetaldehyde
[no description available]		7.1110alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde;
phenylacetaldehydes		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylacetic acid
phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.		8.85161benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenylacetic acids		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
auxin;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
toxin
5-phenylhydantoin, (+-)-isomer
5-phenylhydantoin: structure given in first source		1.9910
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		7.21264phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
phosphoenolpyruvate
Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.		4.21180carboxyalkyl phosphate;
monocarboxylic acid		fundamental metabolite
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		3.6190phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphorylethanolamine
phosphorylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. O-phosphoethanolamine : The ethanolamine mono-ester of phosphoric acid, and a metabolite of phospholipid metabolism. This phosphomonoester shows strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain.		2.4220phosphoethanolamine;
primary amino compound		algal metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phthalic acid
phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.		2.6530benzenedicarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid
picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.		2.4320pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
porphobilinogen
[no description available]		2.8740aralkylamino compound;
dicarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diphosphoric acid
diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.		3.0340acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid		Escherichia coli metabolite
pqq cofactor
PQQ Cofactor: A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES.. pyrroloquinoline quinone : A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.		210orthoquinones;
pyrroloquinoline cofactor;
tricarboxylic acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		7.8154glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		6.17440propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		7.88231saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
pteridines
[no description available]		4.5780azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
pteridines
purine
1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.		5.71160purine
putrescine
[no description available]		9.52240alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		4.76100monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyrazinoic acid
pyrazinoic acid: active metabolite of pyrazinamide; structure. pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid : The parent compound of the class of pyrazinecarboxylic acids, that is pyrazine bearing a single carboxy substituent. The active metabolite of the antitubercular drug pyrazinamide.		2.3920pyrazinecarboxylic acidantitubercular agent;
drug metabolite
pyrazole
1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.		5.3160pyrazole
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		5.47200azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal
[no description available]		3.7430hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		6.29500methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine
[no description available]		2.9140aminoalkylpyridine;
hydroxymethylpyridine;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
iron chelator;
mouse metabolite;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine phosphate
pyridoxamine phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate : A vitamin B6 phosphate that is the phosphoric ester derivative of pyridoxamine.		2.4220aminoalkylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6 phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		13.43253hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol
benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.		3.7630benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		plant metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		15.58652-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		3.2560pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
dimethyl sulfide
dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.		2.1110aliphatic sulfidealgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
marine metabolite
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		4.39220divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
dithionite
Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.		3.0650sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		11.41320N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
selenic acid
Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.		3.3160selenium oxoacid
selenious acid
Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.		2.4220selenium oxoacid
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		7.95661divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
spermidine
[no description available]		5.64250polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		5.5220polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		11.0991alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		2.9840sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		3.360sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
taurine
[no description available]		7.17720amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		10.85320primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-mercaptoacetate
[no description available]		1.9610sulfur-containing carboxylic acid
thymine
[no description available]		7.62471pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		7.62471methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine
trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.		8.91430tertiary amine oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
osmolyte
trimethylamine
[no description available]		3.77100methylamines;
tertiary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
trimethylsulfonium
[no description available]		7.0410sulfonium compoundanimal metabolite
tryptamine
[no description available]		7.0810aminoalkylindole;
aralkylamino compound;
indole alkaloid;
tryptamines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		8.77790pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		21.851,10275uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		2.5320benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		10.48151xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isocitric acid
isocitric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isocitric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propan-1-ol with a hydrogen at each of the 3 carbon positions replaced by a carboxy group.		1.9810secondary alcohol;
tricarboxylic acid		fundamental metabolite
catechin
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxyflavan
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		2.4820non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively		2.0210phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins		serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		2.9640non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
bremazocine
[no description available]		2.0510
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.		2.7530amphetamines;
dimethoxybenzene;
organoiodine compound
gallopamil
Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.		3.3911benzenes;
organic amino compound
normetanephrine
Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.		2.6330catecholamine
sk&f-38393
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393		2.0410benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid
Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.		2.35202-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
phenols		human metabolite
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		440p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
mandelic acid
SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer		7.38202-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
benzenes		antibacterial agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline
1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases		2.6830phenanthrolineEC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine
DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.		2.6830oxopurineadenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
s,s'-1,4-phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)bis-isothiourea
S,S'-1,4-phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)bis-isothiourea: structure in first source		2.4520
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline: structure in first source. isoquinoline-1,5-diol : An isoquinolinol that is isoquinoline in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by hydroxy groups.		2.420isoquinolinolEC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
pk 11195
PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine		1.9610aromatic amide;
isoquinolines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		3.150monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		8.781461aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-methylimidazole
1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.		2.0610imidazoles
edelfosine
edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.		1.9910glycerophosphocholine
14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid
14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.4270long-chain fatty acid
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine
N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.		210aralkylamine;
carboxamidine;
primary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one
1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.		2.420oxadiazoloquinoxalineEC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		4.5270bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		2.8840chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		2.1510dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4h-1,3-thiazine
2-amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4H-1,3-thiazine: a selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; structure given in first source		2101,3-thiazine
2-aminofluorene
[no description available]		1.9810
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		9.43830alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.		1.9910benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.		1.9910amphetamines;
benzodioxoles		neurotoxin
amitrole
Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		3.85120aromatic amine;
triazoles		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor;
herbicide
3-aminobenzamide
[no description available]		2.7130benzamides;
substituted aniline		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
aminopropionitrile
Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.		2.8840aminopropionitrileantineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
collagen cross-linking inhibitor;
plant metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.260ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
enprofylline
enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.		1.9710oxopurineanti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ro 5-4864
4'-chlorodiazepam: selectively binds peripheral benzodiazepine receptor		1.9610
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		2.0310aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid
p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.		3.5790chlorine molecular entity;
mercuribenzoic acid
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		3.0950guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenytoin
[no description available]		15.21534imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid: potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site		210quinolines
win 52084
Win 52084: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 7/89		2.0310aromatic ether
ethylisopropylamiloride
ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.		1.9910aromatic amine;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
neuroprotective agent;
sodium channel blocker
5-bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane
5-bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane: structure in first source		4.3630
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		8.67100indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		2.0310
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats		1.9810oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline
8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist		2.6630
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		7.6330monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator		2.420monoazo compound
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		4.2841aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		9.85673acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		11.18772monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetochlor
acetochlor : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-phenylacetamide carrying an ethyl and a methyl group at positions 2 and 6 respectively on the benzene ring while one of the methyl hydrogens as well as the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom have been replaced by a chloro and an ethoxymethyl group respectively.		7.0210aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		9.4370acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.47230acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
n-acetylphenylalanine
N-acetylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. N-acetylphenylalanine : The N-acetyl derivative of phenylalanine.		2.4220N-acetyl-amino acid;
phenylalanine derivative		antidepressant;
metabolite
acridone
acridone : A member of the class of acridines that is 9,10-dihydroacridine substituted by an oxo group at position 9.		2.730acridines;
cyclic ketone
ethacridine
Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.		2.6530acridines
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea
beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.		1.9310
5-aminoisoquinolinone
5-aminoisoquinolinone: structure in first source		210isoquinolines
albendazole
[no description available]		5.8561aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		5.1101phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		2.15101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alminoprofen
alminoprofen: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alminoprofen : A substituted aniline that is ibuprofen in which the isobutyl group is replaced by a (2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl)amino group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used for treatment of inflammatory and rheumatic disorders.		7.0710amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
alpha-methylserotonin
alpha-methylserotonin: potent agonist at M & D receptors of serotonin; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.7230tryptaminesserotonergic agonist
alpha-methylornithine
alpha-methylornithine: inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9710
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		2.8940secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
aluminum fluoride
[no description available]		2.1110aluminium coordination entity
am 251
AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.		3.3560amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
organoiodine compound;
pyrazoles		antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
CB1 receptor antagonist
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		7.6630adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		2.0510aromatic amine
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		4.34210acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		4.721diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.0510dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		2.9740guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		12.19532N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
ampyrone
Ampyrone: A metabolite of AMINOPYRINE with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols. Ampyrone stimulates LIVER MICROSOMES and is also used to measure extracellular water.		2.3720primary amino compound;
pyrazolone		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
theophylline
[no description available]		8.21482dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole
2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.		2.11101,3-thiazoles;
primary amino compound
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		6.01911-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		9.3741carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		4.131dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		4.84110barbiturates
amprolium
Amprolium: A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism.. amprolium : An organic chloride salt having 1-[(4-amino-2-propylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methylpyridin-1-ium as the counterion. Used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.. amprolium(1+) : A pyridinium ion that is the cationic portion of amprolium, a veterinary drug which is used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.		1.9410pyridinium ioncoccidiostat
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.4520acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		2.0510nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione
Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.		2.0510methoxybenzenes
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		8.3167anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		7.58780pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.5120acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
aristolochic acid i
aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.		2.940aristolochic acids;
aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
cyclic acetal;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mutagen;
nephrotoxin;
toxin
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		12.88211benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		7.29123ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate: a glutamate agonist		2.0110alpha-amino acid
atrazine
[no description available]		8.69100chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
aurintricarboxylic acid
Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.		2.0610monohydroxybenzoic acid;
quinomethanes;
tricarboxylic acid		fluorochrome;
histological dye;
insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		9.24383aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azobenzene
azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.		2.520azobenzenes
aztreonam
Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. aztreonam : A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.		3.3511
baclofen
[no description available]		2.7430amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		3.67100barbituratesdrug allergen
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		1.9710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bemegride
Bemegride: A CNS stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. It has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose.		2.3520piperidones
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		2.0510indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		6.6783benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benextramine
benextramine: RN given refers to parent cpd		210
benserazide
Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		2.3820carbohydrazide;
catechols;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
bentazone
bentazone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bentazone : A benzothiadiazine that is 1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by an isopropyl group at position 3.		2.0310benzothiadiazineenvironmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		2.7530benzamides
benzamidine
benzamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzamidine : A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group.		210benzenes;
carboxamidine		serine protease inhibitor
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		2.4201-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzethonium
Benzethonium: Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade.		5.5661alkylbenzene
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		2.4220ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		11.4681benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		2.7430benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benzyl benzoate
benzyl benzoate: structure; acarosan, a moist powder composed of wetted cellulose and benzyl benzoate, is used on carpets as an acaricide. benzyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of benzoic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Polyalthia.		2.7330benzoate ester;
benzyl ester		acaricide;
plant metabolite;
scabicide
benzyl isothiocyanate
benzyl isothiocyanate: inhibits carcinogen-induced neoplasia; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #715; also promotes urinary bladder carcinoma		1.9910benzenes;
isothiocyanate		antibacterial drug
berberine
[no description available]		2.7220alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
diminazene
Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.		3.0750carboxamidine;
triazene derivative		antiparasitic agent;
trypanocidal drug
propiolactone
Propiolactone: Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.		1.9710propan-3-olide
betahistine
Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.		2.3420aminoalkylpyridine;
secondary amino compound		H1-receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
bethanidine
Bethanidine: A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.		1.9510guanidinesadrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		2.0310carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		7.72219biphenyls;
imidazoles
bisbenzimidazole
Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.		4.0440bibenzimidazole;
N-methylpiperazine		anthelminthic drug;
fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i
bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide		2.0410
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		6.3561secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bithionol
Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.. bithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.		1.9710aryl sulfide;
bridged diphenyl antifungal drug;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
organochlorine pesticide;
polyphenol		antifungal agrochemical;
antiplatyhelmintic drug
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		1.9510organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bromisovalum
Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.		11.47600N-acylurea;
organobromine compound
bronopol
[no description available]		5.69150nitro compound
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.0510organic molecular entity
buformin
Buformin: An oral hypoglycemic agent that inhibits gluconeogenesis, increases glycolysis, and decreases glucose oxidation.. buformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide substituted by a butyl group at position 1. It is an antidiabetic drug with potential antitumor effect.		2.3420biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
radiosensitizing agent
bumetanide
[no description available]		7.89184amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		5.0352aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		2.0510azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		2.8740methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
butalbital
butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.		2.0510barbituratesanalgesic;
sedative
butenafine
butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.		3.7921naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		antifungal drug;
EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor
caffeine
[no description available]		7.45682purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		11.29202aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid
beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.		2.610glycerol monophosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		5.5451bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
candesartan cilexetil
candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects		2.5320biphenyls
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.0110benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		5.23160dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbofuran
Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.42201-benzofurans;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		2.3720carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		5.91142N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		4.5251carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		7.0810quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		2.9440carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.		3.92130hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
ionophore
cefuroxime
Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.		3.8721carbamate ester;
cephalosporin
celecoxib
[no description available]		3.4370organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol
Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.		6.9910aromatic ketone
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		2.7530ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion
Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.		3.82110quaternary ammonium ion
cetyl alcohol
cetyl alcohol: has been used for eczema, skin irritations; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexadecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of sixteen carbon atoms.. hexadecan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexadecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		3.3811hexadecanol;
long-chain primary fatty alcohol		algal metabolite;
flavouring agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
cetylpyridinium
Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.		5.3472pyridinium ion
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		2.4520benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		5.95210aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		2.8740aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		6.32121benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		2.05101,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		7.33201aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		13.1262benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		4.5340monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		3.2460monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		5410organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		7.63272monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorpropham
Chlorpropham: A carbamate that is used as an herbicide and as a plant growth regulator.. chlorpropham : A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of 3-chlorophenylcarbamic acid.		2.8740benzenes;
carbamate ester;
monochlorobenzenes		herbicide;
plant growth retardant
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		8.0240chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		5.95103isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.05101,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
ciclopirox
[no description available]		9.8942cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
cilostamide
cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure		2.420quinolines
cilostazol
[no description available]		4.3441lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimaterol
[no description available]		1.9710benzenes;
nitrile
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		6.41131aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol
[no description available]		2.5320
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.0510cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.7130cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		7.09142aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		2.0510benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		3.91302-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clemizole
clemizole: was heading 1966-94 (see under BENZIMIDAZOLES 1966-90); use BENZIMIDAZOLES to search CLEMIZOLE 1966-94; a histamine H1- blocker used to treat allergies. clemizole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl and a 4-chlorobenzyl groups at positions 2 and 1 respectively.		2.610benzimidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrrolidines		histamine antagonist
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.3920amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.0510monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		4.7371aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid
Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.		4.2941aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
herbicide;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		2.0510tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		7.3920dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		4.68501,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		5.79122clonidine;
imidazoline
clotiazepam
clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines		2.0510organic molecular entity
clotrimazole
[no description available]		2.940conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-cresol
4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.		9.87163cresolEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
uremic toxin
cyclandelate
Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.		2.0510carboxylic ester;
secondary alcohol		vasodilator agent
cycloleucine
Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.		2.3820non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidEC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cypermethrin
cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.		3.150aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound		agrochemical;
molluscicide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		552piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cystamine
[no description available]		4.5880organic disulfide;
primary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		2.0510dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dantrolene
Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.		2.0710hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione		muscle relaxant;
neuroprotective agent;
ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.7230indolesfluorochrome
dapsone
[no description available]		3.9740substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		7.8840carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
decanoic acid
decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		2.420medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.2560acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
dequalinium
Dequalinium: A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.. dequalinium : A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.		1.9510quinolinium ionantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiseptic drug;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		3.4780dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		5.63250primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		3.2360alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		14.155131,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazinon
Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		7.6620organic thiophosphate;
pyrimidines		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		3.75110benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibucaine
Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.		4.1550aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		topical anaesthetic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		9.74264amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene
Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.		2.2510chlorophenylethylene;
monochlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite;
persistent organic pollutant
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		11.1170benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		2.8540dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dichlorvos
Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		2.3520alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organophosphate insecticide		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diethyl pyrocarbonate
Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.		3.5990acyclic carboxylic anhydride
diethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.		2.0310N-carbamoylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		5.71110pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		2.4920monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimaprit
Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.		1.9610imidothiocarbamic ester
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.260dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
dimethadione
Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.		2.6630oxazolidinone
dimethoate
Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.		2.0710monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid
dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dihexadecanoyl phosphatidic acid : A phosphatidic acid in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl).		1.9810phosphatidic acid
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		4.8581ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		2.0410organic cation
benzophenone
benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.		7.0810benzophenonesphotosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		3.4880piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		2.3820monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
stallimycin
[no description available]		3.110
disulfiram
[no description available]		3.66100organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
diuron
Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.		9.151703-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
dichlorobenzene		environmental contaminant;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
photosystem-II inhibitor;
urea herbicide;
xenobiotic
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		8.09510branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		1.9510morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		2.0510dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
e 4031
E 4031: class III anti-arrhythmia agent; structure given in UD		210sulfonamide
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		2.0310benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		1.9410phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		2.5120trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endosulfan
Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.		2.5120cyclic sulfite ester;
cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		2.3920ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.05101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		5.59240
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		2.0510triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		8.84271aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ethenzamide
ethenzamide: structure		7.8840organic molecular entity
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		4140ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
ethinamate
ethinamate: short duration hypnotic with fast onset & relatively low toxicity; may cause dependence; minor descriptor (76-85); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBAMATES (76-85). ethinamate : A carbamate ester that is the 1-vinylcyclohexyl ester of carbamic acid. A short-acting sedative-hypnotic, it was formerly used to treat insomnia.		2.6230carbamate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		sedative
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		5.5351dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethoxyresorufin
ethoxyresorufin: structure		1.9910phenoxazine
ethoxzolamide
Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.		3.3670aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester
[no description available]		1.9810
ethylenediamine
ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.		2.7130alkane-alpha,omega-diamineGABA agonist
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		2.68301,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		3.8221monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		2.05102-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		9.09311,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		3.3470aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		2.0510carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.7130dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenbendazole
Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.		2.6830aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.6830(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		4.5151aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		2.0110benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		3.7621monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.3720resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		6.67125anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fenvalerate
fenvalerate: synthetic pyrethroid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenvalerate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.		2.420aromatic ether;
carboxylic ester;
monochlorobenzenes		pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		2.0510piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipronil
fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.		2.1110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
dichlorobenzene;
nitrile;
primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfoxide
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		2.0510aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		2.0510difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		5.2662conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		2.0510aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		4.2741aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.3520N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		2.9140ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		4.3411,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		2.0510benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		12.13546nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		3.4370(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.75301,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		8.1450fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		2.3920pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		210carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furazolidone
Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.		4.8842nitrofuran antibiotic;
oxazolidines		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		14.8115926chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		3.7120gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gaboxadol
gaboxadol: GABA agonist; inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; structure		3.0610oxazole
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		8.2860aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		10.4912510
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.		3.8521dihydroxybenzoic acidEC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
MALDI matrix material;
mouse metabolite
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		2.8840aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.4320N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		2.2510sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.5220aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		7.95641dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		4.19180piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		4.24180monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate
glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).		8.2760glycine derivative;
phosphonic acid		agrochemical;
EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
herbicide
go 6976
[no description available]		2.1710indolocarbazole;
organic heterohexacyclic compound		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		8.3570
guaiazulene
guaiazulene: structure		9.9931sesquiterpene
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		9.04331methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		8.97140azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		12.846821carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		1.9710isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.0510isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		11.4222aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		7.61262haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
heptachlor
Heptachlor: A man-made compound previously used to control termites and other insects. Even though production of heptachlor was phased out of use in the United States during the late 1980's it remains in soil and hazardous waste sites. It is clearly toxic to animals and humans but, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that heptachlor is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989). heptachlor : A cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoindene substituted by chlorine atoms at positions 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 8. Formerly used to kill termites, ants and other insects in agricultural and domestic situations.		1.9510cyclodiene organochlorine insecticideagrochemical;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		10.03101bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		2.5420phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
hexamethonium
Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.		2.9340quaternary ammonium salt
hexestrol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		2.0510organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		8.65100barbiturates
hexylresorcinol
[no description available]		1.9410resorcinols
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		3.85120phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		3.0750azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		8.944615benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		1.9510benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		2.1110aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		10.22863one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		2.9540hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
mk 473
MK 473: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		6.81231monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		2.8840primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		5.82221benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
mephentermine
Mephentermine: A sympathomimetic agent with specificity for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It is used to maintain BLOOD PRESSURE in hypotensive states such as following SPINAL ANESTHESIA.		1.9410amphetamines
alverine
alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.		2.0510tertiary amineantispasmodic drug
idebenone
[no description available]		2.47201,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifosfamide
[no description available]		3.2760ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imetit
imetit: structure given in first source. imetit : An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea in which the thiol hydrogen is substituted by a 2-(imidazol-4-yl)ethyl group. An extremely potent, high affinity agonist at H3 and H4 receptors (Ki values are 0.3 and 2.7 nM respectively). Induces shape change in eosinophils with an EC50 of 25 nM. Centrally active following systemic administration.		1.9810imidazoles;
imidothiocarbamic ester		H3-receptor agonist;
H4-receptor agonist
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		3.4780dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		2.3920bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		7.0552indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indirubin-3'-monoxime
indirubin-3'-monoxime: has antiangiogenic activity. indirubin-3'-monoxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.		2.0310
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		7.45473aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
indoprofen
Indoprofen: A drug that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Following reports of adverse reactions including reports of carcinogenicity in animal studies it was withdrawn from the market worldwide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p21). indoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein.		1.9710gamma-lactam;
isoindoles;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
iodamide
Iodamide: An ionic monomeric contrast medium. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). iodamide : A benzoic acid compound having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions, an acetamido substituent at the 3-position and an acetamidomethyl substituent at the 5-position.		1.9510benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		2.420organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
iodoacetamide
[no description available]		5.52270
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		12.17152benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopanoic acid
Iopanoic Acid: Radiopaque medium used as diagnostic aid.		1.9510monocarboxylic acid
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.1510dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		5.7781organic molecular entity
iodipamide
Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.		2.0510benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound;
secondary carboxamide		radioopaque medium
ioxaglate
Ioxaglic Acid: A low-osmolar, ionic contrast medium used in various radiographic procedures.. ioxaglic acid : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an acetyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.		2.4320benzenedicarboxamide;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
iproniazid
[no description available]		2.6530carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		3.8121azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		3.71003-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		3.7321benzenes
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		6.35143organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		6.45141carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		4.46230secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		8.64523catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		2.0510alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		2.4220benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itopride
[no description available]		2.0510benzamides
itraconazole
[no description available]		2.0510piperazines
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		3.5680cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		3.1450aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		3.5280dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		8.4470benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		2.0310amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		7.8840furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
kinetin
Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.		2.03106-aminopurines;
furans		cytokinin;
geroprotector
kojic acid
[no description available]		2.03104-pyranones;
enol;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
skin lightening agent
kynurenic acid
Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.		8.66100monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		G-protein-coupled receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mimosine
Mimosine: 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridinealanine. An antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca.		2.0510alpha-amino acid
2-phenylglycine
2-phenylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. alpha-phenylglycine : An amino acid with a structure in which a phenyl ring is bonded to the alpha-carbon of glycine.		2.3720non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidhuman metabolite
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		4.0840benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		2.05101,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		13.254326benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.0510benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lauric acid
dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.		2.0710medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		2.5420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		2.610nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
tetramisole
6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole : An imidazothiazole that is imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole in which the double bonds at the 2-3 and 5-6 positions have been reduced to single bonds and in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is replaced by a phenyl group.. tetramisole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levamisole and dexamisole.		1.9510imidazothiazoleenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lithium hydroxide
lithium hydroxide: used for tryptophan determinations in proteins & foods; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-OH		3.79100alkali metal hydroxide
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		1.9810fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		2.3920N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		4.1231monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		3.3511benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		5.53151biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		8.2760diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source		2.0510isopropyl ester
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		2.0510organic molecular entity
edaravone
[no description available]		2.5920pyrazoloneantioxidant;
radical scavenger
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		7.420aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		2.3720primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		4.5580nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		2.0510diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.6530aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenoxate
Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.6730aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
mefruside
Mefruside: A benzene-sulfonamide-furan. It is used as a diuretic that affects the concentrating ability of the KIDNEY, increases SODIUM CHLORIDE excretion, but may not spare POTASSIUM. It inhibits CARBONIC ANHYDRASES and may increase the blood URIC ACID level.		3.4620organic molecular entity
memantine
[no description available]		2.3110adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.05101,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		4.8581ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenesin
Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.		2.3520aromatic ether;
glycerol ether
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		2.6530imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		2.7130piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		11.44141organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		2.0510amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mescaline
Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.		2.3520methoxybenzenes;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
primary amino compound		hallucinogen
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		1.9810aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		8.55372guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methacrylic acid
methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.		3.250alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		4.3660benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methamidophos
methamidophos: structure. methamidophos : An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.		7.0310organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phosphoramide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide
metharbital
metharbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ENDIEMAL, METHARBITONE, & METHOBARBITONE were see METHARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search METHARBITAL 1976-94; long-acting barbiturate that is demethylated to barbital in the liver; has broad-spectrum anticonvulsant action, but used mainly to treat myoclonic spasms in infants		1.9310organic molecular entity
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.7430sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methenamine
Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.		7.04280polyazaalkane;
polycyclic cage;
tetramine		antibacterial drug
methoxyamine
methoxyamine: analytical reagent for aldehydes and ketones; strong irritant, can probably produce methemoglobinemia; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9910organooxygen compound
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		2.3820aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxychlor
Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.		1.9710organochlorine insecticide
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		6.6112ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.3311benzothiadiazine
nocodazole
[no description available]		7.730aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
methyl parathion
Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		2.8940C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
genotoxin
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		2.5320benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
methyl methanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.4120methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		4.3241beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
methyprylon
methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94		2.0510organic molecular entity
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		5.453benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		4.2811organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		5.8971aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		15.989358C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		3.3770aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		7.6620aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		9.3141dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		4.2150dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		5.5992imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
milrinone
[no description available]		2.7430bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		2.4520dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		3.8321benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		2.0510diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		2.0510dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
molsidomine
Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.		2.730ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
monodansylcadaverine
monodansylcadaverine: inhibits cross linkage of fibrin. monodansylcadaverine : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with one of the amino groups of cadaverine.		1.9610aminonaphthalene;
primary amino compound;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
protective agent
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		2.0510monoterpenoid
muscimol
Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.		4.0440alkaloid;
isoxazoles;
primary amino compound		fungal metabolite;
GABA agonist;
oneirogen;
psychotropic drug
1,3-dicyclohexylurea
1,3-dicyclohexylurea: degradation product of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3- cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea; structure		3.91120ureas
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.4120benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
n-bromoacetamide
[no description available]		1.9710
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		6.86890maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142
FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist		2.110beta-carbolines
clorgyline
Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.		2.3720aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
apnea
Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		2.940purine nucleoside
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		2.0510methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nafamostat
nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic		2.1110benzoic acids;
guanidines
nafoxidine
Nafoxidine: An estrogen antagonist that has been used in the treatment of breast cancer.		7.3820benzenes;
naphthalenes;
ring assembly
nafronyl
Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.		4.3122naphthalenes
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		3.07501,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naphazoline
Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.		1.9710naphthalenes
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		2.0510aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		3.0550quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
netropsin
Netropsin: A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research.		3.520
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.6861cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		8.0550organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		5.7932benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
niceritrol
Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.		2.0510organic molecular entity
niclosamide
Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.		7.3110benzamides;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
salicylanilides;
secondary carboxamide		anthelminthic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
molluscicide;
piscicide;
STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		10.81122C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.4320aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nilutamide
[no description available]		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		2.4820aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2.41202-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid
nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		2.4620beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		4.6611,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		2.4620C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		4.5770nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		2.0510catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		8.3460fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		2.3820organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
npc 15437
NPC 15437: interacts with th C1 doamin of protein kinase C		2.0810
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist		2.4420nitrobenzoic acid
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide
N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.		2.0210aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
octopamine
Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.		2.6430phenylethanolamines;
tyramines		neurotransmitter
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		16.3120123-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine
olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.		2.03102,6-diaminopurines;
ethanolamines		EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
olprinone
olprinone: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		3.4611bipyridines
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		15.5310169aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		2.4320carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		2.0510ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxonic acid
Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.		3.01401,3,5-triazines;
monocarboxylic acid
1,2-cyclohexanediamine
1,2-cyclohexanediamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.9330primary aliphatic amine
oxamniquine
Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.		2.0510aromatic primary alcohol;
C-nitro compound;
quinolines;
secondary amino compound
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.51201,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		2.45201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid amide
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		3.360benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxotremorine
Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.		8.0650N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		4.6361aromatic ether
oxybenzone
oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.		2.0510hydroxybenzophenone;
monomethoxybenzene		dermatologic drug;
environmental contaminant;
protective agent;
ultraviolet filter;
xenobiotic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		2.1310acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxypertine
oxypertine: was heading 1975-94 (see under INDOLES 1975-90); use PIPERAZINES to search OXYPERTINE 1975-94; antipsychotic agent also used in severe depression; it has potentially dangerous side effects		1.9410organic molecular entity
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		4.6590phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		2.8640aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		2.39201,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fenclonine
Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.		2.3620phenylalanine derivative
p-fluorophenylalanine
p-Fluorophenylalanine: 3-(p-Fluorophenyl)-alanine.. 4-fluorophenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group.		2.4220fluoroamino acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine derivative
palmidrol
palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.		2.110endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticonvulsant;
antihypertensive agent;
neuroprotective agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		2.6830phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		10.512015aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		3.65100benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		2.6330aromatic amine
patulin
Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.		2.7230furopyran;
gamma-lactone;
lactol		antimicrobial agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		3.1150aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		3.75301,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		1.9310aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		6.53481barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		5.3572oxopurine
perazine
Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		2.6530N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide
phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure		11.4570acetamides
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		6.87221acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		1.9610diaminopyridine;
monoazo compound		anticoronaviral agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
phenindione
Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)		5.1231aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone		anticoagulant
pheniramine
Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.		6.9810pyridines;
tertiary amino compound
phenmetrazine
Phenmetrazine: A sympathomimetic drug used primarily as an appetite depressant. Its actions and mechanisms are similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. phenmetrazine : A member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted with a phenyl group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.		1.9510morpholinesmetabolite;
sympathomimetic agent
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		9.83832barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		2.0510phenols
phenolsulfonphthalein
Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.		8.71922,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
diagnostic agent;
two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		3.74110aromatic amine
phenprobamate
phenprobamate: structure		2.8540benzenes
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		4.2331monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		8.32232pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.		3.2460acyl fluorideserine proteinase inhibitor
phloretin
[no description available]		7.89810dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
phthalylsulfathiazole
phthalylsulfathiazole: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SULFATHIAZOLES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalylsulfathiazole : A sulfonamide incorporating 2-carboxybenzamido and 1,3-thiazol-2-yl moieties that is a broad-spectrum antibiotic indicated in the treatment of dysentery, colitis, gastroenteritis and intestinal surgery.		1.92101,3-thiazoles;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide
o-phthalaldehyde
o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.		3.69100benzaldehydes;
dialdehyde		epitope
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		2.0510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
pimobendan
pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source		3.4311benzimidazoles;
pyridazinone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		7.6830pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		4.0631indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		2.1310aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
pipamperone
pipamperone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pipamperone : A member of the class of bipiperidines that is 1,4'-bipiperidine which is substituted at the 1' and 4' positions by 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl and carboxamide groups, respectively. A first generation antipsychotic, its properties are generally similar to those of haloperidol.		1.9310aromatic ketone;
bipiperidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
pipemidic acid
Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.		2.0510amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridopyrimidine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine
[no description available]		4.11140azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		11.0751organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		2.0510pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
piretanide
piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure		3.7521aromatic ether
piribedil
Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.		3.3611N-arylpiperazine
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		10.662393inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
potassium iodide
Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.		9.09160potassium saltexpectorant;
radical scavenger
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.6730acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
ono 1078
pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		210chromones
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		340isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		5.23121aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		6.9410amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		3.82110aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		6.89131pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		3.3570diarylmethane
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		10.28131benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		3.1150dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		5.1790benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		6.74111benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.6630benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		4.0531N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		2.3620pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		210phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		3.4680phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propanil
Propanil: A chlorinated anilide that is used as an herbicide.. propanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of propanoic acid with the amino group of 3,4-dichloroaniline. It is a herbicide used for the treatment of numerous grasses and broad-leaved weeds in rice, potatoes, and wheat.		3.0410anilide;
dichlorobenzene		herbicide
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.4420phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		12.92011phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propoxur
Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide.. propoxur : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.		1.9510aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		9.2522naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protoporphyrin ix
protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.		1.9910
pyridinolcarbamate
Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)		4.0431pyridines
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		2.7130aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		11.68101aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
quipazine
Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.		1.9910piperazines;
pyridines
((2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1h-inden-5-yl)oxy)acetic acid
((2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1H-inden-5-yl)oxy)acetic acid: an anion channel blocker		210
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		13.32149benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		2.21101-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		2.7430aralkylamine
opc 12759
rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase		4.6632secondary carboxamide
resorcinol
resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.		2.7130benzenediol;
phenolic donor;
resorcinols		erythropoietin inhibitor;
sensitiser
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		2.0510benzothiazoles
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		5.93711,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		2.4620organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.0510butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roxarsone
Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.. roxarsone : An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.		1.95102-nitrophenols;
organoarsonic acid		agrochemical;
animal growth promotant;
antibacterial drug;
coccidiostat
roxatidine acetate
roxatidine acetate: structure given in first source		3.411piperidines
etiron
etiron: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9910
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		4.871101,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
safrole
Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.		2.1510benzodioxolesflavouring agent;
insecticide;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylamide
salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source		2.4520phenols;
salicylamides		antirheumatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic
sarpogrelate
sarpogrelate: structure given in first source		2.1710hemisuccinate;
stilbenoid
sb 206553
SB 206553: a high-affinity 5-HT(2C/2B) antagonist; structure given in first source		2.420pyrroloindole
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.260barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
carbamylhydrazine
carbamylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.93130carbohydrazide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound;
ureas
semustine
Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.		1.9610N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		7.21138ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		2.0510organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		5.13150pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
simazine
Simazine: A triazine herbicide.. simazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.		7.3820chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
linsidomine
linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.730morpholines
sk&f 86002
6-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-5-(4-pyridinyl)imidazo(2,1-b)thiazole: inhibits p38 MAP kinase		3.1310imidazoles
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		9.734311fluoride saltmutagen
sodium iodide
Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.		3.690inorganic sodium salt;
iodide salt
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		3.4880haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
ipodate
Ipodate: Ionic monomeric contrast media. Usually the sodium or calcium salts are used for examination of the gall bladder and biliary tract. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p704)		3.7421
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.4620ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt
sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.		2.0510organic sodium saltEC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
orphan drug;
prodrug
spiperone
Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.		3.4311aromatic ketone;
azaspiro compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		7.9940long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
imatinib
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
streptonigrin
[no description available]		3.0410pyridines;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		340dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		7.23123quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulconazole
sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
organic sulfide
sulfacetamide
Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.		2.8840N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
substituted aniline		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		3.4720aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfaguanidine
Sulfaguanidine: A sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections.. sulfaguanidine : A sulfonamide incorporating a guanidine moiety used to block the synthesis of folic acid; mostly used in veterinary medicine		1.9510sulfonamide antibioticantiinfective agent
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.6530pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfameter
Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
leprostatic drug;
renal agent
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.3470pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		2.6530sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		3.3470isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine
Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.3620pyridazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		7.264140substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		2.0510primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		2.7230
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		8.721101,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		5.0152pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		3.260isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		6.232802-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		3.8721isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		2.0510alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		4.551benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		8.68100naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
talipexole
talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source		1.9710azepine
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.0510N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.7230acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
tegafur
[no description available]		2.6830organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		2.0510benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		10.8561imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		4.7871phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		3.8221diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		2.6830benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		3.7100quaternary ammonium ion
krypton
Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.		1.9410monoatomic krypton;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		4.6361phthalimides;
piperidones
theobromine
Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.		4.4370dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
bronchodilator agent;
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		7.67301,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		2.8740phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		2.8640aziridines
thiram
Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.		2.3920organic disulfideantibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
tiaprofenic acid
tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		drug allergen;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		4.2841monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		9.31614imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		2.4220N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		2.0510benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
nikethamide
Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)		1.9910pyridinecarboxamide
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		6.51151N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolazoline
Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.		2.3520imidazolesalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		9.511102N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolnaftate
[no description available]		8.7521monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
tolperisone
Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)		2.0510aromatic ketone
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		2.0510aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		3.8330amino acid
trapidil
Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.		210triazolopyrimidines
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tremorine
[no description available]		2.3520N-alkylpyrrolidine
triacetin
Triacetin: A triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent.. triacetin : A triglyceride obtained by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol. It has fungistatic properties (based on release of acetic acid) and has been used in the topical treatment of minor dermatophyte infections.		2.940triglycerideadjuvant;
antifungal drug;
food additive carrier;
food emulsifier;
food humectant;
fuel additive;
plant metabolite;
solvent
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		11.3395pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		3.3511triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		1.9410benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
triclosan
[no description available]		6.1291aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		3.2160N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		3.7530organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trigonelline
trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.0110alkaloid;
iminium betaine		food component;
human urinary metabolite;
plant metabolite
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		2.6430amine
trimeprazine
Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.		1.9410phenothiazines
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		6.6771oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		10.26170aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		2.9740chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tyramine
[no description available]		3.75110monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		2.0310aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urapidil
[no description available]		2.420piperazines
urethane
[no description available]		8.411130carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		2.0510cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesnarinone
[no description available]		3.5520organic molecular entity
vigabatrin
[no description available]		2.0510gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.940aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
xanthurenic acid
xanthurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at C-4 and C-8.		2.0110dihydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		animal metabolite;
iron chelator;
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist;
vesicular glutamate transport inhibitor
xylazine
Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.		2101,3-thiazine;
methylbenzene;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
emetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.		2.2510aromatic primary alcohol;
furans;
indazoles		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0510carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		3.5680inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		2.0510imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		2.04101,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
guanidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.5120one-carbon compound;
organic chloride salt		protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.4220cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		2.0510corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.1450mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		7.7672011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		9.7775411beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		10.3514116alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		4.5580ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		13.75353alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		3.66100beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.03150imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		10.951105glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		4.55260pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
thymidine
[no description available]		5.891020pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		3.0750nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.4920benzodioxolespesticide synergist
benzimidazole
1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.		9.7450benzimidazole;
polycyclic heteroarene
triethylenemelamine
Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.		1.94101,3,5-triazinesalkylating agent;
insect sterilant
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		2.3820nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid
tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.		2.0510
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		10.116234-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride
Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.		2.0510
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		8.419642-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dibenzylchlorethamine
Dibenzylchlorethamine: An alpha adrenergic antagonist.		1.9410
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		5.491611-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
methacetin
methacetin: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacetin : A member of the class of acetamides that is paracetamol in which the hydrogen of phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.		1.9710acetamides;
aromatic ether
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		4.86330ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate
norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.		2.05103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		13.964553-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclobarbital
cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative		2.4520barbiturates
aldosterone
[no description available]		18.521101011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allobarbital
allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects		2.0510barbiturates
pentolinium tartrate
Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.		1.9410tartrate saltantihypertensive agent
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		10.36141non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
trichlorfon
Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
anthelminthic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
lynestrenol
Lynestrenol: A synthetic progestational hormone used often in mixtures with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		1.9410steroid
norethandrolone
Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.		2.3420corticosteroid hormone
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		17.3859611-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		5.313117-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fluprednisolone
Fluprednisolone: A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties.		3.3311fluorinated steroid
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		2.372017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
etiocholanolone
Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.		3.552017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		2.974017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nad
[no description available]		2.0510NADgeroprotector
2-acetylaminofluorene
2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.		6.93102-acetamidofluorenesantimitotic;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope;
mutagen
adrenochrome
Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.		1.9410indoles
azauridine
Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.		1.9510N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazineantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		5.41200penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
idoxuridine
[no description available]		3.7321organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
metaraminol
Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.		3.4580phenylethanolaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		4.21180pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.		2.7230N-arylpiperazine;
organic iodide salt;
piperazinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		13.08441organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		14.277542-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		2.9440nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		4.94390dialkyl phosphate
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		7.9212guanidines
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		4.87350chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		14.4741715alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		9.891261L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.		7.3320corticosteroid hormone
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide
4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.		2.4110C-nitro compound;
quinoline N-oxide		carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		6.6410C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		14.412487aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		17.1241617amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		18.546018aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cetrimonium bromide
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.		2.0510organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		detergent;
surfactant
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		12.71250pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
chlorobutanol
[no description available]		13.2982tertiary alcohol
vincristine
[no description available]		2.6830acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		4.03150carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sulfamic acid
sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.		8.3860sulfamic acids
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		15.525378glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		3.085017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
chlordan
Chlordan: A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.7330cyclodiene organochlorine insecticideGABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		2.6530steroid ester
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		3.65100bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		4.3460ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		3.2360aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		5.96210pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		4.445117beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		2.9140benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
puromycin aminonucleoside
3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.		2.38203'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		6.69740adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		5.28131azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		210tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
uridine
[no description available]		6.49610uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
uridine monophosphate
Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.		2.7730pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
uridine diphosphate
Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.		3.0340pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		3.97140kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		3.94130pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		9.59811D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		7.14152monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		11.27202phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
benzoxazolone
benzoxazolone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-benzoxazolinone : A member of the class of benzoxazoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole carrying an oxo group at position 2.		7.1110benzoxazoleallelochemical;
phytoalexin
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		5.52161amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		13.733906ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)		3.4580azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		3.150benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		14.883118amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		8.89130amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
phlorhizin
[no description available]		9.2180aryl beta-D-glucoside;
dihydrochalcones;
monosaccharide derivative		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
acepromazine
Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.		4.3241aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		2.3620amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		8.13591adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		2.6330penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		2.38201,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		2.6430penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		7.91352organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		1.9610organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		16.8530424amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		2.3720quaternary ammonium salt
aniline
[no description available]		3.5480anilines;
primary arylamine
2-aminoisobutyric acid
2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.		2.9402,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion;
2,2-dialkylglycine
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		4.5780nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		4.993117-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		3.5790carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
cytidine monophosphate
Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.730cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cytidine diphosphate
Cytidine Diphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: CRPP; cytidine pyrophosphate.		1.9710cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate
Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.7330pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		12.3415319lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		13.0623514aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		440
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		15.8426312amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-tolylcarbamide
3-tolylcarbamide: derivative of anticonvulsant phenylcarbamide; structure		1.9410
n-phenylurea
[no description available]		2.6230ureas
Mebutamate
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		13.0230120-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		4.97390alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
gallamine triethiodide
Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)		2.3520
cytidine
[no description available]		12.17111cytidinesEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine triphosphate
Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		1.9810cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
strophanthidin
Strophanthidin: 3 beta,5,14-Trihydroxy-19-oxo-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The aglycone cardioactive agent isolated from Strophanthus Kombe, S. gratus and other species; it is a very toxic material formerly used as digitalis. Synonyms: Apocymarin; Corchorin; Cynotoxin; Corchorgenin.		2.352014beta-hydroxy steroid;
19-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
cardenolides;
steroid aldehyde
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		2.6430penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		5.17490antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		4.84130diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
3,5-dimethylpyrazole
3,5-dimethylpyrazole: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
barbituric acid
barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.		4.19180barbituratesallergen;
xenobiotic
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		9.96390chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide
Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.		3.341111beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
gliotoxin
Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.		2.4110dipeptide;
organic disulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
pyrazinoindole		antifungal agent;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
proteasome inhibitor
sodium citrate, anhydrous
Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.		3.470organic sodium saltanticoagulant;
flavouring agent
bromoacetate
[no description available]		1.9710carboxylic acid;
organohalogen compound
bromoacetate
[no description available]		1.9610
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		9.76320formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		2.392017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel
Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.		2.0510oxo steroid
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		5.81714-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		2.0510aromatic ketone
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		5.334117alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
tubercidin
Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.		1.9510antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		6.97224beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		15.325125mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		8.51282beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.		4.92370nitrobenzoic acid;
organic disulfide		indicator
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		16.5942211non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene
Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		2.4720C-nitro compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
allergen;
chromatographic reagent;
EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor;
protein-sequencing agent;
spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		7.34610amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		11.752086amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol
n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.		2.8940pentanol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane
Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.		1.9610chloroethanespolar solvent
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		11.351674L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		14.94894amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol
[no description available]		3.065017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
methaqualone
Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.		7.34202quinazolinesGABA agonist;
sedative
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482)		1.9510chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		xenobiotic metabolite
trypan blue
VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.		2.0510
cordycepin
[no description available]		2.05103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		antimetabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		12.564626erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		9.05793aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinethazone
quinethazone: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. quinethazone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2, 6 and 7 by ethyl, sulfamoyl and chloro groups respectively; a thiazide-like diuretic used to treat hypertension.		1.9410quinazolinesantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		20.0590129arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
methyl bromide
methyl bromide: used in ionization chambers, degreasing wool, extracting oils; insect fumigant; high concentrations can produce pulmonary edema,narcosis; chronic exposure can cause CNS depression,kidney injury; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromomethane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to three hydrogen atoms and one bromine atom. It is produced naturally by marine algae.		1.9610bromohydrocarbon;
bromomethanes;
methyl halides		algal metabolite;
fumigant insecticide;
marine metabolite
ethane
Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.		7.9740alkane;
gas molecular entity		plant metabolite;
refrigerant
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		9.4870alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
acetylene
[no description available]		5.29170alkyne;
gas molecular entity;
terminal acetylenic compound
methyl chloride
Methyl Chloride: A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403). chlorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.. chloromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.		1.9610chloromethanes;
methyl halides		marine metabolite;
mutagen;
refrigerant
methyl iodide
methyl iodide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of CH3-I. iodomethane : A member of the class of iodomethanes that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by iodine.		2.3720iodomethanes;
methyl halides		fumigant insecticide
methylamine
methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.		6.16240methylamines;
one-carbon compound;
primary aliphatic amine		mouse metabolite
propane
Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.		4.4660alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant
methylacetylene
methylacetylene: structure		1.9610alkyne;
gas molecular entity;
terminal acetylenic compound
ethyl chloride
Ethyl Chloride: A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.. chloroethane : The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.		2.3520chloroethanesantipruritic drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
local anaesthetic
vinyl chloride
Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.		2.4110chloroethenes;
gas molecular entity;
monohaloethene		carcinogenic agent
ethylamine
ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		7.3420primary aliphatic aminehuman metabolite
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		5.97330aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		2.9240chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
difluoromethane
difluoromethane: structure given in first source		1.9610fluoromethanesrefrigerant
isocyanic acid
isocyanic acid: structure. isocyanic acid : A colourless, volatile, poisonous inorganic compound with the formula HNCO; the simplest stable chemical compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, the four most commonly-found elements in organic chemistry and biology.		4.5770hydracid;
one-carbon compound
carbon disulfide
Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.		9.3260one-carbon compound;
organosulfur compound
cyclopropane
cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.		8.1750cycloalkane;
cyclopropanes		inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide
Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.		5.9781gas molecular entity;
oxacycle;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		allergen;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
2-propylamine
2-propylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610alkylamines;
primary aliphatic amine
1,1-dichloroethane
[no description available]		1.9610organochlorine compound
1,1-difluoroethane
[no description available]		1.9610
1,1-difluoroethylene
1,1-difluoroethylene: structure		1.9610olefinic compound;
organofluorine compound
dichlorofluoromethane
[no description available]		1.9610
phosgene
Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.		2.6730acyl chloride
fluorocarbon 22
[no description available]		1.9610hydrochlorofluorocarbon
nitromethane
nitromethane: structure. nitromethane : A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.		2.3920primary nitroalkane;
volatile organic compound		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
explosive;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
propyleneimine
[no description available]		2.0310aziridines
propylene oxide
propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		7.0410epoxide
tetramethylammonium
tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.		2.7230quaternary ammonium ion
bromotrichloromethane
Bromotrichloromethane: A potent liver poison. In rats, bromotrichloromethane produces about three times the degree of liver microsomal lipid peroxidation as does carbon tetrachloride.		6.9710
tert-butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		2.4110tertiary alcoholhuman xenobiotic metabolite
methanesulfonic acid
[no description available]		1.9410alkanesulfonic acid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite
trimethylchlorosilane
trimethylsilyl chloride: structure in first source. chlorotrimethylsilane : A silyl chloride consisting of a central silicon atom covalently bound to one chloro and three methyl groups. Chlorotrimethylsilane is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.		2.0510silyl chloridechromatographic reagent
trichloroacetaldehyde
trichloroacetaldehyde : An organochlorine compound that consists of acetaldehyde where all the methyl hydrogens are replaced by chloro groups.		1.9310aldehyde;
organochlorine compound		mouse metabolite
trifluoroethanol
Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.		4.71290fluoroalcohol
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		2.420alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
methyl sulfate
methyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl sulfate : An alkyl sulfate that is the monomethyl ester of sulfuric acid.		2.3520alkyl sulfate;
one-carbon compound
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		6.23470monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		3.81110fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
freon 114
Freon 114: InChIKey: DDMOUSALMHHKOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N		1.9610
perfluoroethane
[no description available]		1.9610fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon		refrigerant
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		5.0710111beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
bromthymol blue
Bromthymol Blue: A pH sensitive dye that has been used as an indicator in many laboratory reactions.. bromothymol blue : A member of the class of 2,1-benzoxathioles that is 2,1-benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylphenyl groups.		2.37202,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
organobromine compound;
polyphenol;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
bromcresol green
Bromcresol Green: An indicator and reagent. It has been used in serum albumin determinations and as a pH indicator.		2.8840benzofurans
allylpropymal
allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.		2.0510barbiturates
gibberellic acid
gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.		2.5820C19-gibberellin;
gibberellin monocarboxylic acid;
lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		6.96231benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
butobarbital
butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)		2.4520barbiturates
carbromal
carbromal: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-73); use UREA to search CARBROMAL 1963-94		9.53260N-acylurea
dicyclopentadiene
[no description available]		2.0610cyclic olefin
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		12.18740primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
vinyltriethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.2110
pentaerythritol tetranitrate
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025). pentaerythritol tetranitrate : A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.		1.9410pentaerythritol nitrateexplosive;
vasodilator agent
triparanol
Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.		2.3520stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		5.7250alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
isobutyl alcohol
isobutyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd		210alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol		Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isobutyraldehyde
isobutyraldehyde : A member of the class of propanals that is propanal substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.31102-methyl-branched fatty aldehyde;
propanals		Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylethyl ketone
methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.		1.9610butanone;
dialkyl ketone;
methyl ketone;
volatile organic compound		bacterial metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		3.0550chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
propionamide
[no description available]		1.9710monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary fatty amide
acrylamide
[no description available]		5.1430acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
chloroacetamide
[no description available]		2.0310
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		7.86213alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
n-methylacetamide
N-methylacetamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-methylacetamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the N-methyl derivative of acetamide.		2.9240acetamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		metabolite
methyl acetate
methyl acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of acetic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (57 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it is used as a solvent for many resins and oils.		1.9610acetate ester;
methyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
fragrance;
polar aprotic solvent
peracetic acid
Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.		11.08113a peroxy aciddisinfectant;
oxidising agent
methyl chloroformate
[no description available]		2.1310
nitroethane
nitroethane : A nitroalkane that is ethane substituted by a nitro group.		2.3920primary nitroalkane
isobutyric acid
isobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isobutyric acid : A branched fatty acid comprising propanoic acid carrying a methyl branch at C-2.		2.420branched-chain saturated fatty acid;
fatty acid 4:0;
methyl-branched fatty acid		Daphnia magna metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
dichloroacetic acid
[no description available]		2.8840monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		astringent;
marine metabolite
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		4.9791pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		8.0240bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
cumene hydroperoxide
cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.		7.0810peroxolenvironmental contaminant;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
oxidising agent
methylmethacrylate
Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.		2.1110enoate ester;
methyl ester		allergen;
polymerisation monomer
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		2.382012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		3.99140amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
rhodamine b
rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.		10.6651organic chloride salt;
xanthene dye		fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
benzanthrone
benzanthrone: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610phenanthrenes
pyridoxic acid
Pyridoxic Acid: The catabolic product of most of VITAMIN B 6; (PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; and PYRIDOXAMINE) which is excreted in the urine.. 4-pyridoxic acid : A methylpyridine that is 2-methylpyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at C-3, a carboxy group at C-4, and a hydroxymethyl group at C-5. It is the catabolic product of vitamin B6 and is excreted in the urine.. 4-pyridoxate : A pyridoxate that is the conjugate base of 4-pyridoxic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.1710hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cyclizine
Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.		7.3720N-alkylpiperazineantiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic
skatole
[no description available]		2.3520methylindolehuman metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		3.831206-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
lawsone
lawsone: a molluscacide from leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. topical sunscreening agent; structure; powdered leaves of Lawsonia inermis(Lythraceae) used as brown hair dye. lawsone : 1,4-Naphthoquinone carrying a hydroxy function at C-2. It is obtained from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis.		1.9810
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.6430organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
9,10-phenanthrenequinone
9,10-phenanthrenequinone: structure		1.9610phenanthrenes
dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone
dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone: request from searcher		2.1510
9,10-anthraquinone
9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.		1.9610anthraquinone
diquat
Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.		3.9840organic cationdefoliant;
herbicide
phthalimide
phthalimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalimide : A dicarboximide that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole substituted by oxo groups at positions 1 and 3.		2.0310phthalimides
phthalic anhydride
phthalic anhydride : The cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the anhydride of phthalic acid.		2.74302-benzofurans;
cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride		allergen
phensuximide
phensuximide: major descriptor (73-84); on-line search SUCCINIMIDES (73-84); Index Medicus search PHENSUXIMIDE (73-84); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9310pyrrolidines
carbazole
carbazole: structure in first source		2.8330carbazole
1-naphthaleneacetic acid
1-naphthaleneacetic acid: a plant growth regulator; RN given refers to parent cpd. naphthylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is naphthalene substituted by a carboxymethyl group at any position.. 1-naphthaleneacetic acid : A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.		2.2510naphthylacetic acidsynthetic auxin
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		2.3920penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		4.1750glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
penicillanic acid
Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.		1.9510penicillanic acids
hexachlorobutadiene
hexachlorobutadiene: a potent nephrotoxicant in rats; structure		3.0750organochlorine compound
xylitol
xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.		6.34212
2,4,6-trichlorophenol
[no description available]		2.0310trichlorophenolcarcinogenic agent
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		8.35332pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-toluenesulfonamide
2-toluenesulfonamide: saccharin impurity; starting material for preparation of saccharin; structure		2.0410
versalide
versalide: musk fragrance in soaps & cosmetics; structure		1.9610
anthranilamide
[no description available]		2.4520substituted aniline
dinoseb
dinoseb: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dinoseb : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dinoseb.. 2-(butan-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol that is 2,4-dinitrophenol substituted by a butan-2-yl group at position 2.		2.1510dinitrophenol
picric acid
picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.3320C-nitro compoundantiseptic drug;
explosive;
fixative
thymol
Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.		4.8681monoterpenoid;
phenols		volatile oil component
salicylaldehyde
o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source		2.0510hydroxybenzaldehydenematicide;
plant metabolite
1-naphthol
1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.		2.4110naphtholgenotoxin;
human xenobiotic metabolite
1-naphthol-8-amino-3,6-disulfonic acid
1-naphthol-8-amino-3,6-disulfonic acid: dye and found in industrial waste		2.110
1-naphthylphenylamine
N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine: RN given refers to 1-naphthylamine cpd; structure		1.9910naphthalenes
beta-glucono-1,5-lactone
beta-glucono-1,5-lactone: structure. D-glucono-1,5-lactone : An aldono-1,5-lactone obtained from D-gluconic acid.		2.7430aldono-1,5-lactone;
gluconolactone		animal metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		3.88120mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified		2.1310isoquinolines
quinoline
[no description available]		3.2360azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinolines
isatin
tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;		4.460indoledioneEC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
2-naphthylamine
2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.		3.74100naphthylaminecarcinogenic agent
tolonium chloride
Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.		2.6630
pyronine
Pyronine: Xanthene dye used as a bacterial and biological stain. Synonyms: Pyronin; Pyronine G; Pyronine Y. Use also for Pyronine B. which is diethyl-rather than dimethylamino-.. pyronin Y : An organic chloride salt having 6-(dimethylamino)-N,N-dimethyl-3H-xanthen-3-iminium as the cation. Used with methyl green to selectively demonstrate RNA (red) in contrast to DNA (green) with the Unna-Pappenheim method.		2.6830iminium salt;
organic chloride salt		histological dye
diphenyl
diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure		3.6890aromatic fungicide;
benzenes;
biphenyls		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative
proflavine
Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.		2.940aminoacridinesantibacterial agent;
antiseptic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
chromophore;
intercalator
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		5.26170xanthene
phenothiazine
10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.		2.6230phenothiazineferroptosis inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
veratric acid
veratric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3.		2.0610benzoic acidsallergen;
plant metabolite
cdaa
CDAA: structure		2.4110tertiary carboxamide
synephrine
[no description available]		2.0510ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		5.95140benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
butylparaben
[no description available]		210organic molecular entity
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		6.2862carbonyl compound
nicotinic acid benzyl ester
nicotinic acid benzyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6344. benzyl nicotinate : A benzyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of nicotinic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been used as a rubefacient.		2.0310benzyl estervasodilator agent
salicylaldoxime
[no description available]		7.1110
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.4720chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
benzotriazole
benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.		2.0610benzotriazolesenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
benzothiophene
[no description available]		7.52201-benzothiophenes;
benzothiophene
benzothiazole
benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.		3.2150benzothiazolesenvironmental contaminant;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
2-dichlorobenzene
2-dichlorobenzene: structure. 1,2-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 2.		2.110dichlorobenzenehepatotoxic agent;
metabolite
2-bromophenol
bromophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded bromine atoms.		7.4820bromophenolmarine metabolite
3,4-dimethylphenol
3,4-dimethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 4.		2.0310phenols
dilactide
dilactide: structure given in first source		2.4110dioxanes
alpha-chlorohydrin
alpha-Chlorohydrin: A chlorinated PROPANEDIOL with antifertility activity in males used as a chemosterilant in rodents.. 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol : A chloropropane-1,2-diol that is propane-1,2-diol substituted by a chloro group at position 3.		2.3920chloropropane-1,2-diol
1,3-dimethylurea
N,N'-dimethylurea : A member of the class of ureas that is urea substituted by methyl groups at positions 1 and 3.		3.0950ureas
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		3.360butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
soman
Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.		2.7130phosphonic ester
lactobionic acid
[no description available]		2.0110disaccharideantioxidant
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.		3.1105-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
ethylene dimethacrylate
ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.		2.7530enoate esterallergen;
cross-linking reagent;
polymerisation monomer
furaldehyde
Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.		2.6530aldehyde;
furans		Maillard reaction product;
metabolite
benzenesulfonamide
[no description available]		1.9610sulfonamide
3-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid
3-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid: RN for 3-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid		2.0510
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		5.731125-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
1-phenethylamine
1-phenethylamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine that is ethylamine substituted by a phenyl group at position 1.		2.0510phenylethylaminehuman metabolite
nitrobenzene
nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.		8.4580nitroarene;
nitrobenzenes
3-nitrotoluene
[no description available]		1.9610mononitrotoluene
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		6.55230trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sym-trinitrobenzene
Trinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene : A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.		2.6830trinitrobenzeneexplosive
carvone
carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.		7.7730botanical anti-fungal agent;
carvones		allergen
3-dinitrobenzene
dinitrobenzene : Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.. 1,3-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.		1.9610dinitrobenzeneneurotoxin
methylparaben
methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.		2.4920parabenantifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
4-cymene
4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.		2.3110monoterpene;
toluenes		human urinary metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
4-nitrotoluene
4-nitrotoluene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6470. mononitrotoluene : A nitrotoluene bearing a single nitro substituent at any position. A "closed class".. 4-nitrotoluene : A mononitrotoluene that consists of toluene bearing a nitro substituent at the 4-position.		2.0410mononitrotoluene
4-nitroaniline
[no description available]		1.9810nitroanilinebacterial xenobiotic metabolite
4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde
p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde: structure in first source. 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde carrying a dimethylamino substituent at position 4. Used as an indicator for detection of indoles and hydrazine.		3.2360benzaldehydes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		chromogenic compound
4-nitroanisole
4-nitroanisole: dye intermediate; organic synthesis; structure. 4-nitroanisole : A member of the class of 4-nitroanisoles that is anisole in which one the hydrogen meta to the methoxy group is replaced by a nitro group.		1.99104-nitroanisoles
terephthalic acid
terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.		2.4520benzenedicarboxylic acid
ethylbenzene
[no description available]		5.6751alkylbenzene
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		3.2150styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
4-vinylpyridine
4-vinylpyridine: reagent for blocking cysteine function in proteins; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0610
benzylamine
aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.		2.0110aralkylamine;
primary amine		allergen;
EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nicotinyl alcohol
Nicotinyl Alcohol: Alcohol analog of NICOTINIC ACID which is a direct-acting peripheral vasodilator that causes flushing and may decrease blood pressure. It is used in vasospasm and threatened GANGRENE.. 3-pyridinemethanol : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 3 .		3.0610aromatic primary alcohol;
pyridines		antilipemic drug;
vasodilator agent
phenylhydrazine
[no description available]		2.0310phenylhydrazinesxenobiotic
anisole
anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.		2.3920monomethoxybenzeneplant metabolite
methylphenylsulfide
thioanisole : An aryl sulfide that is thiophenol in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a methyl group.		1.9610aryl sulfide;
benzenes
2-vinylpyridine
[no description available]		2.0610
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		2.0610quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
cyclamic acid
Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.		4.360sulfamic acidsenvironmental contaminant;
human xenobiotic metabolite
triclocarban
triclocarban: bacteriostat; antiseptic in soaps & other cleansing solns; germicide; structure. triclocarban : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas		antimicrobial agent;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		2.0310pyridinium salt
4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate
4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate: used as a hardening agent incorporated in polyurethanes. diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate : A diisocyanate consisting of diphenylmethane with two isocyanate groups at the 4- and 4'-positions.		2.4320diisocyanateallergen;
hapten
2-benzylpyridine
2-benzylpyridine: an inducer of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450		2.1110
acetoacetanilide
N-phenylacetoacetamide: structure in first source		7.0510
triethanolamine
triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		3.2710amino alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
triol		buffer;
surfactant
boric acid
[no description available]		4.04140boric acidsastringent
dibenzyl ether
benzyl ether : A compound of formula PhCH2OR (R =/= H).. dibenzyl ether : A benzyl ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to two benzyl groups.		2.4820benzyl ethermetabolite
1-phenyl-2-propanone
1-phenyl-2-propanone: analog of propiophenone where carbonyl group is on the 2 carbon atom instead of the 1 carbon atom of the side chain. phenylacetone : A propanone that is propan-2-one substituted by a phenyl group at position 1.		2.0710methyl ketone;
propanones
2-ethylhexanol
[no description available]		1.9710primary alcoholplant metabolite;
volatile oil component
4-methyl anisole
[no description available]		1.9810methoxybenzenes
4-anisidine
4-anisidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-anisidine : A substituted aniline that is aniline in which the hydrogen para to the amino group has been replaced by a methoxy group. It is used as a reagent for the detection of oxidation products such as aldehydes and ketones in fats and oils.		1.9310methoxybenzenes;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		genotoxin;
reagent
betazole
Betazole: A histamine H2 agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.. betazole : Pyrazole in which a hydrogen adjacent to one of the nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group. It is a histamine H2-receptor agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.		1.9710primary amino compound;
pyrazoles		diagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
histamine agonist
ethyl bromoacetate
[no description available]		2.0610
caprolactam
Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.9740caprolactamshuman blood serum metabolite
4-phenylenediamine
4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.		2.7130phenylenediamineallergen;
dye;
hapten;
reagent
epichlorohydrin
Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.		2.8130epoxide;
organochlorine compound
glycidyl methacrylate
glycidyl methacrylate: RN given refers to monomer. glycidyl methacrylate : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methacrylic acid with the hydroxy group of glycidol.		2.2510enoate ester;
epoxide
butane
butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.		2.110alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant;
refrigerant
1-butene
but-1-ene : A butene with unsaturation at position 1.		1.9610butene
acrolein
[no description available]		4.6750enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
2-bromoethylamine
[no description available]		2.3720
propylamine
propylamine : A member of the class of alkylamines that is propane substituted by an amino group at C-1.		1.9610alkylamines
allylamine
Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.		9.5851alkylamine
acrylonitrile
[no description available]		5.08101aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
carcinogenic agent;
fungal metabolite;
mutagen;
polar aprotic solvent
allyl alcohol
allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.		3.470primary allylic alcohol;
propenol		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
herbicide;
insecticide;
plant metabolite
propargyl alcohol
propargyl alcohol: irreversibly inactivates alcohol oxidase; RN given refers to parent cpd. prop-2-yn-1-ol : A terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.110propynol;
terminal acetylenic compound;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glyoxal
[no description available]		4.12160dialdehydeagrochemical;
allergen;
pesticide;
plant growth regulator
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		3.3260alkane
1,3-butylene glycol
1,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-1,3-diol : A butanediol compound having two hydroxy groups in the 1- and 3-positions.		2.3720butanediol;
glycol
vinyl acetate
[no description available]		2.0210acetate ester
malonamide
malonamide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is malonic acid in which both carboxy groups have been replaced by carbamoyl groups.		2.110dicarboxylic acid diamide
biuret
Biuret: Used as feed supplement for sheep and cattle since it is a good non-protein nitrogen source. In strongly alkaline solution biuret gives a violet color with copper sulfate.. biuret : A member of the class of condensed ureas that is the compound formed by the condensation of two molecules of urea; the parent compound of the biuret group of compounds. Used as a non-protein nitrogen source in ruminant feed.		4.9370condensed ureas
acetic anhydride
acetic anhydride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. acetic anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid.		1.9710acyclic carboxylic anhydridemetabolite;
reagent
succinic anhydride
[no description available]		7.4420cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
tetrahydrofurandione
maleic anhydride
Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.		8.2960cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
furans		allergen
3-chloroaniline
3-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
3-phenylenediamine
1,3-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine taht is benzene substituted at positions 1 and 3 with amino functions.		2.0710phenylenediamine
melamine
melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.		6.04330triamino-1,3,5-triazinexenobiotic metabolite
cyanuric acid
cyanuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocyanuric acid : The keto tautomer of cyanuric acid.. cyanuric acid : The enol tautomer of isocyanuric acid.		4.52701,3,5-triazinanes;
1,3,5-triazines;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound		xenobiotic
bromobenzene
[no description available]		1.9610bromoarene;
bromobenzenes;
volatile organic compound		hepatotoxic agent;
mouse metabolite;
non-polar solvent
chlorobenzene
[no description available]		1.9610monochlorobenzenessolvent
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		2.7930cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
cyclohexanone
[no description available]		1.9710cyclohexanoneshuman xenobiotic metabolite
thiophenol
thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.		1.9610aryl thiol
3-hydroxypyridine
3-hydroxypyridine: RN given refeirs to parent cpd. 3-pyridinol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It has been detected as a thermal degradation product from the smoke of the burning leaves of Salvia divinorum, a Mexican psychoactive plant.		2.1710monohydroxypyridine
2-chloropyridine
2-chloropyridine: structure given in first source		2.5220monochloropyridine
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate
[no description available]		2.9940
pentane
Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.		3.1450alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
dicyanmethane
malononitrile : A dinitrile that is methane substituted by two cyano groups.		2.0210aliphatic nitrile;
dinitrile
methyl cellosolve
methyl cellosolve: widely used industrial solvent for resins, lacquers, dyes & inks; may cause anemia macrocytosis, appearance of young granulocytes in blood; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810glycol etherprotic solvent;
solvent
diethylamine
[no description available]		7.6530secondary aliphatic amine
ethyl vinyl ether
ethyl vinyl ether: structure		1.9610
vinyl ether
vinyl ether: major descriptor (65-85); on-line search VINYL COMPOUNDS (66-85); Index Medicus search VINYL ETHER (65-85)		6.9310ether
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		14.53701pyrrole;
secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran
oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.		3.2960cyclic ether;
oxolanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.3720furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		12.471256mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
2,5-hexanedione
2,5-hexanedione: metabolite of methyl-n-butyl ketone. 2,5-hexanedione : A diketone that is hexane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5. It is a toxic metabolite of hexane and of 2-hexanone		2.6630diketone;
methyl ketone		human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
n,n,n',n'-tetramethylethylenediamine
N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine : An ethylenediamine derivative in which each nitrogen carries two methyl substituents. It is widely employed both as a ligand for metal ions and as a catalyst in organic polymerisation.		2.1310ethylenediamine derivativecatalyst;
chelator
n,n'-methylenebisacrylamide
[no description available]		2.5520
isopropyl myristate
isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure		2.0710fatty acid ester
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		2.7630alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
2-ethoxyethanol
2-ethoxyethanol : A hydroxyether that is the ethyl ether derivative of ethylene glycol.		2.420glycol ether;
primary alcohol		protic solvent;
teratogenic agent
cyclohexane
Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.		8.0140cycloalkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
piperidine
[no description available]		3.76100azacycloalkane;
piperidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
secondary amine		base;
catalyst;
human metabolite;
non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
protic solvent;
reagent
morpholine
[no description available]		2.0310morpholines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		NMR chemical shift reference compound
2-octanone
2-octanone : A methyl ketone that is octane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.1310methyl ketonemetabolite
hexylamine
hexylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-hexanamine : A 6-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		1.9510primary aliphatic aminemetabolite
1-hexanol
1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		3.2360hexanol;
primary alcohol		alarm pheromone;
antibacterial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite
butyl isocyanate
n-butyl isocyanate : An isocyanate having a butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		2.0210isocyanatesallergen
diethylenetriamine
diethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.7730polyazaalkane;
triamine
diethylene glycol
glycol ether : A hydroxyether which contains both an ether and alcohol functional groups. It is one of the most versatile classes of organic solvents which are commonly used in paints, cleaners, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.		2.0310hydroxyether
n-butoxyethanol
n-butoxyethanol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-butoxyethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a butoxy group. A high-boiling (171degreeC) colourless liquid, it is used as a solvent for paints and inks, as well as in some dry cleaning solutions.		2.0310glycol ether;
primary alcohol		protic solvent
diethylene glycol monomethyl ether
2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol : A hydroxypolyether that is the monomethyl ether derivative of diethylene glycol.		2.0310diether;
glycol ether;
hydroxypolyether		solvent;
teratogenic agent
dodecyltrimethylammonium
dodecyltrimethylammonium: used to determine thermal stability of DNA; RN given refers to parent cpd. dodecyltrimethylammonium ion : A quarternary ammonium cation having one dodecyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.		2.5420quaternary ammonium ion
octadecyltrichlorosilane
[no description available]		2.0710
butyl carbitol
butyl carbitol: structure		2.0210ether
dodecanol
Dodecanol: A saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral odor and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). dodecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twelve carbon atoms.. dodecan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is dodecane in which a hydrogen from one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is registered for use in apple and pear orchards as a Lepidopteran pheromone/sex attractant, used to disrupt the mating behaviour of certain moths whose larvae destroy crops.		2.110dodecanol;
primary alcohol		bacterial metabolite;
cosmetic;
insect attractant;
insecticide;
pheromone;
plant metabolite
stearyl alcohol
octadecan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at C-1 of an unbranched saturated chain of 18 carbon atoms.. octadecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of eighteen carbon atoms.		2.0310long-chain primary fatty alcohol;
octadecanol		algal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
eicosane
icosane : A straight chain alkane composed of 20 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the leaves of Agave attenuata.		2.0210long-chain alkaneplant metabolite
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		4.6232peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.0510bromide salt
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		6.5183biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
propylene
propylene: structure		1.9610alkene;
gas molecular entity		refrigerant;
xenobiotic
dimethyl ether
dimethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to two methyl groups.		1.9610ether
2,2,2-trichloroethanol
[no description available]		1.9610chloroethanolmouse metabolite
mephobarbital
Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.3820barbituratesanticonvulsant
bromphenol blue
Bromphenol Blue: A dye that has been used as an industrial dye, a laboratory indicator, and a biological stain.. bromophenol blue : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. It is used as a laboratory indicator, changing from yellow below pH 3 to purple at pH 4.6, and as a size marker for monitoring the progress of agarose gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has also been used as an industrial dye.		2.69302,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
organobromine compound;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
bromcresol purple
Bromcresol Purple: An indicator and reagent. It has been used for several purposes including the determination of serum albumin concentrations. bromocresol purple : A member of the class of 2,1-benzoxathioles that is 2,1-benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl groups. A hydrophilic dye that is used as a pH indicator and to measure serum albumin concentrations.		2.1102,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
organobromine compound;
polyphenol;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
triphenyl phosphate
triphenyl phosphate: structure. triphenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphoric acid with 3 mol eq. of phenol.		2.7220aryl phosphateflame retardant;
plasticiser
dichloralurea
dichloralurea: structure		6.9610
tecnazene
tetrachloronitrobenzene: sprout suppressant for potatoes; can be either the 1,2,4,5- and/or the 1,2,3,5-tetrachloro isomer; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. tecnazene : A C-nitro compound that is nitrobenzene in which the four hydrogens located ortho- and para- to the nitro group have been replaced by chlorines. A fungicide used to control dry rot, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.		2.7530aromatic fungicide;
C-nitro compound;
tetrachlorobenzene		antifungal agrochemical
diethylhexyl phthalate
Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		210diester;
phthalate ester		androstane receptor agonist;
apoptosis inhibitor;
plasticiser
maltol
maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure		7.54204-pyranonesmetabolite
hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.		7.7630aromatic fungicide;
chlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical;
carcinogenic agent;
persistent organic pollutant
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		8.2860trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		9.93643aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
2,4-dinitroanisole
2,4-dinitroanisole : A member of the class of dinitroanisoles that is 2-nitroanisole in which the hydrogen para to the methoxy group is replaced by a second nitro group.		2.1510dinitroanisolesexplosive
isoquinoline
[no description available]		7.4620azaarene;
isoquinolines;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene
anthracene
acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.		2.4920acene;
anthracenes;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
sulfoxide
sulfoxide: synergistic insecticide for use with pyrethrum, allethrin, rotenone, ryania, etc.; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfoxide : An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).		2.1510benzodioxoles
ethylene urea
ethylene urea: used in manufacture of polymers, finishing agents for textiles & leather, in formulation of plasticizers, lacquers & adhesives; structure. imidazolidinone : An imidazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		2.8940imidazolidinone;
ureas
2,4-dinitrotoluene
2,4-dinitrotoluene : A dinitrotoluene in which the methyl group is ortho to one of the nitro groups and para to the other. It is the most common isomer of dinitrotoluene.		2.0410dinitrotoluene
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		2.0610methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
triethylamine
[no description available]		2.5320tertiary amine
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.0510anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
iodoantipyrine
[no description available]		2.4120
diatrizoate meglumine
Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.		3.2260monocarboxylic acid anionradioopaque medium
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		4.4951hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		2.0510quinolines
captan
Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.		210isoindoles;
organochlorine compound;
organosulfur compound;
phthalimide fungicide		antifungal agrochemical
folpet
folpet : A member of the class of phthalimides that is phthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethylthio group. An agricultural fungicide, it has been used to control mildew, leaf spot, and other diseases in crops sice the 1950s.		210organochlorine compound;
organosulfur compound;
phthalimide fungicide		antifungal agrochemical
iodohippuric acid
Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.		6.57161benzamides;
N-acylglycine;
organoiodine compound
uridine diphosphate glucose
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.		2.6630UDP-D-glucosefundamental metabolite
1-naphthylamine
1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.		2.3720naphthylaminehuman xenobiotic metabolite
benzil
benzil: structure. benzil : An alpha-diketone that is ethane-1,2-dione substituted by phenyl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively.		2.0510alpha-diketone;
aromatic ketone
quinuronium sulfate
quinuronium sulfate: structure		5.6181
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		5.67150naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
2-ethylhexanoic acid
2-ethylhexanoic acid: structure in first source; wood preservative; 2-ethylhexanoic acid is active ingredient in Sinesto B		6.9710branched-chain fatty acid
ziram
Ziram: An industrial fungicide with low mammalian toxicity, although it does possess an irritant capacity for skin and mucous membranes.. ziram : A dithiocarbamate salt that is the zinc salt of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is a broad-spectrum fungicide and bird and animal repellent that is also used to accelerate the vulcanisation of rubber.		1.9310dithiocarbamate salt;
zinc molecular entity		antifungal agrochemical;
apoptosis inducer
shikimic acid
Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.		2.0110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrilotriacetic acid
Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)		3.2960NTA;
tricarboxylic acid		carcinogenic agent;
nephrotoxic agent
dodecyl sulfate
dodecyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE		2.4920alkyl sulfate
monuron
monuron: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search UREA/AA (72-74) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & HERBICIDES UREA (75-83); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. monuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a p-chlorophenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups.		6.93103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
carbamol
carbamol: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant		2.420ureas
n-butyl acrylate
butyl acrylate : An acrylate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol with the carboxy group of acrylic acid.		7.0610acrylate ester
ethyl acetate
ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.		3.150acetate ester;
ethyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanidine carboxamide
guanidine carboxamide: RN given refers to parent cpd		4.15150organooxygen compound
ethyl acetoacetate
ethyl acetoacetate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. ethyl acetoacetate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetoacetic acid with ethanol.		4.5840ethyl esterantibacterial agent;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
2-hydroxypyridine
hydroxypyridine : Any member of the class of pyridines with at least one hydroxy substituent.. pyridin-2-ol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		2.3110monohydroxypyridineplant metabolite
hexanoic acid
hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		1.9910medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
iminodiacetic acid
iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.		1.9910amino dicarboxylic acid;
glycine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		chelator
n-heptane
Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).		2.7430alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite
isopropyl palmitate
isopropyl palmitate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of carboxy group of palmitic acid with propan-2-ol. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.		210fatty acid ester;
isopropyl ester		human metabolite
decylamine
decylamine: structure		2.0710alkylamine
hexadecylamine
[no description available]		2.0510alkylamine
sodium cyanide
Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.		2.4620cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
sodium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
tetraphenylborate
Tetraphenylborate: An anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays.		2.3820
monomethylarsonic acid
monomethylarsonic acid: structure given in first source		1.9810arsonic acids;
one-carbon compound;
organoarsonic acid
pregnenolone
[no description available]		2.683020-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
C21-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		5.52161methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose
3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.		3.2260D-aldohexose derivative
copper phthalocyanine
copper phthalocyanine: structure. copper(II) phthalocyanine : A metallophthalocyanine that is copper(2+) forming a coordination complex with phthalocyanine. It is a synthetic blue pigment which is used as a colorant in paints and dyes.		2.0210
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		3.9221hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		3.0650dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt
1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.3720organic molecular entity
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt
Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6.		4.6921organosulfur compound;
sulfonic acid derivative
dulcin
dulcin: structure		2.8540ureas
mequinol
mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4620methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
potassium cyanide
[no description available]		2.9140cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
potassium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
aziridine
[no description available]		7.1510azacycloalkane;
aziridines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		alkylating agent
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		2.3620acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
quinestrol
Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)		2.051017-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
cycloguanil
cycloguanil: the active metabolite of proguanil; antifolate drug; structure in first source. cycloguanil : A triazine in which a 1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine ring is substituted at N-1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group, at C-2 and -4 by amino groups and at C-6 by gem-dimethyl groups. A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is a metabolite of the antimalarial drug proguanil.		1.9610triazinesantifolate;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		4.8871catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate
Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.		3.4680organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
phenetidine
Phenetidine: Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin.. 4-ethoxyaniline : An aromatic ether that is aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by an ethoxy group. It is a hydrolysis metabolite of phenacetin.		2.3620aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		drug metabolite
homoarginine
L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine.		3.0750homoarginine;
L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		biomarker;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
rat metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
diazooxonorleucine
Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.		2.3720amino acid zwitterion;
diazo compound;
ketone;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		analgesic;
antibacterial agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		7.2510ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
cinnoline
cinnoline: structure in first source. cinnoline : An azaarene that is the 1,2-diaza analogue of naphthalene. The parent of the class of cinnolines.		7.0210azaarene;
cinnolines;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		8.78471azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		4.74310acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
dibenzo(1,4)dioxin
dibenzo(1,4)dioxin: structure		2.110dibenzodioxine;
heteranthrene;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
oxacycle;
polycyclic heteroarene
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		11.5575indazole
benzofuran
benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.		7.05101-benzofurans;
benzofuran
benzisothiazole
benzisothiazole: structure in first source. 1,2-benzisothiazole : A benzothiazole consisting of a benzene ring fused to an isothiazole.		2.4920
4-azaindole
[no description available]		2.1110
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		11.0832901,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
bicyclo(2.2.2)octane
bicyclo(2.2.2)octane: structure in first source		2.0810
triethylenediamine
triethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethylenediamine : An organic heterobicylic compound that is piperazine with an ethane-1,2-diyl group forming a bridge between N1 and N4. It is typically used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions.		2.0110bridged compound;
diamine;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent;
tertiary amino compound		antioxidant;
catalyst;
reagent
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		12.49371adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		10.27121cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		6.52240isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		12.064501,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		13.8117371,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole
1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole		7.17101,2,4-triazole
pyrimidine
pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.		6.75320diazine;
pyrimidines		Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		9.26437diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
nitroblue tetrazolium
Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.		3.0850organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium
triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.		2.0310organic cation
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		3.0850phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
allylisopropylacetamide
Allylisopropylacetamide: An allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of CYTOCHROME P450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein.		2.8640
diiodotyrosine
Diiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE).. diiodotyrosine : A dihalogenated L-tyrosine which has two iodo-substituents on the benzyl moiety.. 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine : A diiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying iodo-substituents at positions C-3 and C-5 of the benzyl group. It is an intermediate in the thyroid hormone synthesis.		2.6430diiodotyrosine;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		9.7671azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate
thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.		3.78110pseudohalide anion;
sulfur molecular entity		human metabolite
chlormadinone acetate
Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.0510corticosteroid hormone
benactyzine
Benactyzine: A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.		4.2541diarylmethane
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
benzoylarginine-2-naphthylamide
Benzoylarginine-2-Naphthylamide: An enzyme substrate which permits the measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g. trypsin and thrombin. The enzymes liberate 2-naphthylamine, which is measured by colorimetric procedures.. N-{5-carbamimidamido-1-[(naphthalen-2-yl)amino]-1-oxopentan-2-yl}benzamide : A member of the class of N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamides that is 5-carbamimidamido-N-(naphthalen-2-yl)pentanamide in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a benzamido group.		2.3920arginine derivative;
benzamides;
N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide
paraoxon
[no description available]		2.6730aryl dialkyl phosphate;
organophosphate insecticide		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
perfluorotributylamine
perfluorotributylamine: perfluorochemical (3M Co) artificial O(2) carrier. perfluorotributylamine : An organofluorine compound that is tributylamine in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorine atoms.		1.9510organofluorine compoundblood substitute;
greenhouse gas;
solvent
hemicholinium 3
Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.		1.9410
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		4.4670organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
monocrotaline
Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.		9.9681pyrrolizidine alkaloid
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		2.8130heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
opipramol
Opipramol: A tricyclic antidepressant with actions similar to AMITRIPTYLINE.		1.9410dibenzoazepine
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		8.96140mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		3.7630N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol
phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity		2.0510aminopyridine
linuron
Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.		8.5790dichlorobenzene;
phenylureas		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
nicarbazin
Nicarbazin: An equimolar complex of 4,4'-Dinitrocarbanilide and 2-Hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine. A coccidiostat for poultry.		3.0350organic molecular entity
flurothyl
Flurothyl: A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.		3.0410ether
diazomethane
Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.		7.940diazo compoundalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
poison
perfluorooctanoic acid
perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.		8.0940fluoroalkanoic acidcarcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
surfactant;
xenobiotic
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		6.41580benzenes;
sulfonamide
5-fluorotryptophan
5-fluorotryptophan: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. 5-fluorotryptophan : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is tryptophan in which the hydrogen at position 5 on the indole ring is replaced by a fluoro group.		2.1510non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
organofluorine compound;
tryptophan derivative
diethyl sulfide
ethyl sulfide : An aliphatic sulfide in which the sulfur atom is bonded to at least one ethyl group.. diethyl sulfide : An ethyl sulfide compound having two ethyl groups attached to a sulfur atom.		1.9610ethyl sulfide
carbonyl fluoride
carbonyl fluoride: a refrigerant decomposition product		2.3110
fluocinonide
Fluocinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of ECZEMA.		8.7721organic molecular entity
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		2.9740steroid ester
aminoimidazole carboxamide
Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.		2.9940aminoimidazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide		mouse metabolite
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		5.5163ergoline alkaloid
bucladesine
[no description available]		2.05103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
butanamides;
butyrate ester		agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
vasodilator agent
kynuramine
Kynuramine: An aromatic ketone containing the aniline structure (ANILINE COMPOUNDS).. kynuramine : A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.		2.5220kynurenamines;
primary amino compound		metabolite
n,n,n',n'-tetramethylbenzidine
[no description available]		1.9910
2-fluoroethanol
[no description available]		1.9610
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		15.953627amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		7.0416611beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
difluoroacetic acid
[no description available]		1.9710monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound
prenylamine
Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)		3.7330diarylmethane
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide
Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.		210
silicon carbide
silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses		3.4311organosilicon compound
cyanamide
Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.		3.99140nitrile;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
perflubron
perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.		2.0510haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
perfluorinated compound		blood substitute;
radioopaque medium
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		2.0510bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		3.569017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
4-toluenesulfonyl fluoride
4-toluenesulfonyl fluoride: inhibitor of peptide hydrolases; structure in second source		210
cyanogen
cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.		4.13140dinitrile;
pseudohalogen
dicyandiamido
dicyandiamido: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanoguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a cyano group. It is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, explosives, oil well drilling muds, and dyestuffs.		5.3160guanidines;
nitrile		curing agent;
explosive;
fertilizer;
flame retardant;
nitrification inhibitor
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		8.85691imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		4.99120monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
homocystine
[no description available]		2.3520amino acid zwitterion;
homocystines		human metabolite
hydantoic acid
hydantoic acid: norallophanic acid; structure		3.4680monocarboxylic acid;
N-acylglycine;
ureas		rat metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
propadiene
[no description available]		2.730allenes
neopentane
pediocin 5: from Pediococcus acidilactici UL5; 43 amino acid residues		7.9740alkane
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		2.38201-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
chlorfenvinphos
Chlorfenvinphos: An organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and an acaricide.		1.9710dichlorobenzene;
organic phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organochlorine insecticide;
organophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
methylguanidine
Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.		8.35232guanidinesEC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
uremic toxin
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		16.22974calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
oxamide
oxamide: induces hydronephrosis in rat kidneys; structure. oxamide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide of oxalic acid.		7.6730dicarboxylic acid diamide
glycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510cyclic terpene ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
pinane
pinane: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pinane : A monoterpene that is bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 6 and 6.		210carbobicyclic compound;
monoterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent		plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.5280bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid
Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.3920bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		5.89241
menadiol
[no description available]		1.9810methylnaphthalenes;
naphthalenediols;
naphthohydroquinone
dihydralazine
Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)		2.420phthalazines
ninhydrin
Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.		3.77110aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone;
indanones;
ketone hydrate		colour indicator;
human metabolite
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		3.360benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.7330dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
bufotenin
Bufotenin: A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic.. bufotenin : A tertiary amine that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 5.		1.9310tertiary amine;
tryptamine alkaloid		coral metabolite;
hallucinogen
thymoquinone
thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.		2.98401,4-benzoquinonesadjuvant;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
plant metabolite
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.4220amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
methyl red
methyl red: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. methyl red : An azo dye consisting of benzoic acid substituted at position 2 by a 4-[(dimethylamino)phenyl]diazenyl group.		2.0510
benzohydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.0210
indoline
indoline: structure given in first source		7.9940indoles
dithiol
dithiol: structure		2.2110
sodium carbonate
sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure		3.2860carbonate salt;
organic sodium salt
butenolide
butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.0210butenolide
2-norbornene
norbornene : A bridged compound that is cyclohexane with a methylene bridge between carbons 1 and 4 and a double bond at position 2.		2.1710
carvacrol
carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).		2.610botanical anti-fungal agent;
p-menthane monoterpenoid;
phenols		agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
flavouring agent;
TRPA1 channel agonist;
volatile oil component
dipicolinic acid
dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.9540pyridinedicarboxylic acidbacterial metabolite
indophenol
Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.		4.29200quinone iminedye
phenylcarbamic acid
[no description available]		1.9310amino acid
4-hydroxyphenylethanol
4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0610phenolsanti-arrhythmia drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
protective agent
caprolactone
hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.4110epsilon-lactone
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.03104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
dimethylacetylene
dimethylacetylene: structure in source		1.9610
azetidine
[no description available]		2.7530azacycloalkane;
azetidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
oxetane
oxetane: structure. oxetane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a four-membered ring comprising of three carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.		2.0610oxetanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
isovaleric acid
isovaleric acid: structure. isovaleric acid : A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid.		7.8840branched-chain saturated fatty acid;
methylbutyric acid;
short-chain fatty acid		mammalian metabolite;
plant metabolite
1,3-cyclohexanedione
1,3-cyclohexanedione: structure. cyclohexane-1,3-dione : A cyclohexanedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 1 and 3.		2.5320beta-diketone;
cyclohexanedione
phorone
phorone: an industrial solvent; structure		1.9610dialkenyl ketone
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		5.26160
1,3-propanediol
propane-1,3-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,3-diols, consisting of propane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, viscous, water-miscible liquid with a high (210degreeC) boiling point, it is used in the synthesis of certain polymers and as a solvent and antifreeze.		1.9710propane-1,3-diolsmetabolite;
protic solvent
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		4.6761thiazolidine
tridecanedioic acid
tridecanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is undecane substituted by carboxylic acid groups at positions C-1 and C-11.		2.1510alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidmetabolite
mustard gas
Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.		2.0710ethyl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
vesicant
cyanogen bromide
Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.		10.33580
thioacetic acid
ethanethioic S-acid : A thioacetic acid that is acetic acid in which the oxygen atom of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a sulfur atom.		7.0510thioacetic acid
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.8130hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
tetranitromethane
[no description available]		3.4680organonitrogen compound
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		2.3920ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
cadmium carbonate
cadmium carbonate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Cd-CO3		2.110
hematoxylin
Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.		3.1450organic heterotetracyclic compound;
oxacycle;
polyphenol;
tertiary alcohol		histological dye;
plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.9140furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
triphenylmethane
triphenylmethane : A triarylmethane in which the three aryl groups are phenyl. It forms the basic skeleton of several synthetic dyes.		7.4420triarylmethaneenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		3.82303'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
psilocybin
Psilocybin: The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). psilocybin : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine carrying an additional phosphoryloxy substituent at position 4. The major hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms (also known as Teonanacatl or "magic mushrooms").		3.7320organic phosphate;
tertiary amino compound;
tryptamine alkaloid		fungal metabolite;
hallucinogen;
prodrug;
serotonergic agonist
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		2.884017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate
1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid: a nonpermeable electron acceptor. 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is 1,2-naphthoquinone substituted at position 4 with a sulfonic acid group. Used principally as a reagent in colorimetric determinations.		2.3110arenesulfonic acid;
naphthalenone		colorimetric reagent
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		3.7730
ricinine
[no description available]		2.610nitrile;
pyridine alkaloid;
pyridone
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		2.4620gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		3.99140organic molecular entity
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		2.7130C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
uridine diphosphate n-acetylglucosamine
Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine: Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins.		1.9510
cellobiose
beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.		3.1150cellobioseepitope
apronalide
apronalide: structure		6.33530N-acylurea
thiamine monophosphate
Thiamine Monophosphate: Thiamine dihydrogen phosphate ester. The monophosphate ester of thiamine. Synonyms: monophosphothiamine; vitamin B1 monophosphate.. thiamine(1+) monophosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) monophosphate.		2.2510organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		2.420thiazoles
tropolone
Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.		2.730alpha-hydroxy ketone;
cyclic ketone;
enol		bacterial metabolite;
fungicide;
toxin
lysidine
lysidine: structure in first source; do not confuse with the imidazole-derivative known as lysidine. lysidine : Cytidine in which the 2-keto group on the cytosine ring is substituted by an epsilon-Llysyl residue.		2.0410
2-n-butylmalonate
2-n-butylmalonate: structure		1.9810
3-anisidine
3-anisidine: structure		1.9310aromatic ether;
substituted aniline
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		3.2860amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
tricaprylin
tricaprylin: 13C-labeled trioctanoin used in breath tests to detect fat malabsorption. trioctanoin : A triglyceride obtained by acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by octanoic acid. Used as an alternative energy source to glucose for patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.		2.0510octanoate ester;
triglyceride		anticonvulsant;
plant metabolite
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.		8.4780carbodiimideATP synthase inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
peptide coupling reagent
ethylene bromohydrin
ethylene bromohydrin: RN given refers to 2-bromo cpd		1.9510
aminoacetonitrile
Aminoacetonitrile: Cyanomethylamine.		2.8910
2,2,4-trimethylpentane
2,2,4-trimethylpentane: nephrotoxic. isooctane : An alkane that consists of pentane bearing two methyl substituents at position 2 and a single methyl substituent at position 4.		1.9810alkane;
volatile organic compound		fuel additive;
nephrotoxin;
non-polar solvent
uranyl acetate
uranyl acetate: used after fixation in uranaffin procedure; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.150
maleimide
[no description available]		8.2860dicarboximide;
maleimides		EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		10.561558dialdehydebiomarker
myristic acid
Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		210long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
n-hexadecane
n-hexadecane: structure. hexadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper.		8.0750long-chain alkanenon-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		2.3420benzenes;
sulfonamide
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		3.3670arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		3.360organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
phenalen-1-one
phenalen-1-one: fossil fuel combustion product		2.0210
lucanthone hydrochloride
Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.		3.0850
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		3.5990organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
resazurin
resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure		2.0210phenoxazine
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		2.8940isothiocyanateinsecticide
paeonol
paeonol: structure		7.4110methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		8.2260
neutral red
Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.		3.5990hydrochlorideacid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
4,4'-bipyridyl
4,4'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.		2.0710bipyridine
aniline mustard
Aniline Mustard: Alkylating anti-neoplastic agent.		2.0410
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		4.6890carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate
4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.		5.15150arenesulfonic acid;
arylmercury compound
trimesic acid
trimesic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that consists of benzene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 5.		1.9810benzoic acids;
tricarboxylic acid
glycyl-glycyl-glycine
glycyl-glycyl-glycine : A tripeptide in which three glycine units are linked via peptide bonds in a linear sequence.		2.0510tripeptide zwitterion;
tripeptide
glycylglycine
[no description available]		2.520dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		human metabolite
2-propenylurea
[no description available]		3.6490
methanesulfonyl fluoride
methanesulfonyl fluoride: structure		1.9610
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-terpineol : A terpineol that is 1-menthene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.		2.4110terpineol;
tertiary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
glycerylphosphorylcholine
Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)		6.82270glycerophosphocholine
metahexamide
metahexamide: major descriptor (64-83); on-line search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (64-83); Index Medicus search METAHEXAMIDE (64-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		8.8120benzenes;
sulfonamide
isoserine
isoserine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.1110
malachite green
malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.		2.5320organic chloride saltantibacterial agent;
antifungal drug;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
teratogenic agent
congo red
Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.		3.77110bis(azo) compound
lactulose
[no description available]		2.4320glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
docusate
Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.		5.74110diester;
organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		3.1950flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
8-aminoquinoline
[no description available]		2.0710
2-naphthylacetic acid
2-naphthylacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthylacetic acid : A naphthylacetic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 2.		2.0210naphthylacetic acid
alpha-hydroxy-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid
alpha-hydroxy-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		4.1531thia fatty acid
potassium carbonate
potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.		3.8830carbonate salt;
potassium salt		catalyst;
fertilizer;
flame retardant
succinimide
succinimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. succinimide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5.		7.0610dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone
allethrins
Allethrins: Synthetic analogs of the naturally occurring insecticides cinerin, jasmolin, and pyrethrin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.1510cyclopropanecarboxylate esterpyrethroid ester insecticide
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate
Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.		1.9510toluene meta-diisocyanateallergen;
hapten
nitrosobenzene
[no description available]		1.9610benzenes;
nitroso compound		xenobiotic metabolite
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		7.6630aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
3-aminophenol
3-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-aminophenol : An aminophenol that is one of three amino derivatives of phenol which has the single amino substituent located meta to the phenolic -OH group.		7.6620aminophenol
iodobenzene
iodobenzene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		1.9610
allyl acetate
allyl acetate: potential fumigant for treating stored grains		2.0310
butylurea
butylurea: CNS depressant		6.94580
allyl sulfide
allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1		3.150organic sulfide
fluoromethane
fluoromethane: RN given refers to parent cpd. fluorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of fluorine and carbon.. fluoromethane : A member of the class of fluoromethanes that is methane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a fluorine atom.		1.9610fluorohydrocarbon;
fluoromethanes;
methyl halides		refrigerant
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
glycopyrrolate
Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.		3.4611organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt
methylurea
N-methyl urea : A member of the class of ureas that is urea substituted by a methyl group at one of the nitrogen atoms.		4.27190ureas
methyl carbamate
methyl carbamate : A carbamate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of carbamic acid with methanol.		2.0310carbamate ester
1,1-dimethylurea
[no description available]		8.2260
diisopropylnitrosamine
[no description available]		1.9610
pentafluorobenzoic acid
[no description available]		2.1110perfluorinated compound
triphenylphosphine
triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.		7.0310benzenes;
tertiary phosphine		NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reducing agent
dansyl chloride
dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		1.9710aminonaphthalene;
sulfonic acid derivative
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4220
5-nitroquinoline
[no description available]		2.4110
2,6-dibromophenol
2,6-dibromophenol : A dibromophenol that is phenol in which both of the hydrogens that are ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group have been replaced by bromines.		7.0510bromohydrocarbon;
dibromophenol		marine metabolite
galactitol
[no description available]		2.8640hexitolEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pentachlorobenzene
pentachlorobenzene: structure. pentachlorobenzene : A member of the class of pentachlorobenzenes that is benzene in which five of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. Now classed as a persistent organic pollutant under the Stockholm Convention.		2.110pentachlorobenzenespersistent organic pollutant
phenylglyoxylic acid
phenylglyoxylic acid: styrene metabolite. phenylglyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is glyoxylic acid in which the aldehyde hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.		1.98102-oxo monocarboxylic acidbiomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite
methyl carbonate
methyl carbonate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure. dimethyl carbonate : A carbonate ester that is carbonic acid in which both hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups. A flammable, colourless liquid (m.p. 2-4degreeC, b.p. 90degreeC) with a characterstic ester-like odour, it is used as a 'green' methylating agent and as a solvent.		2.0710carbonate esterreagent;
solvent
2-pyrrolidone
2-pyrrolidone: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidin-2-one : The simplest member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones, consisting of pyrrolidine in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. The lactam arising by the formal intramolecular condensation of the amino and carboxy groups of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).		1.9910pyrrolidin-2-onesmetabolite;
polar solvent
pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid
pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid: structure in first source		2.0710
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		10.98496acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
methyl isocyanate
methyl isocyanate: structure. methyl isocyanate : The isocyanate that is methane modified by a single isocyanato substituent.		7.3820isocyanatesallergen;
apoptosis inducer
ethylurea
[no description available]		4.34200
3,5-dichloroaniline
[no description available]		1.9710dichloroaniline
6-methyluracil
6-methyluracil: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 6-methyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with a methyl group at position 6.		1.9410pyrimidonemetabolite
valeramide
pentanamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of valeric acid with ammonia.		1.9710monocarboxylic acid amide
propylurea
[no description available]		4.04150
pentadecane
pentadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 15 carbon atoms. It is a component of volatile oils isolated from plants species like Scandix balansae.		2.0210long-chain alkaneanimal metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea
1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea: structure. 1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea : A member of the class of ureas that is urea substituted by methyl groups at positions 1, 1, 3 and 3 respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.		3.690ureashuman metabolite
dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine
Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester.. 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine : A dihydropyridine that is 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by ethoxycarbonyl groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.3720dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester		hepatic steatosis inducing agent
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		6.01152
clopenthixol
Clopenthixol: A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.. clopenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and an alkylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.		2.3720N-alkylpiperazine;
primary alcohol;
thioxanthenes		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
diethylurea
[no description available]		9.3860
clopamide
Clopamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide piperidine. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		3.7421sulfonamide
fluoroacetamide
2-fluoroacetamide : Acetamide substituted at C-2 by a fluorine atom.		2.4202-fluoroacetamides
glycochenodeoxycholic acid
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycochenodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.. glycochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.		1.9910bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
erythromycin stearate
[no description available]		2.0510aminoglycoside
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		5.86132cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
ammelide
ammelide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1310dihydroxy-1,3,5-triazine;
monoamino-1,3,5-triazine
formal glycol
[no description available]		1.9910cyclic acetal;
dioxolane
isosorbide
Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.		3.0710organic molecular entity
homoserine
homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.		3.4580amino acid zwitterion;
homoserine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrosoguanidines
Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.		4.92120
2-piperidone
2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		4.6790delta-lactam;
piperidones		EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
tetramethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.0510
methylnitrosourea
Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.		3.5690N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide
1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide: activates carboxyl groups. 1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having an isopropyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.		1.9810carbodiimidepeptide coupling reagent
pyridine n-oxide
pyridine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyridine N-oxide : The pyridine N-oxide derived from the parent pyridine. It is a drug metabolite of the antihypertensive agent pinacidil.		2.0610pyridine N-oxidesdrug metabolite
5-nitro-2-furaldehyde
[no description available]		2.610C-nitro compound;
furans
benzobarbital
benzobarbital: for drug therapy of epilepsy		2.0110
ethylnitrosourea
Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.		8.0650N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
acetylenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester
acetylenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation		2.4420
2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide
2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl Bromide: A chemical reagent that reacts with and modifies chemically the tryptophan portion of protein molecules. Used for 'active site' enzyme studies and other protein studies. Sometimes referred to as Koshland's reagent.		1.9510
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		5.333117beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
calcium citrate
Calcium Citrate: A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed). calcium citrate : An organic calcium salt composed of calcium cations and citrate anions in a 3:2 ratio.		2.0110organic calcium saltflavouring agent;
food additive;
food preservative;
nutraceutical
calcium lactate
[no description available]		2.1510
propylnitrosourea
[no description available]		1.9610
1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate
hexamethylene diisocyanate : A diisocyanate compound with the two isocyanates linked by a hexane-1,6-diyl group.		1.9810diisocyanateallergen;
hapten
naphthyl acetate
naphthyl acetate: do not confuse with naphthaleneacetic acid; acetic acid ester of naphthol		3.4110
boldenone
boldenone: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer. boldenone : An 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and a beta-hydroxy group at position 17. It is an anabolic androgenic steroid that has been developed for veterinary use.		2.131017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid
lormetazepam
lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.		3.35111,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		sedative
vinblastine
[no description available]		2.0510
potassium citrate
Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.. potassium citrate (anhydrous) : The anhydrous form of the tripotassium salt of citric acid.		2.4220potassium saltdiuretic
alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine
alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine: metabolite of HCFU & 5-fluorouracil; structure in first source		3.2360organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
hydroxyethyl methacrylate
hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.		3.1250enoate esterallergen;
polymerisation monomer
n-nitrosobutylurea
N-nitrosobutylurea: structure		1.9610
benzoylarginine nitroanilide
Benzoylarginine Nitroanilide: A chromogenic substrate that permits direct measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g., papain and trypsin, by colorimetry. The substrate liberates p-nitroaniline as a chromogenic product.		2.4220
amaranth dye
Amaranth Dye: A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		1.9610
lithium citrate
lithium citrate: RN given refers to the trilithium salt. lithium citrate (anhydrous) : A lithium salt that is the anhydrous form of the trilithium salt of citric acid. The tetrahydrate form is used as a source of lithium for the treatment of anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and depression.		2.0510lithium salt
hexafluoroisopropanol
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.		2.3920organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol		drug metabolite
cyclopentenone
2-cyclopenten-1-one : An enone that is cyclopentanone having a C=C double bond at position 2.		2.1710alicyclic ketone;
enone		Hsp70 inducer
n-nitrosopyrrolidine
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine: Carcinogenic nitrosamine that may be formed from preservatives in meats during their preparation or in the liver during metabolism.		2.0310pyrrolidines
2-cyclohexen-1-one
2-cyclohexen-1-one: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with specified locant for double bond. cyclohexenone : The parent compound of the cyclohexenones, composed of cyclohexanone having one double bond in the ring.. cyclohex-2-enone : A cyclohexenone having its C=C double bond at the 2-position.		2.4520cyclohexenone
2-aminobenzimidazole
2-aminobenzimidazole: metabolite of benomyl; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-aminobenzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is benzimidazole in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an amino group.		7.110benzimidazolesmarine xenobiotic metabolite
fonofos
Fonofos: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.		1.9510organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		9.85356pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine
[no description available]		3.3470pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
canrenone
Canrenone: A synthetic pregnadiene compound with anti-aldosterone activity.		1.9610steroid lactone
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.0510steroid ester
rhodamine 6g
rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl		2.830
oxalic acid hydrazide
[no description available]		2.0710
tri-n-butylphosphine
[no description available]		2.0210
chlormequat
Chlormequat: A plant growth regulator that is commonly used on ornamental plants.. chlormequat : A quaternary ammonium ion that is choline in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a chlorine. Its salts (particularly the chloride salt, known as chlormequat chloride) are used as plant growth retardants.		1.9510quaternary ammonium ionplant growth retardant
ammonium bicarbonate
ammonium bicarbonate: see also record for ammonium carbonate (di-NH4 salt)		4.6861organooxygen compound
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		5.3941ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyanoacetylene
cyanoacetylene: structure in first source		2.0710
phenylglyoxal
[no description available]		2.6830phenylacetaldehydes
bucetin
[no description available]		2.3620organic molecular entity
c 137
C 137: RN given refers to parent cpd		210
nicotinamide mononucleotide
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: 3-Carbamoyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl pyridinium hydroxide-5'phosphate, inner salt. A nucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-N-glycosidic linkage with the C-1 position of D-ribose. Synonyms: Nicotinamide Ribonucleotide; NMN.		1.9910nicotinamide mononucleotideEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benzyl viologen
Benzyl Viologen: 1,1'-Bis(phenylmethyl)4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride. Oxidation-reduction indicator.		2.6530bipyridines
n-nitrosodiethanolamine
[no description available]		2.0310nitroso compound
tetradecyltrimethylammonium
tetradecyltrimethylammonium: cationic surfactant; used to determine thermal stability of DNA; Catrimox-14 is the tradename of the oxalate; Catrimox-14 lyses cells and simultaneously precipitates RNA and was demonstrated useful in isolating RNA from whole blood		2.1110
undecane
undecane : A straight-chain alkane with 11 carbon atoms.		7.110alkane
4-dimethylaminopyridine
4-dimethylaminopyridine: catalyst for acetylation of hydroxy cpds; structure		2.0310dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
tetramethylpyrazine
tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).		2.4520alkaloid;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
copper carbonate
copper carbonate: RN given refers to 1:1 Cu(+2) salt		2.1510
methyl phenyl sulfoxide
(methylsulfinyl)benzene : A sulfoxide resulting from the formal oxidation of the sulfur atom of thioanisole.		1.9610benzenes;
sulfoxide
fenchone, (+-)-isomer
fenchone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. fenchone : A carbobicyclic compound that is fenchane in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. It is a component of essential oil from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare).		2.610carbobicyclic compound;
cyclic terpene ketone;
fenchane monoterpenoid		plant metabolite
carmine
Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.		2.4110
calcium peroxide
[no description available]		4.9921calcium oxides
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		4.6250
cadmium sulfide
[no description available]		2.0710cadmium molecular entity
potassium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH		5.58161alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		7.621371alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide
[no description available]		4.811manganese molecular entity;
metal oxide
molybdenum trioxide
[no description available]		2.110molybdenum oxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		7.79282zinc molecular entity
ferrous sulfide
ferrous sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-S; mackinawite & troilite both have MF Fe-S		2.0110
monolaurin
monolaurin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified monolaurin locant. 1-monolauroylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride with dodecanoyl (lauroyl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monolauroylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-lauroyl-sn-glycerol and 3-lauroyl-sn-glycerol		4.4111-monoglyceride;
dodecanoate ester;
rac-1-monoacylglycerol
arsenic trioxide
Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.		2.0510
hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.		2.420hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium Hydroxide: The hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution.. ammonium hydroxide : A solution of ammonia in water.		5.7761inorganic hydroxy compoundfood acidity regulator
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		7.74203glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		2.5320enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		10.13553alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		5.1252
propanidid
Propanidid: An intravenous anesthetic that has been used for rapid induction of anesthesia and for maintenance of anesthesia of short duration. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p918)		2.3620methoxybenzenes
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		1.9510aliphatic nitrile
isonicotinamide
isonicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is the monocarboxylic acid amide derivative of isonicotinic acid.		2.2510pyridinecarboxamide
selenomethionine
[no description available]		3.3160selenoamino acid;
selenomethionines		plant metabolite
selenocystine
selenocystine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		7.8130diselenide;
selenoamino acid
n-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine
N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted ethylenediamine compound having 1-naphthyl as the substituent.		2.4120N-substituted diamine
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate
Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.		8.91308diarylmethane
2,4-dinitrothiocyanatobenzene
2,4-dinitro-1-thiocyanatobenzene : A thiocyanate compound having a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group attached to the sulfur atom.		1.9710C-nitro compound;
thiocyanates		hapten;
tolerogen
strontium carbonate
[no description available]		2.1110
methyl tert-butyl ether
methyl tert-butyl ether: used to dissolve gallstones; gasoline additive. methyl tert-butyl ether : An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.		1.9810etherfuel additive;
metabolite;
non-polar solvent
dodecyldimethylamine oxide
dodecyldimethylamine oxide: zwitterionic detergent. dodecyldimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the formal oxidation of the amino group of dodecyldimethylamine.		2.4110tertiary amine oxidedetergent;
plant metabolite
diphenyldiselenide
diphenyldiselenide: structure given in first source		3.6590
digoxigenin
Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.		2.081012beta-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol		hapten;
plant metabolite
[2-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-2-oxoethyl]-diethyl-(phenylmethyl)ammonium
denatonium: a potent bittering agent		2.1510amino acid amide
bromoxynil
bromoxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile : A dibromobenzene that is 2,6-dibromophenol substituted by a cyano group at position 4.		2.4220dibromobenzene;
hydroxynitrile;
phenols		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		1.9510cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
2,5-dihydrofuran
2,5-dihydrofuran: structure in first source		1.9610
decane
decane : A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.		2.4520alkane
dimethylaminopropionitrile
[no description available]		1.9710
monolinuron
monolinuron: structure in first source		2.0610ureas
hypertane
hypertane: contains bemetizide & triamterene		3.3511benzothiadiazine
stearylamine
stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.0210primary aliphatic aminefilm-forming compound
dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea
dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea: used in cotton or cotton-polyester blend fabric		2.0110
2-hydroxyethyl disulfide
2-hydroxyethyl disulfide: reversible inactivator of aldehyde dehydrogenase		210organic disulfide
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide
Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.		2.940
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.		2.2110aromatic fungicide;
dinitrile;
tetrachlorobenzene		antifungal agrochemical
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		5.46210organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
heptazine
heptazine: structure in first source		2.9201,3,5-triazines
pristane
pristane: structure. pristane : A norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group.		2.5520long-chain alkane;
norterpene		biomarker;
immunological adjuvant
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		3.83212'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		5.08390tertiary amine
nitrapyrin
[no description available]		3.4550chloropyridineagrochemical;
antibacterial agent;
nitrification inhibitor
orange g
orange G : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 7-hydroxy-8-[(E)-phenyldiazenyl]naphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid. It is often combined with other yellow dyes in alcoholic solution to stain erythrocytes in trichrome methods, and is used for demonstrating cells in the pancreas and pituitary.		7.1710
tetrabutylammonium
tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.3260quaternary ammonium ion
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		2.9440benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine
methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .		4.94120methionine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide
butylate
butylate: RN in Chemline for carbamothioic-(14)C-labeled cpd: 61772-76-7		2.0310tertiary amine
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		9.58538aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
aminocarb
aminocarb: structure. aminocarb : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4 and a methyl group at position 3.		2.110carbamate ester;
toluenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
molluscicide
meldrum's acid
Meldrum's acid: structure given in first source		2.0710
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		2.0510benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
benperidol
Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)		1.9410aromatic ketone
decyltrimethylammonium
decyltrimethylammonium ion : A quarternary ammonium cation having one decyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.		2.4120quaternary ammonium ion
1,6-diaminohexane
1,6-diaminohexane: Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexane-1,6-diamine : A C6 alkane-alpha,omega-diamine.		2.7830alkane-alpha,omega-diaminehuman xenobiotic metabolite
flumethasone
Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.		1.941011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone valerate
Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.		3.772111beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
guanoxan
guanoxan: was MH 1976-92 (see under GUANIDINES 1976-90); use GUANIDINES to search GUANOXAN 1976-92; antihypertensive agent similar in its mechanism of action to guanethidine; may cause liver damage		2.0510benzodioxine
diallyl disulfide
diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.		2.420organic disulfideantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
n-isopropylacrylamide
N-isopropylacrylamide: can polymerize with glycidyl acrylate to form reactive water-soluble polymer that can react with the amino groups of enzymes-proteins or other ligands		1.9810
octachloronaphthalene
Perna: A genus of freshwater mussel in the family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA. It is found in tropical and warm temperate coastal waters. Most species have green in their shells.		2.4110
troclosene
[no description available]		1.9810
dexamethasone isonicotinate
Dexamethasone Isonicotinate: An anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic glucocorticoid that can be administered orally, by inhalation, locally, and parenterally. It may cause water and salt retention.		1.9710corticosteroid hormone
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		3.11502-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.		2.0310corticosteroid hormone;
hemisuccinate
nile blue
Nile Blue: RN given refers to chloride; structure. nile blue A : An organic chloride salt having 5-amino-9-(diethylamino)benzo[a]phenoxazin-7-ium as the couterion. fluorescent dye which is also a potent photosensitiser for photodynamic therapy.		2.4420
thioflavin t
thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.		3.92120organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
geroprotector;
histological dye
flupenthixol
Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.		1.9510thioxanthenes
captafol
captafol: RN given refers to cpd with specified chlorine locants. captafol : A dicarboximide that captan in which the trichloromethyl group is replaced by a 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethyl group. A broad-spectrum fungicide used to control diseases in fruit and potatoes, it is no longer approved for use in the European Community.		210isoindoles;
organochlorine compound;
organosulfur compound;
phthalimide fungicide		antifungal agrochemical
1,4-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)butane
[no description available]		2.1310
n,n-diethylphenylacetamide
[no description available]		1.9710acetamides
fucose
Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.		4.03150fucopyranose;
L-fucose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dodine
dodine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-dodecylguanidine acetate : An acetate salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of 1-dodecylguanidine and acetic acid. It is used as a fungicide to control black spot and foliar diseases on apples, pears, peaches, nectarines and strawberries.		2.0810acetate salt;
aliphatic nitrogen antifungal agent		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
n-acetylimidazole
[no description available]		1.9810N-acylimidazole
tetrapentylammonium
tetrapentylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510quaternary ammonium ion
sulfur hexafluoride
Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).		3.4611sulfur coordination entitygreenhouse gas;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
ultrasound contrast agent
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid
Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.. UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid : A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.		2.3620UDP-D-glucuronic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
acadesine
[no description available]		2.05101-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
n,n-dimethylacrylamide
[no description available]		210
sulfuryl fluoride
sulfuryl fluoride: fumigant		1.9410sulfuryl halidefumigant insecticide
hydroxyphenytoin
hydroxyphenytoin: main metabolite of diphenylhydantoin; reduces Na(+) inhibition at high Na:K ratios; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 4-hydroxyphenytoin : A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that consists of hydantoin bearing phenyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at position 5.		1.9610imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
phenols		metabolite
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate: reducing agent; structure given in first source		2.0510
thymine glycol
thymine glycol: forms photodimers (thymine dimers) under UV; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.78110hydroxypyrimidine
1-aminotetralin
1-aminotetralin: RN given refers to parent cpd		7.1510
uridine diphosphate galactose
Uridine Diphosphate Galactose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a source of galactose in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, cerebrosides, and lactose.. UDP-alpha-D-galactose : A UDP-D-galactose in which the anomeric centre of the galactose moiety has alpha-configuration.		2.4220UDP-D-galactosemouse metabolite
dichloroacetonitrile
dichloroacetonitrile: by-product of water chlorination; structure given in first source		2.1110aliphatic nitrile
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		2.0510dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.420organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
cyclohexylisocyanate
cyclohexylisocyanate: degradation product of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl- 1-nitrosourea; structure		2.0710isocyanatesallergen
ornithylaspartate
ornithylaspartate: used therapeutically in hepatic coma		6.8862
trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate
trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate: acrylate derivative found in ultraviolet curing inks; structure in 1st source		2.1310carbonyl compound
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source		3.98140primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		4.04140fluorescein isothiocyanate
(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride: structure in first source		2.1310
9-anilinoacridine
[no description available]		7.0410
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		5.16111thujeneplant metabolite
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		4.92380D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		8.2321001,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
iproclozide
iproclozide: structure		2.0510aromatic ether
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.041017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
azo rubin s
azo rubin S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9310
ecdysone
[no description available]		1.951014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
6-oxo steroid;
ecdysteroid		prohormone
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.64302-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
denatonium benzoate
[no description available]		3.8421
streptomycin
[no description available]		7.13291antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		16.211193carbon oxoanion
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine
Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.		1.9510nitrosamine;
primary alcohol		carcinogenic agent
l 451167
L 451167: structure given in first source		2.3920
4,6-diamino-2,2-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-1-phenyl-s-triazine
4,6-diamino-2,2-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-1-phenyl-s-triazine: structure in first source		1.9610
n,n'-diisopropylurea
1,3-diisopropylurea: structure in first source		2.4220
9-benzyladenine
[no description available]		7.0410
cladribine
[no description available]		2.0510organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
cocamidopropyl betaine
cocamidopropyl betaine: structure given in first source; Genagen CAB, Tego Betain, Rewoteric AMB 14 usually contain 30% cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB). cocamidopropyl betaine : A mixture of carboxamidopropyl betaines derived from fatty acids of varying chain lengths. The principal component is lauramidopropyl betaine.. lauramidopropyl betaine : An ammonium betaine in which the the ammonium nitrogen is substituted by two methyl groups and a lauramidopropyl group. It is the major (>50%) component of cocamidopropyl betaine.		2.4110ammonium betainesurfactant
fructosamine
Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.		12132
acetylthiocholine
Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.		2.0310
2,2'-diamino-1,1'-dinaphthyl
2,2'-diamino-1,1'-dinaphthyl: structure in first source		3.4110
nitracrine
Nitracrine: Acridine antineoplastic agent used in mammary and ovarian tumors. It inhibits RNA synthesis.		210acridines
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		1.9510penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
carbenicillin disodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
1,6-bismaleimidohexane
[no description available]		2.0110
dehydroemetine
dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.		2.0510aromatic ether;
isoquinolines;
pyridoisoquinoline		antileishmanial agent;
antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug
benorilate
benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin		2.0510carbonyl compound
trimetazidine
Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.		4.3841aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		2.7230diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
norleucine
Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.		2.68302-aminohexanoic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
imidocarb
Imidocarb: One of ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS used especially against BABESIA in livestock. Toxicity has been reported.		5.372ureasantiprotozoal drug
diaveridine
diaveridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. diaveridine : An aminopyrimidine in which the pyrimidine ring carries amino substituents at C-2 and C-4 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at C-5. A folic acid antagonist, it is used as a synergist with sulfonamides against the parasitic Eimeria species.		1.9610aminopyrimidineantiparasitic agent;
drug allergen
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate
Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.		4.2641
aseanostatin p5
aseanostatin P5: from actinomycetes; inhibits myeloperoxidase release from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 12-methyltetradecanoic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid comprising tetradecanoic acid carrying a 12-methyl substituent.		2.0310branched-chain saturated fatty acid;
long-chain fatty acid
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.0510beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
iprindole
Iprindole: A tricyclic antidepressant that has actions and uses similar to those of AMITRIPTYLINE, but has only weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p257)		1.9510indoles
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		4.4451dioxolane
carbaspirin calcium
[no description available]		6.98146
terbutylazine
terbutylazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-tert-butyl-N'-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.		2.4120chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
14-methylhexadecanoic acid
14-methylhexadecanoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 14-methylhexadecanoic acid : A methyl-branched fatty acid that is hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) substituted by a methyl group at position 14.		2.0310branched-chain saturated fatty acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
methyl-branched fatty acid		mammalian metabolite;
plant metabolite
limonene
Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.		3.250cycloalkene;
p-menthadiene		human metabolite
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		2.0510azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
isobutylidene diurea
[no description available]		1.9510
octocrylene
[no description available]		2.0610diarylmethane
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		3.6590amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
1,3-dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin
1,3-dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin: structure given in first source		5.0570
ammonium nitrate
ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.		4.62250ammonium salt;
inorganic molecular entity;
inorganic nitrate salt		explosive;
fertilizer;
oxidising agent
olaflur
Olaflur: cariostatic agent		2.0310
tiadenol
tiadenol: structure		2.0510aliphatic sulfide
dimethylpropiothetin
dimethylpropiothetin: has antineoplastic activity; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt. S,S-dimethyl-beta-propiothetin : A sulfonium betaine obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionic acid.		2.110sulfonium betainemarine metabolite;
osmolyte
hepes
[no description available]		3.2460HEPES;
organosulfonic acid
iridium
Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.		840cobalt group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
lanthanum
[no description available]		4.28190f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
lutetium
Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.		2.3110d-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		9.11251elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		9.71271elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		6.82201chromium group element atommicronutrient
neodymium
Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.		2.0510f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
neon
Neon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.		2.110monoatomic neon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
niobium
Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.		2.4520vanadium group element atom
osmium
Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.		3.74110iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		6.8450metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		4.54240elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
praseodymium
Praseodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91.		2.3920f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		2.9840manganese group element atom
rhodium
Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.		3.77100cobalt group element atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		3.78100iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
samarium
Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		2.7530f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		7.87581copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum
Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.		2.4720vanadium group element atom
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		5.83160manganese group element atom
terbium
Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.		2.1110f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		9.38572titanium group element atom
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		3.83120chromium group element atommicronutrient
actinium
Actinium: A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, and atomic number 89. Its principal isotope is 227 and it decays primarily by beta-emission.		2.420actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
scandium group element atom
americium
Americium: A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.		2.3520actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
argon
Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.		3.2460monoatomic argon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom		food packaging gas;
neuroprotective agent
arsine
arsine: structure. arsine : Arsane (AsH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. A specific arsine is preferably named as a substituted arsane.		2.3520arsanes;
arsine;
mononuclear parent hydride
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		6.55620cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		8.6790f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		9.55240chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		2.4720f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		3.74100f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		9.32801copper group element atom;
elemental gold
helium
Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.		3.5890monoatomic helium;
noble gas atom;
s-block element atom		food packaging gas
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		4.09160actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		3.5580elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		4.590monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
ytterbium
Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.		3.6130f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
yttrium
Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.		2.110d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		12.24172titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		2.5220aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
cupric chloride
cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.		2.9740copper molecular entity;
inorganic chloride		EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.0510pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		6.8201magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		5.02400mercury coordination entitysensitiser
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		10.53161N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		7.13281D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		3.5280sodium phosphate
sodium nitrate
sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.		8.96130inorganic nitrate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		fertilizer;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
cesium chloride
cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.		2.3920inorganic caesium salt;
inorganic chloride		phase-transfer catalyst;
vasoconstrictor agent
2-nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride
2-nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride: structure		2.0310
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		3.71100chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		5.23111delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		340iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
nickel chloride
nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.		2.1110nickel coordination entitycalcium channel blocker;
hapten
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		2.7630iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
phosphine
phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.		2.5920mononuclear parent hydride;
phosphanes;
phosphine		carcinogenic agent;
fumigant insecticide
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		7.04811diatomic bromine
potassium persulfate
[no description available]		2.0710
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		3.2160barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
monoethylglycinexylidide
monoethylglycinexylidide: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; metabolite of xylocaine; structure. monoethylglycinexylidide : Amino acid amide formed from 2,6-dimethylaniline and N-ethylglycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.		2.6930amino acid amidedrug metabolite
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		11.1752metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
potassium nitrate
potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.		16.822612inorganic nitrate salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		8.690inorganic sodium salt
sodium sulfite
[no description available]		2.4120inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		food preservative;
reducing agent
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite		3.580calcium phosphate
bromic acid
[no description available]		2.1510bromine oxoacid
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05		3.580calcium phosphatefertilizer
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		11.23455calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride
ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.9640iron coordination entity
chromates
Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.		3.4680chromium oxoanion;
divalent inorganic anion		oxidising agent
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		3.3770metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
tungstate
[no description available]		1.9710divalent inorganic anion;
tungsten oxoanion
metoprine
metoprine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist		1.9510
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		7.49232inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		8.3470inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
mercuric iodide, red
mercuric iodide, red: single cyrstals of HgI2 are used as room temp semiconductor x-ray detectors for application to computed tomography. mercury diiodide : A mercury coordination entity composed of mercury and iodine with formula HgI2.		1.9610mercury coordination entity
calcium sulfate
Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.		5.14101calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt
potassium dichromate
Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.		2.9540potassium saltallergen;
oxidising agent;
sensitiser
potassium sulfate
potassium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-H2SO4		2.730inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt
zinc nitrate
[no description available]		2.5320
zinc phosphate
zinc phosphate: RN given refers to unspecified Zn salt; see also record for ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT RN 7779-90-0; hopeite was non-print entry term to ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT 1982-91		2.730
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		10.34944dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		8.2501diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		5.58740diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
nitrous acid
Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.3720nitrogen oxoacid
silver chloride
[no description available]		2.7230inorganic chloride;
silver salt
nickel sulfate
nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.		2.7930metal sulfateallergen
potassium chromate(vi)
potassium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-CrH2O4. potassium chromate : A potassium salt consisting of potassium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		1.9710potassium saltcarcinogenic agent;
oxidising agent
deuterium oxide
Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.		7.53340deuterated compound;
water		NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid
perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer		2.4520sulfur oxoacidNMR solvent
mercuric bromide
mercury dibromide : A mercury coordination entity composed of mercury and bromine with the formula HgBr2.		1.9610mercury coordination entity
molybdate ion
molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid		2.4220divalent inorganic anion;
molybdenum oxoanion		Escherichia coli metabolite
chlorosulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.1310
iodine monochloride
iodine monochloride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.6630
thallium chloride
thallium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		210inorganic chloride;
thallium molecular entity
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination
Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.		1.9810
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		7.56543
poloxalene
Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).		1.9810epoxide
hexadimethrine bromide
Hexadimethrine Bromide: A synthetic polymer which agglutinates red blood cells. It is used as a heparin antagonist.		2.8840
vasotocin
Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.		5.36190
phosphoryl chloride
phosphoryl chloride: structure		2.0610phosphorus coordination entity
zirconium chloride
zirconium tetrachloride : A zirconium coordination entity comprising four chlorine atoms bound to a central zirconium atom.		2.0410inorganic chloride;
zirconium coordination entity		catalyst
niobium pentachloride
[no description available]		2.0510
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		12.69183elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
radon
Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, and atomic number 86. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of RADIUM.. radon(0) : A monoatomic radon that has an oxidation state of zero.		210monoatomic radon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
chlorine dioxide
chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant		7.0310chlorine dioxide
lead nitrate
lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate		2.4620inorganic nitrate salt;
lead coordination entity
calcium sulfate dihydrate
phosphogypsum: used as fertilizer and in construction materials such as bricks, plaster etc; contains 11 components; found as industrial waste		2.4720calcium salt;
hydrate
sodium selenite
disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		4.7261inorganic sodium salt;
selenite salt		nutraceutical
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		5.44141cadmium coordination entity
cadmium sulfate
cadmium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Cd-H2SO4		2.2110cadmium salt
calcium nitrate
calcium nitrate: an amylopsin activator. calcium nitrate : Inorganic nitrate salt of calcium.		7.830calcium salt;
inorganic nitrate salt		fertilizer
ammonium sulfite
ammonium sulfite: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF		2.0310p-block molecular entity;
sulfite salt
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan
4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.		2.6830benzoxadiazole;
C-nitro compound;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor;
fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome
barium chloride
barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.		2.0210barium salt;
inorganic chloride		potassium channel blocker
chlormerodrin
Chlormerodrin: A mercurial compound that has been used as a diuretic but is now superseded by more potent and less toxic drugs. The radiolabeled form has been used as a diagnostic and research tool.. chlormerodrin : Urea in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 3-chloromercury-2-methoxyprop-1-yl group. It was formerly used as a diuretic, but more potent and less toxic drugs are now available. Its radiolabelled ((197)Hg, (203)Hg) forms were used in diagnostic aids in renal imaging and brain scans.		9.360organomercury compound;
ureas		diagnostic agent;
diuretic
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		5.27210
stanozolol
Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.		2.673017beta-hydroxy steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent;
androgen
rhamnose
[no description available]		3.0450L-rhamnose
sodium bichromate
sodium bichromate: RN given refers to di-Na salt		1.9810inorganic sodium salt
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.05101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
chloramine
[no description available]		1.9810halide
carbendazim
carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.		7.4620benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
metabolite;
microtubule-destabilising agent
ammonium bromide
ammonium bromide : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.		2.0410ammonium salt;
bromide salt		NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		12.092505ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
ammonium sulfide
[no description available]		3.3510
ethionine
L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.		3.5690S-ethylhomocysteineantimetabolite;
carcinogenic agent
dimethyl adipimidate
Dimethyl Adipimidate: Bifunctional cross-linking agent that links covalently free amino groups of proteins or polypeptides, including those in cell membranes. It is used as reagent or fixative in immunohistochemistry and is a proposed antisickling agent.		3.4620
chlorbromuron
chlorbromuron: structure		7.0510ureas
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		7.41331titanium oxidesfood colouring
sodium tungstate(vi)
sodium tungstate(VI): inactivates molybdoenzymes in Anabaena; RN given refers to tungstic acid [H2WO4], di-Na salt. sodium tungstate : An inorganic sodium salt having tungstate as the counterion. Combines with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones.		2.0810inorganic sodium saltreagent
apazone
Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.		1.9610benzotriazinesnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
uricosuric drug
misonidazole
Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.		7.3620
hydrocortisone-17-butyrate
cortisol 17-butyrate : Cortisol esterified with butyric acid at the 17-hydroxy group.		4.4511butyrate ester;
cortisol ester;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		dermatologic drug;
drug allergen
tetrathionic acid
Tetrathionic Acid: A sulfuric acid dimer, formed by disulfide linkage. This compound has been used to prolong coagulation time and as an antidote in cyanide poisoning.		1.9710sulfur oxoacid
indium nitrate
[no description available]		2.0410
n-nitroso-n-methylbiuret
N-nitroso-N-methylbiuret: Russian drug		2.6530
1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-1-nitrosourea
1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-1-nitrosourea: structure		1.9510
salen
disalicylaldehyde ethylenediamine: reagents for determination of iron		7.0610
tiletamine
Tiletamine: Proposed anesthetic with possible anticonvulsant and sedative properties.		210aralkylamine
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		3.470
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		3.7730benzamides
etorphine
Etorphine: A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.		210
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		2.6730selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
urobilinogen
Urobilinogen: A colorless compound formed in the intestines by the reduction of bilirubin. Some is excreted in the feces where it is oxidized to urobilin. Some is reabsorbed and re-excreted in the bile as bilirubin. At times, it is re-excreted in the urine, where it may be later oxidized to urobilin.. urobilinogen : A member of the class of bilanes that is a colourless product formed in the intestine by the reduction of bilirubin.		3.9740bilaneshuman metabolite
phytanic acid
Phytanic Acid: A 20-carbon branched chain fatty acid. In phytanic acid storage disease (REFSUM DISEASE) this lipid may comprise as much as 30% of the total fatty acids of the plasma. This is due to a phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase deficiency.. phytanic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid consisting of hexadecanoic acid carrying methyl substituents at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15.		1.9510branched-chain saturated fatty acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
methyl-branched fatty acid
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.89406-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
methyl acetimidate
methyl acetimidate: affords intermediate protection for amino group; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.0610
carbamothioic acid, s,s'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester
carbamothioic acid, S,S'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; Padan refers to mono-HCl		2.0110nereistoxin analogue insecticide
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.8940monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pizotyline
Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.		4.8242benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		2.0510beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		4.0231organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		2.0510glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
eedq
EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent		1.9710
ferric nitrilotriacetate
ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)		2.4720iron chelatecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		4.38210acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
ethephon
(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.		7.2110phosphonic acidsplant growth regulator
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		3.821C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
nickel sulfide
nickel sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-S; see also nickel subsulfide: 12035-72-2		2.0110
fluorides
[no description available]		11.1111810halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		2.743017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		3.3311carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
clonixin
Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.		2.4220aminopyridine;
organochlorine compound;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
benomyl
[no description available]		3.150aromatic amide;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
anthelminthic drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
lisuride
Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).		4.3360monocarboxylic acid amideantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
serotonergic agonist
stannic oxide
tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.		2.7930tin oxide
chromium
chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen		3.1640chromium cation;
monoatomic hexacation
etoprine
etoprine: do not confuse with 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine, also called DDEP		1.9510
mecysteine
mecysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd(L)-isomer. methyl L-cysteinate : An L-cysteinyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of L-cysteine with methanol. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough.		1.9510L-cysteinyl ester;
primary amino compound;
thiol		mucolytic
methabenzthiazuron
[no description available]		210benzothiazoles
1-deoxynojirimycin
1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.		2.08102-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol;
piperidine alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
taurolidine
[no description available]		1.9810thiadiazinane
cl 64855
[no description available]		2.0510
calcium dobesilate
Calcium Dobesilate: A drug used to reduce hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy.		3.4811
iodine
[no description available]		6.37540halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
neohesperidin dihydrochalcone
neohesperidin dihydrochalcone : A member of the dihydrochalcones that is 3,2',4',6'-tetrahydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone attached to a neohesperidosyl residue at position 4' via glycosidic linkage. It is found in sweet orange.		1.9710dihydrochalcones;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		environmental contaminant;
plant metabolite;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
osmium tetroxide
Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.. osmium tetroxide : An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.		8.9940osmium coordination entityfixative;
histological dye;
oxidising agent;
poison
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		4.5580aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
aluminum phosphide
[no description available]		1.9410
metribuzin
metribuzin : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, tert-butyl group at position 6 and a methylsulfanyl group at position 3.		7.03101,2,4-triazines;
cyclic ketone;
organic sulfide		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
phosphotyrosine
Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.		2.9540L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O(4)-phosphotyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
immunogen
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.44201,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		6.8642indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
fenitrothion
Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.		1.9610C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
zingerone
zingerone: pungent principle of ginger; structure. zingerone : A methyl ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by methoxy and hydroxy groups respectively. The major pungent component in ginger.		2.610methyl ketone;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
antiemetic;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
radiation protective agent
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		14.94378benzenes;
phenyl acetates
phenoxyethanol
phenoxyethanol: structure. 2-phenoxyethanol : An aromatic ether that is phenol substituted on oxygen by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		7.4420aromatic ether;
glycol ether;
primary alcohol		antiinfective agent;
central nervous system depressant
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		6.21131chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
4-anisaldehyde
4-anisaldehyde: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methoxy moieties; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #696. p-methoxybenzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes consisting of benzaldehyde itself carrying a methoxy substituent at position 4.		2.2510benzaldehydesbacterial metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
insect repellent;
plant metabolite
methylformamide
N-methylformamide : A member of the class of formamides having a N-methyl substituent.		2.0310formamides
acetylacetone
acetylacetone : A beta-diketone that is pentane in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by oxo groups.		2.0210beta-diketone
paraldehyde
Paraldehyde: A hypnotic and sedative with anticonvulsant effects. However, because of the hazards associated with its administration, its tendency to react with plastic, and the risks associated with its deterioration, it has largely been superseded by other agents. It is still occasionally used to control status epilepticus resistant to conventional treatment. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p608-9). paraldehyde : A trioxane that is 1,3,5-trioxane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		2.8640trioxanesedative
ethyl hexanoate
ethyl hexanoate : A fatty acid ethyl ester obtained by the formal condensation of hexanoic acid with ethanol.		3.1810fatty acid ethyl ester;
hexanoate ester		metabolite
pyrrolidine
[no description available]		2.7230azacycloalkane;
pyrrolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
butyl acetate
butyl acetate: structure. butyl acetate : The acetate ester of butanol.		2.110acetate estermetabolite
1,4-dioxane
1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.		2.9440dioxane;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
non-polar solvent
carbamide peroxide
Carbamide Peroxide: A urea peroxide compound that is commonly used in tooth whitening agents; topical anti-infective agents, and earwax remover.. urea hydrogen peroxide : A mixture obtained by combining equimolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide and urea.		28.53882201mixturedisinfectant;
oxidising agent;
reagent
urea nitrate
urea nitrate: an explosive		3.2760
tetramethylolphosphonium chloride
tetramethylolphosphonium chloride: Negwer,5th ed has a number for a different cpd named THPC		2.0210
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		3.8212011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		2.0510indoles
tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate
tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate: flame retardant		1.9610trialkyl phosphate
tributyl phosphate
tributyl phosphate: a detergent. tributyl phosphate : A trialkyl phosphate that is the tributyl ester of phosphoric acid.		7.1510trialkyl phosphate
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		3.2760chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
dimethylacetamide
hallucinogen : Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.. N,N-dimethylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.		2.7330acetamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		9.36011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
n-chlorosuccinimide
N-chlorosuccinimide : A five-membered cyclic dicarboximide compound having a chloro substituent on the nitrogen atom.		7.3720dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		7.730bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pyrene
pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.		3.3560ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenefluorescent probe;
persistent organic pollutant
isothiuronium
Isothiuronium: An undecenyl THIOUREA which may have topical anti-inflammatory activity.		2.3720
metipranolol
Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.		2.0510acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
butachlor
butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.		2.4820aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		3.65100
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		3.781103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		12.4726
rose bengal b disodium salt
[no description available]		2.0510
fanft
FANFT: A potent nitrofuran derivative tumor initiator. It causes bladder tumors in all animals studied and is mutagenic to many bacteria.		1.9710
tridemorph
tridemorph: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tridemorph : A mixture of 4-alkyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholines, where 'alkyl' is a mixture of C11 to C14 homologues of which 60-70% is tridecyl. A systemic fungicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.. 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine : A member of the class of morpholines that is 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a tridecyl group. The configuration at positions 2 and 6 is unknown or unspecified.		2.4220morpholines;
tertiary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical
alkenes
[no description available]		5.89310
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		4.21170organic calcium salt
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		14.761608glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
glucaric acid
Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.		3.2760glucaric acidantineoplastic agent
adenylyl imidodiphosphate
Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.		2.4220adenosine 5'-phosphate
azoxymethane
Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.		2.1110
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.6930beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
poly-n,n-dimethyl-n,n-diallylammonium chloride
diallyldimethylammonium chloride: structure in first source		2.110
5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one
5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloromethylisothiazolinone : A 1,2-thiazole that is 4-isothiazolin-3-one bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom and a chlorine at C-5. It is a powerful biocide and preservative and is the major active ingredient in the commercial product Kathon(TM).		4.11311,2-thiazoles;
organochlorine compound		antimicrobial agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
torpedo
Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.		2.940
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		3.3870inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		5.38600pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.		2.3820ADP-sugarEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		16.5312475penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		2.4620timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		4.39222-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
vanadyl sulfate
[no description available]		2.420metal sulfate;
vanadium coordination entity
oxovanadium iv
oxovanadium IV: forms complexes with simple sugars		2.0710vanadium oxide
nicergoline
Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		2.0510organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
benthiocarb
Saturn: The sixth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its twelve natural satellites include Phoebe and Titan.		2.6630monochlorobenzenes;
monothiocarbamic ester
nigericin
Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.		2.3820polycyclic etherantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
enterobactin
[no description available]		1.9810catechols;
crown compound;
macrotriolide;
polyphenol		bacterial metabolite;
siderophore
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		2.0510cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate
1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate: used for tagging silica-based derivatization reagents in HPLC		210
dibromothymoquinone
Dibromothymoquinone: At low concentrations, this compound inhibits reduction of conventional hydrophilic electron acceptors, probably acting as a plastoquinone antagonist. At higher concentrations, it acts as an electron acceptor, intercepting electrons either before or at the site of its inhibitory activity.		1.95101,4-benzoquinonescytochrome-b6f complex inhibitor
pirimiphos methyl
pirimiphos methyl: structure. pirimiphos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.		1.9710aminopyrimidine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide
2-aminotetralin
2-aminotetralin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		7.1310tetralins
refortan
refortan: structure		2.0810
dimethyl suberimidate
Dimethyl Suberimidate: The methyl imidoester of suberic acid used to produce cross links in proteins. Each end of the imidoester will react with an amino group in the protein molecule to form an amidine.		2.6630
s-adenosylmethionine
acylcarnitine: structure in first source. S-adenosyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.		3.4260sulfonium betainehuman metabolite
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		2.0510amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		5.09101azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
7-ethoxycoumarin
7-ethoxycoumarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by an ethoxy group.		4.6280aromatic ether;
coumarins
acetylgalactosamine
Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.		2.730N-acetyl-D-hexosamine;
N-acetylgalactosamine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
zolazepam
Zolazepam: A pyrazolodiazepinone with pharmacological actions similar to ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS. It is commonly used in combination with TILETAMINE to obtain immobilization and anesthesia in animals.		210
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine
5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.		1.9510
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		2.0510pyrroline
procymidone
procymidone : An azabicycloalkane that is 1,5-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,4-dione in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A fungicide widely used in horticulture as a seed dressing, pre-harvest spray or post-harvest dip for the control of various diseases.		210
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		3.3670amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		7.19182taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
amitraz
amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.		2.0110formamidines;
tertiary amino compound		acaricide;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
etoposide
[no description available]		3.0140beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		4.5490peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
promegestone
Promegestone: A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.. promegestone : A progestin consisting of 17beta-propionylestra-4,9-dien-3-one substituted at position 17 by a methyl group.		1.961020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		antineoplastic agent;
progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		8.62134catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
diflubenzuron
Diflubenzuron: An insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. It is effective in the control of mosquitoes and flies.. diflubenzuron : A benzoylurea insecticide that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced bgy a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group.		2.4120benzoylurea insecticide;
monochlorobenzenes		insect sterilant
iprodione
iprodione : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione in which the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by an N-(isopropyl)carboxamide group while that at position 3 is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A contact fungicide, it blocks the growth of the fungal mycelium and inhibits the germination of fungal spores. It is used on fruit and vegetable crops affected by various fungal diseases. It is also used as a nematicide.		210benzenes;
dichlorophenyl dicarboximide fungicide;
imidazole fungicide;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		antifungal agrochemical;
nematicide
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		5.63321-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
lentinan
[no description available]		1.9710
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		3.9340alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.		2.4720butyrate ester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
anft
ANFT: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		1.9710
imidazolidinyl urea
imidazolidinyl urea: RN given refers to parent cpd		10.04553ureasantimicrobial agent
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		4.0531aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
pendimethalin
pendimethalin : A member of the class of substituted anilines that is N-(pentan-3-yl)aniline bearing two additional nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as two methyl substituents at positions 3 and 4. A herbicide used to control most annual grasses and many annual broad-leaved weeds.		2.0110C-nitro compound;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide
n-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide
Duxon: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.0810
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		7.57286L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
bezafibrate
[no description available]		4.2941aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		2.7430
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		10.751125-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine
flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.		4.1331organoammonium saltantipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
vinclozolin
vinclozolin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-vinclozolin. A fungicide used mainly on oilseed rape, vines, fruit and vegetables to control Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Monilia spp.. 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in which the imide hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group.		3.1150dicarboximide;
dichlorobenzene;
olefinic compound;
oxazolidinone
vx
VX nerve agent : A organic thiophosphate that is the ethyl ester of S-{2-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl} O hydrogen methylphosphonothioate. A toxic nerve agent used in chemical warfare.		1.9410organic thiophosphate;
tertiary amino compound		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one
2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. methylisothiazolinone : A 1,2-thazole that is 4-isothiazolin-3-one bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom. It is a powerful biocide and preservative and is the minor active ingredient in the commercial product Kathon(TM).		4.09311,2-thiazolesantifouling biocide;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		4.63260alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		2.05101,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
deoxynivalenol
deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.		4.0721cyclic ketone;
enone;
primary alcohol;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
trichothecene;
triol		mycotoxin
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha,6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha,6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril: reagent for protein iodinations; structure		7.921080
thidiazuron
[no description available]		3.5620ureas
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		4.0640cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine)
Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).		2.8940
decamethrin
decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.4920aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organobromine compound		agrochemical;
antifeedant;
calcium channel agonist;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
pirfenidone
pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.		2.4420pyridoneantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxfendazole
[no description available]		1.9810benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
sulfoxide		antinematodal drug
desogestrel
Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran
dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified thio moieties		2.13101-benzofurans;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
muzolimine
Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.		4.0631dichlorobenzene
butibufen
butibufen: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3720monoterpenoid
kathon cg
Kathon 886: industrial biocide & cosmetic preservative formulation; contains methylcholoro-isothiazolinone and methylcholoroisothiazolinone		1.9710
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		4.9621benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.5120anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.3222aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
n-(2-cyanoethylene)urea
N-(2-cyanoethylene)urea: structure		2.6630
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		2.0510aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
flumecinol
flumecinol: liver microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme inducer		2.0110diarylmethane
spiromustine
[no description available]		1.9510
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		2.4220organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
indacrinone
indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.3411
metalaxyl
metalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL-Ala)-isomer. metalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is methyl alaninate in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methoxyacetyl group, while the other is substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group.		210alanine derivative;
aromatic amide;
carboxamide;
ether;
methyl ester
enkephalin, methionine
Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.		1.9710
laurocapram
laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source		2.1310
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		2.3520conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
2-methoxy-5-(2',3',4'-trimethoxyphenyl)tropone
2-methoxy-5-(2',3',4'-trimethoxyphenyl)tropone: structure given in first source		2.420
nitroacetic acid
nitroacetic acid: inhibits succinate dehydrogenase; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		11.8184alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		2.0510cephalosporinantibacterial drug
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
triflumuron
triflumuron: insect growth inhibitor		2.4120aromatic ether;
benzoylurea insecticide;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.0510cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
lidamidine
lidamidine: synonym WHR-1142A refers to HCl; structure		2.0810ureas
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.4520nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
endralazine
BQ 22-708: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610benzamides
naftifine
naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.		8.4811allylamine antifungal drug;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
cyromazine
cyromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.520triamino-1,3,5-triazinemouse metabolite;
triazine insecticide
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		4.43220acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0510cephalosporinantibacterial drug
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		2.0510benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
1-octanesulfonic acid
1-octanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110organosulfonic acidlocal anaesthetic
triclabendazole
[no description available]		6.9910aromatic ether
ck 0569 a
guanidino propyl piperazine: anti-plaque agent; RN given refers to dimethanesulfonate; structure given in first source		1.9610
buprofezin
buprofezin: tradename - Applaud; used for the control of homopterous insect pests; structure given in first source. (E)-buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has E configuration.. buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has Z configuration.		2.6320thiadiazinane;
ureas
amonafide
xanafide: salt formulation of amonafide; DNA-intercalating agent and topoisomerase II inhibitor		2.0310isoquinolines
4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride
4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride: monomer used in 4-META resin; which is used as dental resin; structure given in first source; Cover-Up II is a 4-META bases bonding agent		1.9410
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0510cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
flurofamide
flurofamide: structure given in first source		3.690carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		2.0310monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		5.55230aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
dichlozolinate
dichlozolinate: structure given in first source. chlozolinate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-chlozolinate. An obsolete fungicide, formerly used as a foliar spray against Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Monilia spp.. ethyl 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3-oxazolidine-5-carboxylate : The ethyl ester of 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3-oxazolidine-5-carboxylic acid.		1.9710dicarboximide;
dichlorobenzene;
ethyl ester;
oxazolidinone
fenoxycarb
fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.		2.2110aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
juvenile hormone mimic;
xenobiotic
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		2.0510piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
dicarboxydine
dicarboxydine: structure		2.0210
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		2.0510
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		2.7130delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
dazmegrel
[no description available]		1.9610
3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5h)-furanone
3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone: structure given in first source		2.0510butenolide
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.0510aromatic ketone
loceryl
amorolfine: RN given refers to parent cpd. amorolfine : A member of the class of morpholines that is cis-2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a racemic 2-methyl-3-[p-(2-methylbutan-2-yl)phenyl]propyl group. An inhibitor of the action of squalene monooxygenase, Delta(14) reductase and D7-D8 isomerase and an antifungal agent, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) for the topical treatment of fungal nail and skin infections.		210morpholine antifungal drug;
tertiary amino compound		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.70 (Delta(14)-sterol reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		3.5980delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		1.9610benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
quinpirole
Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.		2.7230pyrazoloquinolinedopamine agonist
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.05103-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		2.0110N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
caracemide
[no description available]		1.9610
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		2.0510hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.8421dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		2.610hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
cicletanine
[no description available]		1.9710organochlorine compound
n-methyl-n-(1-methyl-4-pyrrolidino-2-butynyl)acetamide
N-methyl-N-(1-methyl-4-pyrrolidino-2-butynyl)acetamide: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		6.9810N-alkylpyrrolidine
gepirone
gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		8.461743-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		8.4470aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
gusperimus
gusperimus: synthesized by chemical modification of spergualin; in combination with cyclosporin A prevents diabetes in predisposed NOD mice; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (-)-isomer trihydrochloride		1.9710N-acyl-amino acid
3-deazaguanine
3-deazaguanine: structure		2.0310
rolafagrel
rolafagrel: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.3711
iopentol
[no description available]		3.7721amidobenzoic acid
ractopamine
ractopamine: veterinary growth stimulant. ractopamine : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible diastereoisomers of 4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenol. A beta-adrenergic agonist, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) as a feed additive for use in pigs and other livestock to promote protein deposition, resulting in leaner meat. The R,R diastereoisomer, butopamine, is responsible for most of the leanness-enhancing effects. While use of ractopamine has been banned in over 120 countries including throughout the EU, in the US it used in an estimated 80% of all beef, pork and turkey production.. 4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl group.		3.0140benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
chlorimuron ethyl
chlorimuron ethyl: structure in first source. chlorimuron-ethyl : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of chlorimuron with ethanol. A proherbicide for chloimuron, it is used as herbicide for the control of broad-leaved weeds in peanuts, soya beans, and other crops.		2.4820aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
N-sulfonylurea;
organochlorine pesticide;
pyrimidines;
sulfamoylbenzoate		agrochemical;
EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor;
proherbicide
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		5.8132naphthoic acid
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		2.9840
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		3.1310imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
mk 458
MK 458: a sustained release formulation of a naphthoxazine compoud with selective D-2 dopamine receptor agonism. naxagolide hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of naxagolide.		1.9910hydrochlorideanticonvulsant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
fadrozole
Fadrozole: A selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer.		2.0310imidazopyridine
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		11.33308aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.7130fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		5.68731-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		2.0510methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		2.0510phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		2.1510beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
marbofloxacin
[no description available]		1.9910quinolines
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		2.4120tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		2.4820pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		2.0510aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		6.59252organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
technetium tc 99m mertiatide
Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide: A technetium diagnostic aid used in renal function determination.		1.9910
u 77779
bizelesin: structure given in first source		9.13392
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		2.0410aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		5.6563alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin
[no description available]		3.6280aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		3.8521monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine
[no description available]		2.0510duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		4.6861carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		5.1550biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		2.0110
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		3.25101,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
simendan
Simendan: A hydrazone and pyridazine derivative; the levo-form is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, calcium-sensitizing agent, and inotropic agent that is used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.		4.9560
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.05106-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
kynostatin 272
kynostatin 272: structure given in first source; contains allophenylnorstatine as a transition-state mimic		2.6830peptide
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		2.0610L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		7.8564carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		10.53525adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
safranal
safranal: a monoterpene aldehyde; one of the main components responsible for the aroma of saffron; structure given in first source. safranal : A monoterpenoid formally derived from beta-cyclocitral by dehydrogenation.		2.6320monoterpenoid
4-pentenoic acid
4-pentenoic acid: inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; RN given refers to parent cpd. pent-4-enoic acid : A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 4.		7.8740pentenoic acid
trichloroacetamide
[no description available]		7.9340
coomassie brilliant blue r
kenacid blue: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		1.9610
pyranine
pyranine: structure		2.420organic sodium saltfluorochrome
sodium molybdate(vi)
sodium molybdate(VI): RN given refers to molybdic acid, di-Na salt. sodium molybdate (anhydrous) : An inorganic sodium salt having molybdate as the counterion.		1.9610inorganic sodium saltpoison
nitrogen chloride
nitrogen chloride: strong irritant & lacrimator		2.9140nitrogen halide
gadolinium chloride
gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone		2.0210gadolinium coordination entityTRP channel blocker
lead selenide
[no description available]		2.1510
monoammonium molybdate
ammonium molybdate: RN given refers to unspecified ammonium molybdate salt. ammonium molybdate : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and molybdate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.420ammonium saltpoison
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		3.1350trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
dimethylhydrazines
Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.		3.4520
1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane
1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane: biocide used in glue implicated in contact dermatitis; euxyl K 400 is a 2-phenoxyethanol mixture. 2-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)pentanedinitrile : An organobromine compound that consists of pentanedinitrile bearing bromo and bromomethyl substituents at position 2.		3.8530aliphatic nitrile;
organobromine compound		allergen;
sensitiser
3-iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate
3-iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate: RN & structure given in first source. 3-iodoprop-2-yn-1-yl butylcarbamate : A carbamate ester that is carbamic acid in which the nitrogen has been substituted by a butyl group and in which the hydrogen of the carboxy group is replaced by a 1-iodoprop-2-yn-3-yl group. A fungicide, it is used as a preservative and sapstain control chemical in wood products and as a preservative in adhesives, paints, latex paper coating, plastic, water-based inks, metal working fluids, textiles, and numerous consumer products.		3.5520acetylenic compound;
carbamate ester;
carbamate fungicide;
organoiodine compound		antifungal agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tantalum oxide
tantalum oxide: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; used for surgical implants		2.0610
cathinone
cathinone: alkaloid from khat shrub, Catha edulis; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. cathinone : The S stereoisomer of 2-aminopropiophenone.		2.1102-aminopropiophenone;
monoamine alkaloid		central nervous system stimulant;
psychotropic drug
diazolidinylurea
diazolidinylurea: structure given in first source		9.23383imidazolidine-2,4-dione
thiolactic acid
thiolactic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1310mercaptopropanoic acid
sudan iii
sudan III: structure in first source. Sudan III : A bis(azo) compound that is 2-naphthol substituted at position 1 by a 4-{[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl group. A fat-soluble dye predominantly used for demonstrating triglycerides in frozen sections, but which may also stain some protein bound lipids in paraffin sections.		2.4520azobenzenes;
bis(azo) compound;
naphthols		carcinogenic agent;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
acridine orange
Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.		2.420aminoacridines;
aromatic amine;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
glycoluril
glycoluril: a compound made of two 2-imidazolidinone fused at the 4 and 5 positions		2.0510azabicycloalkane;
ureas
ammonium lactate
Lac-Hydrin: 12% ammonium lactate lotion		4.3522
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.		2.7730one-carbon compound;
perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
isothiocyanic acid
[no description available]		2.7530hydracid;
one-carbon compound
ammonium peroxydisulfate
ammonium persulfate : An inorganic ammonium salt in which two of the terminal hydroxy groups of peroxydisulfuric acid are deprotonated and associated with ammonium ions as counter-cations.		2.5920
cuprous chloride
cuprous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. copper(I) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.		2.4120copper molecular entity;
inorganic chloride		agrochemical;
molluscicide
potassium phosphate
potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.		3.9120inorganic phosphate salt;
inorganic potassium salt
rubidium chloride
rubidium chloride : An inorganic chloride composed of rubidium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio.		1.9710inorganic chloride;
rubidium molecular entity		antidepressant;
biomarker
caloreen
caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.		3.7630
urea formaldehyde foam
urea formaldehyde foam: widely used foam insulation		6.75460
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyloctadecylammonium
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyloctadecylammonium: RN given refers to chloride		2.0310
octyl glucoside
octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.		3.4820beta-D-glucosideplant metabolite
propranolol hydrochloride
Inderex: combination of above cpds; used in treatment of hypertension		1.9910hydrochloride
halofuginone
[no description available]		2.0510quinazolines
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		11.081617hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene
hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene: Russian drug; saluretic containing above 2 cpds; do not confuse with Triampur synonym for triamterene; Dyazide & Maxzide have different proportions		3.3511
ortho-cept
ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne		2.0510
cefprozil
[no description available]		2.0510cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
2,4(1h,3h)-quinazolinedione
2,4(1H,3H)-quinazolinedione: structure given in first source		1.9810
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		2.7130acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		2.7130aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
rolofylline
rolofylline: selective antagonist for adenosine receptors; a cardiovascular agent		7.2232oxopurine
doxapram hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510hydrochloridecentral nervous system stimulant
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		10.94333D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
lanthanum chloride
lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		7.4620
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		210
propamidine
propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.		3.110aromatic ether;
guanidines;
polyether		antimicrobial agent;
antiseptic drug
n-methylnicotinamide
N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.		2.420pyridinecarboxamidemetabolite
meglumine antimoniate
Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.		4.1331
3-aminoisobutyric acid
3-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-aminoisobutyric acid : A beta-amino-acid that is isobutyric acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by an amino group.		2.3620amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		metabolite
iodonitrotetrazolium
iodonitrotetrazolium chloride : An organic chloride salt having iodonitrotetrazolium as the counterion.. iodonitrotetrazolium : An organic cation that is the cationic component of iodonitrotetrazolium violet.		4.0410organic chloride salthistological dye
1,5-anhydroglucitol
1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.		3.5320anhydro sugarhuman metabolite
cyclen
cyclen: macrocyclic polyamine metal-complexing agent. 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane : An azacycloalkane that is cyclododecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.		7.7430azacycloalkane;
crown amine;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		3.4270organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
thymidine 5'-triphosphate
thymidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dTTP : A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.		2.3620pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
thymidine phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3-methylhistidine
3-methylhistidine: marker for myofibrillar-protein breakdown; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 3-methylhistidine : A methylhistidine in which the methyl group is located at N-3.. N(pros)-methyl-L-histidine : A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted by a methyl group at position 3 on the imidazole ring.		11.924514L-histidine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
zwitterion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone
18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone: structure given in first source		1.951018-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.4920hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
baicalin
[no description available]		2.5120dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
abbott 77003
Abbott 77003: a symmetry-based inhibitor of HIV-1 protease		1.9910
tsao-t
[no description available]		1.9910
amprenavir
[no description available]		2.9340carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
bms 186318
BMS 186318: structure given in first source		1.9910
allicin
[no description available]		2.5820botanical anti-fungal agent;
sulfoxide		antibacterial agent
5-methylcytosine
5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.		7.7130methylcytosine;
pyrimidines		human metabolite
guanidine thiocyanate
guanidine thiocyanate: a powerful chaotropic agent		9.31190
diacetylfluorescein
[no description available]		1.9710
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		2.520flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
n-acetylaspartic acid
N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.0110N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N-acyl-L-aspartic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
rat metabolite
homocitrulline
L-homocitrulline : A L-lysine derivative that is L-lysine having a carbamoyl group at the N(6)-position. It is found in individuals with urea cycle disorders.		10.4110amino acid zwitterion;
L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ureas		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonamide
[no description available]		1.9910
fluorexon
fluorexon: structure		2.6930xanthene dyefluorochrome
norvaline
norvaline: differs from valine in being 1 carbon longer instead of branched; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure. L-2-aminopentanoic acid : A 2-aminopentanoic acid that has S-configuration.		3.58902-aminopentanoic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		bacterial metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent
phenylalanylphenylalanine
phenylalanylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (L,L)-isomer		2.0110
phosphoramidic acid
phosphoramidic acid: urease inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with phosphoramidites, which are organophosphorus compounds		4.3230phosphoric acid derivative
aica ribonucleotide
AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.		2.83301-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole		cardiovascular drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate
[no description available]		2.0710
thomsen-friedenreich antigen
Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen: do not confuse with T antigens, which are viral		1.9710
metaperiodate
Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.		9.36210iodine oxoacid
lissamine rhodamine b
lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt		2.1310
fluorophosphate
fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd		8.2460fluorine molecular entity;
phosphoric acid derivative
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: analog of 5-oxoproline in which the 4-methylene moiety is replaced by sulfur; acts as 5-oxo-L-prolinase substrate; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; Procysteine is a trade name		2.0310
2',3'-dideoxyadenosine triphosphate
[no description available]		3.4611purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate
surfactin peptide
surfactin peptide: antineoplastic product isolated from Bacillus sp.		2.1510
desipramine hydrochloride
desipramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of desipramine.		1.9910hydrochloridedrug allergen
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.		1.9810dithiocarbamic acids;
pyrrolidines		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid
[no description available]		2.6930nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		4.14160glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dimethyl pimelimidate
[no description available]		1.9610
sinefungin
[no description available]		1.9610adenosines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		210benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
glucose-1-phosphate
glucose-1-phosphate: RN given refers to (alpha-D-Glc)-isomer. alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate : A D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate in which the anomeric centre has alpha-configuration.		1.9710D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		7.42212cephalosporinfungal metabolite
bendamustine
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
erdosteine
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
octimibate
[no description available]		2.3920
dicarbine
dicarbine: minor descriptor (77-84); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBOLINES (77-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810
phenosafranine
phenosafranine: structure. phenosafranine : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-diamino-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is commonly used for staining Gram negative bacteria red in smears to contrast with the blue Gram positive organisms.		2.0410organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
photosensitizing agent
ecabet
ecabet: structure in first source		6.1652diterpenoid
bicozamycin
bicozamycin : A commercially important azabicyclic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces sapporonensis. It inhibits the Rho protein of E. coli.		1.9610azabicycloalkane;
bridged compound		antibacterial agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
antiinfective agent
dexverapamil
dexverapamil : A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has R configuration. It competitively inhibits the multidrug resistance efflux pump P-glycoprotein (MDR-1, EC 3.6.3.44), thereby potentially increasing the effectiveness of a wide range of antineoplastic drugs which are inactivated by MDR-1 mechanisms. Dexverapamil exhibits lower calcium antagonistic activity and toxicity than racemic verapamil.		2.05102-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrileEC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mizolastine
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
tallimustine
tallimustine: structure given in first source		3.1110
pidotimod
pidotimod: RN given refers to compound with unspecified stereochemistry		3.3711peptide
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.0510pyridoindole
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		3.1950benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
inogatran
inogatran: a direct low molecular weight thrombin inhibitor		2.0510
methacycline
[no description available]		2.01101,2-diglyceride
peroxyformic acid
peroxyformic acid: structure		2.0510
boron nitride
[no description available]		2.0510nitride
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.0510fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
trenbolone acetate
Trenbolone Acetate: An anabolic steroid used mainly as an anabolic agent in veterinary practice.		4.6361steroid ester
xenon radioisotopes
Xenon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.		2.3920
cetiedil
cetiedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		5.9931azepanes
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
naphthalimides
Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.		6.1991
alpha-naphthyl isocyanate
alpha-naphthyl isocyanate: used to separate enantiomers of beta-blockers; structure given in first source		1.9710
benzeneboronic acid
[no description available]		2.1710boronic acids
porphine
porphine: structure given in first source		2.1710
parabanic acid
parabanic acid: structure. parabanic acid : An imidazolidinone that is imidazolidine which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 4 and 5.		7.3620hydracid;
imidazolidinone		human metabolite
acetamidine
acetamidine: bovine trypsin inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9710carboxamidine
bromosuccinimide
Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).		8.9130dicarboximide;
organobromine compound;
pyrrolidinone		reagent
phenoxazine
phenoxazine: RN given refers to 10H-phenoxazine. 10H-phenoxazine : A member of the class of phenoxazines that is morpholine which is ortho-fused to two benzene rings at positions 2-3 and 5-6.		2.0110phenoxazineferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
n-acetyl-l-arginine
N-acetyl-L-arginine: has effect on convulsive seizures. N(alpha)-acetyl-L-arginine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is L-arginine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an acetyl group.		3.7921N-acetyl-L-amino acidhuman metabolite
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		5.82310phenanthroline
1h-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine
1H-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: structure given in first source. 4-azabenzimidazole : The [4,5-b]-fused isomer of imidazopyridine.		2.2510imidazopyridine
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		8.348501,2,3-triazole
2-iodosobenzoic acid
ortho-iodosylbenzoic acid : A benzoic acid compound having an iodosyl substituent at the ortho-position.		1.9710benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
diazobenzenesulfonic acid
diazobenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9710
guanidinopropionic acid
guanidinopropionic acid: alters creatine metabolism; structure. 3-guanidinopropanoic acid : A guanidine compound bearing an N-(2-carboxyethyl) substituent. It is a creatine analogue that has been found to decreases plasma glucose levels		2.8940guanidines;
zwitterion		hypoglycemic agent
trifluoroacetamide
[no description available]		2.6730
formamidine
formamidine: RN given refers to parent compound. formamidine : The smallest member of the class of carboxamidines being formic acid with the O and OH groups from the carboxy function replaced by NH and NH2 groups respectively. The parent of the class of formamidines.		7.420carboxamidine;
formamidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
1,8-diaminonaphthalene
1,8-diaminonaphthalene: structure in first source		2.0210
hydracrylic acid
3-hydroxypropionic acid : A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the terminal carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.04103-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
omega-hydroxy-short-chain fatty acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
2-pyrone
2-pyrone: structure in first source. pyranone : Any of a class of cyclic chemical compounds that contain an unsaturated six-membered ring with one ring oxygen atom and an oxo substituent.		2.31102-pyranones
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		5.17111anthocyanidin chloride
n,n-carbonyldiimidazole
[no description available]		2.0210
beta-tetralone
[no description available]		2.520
azure b
Azure B: RN given refers to chloride. azure B : An organic chloride salt having 3-(dimethylamino)-7-(methylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is used in making azure eosin stains for blood smear staining and is an active metabolite of methylene blue.		2.0510
2(3h)-benzofuranone
2(3H)-benzofuranone: structure in first source		2.0510
triuret
triuret: structure		4.2970condensed ureas
4-aminoquinoline
[no description available]		7.0510
nicotinuric acid
nicotinuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-nicotinoylglycine : An N-acylglycine having nicotinoyl as the acyl substituent.		3.4711N-acylglycinehuman urinary metabolite
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		2.730imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		7.69922-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		2.4920dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		2.0510aryl sulfate;
pyridines
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		2.42201,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
talinolol
[no description available]		2.3620ureas
delta sleep-inducing peptide
Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide: A nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. This neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal.		2.4320
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.2510organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
brinzolamide
brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent		3.4110sulfonamide;
thienothiazine		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dienogest
[no description available]		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
aliphatic nitrile;
steroid hormone		progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
lozilurea
lozilurea: structure given in first source		6.9610
acetylurea
[no description available]		3.8120
trithiocarbonic acid
trithiocarbonic acid: RN & Nl from 9th CI; cpd not in Chemline 8/83		2.0510chalcocarbonic acid;
one-carbon compound;
thiocarbonyl compound
cresolphthalein
cresolphthalein: structure		1.9810
glycine amide
glycine amide: RN given refers to parent cpd		4.570amino acid amide;
glycine derivative
leucogentian violet
leucogentian violet: metabolite of gentian violet; structure given in first source		2.0210benzenoid aromatic compound
5-methylhydantoin
5-methylhydantoin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810imidazolidine-2,4-dione
1-methylhydantoin
1-methylhydantoin: structure in first source		1.9610imidazolidine-2,4-dionebacterial metabolite
3,4-diaminobenzoic acid
3,4-diaminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0610
beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid
3-hydroxyisovaleric acid : A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is isovaleric acid substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. Used as indicator of biotin deficiency.		5.3223-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline: structure in first source. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline : A member of the class of quinolines that is the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of quinoline.		2.8430quinolines
resorufin
[no description available]		2.4220phenoxazine
3-methylhistamine
3-methylhistamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.4620
acefylline
acefylline: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310oxopurine
trimethylphosphine oxide
trimethylphosphine oxide: structure in first source		2.1110
5-iodouracil
5-iodouracil: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-iodouracil : An organoiodine compound consisting of uracil having an iodo substituent at the 5-position.		1.9610organoiodine compoundantimetabolite
1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid
[no description available]		6.9410
6-aminouracil
[no description available]		2.9610pyrimidone
ethanolamine o-sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510
3-chloroperbenzoic acid
3-chloroperbenzoic acid: oxidizing agent		210monochlorobenzenes;
peroxy acid
morphazinamide
morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index		2.0510morpholines;
pyrazines;
secondary carboxamide
4-nitropyridine
[no description available]		2.1110
8-azaadenine
8-azaadenine: xanthine oxidase inhibitor. 8-azaadenine : A triazolopyrimidine that is [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing an amino substituent at position 7.		7.0410aromatic amine;
nucleobase analogue;
triazolopyrimidines		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
morpholinopropane sulfonic acid
3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.2 at 20 degreeC.		2.1310MOPS;
morpholines;
organosulfonic acid
n-acetylglutamic acid
N-acetylglutamic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid : An N-acyl-L-amino acid that is L-glutamic acid in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by an acetyl group.		9.19531N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N-acyl-L-glutamic acid		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bicinchoninic acid
[no description available]		2.4320
1,2-benzisoxazole
1,2-benzisoxazole: structure in first source. 1,2-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,2-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzisoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		2.08101,2-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
dipropylacetamide
dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.		1.9710fatty amidegeroprotector;
metabolite;
teratogenic agent
valofane
valofane: neurotropic drug; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.3720
aminoquinuride
[no description available]		4.31190
n-methylscopolamine
N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.		2.0510
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		2.5820cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
cromakalim
Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)		7.0310
nicotinohydroxamic acid
[no description available]		6.9610pyridinecarboxamide
sarmazenil
[no description available]		210
mifentidine
[no description available]		1.9610
atipamezole
[no description available]		210
lecimibide
[no description available]		6.34121
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		2.0510razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
tyloxapol
tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.		2.5320
masoprocol
Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.		2.8940nordihydroguaiaretic acidantineoplastic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite
a 78773
A 78773: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor		1.9910
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		8.1550conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
aceclofenac
[no description available]		7.3110amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
secnidazole
[no description available]		3.5611C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
secondary alcohol		epitope
proligestone
proligestone: a synthetic progestational steroid; used to suppress ESTRUS		1.9710
pheneturide
pheneturide: product of ring hydrolysis of phenobarbital; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		10.72211amine
cyclobutyrol
cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acidbile therapy drug
terlipressin
terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.		2.730polypeptide
ubenimex
ubenimex: growth inhibitor		2.0610
zidovudine triphosphate
[no description available]		1.9910
7-hydroxystaurosporine
[no description available]		3.1650
hesperetin
[no description available]		3.41103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
monomethoxyflavanone;
trihydroxyflavanone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		1.9310phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
honokiol
[no description available]		2.2510biphenyls
isoflavone
[no description available]		2.0510isoflavones
coptisine
coptisine: RN given refers to parent cpd		7.4110alkaloidmetabolite
clevudine
[no description available]		2.0510
nobiletin
nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.		2.2510methoxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
dmp 323
(4R,5S,6S,7R)-4,7-dibenzyl-5,6-dihydroxy-1,3-bis[4-(hydroxymethyl)benzyl]-1,3-diazepan-2-one : A 1,3-diazepanone ring with two 4-(hydroxymethyl)benzyl groups as substituents at positions N-1 and N-4, two benzyl groups at C-4 and C-7, and two hydroxy groups at C-5 and C-6 respectively.		5.81290diazepanone;
ureas		anti-HIV agent;
metabolite
leupeptin
[no description available]		2.6630aldehyde;
tripeptide		bacterial metabolite;
calpain inhibitor;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
sch 34343
Sch 34343: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5R-(5alpha,6alpha))-isomer		6.9610
grepafloxacin
grepafloxacin: structure in first source		2.110fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
pacein
PAcein: structure. pacein : A member of the class of benzofurans that is dibenzo[b,d]furan-3,7-dione bearing two methyl substituents at positions 1 and 9 as well as two 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylanilino substituents at positions 2 and 8.. orcein : A variable mixture of several compounds isolated from lichens, the eight most abundant being alpha-aminoorcein, alpha-hydroxyorcein, beta-aminoorcein, gamma-aminoorcein, beta-hydroxyorcein, gamma-hydroxyorcein, beta-aminoorceimine and beta-aminoorceimine (all are phenoxazine-based). It is used for the demonstration of elastic fibres as well as to stain the rough endoplasmic reticulum of hepatitis B infected liver cells.		1.9310
xanthydrol
[no description available]		3.0550
methanesulfonamide
[no description available]		2.0710
indole-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.7130indolyl carboxylic acid
urazole
urazole: structure in first source		1.9310
cresol red
[no description available]		2.05102,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
polyphenol;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.520bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
beta-amyrin
beta-amyrin: alpha-amyrin is also available; a 5 ring triterpene derived from oleanane that differs from alpha-amyrin in having the 29-carbon at the 20 position; RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer. beta-amyrin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane substituted at the 3beta-position by a hydroxy group and containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13. It is one of the most commonly occurring triterpenoids in higher plants.		2.2510pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
plant metabolite
5-hydroxyuracil
5-hydroxyuracil: used in treatment of colonic adenocarcinoma		210hydroxypyrimidine
bilobalide
[no description available]		2.1510sesquiterpene lactone
glycyl-histidyl-lysine
glycyl-histidyl-lysine: found in human plasma; promotes proliferation of hepatoma cells, lymphocytes & mycoplsma; maintains viability of hepatocytes, eosinophils and macrophages; inhibits growth of glial cells; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-His-Lys : A tripeptide composed of glycine, L-histidine and L-lysine residues joined in sequence.		2.1110tripeptidechelator;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
vulnerary
tetracyanoquinodimethane
tetracyanoquinodimethane: structure. tetracyanoquinodimethane : A quinodimethane that is p-quinodimethane in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by cyano groups.		2.1110alicyclic compound;
nitrile;
quinodimethane
carbohydrazide
carbohydrazide: structure. carbohydrazide : A hydrazide consisting of hydrazine carrying one or more carboacyl groups.. carbonyl dihydrazine : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation between hydrazinecarboxylic acid and hydrazine.		7.4110carbohydrazide;
one-carbon compound
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		5.18140carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
ceric oxide
ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.		3.3760cerium molecular entity;
metal oxide
cupric selenide
[no description available]		2.0310
2-naphthylisothiocyanate
[no description available]		1.9810
4-tolylsulfonylurea
4-tolylsulfonylurea: structure given in first source; the major metabolite of tolbutamide		2.6230
phenylsulfate
phenylsulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl hydrogen sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is phenol bearing an O-sulfo substituent.		2.610aryl sulfatehuman xenobiotic metabolite
triphenylmethylphosphonium
triphenylmethylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
n,n'-dibutylurea
N,N'-dibutylurea: structure in first source		4.13150
tetrahydropyrimidinone
tetrahydropyrimidinone: structure in first source		2.4820
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		2.1110hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
malonamic acid
malonamic acid: structure		2.0210beta-alanine derivative
2-cresolphthalexon
2-cresolphthalexon: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
o-methylisourea
O-methylisourea: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.8540
diallyl tetrasulfide
[no description available]		2.0310organosulfur compound
n-formylglycine
glycal : A cyclic enol ether derivative of a sugar having a double bond specifically between carbon atoms 1 and 2 in the ring.		1.9610N-acylglycine;
N-formyl amino acid
octadecyl palmitate
octadecyl palmitate: found in psoriatic nail, but not in normal nails. stearyl palmitate : A palmitate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with the hydroxy group of stearyl alcohol.		5.8371hexadecanoate ester;
wax ester		coral metabolite;
cosmetic
methylimidazoleacetic acid
methylimidazoleacetic acid: urinary metabolite of histamine & end product of histamine metabolism; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-methyl-4-imidazoleacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl group.. 1-methyl-4-imidazoleacetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 1-methyl-4-imidazoleacetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.2110imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		GABA agonist;
metabolite
4-nitrophenyl butyrate
p-nitrophenyl butyrate : A butyrate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 4-nitrophenol with the carboxy group of butyric acid.		2.0810butyrate ester;
C-nitro compound
2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine
2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine: histamine H1 receptor agonist inducing cross-tolerance to histamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9610aminoalkylpyridine;
primary amine		histamine agonist;
metabolite
6-carboxyfluorescein
6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein		2.3820monocarboxylic acid
isoguanine
isoguanine: structure. isoguanine : An oxopurine that is 3,7-dihydro-purin-2-one in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by an amino group.		2.0210oxopurine
tris(2-aminoethyl)amine
tris(2-aminoethyl)amine: structure given in first source		9.0640tetramine
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		6.09101aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine
imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine: structure		2.3110
n-hydroxysuccinimide
N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure		2.110
hydroxyguanidine
N-hydroxyguanidine : A member of the class of guanidines that is guanidine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.6730guanidines;
one-carbon compound		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent
n,n-diisopropylethylamine
N,N-diisopropylethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4720tertiary amino compound
n,n'-dimethylpropyleneurea
N,N'-dimethylpropyleneurea: structure in first source		3.5480
2,4-diamino-5-benzylpyrimidine
2,4-diamino-5-benzylpyrimidine: structure given in first source		1.9610
s-benzyl-l-cysteine-4'-nitroanilide
S-benzyl-L-cysteine-4'-nitroanilide: substrate for cystine aminopeptidase		1.9610
phosphoric phenyl ester diamide
[no description available]		4.5980
lithium bromide
lithium bromide: denatures ribonuclease A; also sedative. lithium bromide : A lithium salt in which the counterion is bromide. The anhydrous salt forms cubic crystals similar to common salt.		7.6830bromide salt;
lithium salt
acetylglycyl-n-methylamide
acetylglycyl-N-methylamide: structure given in first source		2.0410
bexarotene
[no description available]		2.0710benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
2-(4-toluidino)-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid
2-(4-toluidino)-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.940
9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene
[no description available]		2.110anthracenes;
arylacetylene;
benzenes		fluorochrome
iridium oxide
iridium oxide: RN given refers to Ir-O2		7.0810
procion yellow
[no description available]		1.9810
hypobromous acid
[no description available]		7.6830bromine oxoacid
biocytin
biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.		2.0310azabicycloalkane;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-lysine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thiabicycloalkane;
ureas		mouse metabolite
biotin methyl ester
[no description available]		2.0610
d-aspartic acid
[no description available]		1.9410aspartic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid		mouse metabolite
biotinyl-n-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester
biotinyl-N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester: reagent for identifying cell surface antigens; used to identify & isolate cuticular proteins of Brugia malayi		2.3820
albendazole sulfoxide
albendazole sulfoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.1310sulfoxide
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		16.6410070macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cobalt-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid chelate
cobalt-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid chelate: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym dicobalt edetate refers to di-Na salt		1.9710
zwittergent 3-12
zwittergent 3-12: zwitterionic detergent. lauryl sulfobetaine : An ammonium betaine in which the ammonium nitrogen is substituted by dodecyl, 3-sulfatopropyl and two methyl groups.		1.9610ammonium betainedetergent
4-aminoquinazoline
4-aminoquinazoline: structure in first source		7.110
bromates
Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.		3.3870bromine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
monomethylolglycine
[no description available]		3.6120
raptors
imazamox: an experimental imidazolinone herbicide; structure in first source. 2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-5-(methoxymethyl)nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid which is substituted substituted at position 5 by a methoxymethyl group and at position 2 by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group, that in turn is substituted by isopropyl, methyl, and oxo groups at positions 4, 4, and 5, respectively.. imazamox : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (S)- and (R)-imazamox. An inhibitor of acetohydroxyacid synthase, it is used (particularly as the corresponding ammonium salt, known as imazamox-ammonium) as a herbicide for the control of grass, broad-leaf weeds, and pond weed.		2.1110ether;
imidazolines;
imidazolone;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
procion brilliant red m-2bs
[no description available]		210
coenzyme a
[no description available]		5.94350adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphatecoenzyme;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane-2,4-disulfide
2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane-2,4-disulfide: thiation agent; structure in first source		2.4110
5-thio-d-glucose
5-thio-D-glucose: RN given refers to 5-thio-D-glucose		2.0210
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		10.652503-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
n-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide
N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide: nephrotoxic; post-treatment enhanced induction of renal cell tumors in rats by dimethylnitrosamine, pre-treatment inhibited induction of tumors, & alone caused interstitial nephritis but no tumors		1.9610pyrrolidines
2,2-bis-(4-(2-methacryloxyethoxy)phenyl)propane
2,2-bis-(4-(2-methacryloxyethoxy)phenyl)propane: structure given in first source		2.4820
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		10.461726iditolfungal metabolite
tandospirone
tandospirone: structure given in first source. tandospirone : A dicarboximide that is (3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione which is substituted by a 4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl group at position 2. It is a potent and selective 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist (Ki = 27 nM).		2.4920bridged compound;
dicarboximide;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyrimidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug
beta-eudesmol
beta-eudesmol: found in Atractylodes and other plants; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4aalpha,8abeta))-isomer. beta-eudesmol : A carbobicyclic compound that is trans-decalin substituted at positions 2, 4a, and 8 by 2-hydroxypropan-2-yl, methyl and methylidene groups, respectively (the 2R,4aR,8aS-diastereoisomer).		2.3110carbobicyclic compound;
eudesmane sesquiterpenoid;
tertiary alcohol		volatile oil component
streptovitacin a
streptovitacin A: structure		1.9510
6-phosphogluconic acid
gluconic acid-6-phosphate: structure. 6-phospho-D-gluconate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of 6-phospho-D-gluconic acid.. 6-phospho-D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid phosphate having the phosphate group at the 6-position. It is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway.		1.9910gluconic acid phosphatefundamental metabolite
4-nitrophenyl beta-d-xyloside
4-nitrophenyl beta-D-xyloside : A xyloside that is beta-D-xylopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.		1.9710C-nitro compound;
xyloside		chromogenic compound
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		12.3304amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cephacetrile
Cephacetrile: A derivative of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.		1.9510cephalosporin
methylglucoside
[no description available]		2.6930
trimethylselenonium
trimethylselenonium: product of selenite metabolism in rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethylselenonium : An organic cation consisting of three methyl groups covalently bound to a central selenium atom.		2.0110organic cationhuman xenobiotic metabolite
1,5-i-aedans
1,5-I-AEDANS: fluorescent probes which are sulfhydryl reagents; combine reactivity of iodoacetamide toward sulfhydryl groups with spectral properties of naphthalenesulfonic acids; structure. 5-{[2-(iodoacetamido)ethyl]amino}naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : An aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid fluorophore with a structure consisting of ethylenediamine substituted on the nitrogens with iodoacetyl and 5-sulfonyl-1-naphthyl groups.		1.9810aminonaphthalenesulfonic acidfluorescent probe
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.		2.66303',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		protein kinase agonist
chlorfluazuron
chlorfluazuron: chitin synthesis inhibitor		2.6830benzoylurea insecticide;
dichlorobenzene;
organochlorine insecticide;
organofluorine insecticide
hexafluoron
hexafluoron: insect growth regulator against mosquito larva; the active agent in Sonet, a Russian product, is hexaflumuron. hexaflumuron : An N-acylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group, while a hycrogen attached to the other nitorgen is replaced by a 3,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl group.		2.4720aromatic ether;
benzoylurea insecticide;
dichlorobenzene;
N-acylurea;
organochlorine insecticide;
organofluorine insecticide
prosulfuron
prosulfuron: structure in first source		2.0210triazines
pyriproxyfen
pyriproxyfen: an insect growth regulator; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pyriproxyfen : An aromatic ether that consists of propylene glycol having a 2-pyridyl group at the O-1 position and a 4-phenoxyphenyl group at the O-3 position.		2.2110aromatic ether;
pyridines		juvenile hormone mimic
n-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-5-methyl(1,2,4)-triazol(1,5-a)pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide
[no description available]		2.1310sulfonamide
flufenoxuron
[no description available]		2.110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzoylurea insecticide;
difluorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes		mite growth regulator
primisulfuron
primisulfuron: structure in first source		4.0440benzoic acids
dpx e9636
DPX E9636: chemical compound used as a pesticide. rimsulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is N-carbamoyl-3-(ethylsulfonyl)pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen atom.		2.6930aromatic ether;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
delta-tocopherol
[no description available]		2.1710tocopherol;
vitamin E		food antioxidant;
plant metabolite
sarsasapogenin
[no description available]		1.9710sapogenin
3-fluorotyrosine
3-fluorotyrosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510fluoroamino acid;
fluorophenol;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative
1-methylhistidine
1-methylhistidine: found in muscle proteins; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 1-methylhistidine : A methylhistidine in which the methyl group is located at N-1.. N(tele)-methyl-L-histidine : A L-histidine derivative in which the methyl group is at N(tele)-position.		3.7621L-histidine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
zwitterion		human metabolite
camphane
camphane: structure given in first source		6.9410monoterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
24-methylenecholesterol
24-methylenecholesterol: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer; structure. 24-methylenecholesterol : A 3beta-sterol having the structure of cholesterol with a methylene group at C-24.		1.97103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol		mouse metabolite
4,4'-oxydi-2-butanol
4,4'-oxydi-2-butanol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure		1.9410secondary alcohol
2-nitropropanol
2-nitropropanol: has antimicrobial activity; a cross-linking reagent		2.2510C-nitro compound
phenylacetylglutamine
N(2)-phenylacetyl-L-glutamine : An a N(2)-phenylacetylglutamine having L-configuration.		12.2592N(2)-phenylacetylglutaminehuman metabolite
2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid
2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid: inhibits iron-containing nitrile hydratases		1.9510
2,8-dihydroxyadenine
2,8-dihydroxyadenine: xanthine oxidase reacted adenine metabolite in epidermis of hairless mice; component of urinary stores; structure. 2,8-dihydroxyadenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 8. It is a highly insoluble metabolite of adenine that causes radiolucent urolithiasis. It is produced by individuals who suffer from adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency, a rare autosomal recessive error of purine metabolism.		2.21106-aminopurines;
diol;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
oxopurine		human urinary metabolite;
mammalian metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nephrotoxic agent
lekoptin
(S)-verapamil : A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has S configuration.		2.05102-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile
n-(3-pyrene)maleimide
N-(3-pyrene)maleimide: structure in first source		1.9510
melanotan-ii
melanotan-II: synthetic cyclic heptapeptide, an analog of alpha-melanotropin (4,10); capable of stimulating melanin synthesis & promoting rapid tanning of skin; currently in trials for use in the prevention of sunlight-induced skin cancer		2.0410organic molecular entity
mci 9038
[no description available]		2.1710peptide
lopinavir
[no description available]		7.7230amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
orotidine
orotidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. orotidine : A nucleoside formed by attaching orotic acid to a ribose ring via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond.		2.9140nucleoside;
pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid;
uridines		bacterial metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenyl beta-d-glucoside
4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-anomer; see also (alpha)-anomer: 3767-28-0; cpd with unspecified anomer: 5779-46-4. 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.		1.9710beta-D-glucoside;
C-nitro compound		chromogenic compound
firefly luciferin
Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.		3.08501,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
benzothiazoles;
imidothioate		luciferin
4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid)
4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid): a free radical initiator		210
alanyltyrosine
alanyltyrosine: tyrosine source; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Ala-Tyr : A dipeptide composed of L-alanine and L-tyrosine joined by a peptide linkage.		2.2110dipeptidemetabolite
droxidopa
Droxidopa: A synthetic precursor of norepinephrine that is used in the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION.. droxidopa : A serine derivative that is L-serine substituted at the beta-position by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. A prodrug for noradrenalone, it is used for treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension		2.4920catechols;
L-tyrosine derivative		antihypertensive agent;
prodrug;
vasoconstrictor agent
butyloxycarbonyl-tryptophyl-methionyl-aspartyl-phenylalaninamide
[no description available]		1.9710
1,2-pentanediol
[no description available]		7.0110
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		5.14150
dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate)
dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate): used to study interactions of structural proteins; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.9140
melamine formaldehyde
[no description available]		7.4620
n-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-n'-phenylurea
forchlorfenuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a phenyl group and a 2-chloropyridin-4-yl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively. It is a plant growth regulator widely used in agriculture for improving fruit quality and fruit size.		3.1410monochloropyridine;
phenylureas		plant growth regulator
n-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide
[no description available]		8.96120
5,6-dihydrothymine
5,6-dihydrothymine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5,6-dihydrothymine : A pyrimidone obtained by formal addition of hydrogen across the 5,6-position of thymine.		1.9710pyrimidonehuman metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alloxanic acid
[no description available]		2.0110imidazolidine-2,4-dione
arabitol
arabitol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. arabinitol : A pentitol that is the sugar alcohol produced by the reduction of arabinose or lyxose. It is found in serum or urine of human infected with Candida albicans.. D-arabinitol : The D-enantiomer of arabinitol.		1.9410arabinitol
n-acetyltryptophanamide
[no description available]		2.9640acetamides;
L-tryptophan derivative;
primary carboxamide;
secondary carboxamide
3,7-dihydroxy-12-oxocholanoic acid
3,7-dihydroxy-12-oxocholanoic acid: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,7alpha)-isomer		2.0510oxo-5beta-cholanic acid
pyrimidine dimers
Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.		1.9710
cortisol octanoate
[no description available]		2.0310corticosteroid hormone
dehydroabietic acid
dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills. dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.. dehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.		7.0410abietane diterpenoid;
carbotricyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid		allergen;
metabolite
pyrroline
pyrroline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for dihydro moiety. pyrroline : Any organic heteromonocyclic compound with a structure based on a dihydropyrrole.		2.1110pyrroline
hippuryl-histidyl-leucine
hippuryl-histidyl-leucine: synthetic substrate for angiotensin converting enzyme; used in affinity chromatography		2.0210
bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate
[no description available]		2.0710
pyrogallol sulfonphthalein
[no description available]		2.4120
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		4.78300D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
6-fluorotryptophan
6-fluorotryptophan: an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.7530indolyl carboxylic acid
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether
[no description available]		2.1310aromatic ether;
organobromine compound
4-mercaptobenzoate
4-mercaptobenzoate: substrate for 4-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase		2.0610
prolamins
Prolamins: A group of seed storage proteins restricted to the POACEAE family. They are rich in GLUTAMINE and PROLINE.		6.9610
2-cyanoethylurea
2-cyanoethylurea: immunopotentiator		4.77100
nitrophenylgalactosides
Nitrophenylgalactosides: Includes ortho-, meta-, and para-nitrophenylgalactosides.. 2-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactoside having a 2-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.		2.0210beta-D-galactoside;
C-nitro compound		chromogenic compound
alanylphenylalanine
alanylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (L-Ala-L-PheAla)-isomer		710dipeptidemetabolite
n-benzoyl-l-arginine
N-benzoyl-L-arginine: RM given refers to (l)-isomer; structure. N-benzoyl-L-arginine : An N-acyl-L-arginine that is L-arginine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-amino group has been replaced by a benzoyl group.		1.9410benzamides;
N-acyl-L-arginine
1,3,4-oxadiazole
1,3,4-oxadiazole: structure in first source		7.1110
hexylglutathione
S-hexylglutathione : An S-substituted glutathione that is glutathione in which the hydrogen of the thiol has been replaced by a hexyl group (PDB entry: 1PN9).		1.9910S-substituted glutathione
hexacarbonyltungsten
hexacarbonyltungsten: C6-O6-W		2.0110
cellulose sulfate
cellulose sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; vaginal gel being developed as both a contraceptive and blockage to STD somewhat like nonoxynol-9		1.9810ether;
flavonoids
diosgenin
[no description available]		7.46203beta-sterol;
hexacyclic triterpenoid;
sapogenin;
spiroketal		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
metabolite
n-succinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate
N-succinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate: acylates free amino groups on proteins		3.2260
pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside
pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside: RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure		2.1710pyrimidine ribonucleosides
foxes
Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.		2.6430
kemptide
[no description available]		2.0510
combretastatin
combretastatin: cytotoxic principle from South African tree COMBRETUM caffrum; structure given in first source; acts at COLCHICINE site of TUBULIN		2.4620
arctiin
arctiin: from fruits of Arctium lappa L; RN given refers to (3R-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92		3.5611glycoside;
lignan
diphenylditelluride
[no description available]		2.0310
n-hydroxysuccinimide suberic acid ester
disuccinimidyl suberate: used as protein cross-linking agent		2.6730
cinchonidine
cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.		7.0810(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol;
cinchona alkaloid		metabolite
methyl mannoside, (alpha-d)-isomer
methylmannoside: RN given refers to (D)-isomer; see also record for 3-O-methylmannose. methyl alpha-D-mannoside : A methyl mannoside having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.		2.3920alpha-D-mannoside;
methyl mannoside
meldola blue
[no description available]		6.9610
n-methyladenosine
N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		2.4120methyladenosine
benzyloxyamine
benzyloxyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
suphepa
Suphepa: used for the determination of chymotrypsin in stools in diagnosis of pancreatic disease		2.5920
km 200
Grotan BK: contains 1,3,5-tris(hydroxyethyl)hexahydrotriazine; releases formaldehyde; bactericidal agent in coolant liquids; structure		2.420
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		5.3550cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine
p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.3420aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		metabolite
hydrogen sulfite
[no description available]		2.8740sulfur oxoanionhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source		1.9810polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
tritium oxide
[no description available]		1.9810tritiated compound;
water
mizoribine
[no description available]		3.3711imidazolesanticoronaviral agent
chlorates
Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.		3.150chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		2.0610aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system		3.2660oligopeptide
vitamin b 6
Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.		2.6430
1,4-dihydropyridine
[no description available]		2.7830
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.9540beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
cremophor el
cremophor EL: solvent for Althesin & Propanidid implicated as possible cause of similar adverse effects polyethoxylated castor oil; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also records for cremophor & cremophor A		210
ergovaline
[no description available]		2.0210peptide ergot alkaloid
geographutoxin i
gonyautoxin I: structure in first source; RN given refers to gonyautoxin I; gonyantoxin IV is isomer of gonyautoxin I		2.0210organic heterotricyclic compoundmarine metabolite
sr141716
[no description available]		2.4620amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		2.9940primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
n-nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
N-nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: found in human urine		2.0710organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
acrylodan
[no description available]		7.7130
chlorethylclonidine
chlorethylclonidine: RN refers to 2-chloroethyl derivative		210
methoxyfenozide
methoxyfenozide: structure in first source. methoxyfenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by 3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl, and tert-butyl groups respectively.		2.0110carbohydrazide;
monomethoxybenzene		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
selenomethionine		plant metabolite
cyanates
Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).		12.581881
(3h)2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane
(1R-(exo,exo))-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-8-methyl-8- azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane-2-carboxylic acid, methyl ester: RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer		210
deoxypyridinoline
deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source		2.4120
fura-2-am
fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2		2.5120
quin2-acetoxymethyl ester
Quin2-acetoxymethyl ester: structure given in first source		1.9610
thiamethoxam
Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.		3.24501,3-thiazoles;
2-nitroguanidine derivative;
organochlorine compound;
oxadiazane		antifeedant;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
4-hydroxydebrisoquin
4-hydroxydebrisoquin: principal metabolite of above; RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-hydroxydebrisoquin : An isoquinoline that is 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline bearing amidino and hydroxy substituent at positions 2 and 4 respectively.		210carboxamidine;
isoquinolines;
secondary alcohol		metabolite
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source		5.21501,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
prodan
prodan: do not confuse with prodan in Chemline, RN 16893-85-9 which is disodium hexafluorosilicate		2.46202-acyl-6-dimethylaminonaphthalene
4-bromophenylacetylurea
4-bromophenylacetylurea: structure		5.51220
amiloride, hydrochlorothiazide drug combination
amiloride, hydrochlorothiazide drug combination: amiloride hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide drug combination.		3.7621
dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol
[no description available]		2.9240
n-(2'-(dimethylamino)ethyl)acridine-4-carboxamide
[no description available]		210
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		4.3341alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
fr 139317
FR 139317: endothelin receptor A antagonist; structure given in first source		1.9810
hypotaurine
[no description available]		1.9710aminosulfinic acid;
zwitterion		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		5.29111proanthocyanidin
phosphites
Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.		2.5120phosphite ion;
trivalent inorganic anion
4-desmethoxyverapamil
[no description available]		1.9910
(2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate
(2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for bromide; used in dopamine analysis		210
fingolimod hydrochloride
Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).		2.7230hydrochlorideimmunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
fingolimod
fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.		2.0510aminodiol;
primary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
CB1 receptor antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
daidzin
daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).		2.6107-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside;
hydroxyisoflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		plant metabolite
parinaric acid
parinaric acid: long-chain polyenoic fatty acid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. parinaric acid : An octadecatetraenoic acid containing a conjugated system of double bonds at positions 9, 11, 13 and 15.		210octadecatetraenoic acid
6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine
[no description available]		1.9910N-arylpiperazine
3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-n-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)benzamide
3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-N-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)benzamide: a dopamine receptor imaging agent; RN refers to (S)-isomer; RN & structure given in first source		1.9710
cobaltiprotoporphyrin
cobaltiprotoporphyrin: RN given refers to cobalt protoporphyrin IX		2.0310
proanthocyanidin
proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.		2.0510
1-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)urea
1-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)urea: structure in first source		7.4420
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.0510acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		3.59902-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
aristolochic acid ii
aristolochic acid II: structure given in first source. aristolochic acid B : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions and by a nitro group at position 10.		1.9810aristolochic acids;
aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
cyclic acetal;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mutagen;
nephrotoxin;
toxin
octopine
D-octopine : The (1R)-1-carboxyethyl derivative of L-arginine. It is a metabolite released by plant tumours.		1.9610amino acid opine;
amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
D-arginine derivative;
guanidines;
secondary amino compound		animal metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
exp3174
losartan carboxylic acid: structure given in first source. losartan carboxylic acid : A biphenylyltetrazole that is losartan with the hydroxymethyl group at position 5 on the imidazole ring replaced with a carboxylic acid.		2.4620biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound		metabolite
testosterone 17-glucosiduronate
testosterone glucuronate: natural conjugate isolated from human plasma; RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. testosterone 17-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic that is testosterone carrying a glucosiduronic acid residue at position 17.		2.07103-oxo steroid;
beta-D-glucosiduronic acid;
enone;
steroid glucosiduronic acid		human metabolite
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		4.5880
coumarin 343
coumarin 343: structure in first source		2.06107-aminocoumarinsfluorochrome
titanium isopropoxide
titanium(IV) isopropoxide : A titanium coordination entity consisting of a titanium(IV) cation with four propan-2-olate anions as counterions.		210
tadalafil
[no description available]		2.1110benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
leucinol
leucinol: RN given for (L)-isomer		2.0510
territrem b
territrem B: tremorgenic mycotoxin from Aspergillus terreus; RN given refers to (4aR-(4aalpha,6abeta,12aalpha,12bbeta))-isomer		210
homoorientin
homoorientin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source		4.811flavone C-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
radical scavenger
valerates
Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.		10.47614short-chain fatty acid anion;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		plant metabolite
florfenicol
florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.		2.0110organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent
selenomethylselenocysteine
selenomethylselenocysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.5120non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
selenocysteines		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite
3-deoxyglucosone
3-deoxyglucosone: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. 3-deoxyglucosone : A deoxyketohexose comprising the open-chain form of D-glucose lacking the -OH group at the 3-position and having the keto group at the 2-position.		1.9910deoxyglucose;
deoxyketohexose
n-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine
N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source		2.0210
thromboxanes
thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.		2.0110
dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside
dodecyl beta-D-maltoside : A glycoside resulting from attachment of a dodecyl group to the reducing-end anomeric centre of a beta-maltose molecule.		2.9640disaccharide derivative;
glycoside		detergent
landiolol
landiolol: structure given in first source; a highly cardioselective ultra short-acting beta-blocker		17.730083morpholines
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane: structure given in first source; alkylthio acetic acid, non-beta-oxidizable		2.4720straight-chain fatty acid
1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine
[no description available]		210
listerine
Listerine: hydroalcohol solution containing thymol, menthol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate & alcohol		4.4122
benzyloxyresorufin
[no description available]		2.0310
globomycin
[no description available]		1.9910cyclodepsipeptide
selenocystamine
selenocystamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4620organoselenium compound
fe(ii)-edta
Fe(II)-EDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110iron coordination entity
thymidine c5-hydrate
thymidine C5-hydrate: structure in first source		2.420
phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine-chloromethyl ketone
phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine-chloromethyl ketone: do not confuse with Pro-Phe-Arg-CH2-Cl or with Phe-Phe-Arg-CH2-Cl, both sometimes also referred to as PPACK		2.0110
dimethyldioxirane
dimethyldioxirane: structure given in first source; powerful oxidizing agent		710
3'-o-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate
3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate: purinergic receptors agonist; structure given in first source		2.1510purine ribonucleoside triphosphate
stachydrine
stachydrine: RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt (S)-isomer; structure. L-proline betaine : An amino acid betaine that is L-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.		1.9810alkaloid;
amino-acid betaine;
N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
plant metabolite
2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid
2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid: amino acid analog; releases insulin; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610monoterpenoid
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-seryl-proline
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-seryl-proline: can duplicate the binding activity of fibronectin vitronectin; RN given refers to ALL-L isomer		1.9810
nitisinone
[no description available]		2.4620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
chymosin
Chymosin: The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.		3.92130
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
3-mercaptopicolinic acid
3-mercaptopicolinic acid: gluconeogenesis inhibitor; may also inhibit ATP-dependentphosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase		2.6630
ruthenium tetraoxide
ruthenium tetraoxide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of Ru-O4		3.1610
efonidipine
efonidipine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-efonidipine. It is a antihypertensive drug and a dual T-type and L-type calcium channel blocker.. 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethyl 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethanol.		2.1310C-nitro compound;
carboxylic ester;
dihydropyridine;
tertiary amino compound
clofarabine
[no description available]		2.0510adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
benzylpenicilloyl g
benzylpenicilloyl G: lactam ring opened so inactive; do not confuse with benzylpenicilloyl V		1.9810
5-fluoromethylornithine
5-fluoromethylornithine : An ornithine derivative in which one of the hydrogens at position 5 is replaced by a fluoromethyl group. It is an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine aminotransferase.		3.7830organofluorine compound;
ornithine derivative		EC 2.6.1.13 (ornithine aminotransferase) inhibitor
mozavaptan
mozavaptan: aquaretic agent; vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4320benzamidesaquaretic
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		4.71300fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,3,4-thiadiazole
1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure given in first source		7.7930thiadiazole
lexitropsin
lexitropsin: structure given in first source; information reading oligopeptide		3.110
pentosidine
pentosidine: structure given in first source. pentosidine : An imidazopyridine having norleucine and ornithine residues attached via their side-chains at the 4- and 2-positions respectively.		2.7330imidazopyridine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		biomarker;
cross-linking reagent
valdecoxib
[no description available]		2.0210isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
parecoxib
parecoxib: structure in first source. parecoxib : An N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib.		2.0410isoxazoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
carglumic acid
carglumic acid: carglumic acid could be helpful in lowering plasma ammonia levels over 400 micromol/L more rapidly. carglumic acid : A urea that is the N-carbamoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. An orphan drug used to treat a deficiency in the enzyme N-acetylglutamate synthase, which leads to acute hyperammonaemia.		7.884N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
ureas		carbamylphosphate synthetase I activator;
orphan drug
3-(tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)-1-propanesulfonic acid
[no description available]		210organosulfonic acid
1,5-aedans
5-[(2-acetamidoethyl)amino]naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : An aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid fluorophore with a structure consisting of ethylenediamine substituted on the nitrogens with acetyl and 5-sulfonyl-1-naphthyl groups.		210aminonaphthalenesulfonic acidfluorescent probe
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.		2.0510azamacrocyclechelator;
copper chelator
sr 46349b
SR 46349B: potent & selective 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		3.8130
mitiglinide
mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
indanidine
[no description available]		1.9610
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate: structure given in first source		2.1310
n-(1-anilinonaphthalyl)-4-maleimide
[no description available]		1.9510
thymidine 3',5'-diphosphate
[no description available]		1.9810
iaans
[no description available]		2.4120
5-fluorodihydrouracil
5-fluorodihydrouracil: metabolite of 5-fluorouracil; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3820pyrimidone
prisma-fil
heliobond: visible-light-curing monomer component of composite resins		1.9810
1,2-dioxetane
[no description available]		2.0410
wye
[no description available]		1.9710
zoxamide
zoxamide: no further info available 4/02. zoxamide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-zoxamide. A fungicide used for the control of various fungal infections including blight in potatoes and tomatoes.. 3,5-dichloro-N-(1-chloro-3-methyl-2-oxopentan-3-yl)-4-methylbenzamide : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-dichloro-4-methylbenzamide with the amino group of 3-amino-1-chloro-3-methylpentan-2-one.		2.4110alpha-chloroketone;
benzamides;
dichlorobenzene
tetrahydroaldosterone
tetrahydroaldosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,11beta)-isomer		1.9810steroid lactone
chapso
chapso: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,7alpha,12alpha)-isomer		210
gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-n,n',n'',n'''-tetraacetate
gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetate: RN refers to Na salt		2.610
6-heptyne-2,5-diamine
6-heptyne-2,5-diamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9710
2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole-1-norleucine
2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole-1-norleucine: formed by Maillard recaction of bovine serum albumin with glucose; RN refers to (S)-isomer. 1-(L-norleucin-6-yl)pyrraline : An N-substituted pyrraline formed via Maillard reaction of L-lysine with glucose.. pyrraline : A pyrrole having formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 2 and 5 respectively; useful as indicator of advanced stages of the Maillard reaction, which produces advanced glycation end-products (AGEs).		1.9910L-lysine derivative;
N-substituted pyrraline;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
dansylsarcosine
[no description available]		1.9910
hexaamminecobalt(ii)
hexaamminecobalt(II): RN given refers to parent cpd		210
n-(1-pyrenyl)iodoacetamide
N-(1-pyrenyl)iodoacetamide: fluorescent reagent		1.9810
pk 14105
PK 14105: structure given in first source		1.9810
5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate
[no description available]		2.2110acetate esterfluorochrome
emoxypine succinate
emoxypine succinate: has antihypoxic effects		2.1710
pd 128042
PD 128042: structure given in first source		4.1950anilide
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoethyl)carbodiimide
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoethyl)carbodiimide: carboxyl modifying agent		1.9910
astragaloside a
[no description available]		2.4110
benzyne
benzyne: structure in first source. benzyne : 1,2-didehydrobenzene and its derivatives formed by substitution.		2.0810aryne;
benzyne
carbene
carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).		2.9340carbene;
methanediyl
hydronium ion
[no description available]		2.1510onium cation;
oxygen hydride
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		4.260nitrogen oxoacid
perchlorate
perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.		7.4620chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
diphenylphosphorazidate
diphenylphosphorazidate: reagent for racemization-free peptide synthesis; structure		2.4820
fullerene c60
Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.		9.4760fullerenegeroprotector
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		9.15173methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mk 0663
[no description available]		3.9421bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
2-nitrophenylgalactoside
2-nitrophenylgalactoside: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0210
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine
N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.		2.0510adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound		adenosine A3 receptor agonist
cdp ethanolamine
[no description available]		1.9710nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphoethanolamine		mouse metabolite
aerobactin
[no description available]		1.9810L-lysine derivativeEscherichia coli metabolite;
siderophore;
virulence factor
c & b metabond
Super-bond: an adhesive resin composed of 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic anhydride (4-META), methylmethacrylates (MMA) and tri-n-butylborane (TBB)		210
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine
N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.		2.9740L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antigen
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)-
Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.		2.1110amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin		vasodilator agent
5,5'-bis(8-(phenylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonate)
[no description available]		4.68280
5-iodoacetamidofluorescein
[no description available]		1.9810
n-acetylglucosaminylasparagine
N-acetylglucosaminylasparagine: RN given refers to parent cpd; presence in urine characteristic of aspartylglucosaminuria; structure. N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine : An N(4)-glycosyl-L-asparagine having (beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl as the glycosyl component.		1.9610amino acid zwitterion;
glucosaminylamine;
N(4)-glycosyl-L-asparagine
n,n-dimethylarginine
N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.		6.43121dimethylarginine;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
dihydrotetrabenazine
dihydrotetrabenazine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		210isoquinolines
benzoylarginine ethyl ester
benzoylarginine ethyl ester: used as substrate for trypsin; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6930
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.		4.06150dichlorobenzene;
differentiation-inducing factor;
monomethoxybenzene;
resorcinols		eukaryotic metabolite;
signalling molecule
gk 101e
[no description available]		5.9542
rmi 12330a
RMI 12330A: adenyl cyclase inhibitor in rat liver; RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; NM refers to HCl, (cis)-isomer; structure		2.0310
n(omega)-hydroxyarginine
N(omega)-hydroxyarginine: can cause vasorelaxation of bovine intrapulmonary artery; structure given in first source. N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine : An N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine in which the double bond has Z-configuration.		2.6930amino acid zwitterion;
N(5)-[(E)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine;
N(5)-[(hydroxyamino)(imino)methyl]ornithine;
N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine;
N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine;
N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine;
N(omega)-hydroxy-L-arginine
octacalcium phosphate
octacalcium phosphate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ca4-(H3PO4)3; see also record for synthos (beta-tricalcium phosphate) & calcium phosphate		2.0310
1,9-dimethylmethylene blue
1,9-dimethylmethylene blue: RN refers to chloride		1.9910
n-acetylneuraminoyllactose
3'-sialyllactose: structure in first source		3.821
dodecyloctaethyleneglycol monoether
octaethyleneglycol monododecyl ether : The hydroxypolyether that is octaethylene glycol in which one of the hydroxy groups is substituted by dodecyloxy.		2.0510hydroxypolyether
3,3'-dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidyl propionate)
3,3'-dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidyl propionate): structure given in first source		1.9610
6-methoxy-n-(3-sulfopropyl)quinolinium
6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl)quinolinium: structure given in first source		1.9910
peroxyoxalate
[no description available]		2.0710
3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid
3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid: structure in first source. 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-5-propylfuran-3-carboxylic acid : A furoic acid that is furan-3-carboxylic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 4, a propyl group at position 5 and a 2-carboxyethyl group at position 2. It is a potent uremic toxin that has been found to accumulate in human serum of patients with chronic kidney diseases.		4.3640dicarboxylic acid;
furoic acid		human metabolite;
uremic toxin
zd 7288
ICI D2788: a sinoatrial node modulator; may be of use in treatment of ischaemic heart disease by increasing heart rate without impairing cardiac function		2.0510
dimethyl dithiobispropionimidate
dimethyl dithiobispropionimidate: bifunctional reagent with disulfide group; cross-links membrane proteins & hemoglobin in erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9610
glabridin
[no description available]		2.3110hydroxyisoflavansantiplasmodial drug
tetrahydrocurcumin
tetrahydrocurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which both of the double bonds have been reduced to single bonds.		2.0310beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
polyphenol		metabolite
garenoxacin
garenoxacin: a des-fluoro(6) quinolone with antibacterial activity. garenoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a cyclopropyl group at position 1, an oxo group at position 4, a (1R)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl group at position 7, and a difluoromethoxy group at position 8.		3.2110aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
isoindoles;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ulifloxacin
ulifloxacin: structure given in first source		2.0410quinolines
benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium
benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium: condensing agent to promote internucleotide bond formation in phosphotriester oligodeoxyribonucleotide synthesis; structure in first source		2.0310
tan 1057b
TAN 1057B: from Flexibacter sp. PK 74 & PK 176; has methicillin resistance to Staphylococcus aureus; structure given in first source		2.0110
n-succinimidyl 3-iodobenzoate
[no description available]		2.4120
2-pyrazinoylguanidine
2-pyrazinoylguanidine: inhibits secretion of urea by kidney tubules		4.4651
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol		2.4220
benzyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanylarginine-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide
benzyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanylarginine-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide: substrate for measurement of human prekallikrein		1.9910
benzyloxycarbonylphenylalanylphenylalanine diazomethyl ketone
benzyloxycarbonylphenylalanylphenylalanine diazomethyl ketone: inhibits cathepsins B and L		1.9910carboxylic ester;
diazo compound;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
secondary carboxamide		cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.15) inhibitor
n-succinimidyl-5-iodo-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid
[no description available]		210
cl 277082
CL 277082: structure given in first source		2.3920
ectoine
[no description available]		3.89301,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
monocarboxylic acid;
zwitterion		osmolyte
psorospermin
psorospermin: from Psorospermum febrifugum (Clusiaceae); some evidence it alkylates Gua N7 of DNA. psorospermin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,2-dihydro-6H-furo[2,3-c]xanthene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 10, a methoxy group at position 5 nad a 2-methyloxiran-2-yl group at position 2.		3.110epoxide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
xanthones		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
2-(3-ethylureido)-6-methylpyridine
2-(3-ethylureido)-6-methylpyridine: a potent inducer of cell differentiation		3.0950
sb 200646
N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-pyridyl)urea: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(1C) receptor antagonist; SB-200646 is the HCl salt		4.3190indoles
methotrexate
[no description available]		10.63732dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
n-(5-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuryl)sulfonyl)-n'-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea
N-(5-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuryl)sulfonyl)-N'-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea: a second generation diarylsulfonylurea; structure given in first source		3.520
ly 293558
tezampanel: structure given in first source; an AMPA receptor antagonist		210
n(4)-hexadecyl-1-arabinofuranosylcytosine
N(4)-hexadecyl-1-arabinofuranosylcytosine: structure given in first source		1.9810
ahn 086
AHN 086: structure given in first source		1.9810
6-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
[no description available]		1.9910
4-(3-trifluoromethyldiazirino)benzoic acid
[no description available]		210
glycyl-histidyl-arginyl-proline
glycyl-histidyl-arginyl-proline: a fibrin B-knob mimetic		2.110
n-succinimidyl 3-(trimethylstannyl)benzoate
N-succinimidyl 3-(trimethylstannyl)benzoate: structure given in first source		210
antiprimod
azaspirane: structure given in first source		2.0510
sulbactam
[no description available]		4.131penicillanic acids
1,2-(palmitoyl-nbd-aminocaproyl)phosphatidylethanolamine
[no description available]		2.0410
kifunensine
kifunensine: inhibitor of the glycoprotein processing mannosidase I; from actinomycete Kitasatosporia kifunense 9482; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5R-(5alpha,6beta,7alpha,8alpha,8aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 10/90		2.0710
n-succinimidyl-3-(tri-n-butylstannyl)benzoate
[no description available]		2.110
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		2.0510biphenyls
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		9.1431amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
tyrosyl-tryptophyl-alanyl-tryptophyl-phenylalaninamide
tyrosyl-tryptophyl-alanyl-tryptophyl-phenylalaninamide: RN given refers to (L-Tyr-D-Trp-L-Ala-D-Trp-L-Phe-NH2)-isomer		1.9610
3'-anthraniloyl-2'-deoxy-atp
[no description available]		1.9710
iminodisuccinic acid
iminodisuccinic acid: structure in first source		2.0510
eth 615
ETH 615: leukotriene B4 and interleukin-8 antagonist; structure in first source		1.9810
n-(2,6-bis(isopropyl)phenyl)-n'-((1-(4-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenyl)cyclopentyl)methyl)urea
nevanimibe: an inhibitor for the treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia		7.852
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		3.4980amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
ivabradine
Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.		4.4830aromatic ether;
benzazepine;
carbobicyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiotonic drug
n(4)-octadecyl-1-arabinofuranosylcytosine
[no description available]		1.9810
(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-3-methyl)methanethiosulfonate
(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-3-methyl)methanethiosulfonate: thiol-specific spin label; structure given in first source. (1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-3-methyl)methanethiosulfonate : An aminooxyl that is pyrroline substituted by an oxidanediyl group at position 1, by methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 5 and 5, and by a [(methylsulfonyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3. It is a highly reactive thiol-specific spin label.		1.9810aminoxyls;
pyrroline;
thiosulfonate ester		spin label
n-hydroxysulfosuccinimide
N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide: hydrophilic ligand for preparation of active esters		2.0610
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		7.83301,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
4-iodophenylalanine
4-iodophenylalanine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-iodophenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative that is phenylalanine carrying an iodo group at position 4 on the benzene ring.		2.11104-iodophenylalanine
alpha-ergocryptine
ergocryptine: a component of the ergotoxine complex; it is the main ergot alkaloid of Japanese & South American wid grasses; minor descriptor (76-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ERGOLINES (76-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). alpha-ergocryptine : Ergotaman bearing hydroxy, isopropyl, and 2-methylpropyl groups at the 12', 2' and 5' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid. Ergocryptine discussed in the literature prior to 1967, when beta-ergocryptine was separated from alpha-ergocryptine, is now referred to as alpha-ergocryptine.		210ergot alkaloid
aspartame
[no description available]		2.3920carboxylic acid;
dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide;
methyl ester		apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
fc 80
perfluorobutyl tetrahydrofuran: was MH 1975-92 (see under FLUOROCARBONS 1978-90, see under FURANS 1975-77); FC-80 & PERFLUOROCHEMICAL FC-80 were see PERFLUOROBUTYL TETRAHYDROFURAN 1978-92; use FLUOROCARBONS to search PERFLUOROBUTYL TETRAHYDROFURAN 1978-92		3.811alkyltetrahydrofuran;
organofluorine compound
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		13.14452D-xylose
3,4-diaminobenzophenone
[no description available]		2.0310
quinone methide
quinone methide: intermediate in eumelanin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. quinomethane : A methylidenecyclohexadienone, formally derived from a benzoquinone by replacement of one of the quinone oxygens by a methylidene group.		2.0310quinomethane
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		3.470beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
perrhenate
perrhenate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of O4-Re		2.0510monovalent inorganic anion;
rhenium oxoanion
cyclohexadienone
cyclohexadienone: structure in first source		7.0610
sperm motility inhibitor 2
[no description available]		2.0510
phytol
[no description available]		2.3820
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		14.851849amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.		3.0950
bis(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(2+) ion
bis(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(2+) ion: RN given refers to (Cu+2) cation		1.9710
docetaxel
[no description available]		2.0510hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.5651secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
irofulven
irofulven: structure in first source		3.0910cyclohexenones
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		2.0510carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
peptide elongation factor 2
Peptide Elongation Factor 2: Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.		1.9910
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		17.4929179-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		2.0510azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
allophanic acid
urea-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a carboxy group.		4.4220ureas
gamma-glutamylglutamine
gamma-glutamylglutamine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer. gamma-Glu-Gln : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the gamma-carboxy group of glutamic acid with the amino group of glutamine		1.9710dipeptidehuman metabolite
4-hydroxyhippuric acid
p-hydroxyhippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-hydroxy derivative of hippuric acid.		2.3820N-acylglycinehuman blood serum metabolite
2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzothiazine
2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzothiazine: structure given in first source		6.9810
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		710benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
cariporide
cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.0510
alpha-fluoro-beta-ureidopropionic acid
alpha-fluoro-beta-ureidopropionic acid: fluorouracil metabolite; structure given in first source		3.2360carboxylic acid;
organohalogen compound
6-o-galactopyranosylgalactose
6-O-galactopyranosylgalactose: RN refers to (beta-D)-isomer		1.9710
cyanoacetaldehyde
[no description available]		2.730
benzoyl phosphate
benzoyl phosphate: synthetic substrate for acyl phosphatase assay		2.0110acyl monophosphate
6-hydroxybenzothiazole
[no description available]		7.4110
5-phenyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylic acid
5-phenyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		7.0684aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
borneo
Borneo: An island in the Malay Archipelago, east of Sumatra, north of Java, and west of Celebes. It is the third largest island in the world. Its name is a Portuguese alteration of BRUNEI, located on it. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p163; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p73)		2.7830organofluorine acaricide
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.1510dihydropyridine
jtt 501
JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source		2.0510
dmp 450
DMP 450: structure in first source		10.11140
phorbols
Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).		3.0850diterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
kolaviron
kolaviron: antihepatotoxic fraction of biflavonones from Garcinia kola seeds; phalloidine antagonist. kolaflavanone : A biflavonoid isolated from the seeds of Garcinia kola that has been shown to exhibit hepatoprotective activity.		2.1104'-methoxyflavanones;
biflavonoid;
dihydroflavonols;
ring assembly;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		6.19121methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		2.5920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
birb 796
[no description available]		8.1450aromatic ether;
morpholines;
naphthalenes;
pyrazoles;
ureas		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		10.51210oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
naphthalenediimide
naphthalenediimide: structure in first source		2.110
lubiprostone
[no description available]		2.0310
methyl 5-aminolevulinate
methyl 5-aminolevulinate: esterified form of aminolevulinic acid used as PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY. methyl 5-aminolevulinate : The methyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid. A prodrug, it is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photosensitizer, and is used in the photodynamic treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer (including basal cell carcinoma). Topical application (often as the hydrochloride salt) results in an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the skin lesions to which the cream has been applied. Subsequent illumination with red light results in the generation of toxic singlet oxygen that destroys cell membranes and thereby kills the tumour cells.		3.6220delta-amino acid esterantineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug
satavaptan
satavaptan: a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		6.132
atazanavir sulfate
Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.		3.1210organic sulfate salt
gallium oxide
gallium oxide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.0610
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		2.4620biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1h)-one
1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one: used to oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes and secondary alcohols to ketones; structure in first source		2.0210
rhodioloside
[no description available]		2.0610glycoside
gadolinium oxide
gadolinium oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Gd2-O3		2.4820
ammonium cyanide
[no description available]		3.7530
indium trichloride
indium trichloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4220
titanium phosphate
titanium phosphate: RN given refers to unspecified titanium phosphate		7.0710
sodium percarbonate
sodium percarbonate: RN given refers to unspecified Na salt		4.6561
bisdequalinium
bisdequalinium: Salvizol is N(1),N(1')-decamethylene-N(4),N(4')-decamethylene-bis-4-aminoquinaldinium-diacetate 0.5% in propylene glycol, pH 6.6; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; BIS-DEQUALINIUM & SALVISOL were ENs to DEQUALINIUM 1984-93		1.9510
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		7.7730chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
peroxymonosulfate
peroxymonosulfate: oxidizing agent in prevention of tooth discoloration; RN given refers to ion(2-)		3.3740sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
metabisulfite
metabisulfite: see also related Na metabisulfite & K metabisulfite		2.0310sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
4-toluenesulfonamide-formaldehyde resin
4-toluenesulfonamide-formaldehyde resin: does not contain free formaldehyde		2.0710
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		3.59202,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
carbodiimides
Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.		9.17170carbodiimide
argininic acid
[no description available]		4.6432organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
saccharopine
L-saccharopine : The N(6)-(1,3-dicarboxypropan-1-yl) derivative of L-lysine.		8.5220amino acid opine;
L-lysine derivative		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylethyl isocyanate
2-phenylethyl isocyanate : An isocyanate having a 2-phenylethyl group attached to the nitrogen.		1.9710isocyanateshapten
beta-ureidoisobutyric acid
beta-ureidoisobutyric acid: structure given in first source. 3-ureidoisobutyric acid : A ureidocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a carbamoylamino group at position 3.		5.75112ureidocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
saicar
SAICAR: adenosylsuccinase catalyzes its conversion to AICAR. SAICAR : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide resulting from the formal condesation of the darboxy group of 5-amino-1-(5-O-phosphono-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of L-aspartic acid.		2.21101-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamideEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1,2-heptanoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-heptanoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (S)-isomer		2.0610
dimethylsulfonioacetate
dimethylthetin: synthetic analog of glycine betaine; structure in first source		2.1510sulfonium betaine
zirconium phosphate
zirconium phosphate: reagent for carcinoembryonic antigen determination in plasma from patients having benign or malignant disease; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified ratio		7.6630
zinc hematoporphyrin
[no description available]		2.4220
thiazolo(3,2-a)perimidine
thiazolo(3,2-a)perimidine: structure given in first source		2.2110
an-69
AN-69: copolymer of acrylonitrile & sodium methallylsulfonate used in hemodialysis		4.0731
3-hydroxylidocaine
3-hydroxylidocaine: a metabolite of lidocaine		1.9810amino acid amide
glycine chloramine
glycine chloramine: removes dental caries		3.110
benzimidazol-2-one
benzimidazol-2-one: non-catechol D1 & D2 dopamine receptor agonists; structure given in first source		2.0610
tetracyanonickelate
tetracyanonickelate: RN given refers to parent cpd; probes the active site of sulfur-free rhodanese		1.9610
monodansylthiacadaverine
[no description available]		1.9910
citrulline malate
citrulline malate: an anti-fatigue cpd		3.821
4-tert-butyl-(3-(2-chloroethyl)ureido)benzene
4-tert-butyl-(3-(2-chloroethyl)ureido)benzene: structure given in first source		1.9910
bn 50726
BN 50726: platelet activating factor inhibitor; antagonizes PAF receptor binding		1.9810
felinine
felinine: a sulfur-containing amino acid; a major component in the urine of domestic cat. felinine : A cysteine thioether that is the S-(4-hydroxy-2-methylbutan-2-yl) derivative of L-cysteine. It is a major component of the urine of the domestic cat.		2.0310L-cysteine thioether;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion		mammalian metabolite;
pheromone
calcium pyrophosphate
[no description available]		3.3870
ro 20683
Ro 20683: RN given refers to bromide		1.9810
uric acid riboside
[no description available]		1.9310(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)uric acid
4-nitrophenyl beta-cellobioside
4-nitrophenyl beta-cellobioside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer; see also (alpha)-anomer: 17400-77-0		1.9810
arginine glutamate
[no description available]		2.3720glutamic acid derivative
histidinol
L-histidinol : An amino alcohol that is propanol substituted by 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2 (the 2S stereoisomer).		2.3820amino alcohol;
imidazoles		EC 2.3.1.97 (glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)maleimide
N-(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)maleimide: structure in first source		1.9810aminoxyls;
dicarboximide;
maleimides;
pyrrolidines
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		6.0862amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
phosphorodiamidic acid
phosphorodiamidic acid: structure in first source		210
avasimibe
[no description available]		2.0510monoterpenoid
diopside
[no description available]		2.1310
technetium tc 99m pentetate
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.		6.32141
1,2-didecanoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-didecanoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to parent compound		2.03101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium
2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium: coupling reagent for peptide synthesis		2.0210
metaperiodate
metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.		8.2760iodine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
iron (3+) oxalate
Sensodyne: a commercial dentifrice; contains 5% potassium nitrate, 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate in a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate base		2.0110
isophorone diisocyanate
[no description available]		7.0210diisocyanate
symmetric dimethylarginine
N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups at the N(omega)- and N'(omega)-positions		3.0240amino acid zwitterion;
dimethylarginine;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
grandisol
grandisol: major component of the four synergistic cpds of male boll weevil pheromone		2.1110
aminopterin
Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.		2.8540dicarboxylic acidEC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
mutagen
6-aminodopamine
6-aminodopamine: cytotoxic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0210
aminoquinolone
aminoquinolone: metabolite of peptido-aminobenzophenone; structure given in first source		2.0710
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		2.1110
(3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride
[no description available]		2.2110
n,n'-bis(salicylideneamino)ethane-manganese(ii)
N,N'-bis(salicylideneamino)ethane-manganese(II): structure given in first source		2.0310
n,n'-dimethylnitrosourea
[no description available]		6.9410
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		6.89540biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-fluoro-1-methylpyridinium
2-fluoro-1-methylpyridinium: used for determination of urea in blood; RN given refers to tosylate salt; RN for parent cpd not avail 11/90		6.9710
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		12.641275amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
lixivaptan
[no description available]		3.8321
gabaculine
gabaculine: potent inhibitor of aminobutyrate aminotransferase from Streptomyces toyocaensis.; also inhibits a variety of PLP-dependent aminotransferases; structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (S)-gabaculine : The (S)-enantiomer of gabaculine.		1.97105-aminocyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acidbacterial metabolite;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
2-hexadecanoylamino-4-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine
2-hexadecanoylamino-4-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine: sphingomyelin analog cleaved by sphingomyelinase used for detection of homozygotes and heterozygous carriers of Niemann-Pick disease; structure		1.9910
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		7.29331
1,12-dodecanediol dimethacrylate
1,12-dodecanediol dimethacrylate: structure in first source		2.0610
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		6.22301
aluminoxamine
aluminoxamine: aluminum chelate of desferrioxamine		1.9710
sb 203580
[no description available]		4.6580imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
sb 216763
[no description available]		2.9840indoles;
maleimides
enzastaurin
[no description available]		2.0610indoles;
maleimides
zm 241385
ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptor		2.0810diamino-1,3,5-triazine
erlotinib
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
erlotinib hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4920hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		9.17283divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
antalarmin
antalarmin : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM).		2.0510pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist
f 1394
F 1394: an acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inibitor; structure given in first source		3.110
orbofiban
orbofiban: structure in first source		210
nickel monoxide
[no description available]		340
ym17e
YM17E: structure given in first source		1.9810
2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane carboxamide
2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane carboxamide: structure in first source		2.4420
psyllium
Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.		8.3811very long-chain fatty acid
aceglutamide
N-acetyl-L-glutamine : An N(2)-acetylglutamine that has L-configuration.		2.0210N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N(2)-acetylglutamine;
N(2)-acyl-L-glutamine		human metabolite
propargylglycine
propargylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.4320
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		4.5151aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
isospaglumic acid
isospaglumic acid: mediator in the sensitivity of animals to hyperbaric oxygenation; Naaxia is the tradename; apparently can have both a neuroprotective and a neurotoxic effect. Ac-Asp-Glu : A dipeptide composed of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid joined by a peptide linkage.		2.7630dipeptidehuman metabolite
alaninal
[no description available]		2.0510
deflazacort
deflazacort: structure		4.9221corticosteroid hormone
o-benzoylhydroxylamine
O-benzoylhydroxylamine: oxidizing agent		2.4110
methyl-1alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-en-21-oate
methyl-1alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-en-21-oate: structure; RN given refers to (1alpha,7alpha)-isomer		1.9310
oxytocin, asp(5)-
[no description available]		2.0510
lactosylurea
lactosylurea: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer		7.94298
blp 1654
BLP 1654: RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*))-isomer; structure		1.9510
carbocysteine
Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		9.3560L-cysteine thioether;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		mucolytic
desferri-ferricrocin
desferri-ferricrocin: sideramine from Aspergillus viridi-nutans; acts also as microbial iron chelator which inhibits growth of P. falciparum		1.9510
maduramicin
maduramicin: isolated from Actinomadura rubra		1.9810
somatostatin, octapeptide-trp(8)-
[no description available]		2.110
ketosteril
ketosteril: alpha-keto analogs of Ile,Leu,Phe,Val & alpha-hydroxy analogs of Met,Lys,Thr,Trp,His,Tyr		2.0110
rs 127445
2-amino-4-(4-fluoronaphth-1-yl)-6-isopropylpyrimidine: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0510
chlorite
[no description available]		9.1231chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
fe(iii)-edta
Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110iron coordination entity
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.0510acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
yh 1885
YH 1885: proton pump inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4720
firocoxib
firocoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor; structure in first source. firocoxib : An enol ether that is the cyclopropylmethyl ether of 3-hydroxy-5,5-dimethyl-4-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]furan-2-one. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in horses and dogs.		3.9421butenolide;
cyclopropanes;
enol ether;
sulfone		antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
prizes
acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.		2.0210carboxamidine;
monochloropyridine;
nitrile		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		2.4110carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
eglumetad
eglumetad: LY-354740 is the active isomer, LY-366563 is the inactive isomer, and LY 314582 is the racemate; structure given in first source		2.0610L-alpha-amino acid
dapivirine
Dapivirine: effectively prevented human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in cocultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T cells, representing primary targets in sexual transmission		3.620
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		2.0510benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
taspine
taspine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		7.4110
dabigatran
Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.		2.1510aromatic amide;
benzimidazoles;
beta-alanine derivative;
carboxamidine;
pyridines		anticoagulant;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0510benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		9.91163benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		8.76164(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
colistimethate sodium
[no description available]		2.3820
lenalidomide
[no description available]		5.0221aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
demecolcine
Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.		1.9510alkaloid;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		4.1416012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer
Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.05103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C29-steroid;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		anticholesteremic drug;
antioxidant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
erythritol
[no description available]		11.3510butane-1,2,3,4-tetrolantioxidant;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		6.4411bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate
17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		2.011017beta-hydroxy steroid;
benzoate ester		estrogen receptor agonist;
xenoestrogen
cortisone
[no description available]		5.8223111-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
mezlocillin
[no description available]		2.0510indolamine
cellulose triacetate
cellulose triacetate: for hemodialysis filtration		5.663
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		3.831102-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
3,6-dichlorocarbazole
3,6-dichlorocarbazole: from Bavarian soil; structure in first source		2.0710
sodium sulfide
sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae		1.9810
lanosterol
[no description available]		7.411014alpha-methyl steroid;
3beta-sterol;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		bacterial metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxyisourate
5-hydroxyisouric acid : An oxopurine that is 5,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(9H)-trione in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.4320oxopurinehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
melengestrol acetate
Melengestrol Acetate: A 6-methyl PROGESTERONE acetate with reported glucocorticoid activity and effect on ESTRUS.		3.4111corticosteroid hormone
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		13.14321
potassium bromide
potassium bromide : A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.4420potassium salt
sodium bromide
sodium bromide: RN given refers to parent cpd. sodium bromide : An inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.		2.940bromide salt;
inorganic sodium salt
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		2.05101-benzofurans
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
lupeol
[no description available]		2.0310pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite
withaferin a
withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.		2.151027-hydroxy steroid;
4-hydroxy steroid;
delta-lactone;
enone;
epoxy steroid;
ergostanoid;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
withanolide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
noscapine
Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isobenzofuranone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
homoharringtonine
Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.		2.0510alkaloid ester;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
protein synthesis inhibitor
acivicin
[no description available]		6.9610isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
2-oxindole
2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.		2.9740gamma-lactam;
indolinone
withanolides
Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.		2.1510
acronine
Acronine: A pyrano-acridone alkaloid found in RUTACEAE plants.. acronycine : An alkaloid antineoplastic agent isolated from Acronychia baueri.		2.0610acridone derivatives;
alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
adozelesin
[no description available]		4.96120
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		3.1250
acylfulvene
acylfulvene: an antineoplastic agent; structure given in first source; an analog of illudin		7.0510
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol
O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.		2.0510carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor;
retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
sc 52151
SC 52151: HIV protease inhibitor containing the (hydroxylethyl)urea isostere; R-isomer is 1700 times more active than S-isomer		5.08101asparagine derivative
taurochenodeoxycholic acid
Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.		2.730bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bortezomib
[no description available]		5.5141amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		6.39821,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sjg 136
1,1'-((propane-1,3-diyl)dioxy)bis(7-methoxy-2-methylidene-1,2,3,10,11,11a-hexahydro-5H-pyrrolo(2,1-c)(1,4)benzodiazepin-5,11-dione): structure in first source		2.0210
mrs 1220
9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-5-phenylacetylamino(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazoline: structure in first source		2.0310quinazolines
tizoxanide
tizoxanide: major metabolite of nitazoxanide; structure in first source		3.411salicylamides
3-bromoacetylamino benzoylurea
3-bromoacetylamino benzoylurea: a cancericidal compound used for inhibition of microtubule assembly in tumor cells; structure given in first source		2.420
bardoxolone methyl
methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate: structure in first source		2.1310cyclohexenones
nexavar
[no description available]		2.0510organosulfonate salt
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		4.9481
lanatosides
Lanatosides: Glycosides from DIGITALIS lanata leaf. Lanatoside C has actions similar to DIGOXIN. Mixtures of lanatosides A, B, and C have also been used. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p670)		3.0410
leupeptins
Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.		2.940
carboplatin
[no description available]		5.0352
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		6.12400inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
s-adenosylhomocysteine
S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.		2.4220adenosines;
amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine derivative;
homocysteines;
organic sulfide		cofactor;
EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor;
epitope;
fundamental metabolite
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate : An aldotriose phosphate that is the 3-phospho derivative of glyceraldehyde. It is an important metabolic intermediate in several central metabolic pathways in all organisms.		2.4720glyceraldehyde 3-phosphatemouse metabolite
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		12.291654
sorbose
sorbopyranose : The pyranose form of sorbose.. L-sorbopyranose : The L-stereoisomer of sorbopyranose.		2.8540L-sorbose;
sorbopyranose
arabinose
[no description available]		9.2180L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		3.4670N-acetylneuraminic acidsantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		8.361001peptide
bradykinin
[no description available]		5.55171oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
canavanine
L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.		8.96140amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite
amylopectin
Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.		2.8840
hexacyanoferrate iii
hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1310
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		6.3510D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
polygalacturonic acid
galacturonic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-galactopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid : The D-enantiomer of galacturonic acid. It is the main component of pectin.		1.9310D-galacturonic acid
elastin
[no description available]		9.04150oligopeptide
carnosine
polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth		5.3872amino acid zwitterion;
dipeptide		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid
Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.		4.2503,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
formiminoglutamic acid
Formiminoglutamic Acid: Measurement of this acid in the urine after oral administration of histidine provides the basis for the diagnostic test of folic acid deficiency and of megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy.. N-formimidoyl-L-glutamic acid : The N-formimidoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid		1.9510dicarboxylic acid;
L-glutamic acid derivative
raffinose
Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.		9.88350raffinose family oligosaccharide;
trisaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		3.360(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		3.0950
diaminopimelic acid
Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.		6.96102,6-diaminopimelic acid;
amino acid zwitterion		Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		9.73514heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
laminaran
beta-1,3-glucan: component of fungal cell walls; also used as antitumor polysaccharide; unspecified D usually means BETA-GLUCANS; beta-1,3-D-glucan is also available; glucan phosphate is also available; biosynthesis is inhibited by echinocandins (cyclic hexapeptides). laminarin : A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.		2.3820
bekanamycin
bekanamycin: kanendomycin is the sulfate of bekanamycin; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9510kanamycins
pantetheine
Pantetheine: An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.. pantetheine : An amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pantothenic acid and the amino group of cysteamine.		2.0810pantetheines;
thiol		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dithioerythritol
[no description available]		2.66301,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diolreducing agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		7.3920myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		6.4974011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
salicin
[no description available]		7.3620aromatic primary alcohol;
aryl beta-D-glucoside;
benzyl alcohols		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
allose
[no description available]		2.3110allopyranose;
D-allose		antioxidant
puromycin
[no description available]		9.39220puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
desmosterol
Desmosterol: An intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol.. desmosterol : A cholestanoid that is cholesta-5,24-diene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It is an intermediate metabolite obtained during the synthesis of cholesterol.		1.95103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C27-steroid;
cholestanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		7.7530tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
alpha-aminobutyric acid
alpha-aminobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-aminobutyric acid : An alpha-amino acid that is butyric acid bearing a single amino substituent located at position 2.. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid : An optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration.		2.1310alpha-aminobutyric acid;
D-alpha-amino acid
monoiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.		3.0550amino acid zwitterion;
L-tyrosine derivative;
monoiodotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-formylmethionine
N-formyl-L-methionine : A L-methionine derivative in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group.		1.9610L-methionine derivative;
N-formyl amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		metabolite
nicotinamide-beta-riboside
N-ribosylnicotinamide : A pyridine nucleoside consisting of nicotinamide with a beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety at the 1-position.		2.610N-glycosylnicotinamide;
pyridine nucleoside		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		4.551guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
mannosamine
mannosamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. D-mannosamine : The D-enantiomer of mannosamine.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannopyranose : A D-mannosamine in cyclic pyranose form.		2.1510D-mannosamine
inositol 3-phosphate
inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer		1.9510
cortodoxone
Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.		2.0310deoxycortisol;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
arbutin
hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.0310beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
fructans
(2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.		2.4420
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		4.24180cellotriose
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		5.35190monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		4.85110cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.0510alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		12.411221-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		6.96175cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		2.3620beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		3.4580cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		4.3660L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pentazocine
Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)		2.3520benzazocine
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		1.9510acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium
Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.31103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
acetate ester;
androstane;
morpholines;
quaternary ammonium ion;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.44112,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		4.6261
trimethaphan camsylate
trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.		2.0510
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		2.0510aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
bacampicillin
bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.		3.3911penicillanic acid esterprodrug
linezolid
[no description available]		2.0310acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
canaline
canaline: structure		1.9710amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite
indican
[no description available]		12.51384beta-D-glucoside;
exopolysaccharide;
indolyl carbohydrate
genipin
[no description available]		2.1310iridoid monoterpenoidanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
hepatotoxic agent;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin
[no description available]		7.520(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
swertiamarin
swertiamarin: seco-iridoid glucoside from Swertia japonica;		2.0510glycoside
ochratoxin a
ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.		3.0340isochromanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine;
organochlorine compound;
phenylalanine derivative		Aspergillus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
mycotoxin;
nephrotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
gingerol
gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.		2.0310beta-hydroxy ketone;
guaiacols		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
cyclopamine
[no description available]		2.0510piperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		3.0640
acriflavine
Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.		1.9410
bq 485
BQ 485: an endothelin ET(A)receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		1.9910peptide
bq 123
cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source		2.4720cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		2.8940tripeptide
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
sb 221284
SB 221284: 5-HT(2C/2B) receptor antagonist; structure in first source		210indolyl carboxylic acid
sb 228357
SB 228357: a neuroleptic with equivalent or higher antagonist affinity for 5-HT2 than for dopamine D2 receptor		2.0710indolyl carboxylic acid
diprenorphine
Diprenorphine: A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.		210morphinane alkaloid
sodium arsenite
sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.		3.4470arsenic molecular entity;
inorganic sodium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
herbicide;
insecticide;
rodenticide
fengycin
fengycin: lipopeptide from Bacillus subtilis		2.1510cyclodepsipeptide
tolterodine
[no description available]		2.0510tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
ergonovine
Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.		1.9510ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		diagnostic agent;
fungal metabolite;
oxytocic;
toxin
doxorubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510anthracycline
halcinonide
Halcinonide: A glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of DERMATITIS; ECZEMA; or PSORIASIS. It may cause skin irritation.		1.9610organic molecular entitySMO receptor agonist
metrizamide
Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.		2.6430amino sugar
dironyl
dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		440organic molecular entity
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.8740cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		4.56240cyclodextrin
sucrose octasulfate
[no description available]		2.420
acarbose
[no description available]		2.0510amino cyclitol;
glycoside
maleic acid
maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.		7.4420butenedioic acidalgal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.		8.08171acyl-CoAacyl donor;
coenzyme;
effector;
fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		2.0810cinnamic acidplant metabolite
ergosterol
[no description available]		4.52703beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ergostanoid;
phytosterols		fungal metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a
trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES		2.1510antibiotic antifungal agent;
hydroxamic acid;
trichostatin		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		8.85202retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
equilenin
Equilenin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of five double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of equilenin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.. equilenin : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estrone which carries two double bonds at positions 6 and 8. It is found in the urine of pregnant mare's and extensively used for estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women.		21017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		antioxidant;
mammalian metabolite
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		10.59280icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin
alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		2.4420cyclodextrin
fumaric acid
fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		3.5180butenedioic acidfood acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
desthiobiotin
desthiobiotin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (4R,5S)-dethiobiotin : The (4R,5S)-isomer of dethiobiotin.		2.520dethiobiotin
prostaglandin h2
Prostaglandin H2: A cyclic endoperoxide intermediate produced by the action of CYCLOOXYGENASE on ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is further converted by a series of specific enzymes to the series 2 prostaglandins.		7.0210olefinic compound;
oxylipin;
prostaglandins H;
secondary alcohol		mouse metabolite
phosphoramidon
phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.		1.9810deoxyaldohexose phosphate;
dipeptide		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		3.2250resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		8.05412retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr
cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.		2.4720microcystinbacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.0510D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate
efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.		2.0510docosahexaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		4.7280octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		7.77201macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
farnesyl pyrophosphate
farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate.		2.0710farnesyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		4.4641ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		6.72181D-galactopyranuronic acid
a 76928
A 76928: a diol with C2-symmetry		1.9910
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.4320dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		2.0510dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		4.89340benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		3.78100icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		2.4220butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		7.591232-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
tetragastrin
Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.		2.3720peptidyl amide;
tetrapeptide		anxiogenic;
human metabolite
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		2.0510
keratan sulfate
Keratan Sulfate: A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and D-glucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains D-galactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit.. keratan sulfate : A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions.. keratan 6'-sulfate : A keratan sulfate with random sulfation at the 6'-position.		3.3220
lycopene
[no description available]		2.9640acyclic caroteneantioxidant;
plant metabolite
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		2.7430epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		5.2362macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.		1.9810geranylgeranyl diphosphatemouse metabolite
drf 2725
ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma		2.0510
2-butenal
crotonaldehyde : An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.		2.3110enal
argininamide
argininamide: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. L-arginine amide : An amino acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-arginine with ammonia.		2.0810amino acid amide;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative
obeticholic acid
obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.		2.15103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		farnesoid X receptor agonist;
hepatoprotective agent
n-(4-methoxybenzyl)-n'-(5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)urea
N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N'-(5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)urea: structure in first source		11.55690
y 27632
Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.		2.2510aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		2.5220adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
mln 4760
2-(1-carboxy-2-(3-(3,5-dichlorobenzyl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl)ethylamino)-4-methylpentanoic acid: MLN-4760 is the (S,S)-isomer; an ACE2 inhibitor; structure in first source. MLN-4760 : A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which a hydrogen of the primary amino group is substituted by a (1S)-1-carboxy-3-methylbutyl group and the ring NH group is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorobenzyl group. It is a potent and selective human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibitor (IC50 = 0.44 nM) which was in clinical development for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.		2.1510dichlorobenzene;
L-histidine derivative;
L-leucine derivative		anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 3.4.17.23 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) inhibitor
prostaglandin d2
Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).		2.7830prostaglandins Dhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		10.86241olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide
benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide: structure in first source		3.1710
n-acetylmethionine
N-acetylmethionine: RN given refers to L-isomer. N-acetylmethionine : A methionine derivative that is methionine in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by an acetyl group.		3.5911L-methionine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N-acetylmethionine		nutraceutical
eptifibatide
[no description available]		2.0510homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime
6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime: structure in first source. 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin substituted at position 6 by a bromo group and in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.		2.4620
argifin
argifin: possible lead insecticide; isolated from Gliocladium; structure in first source		2.4420
alitretinoin
Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.		2.7430retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
metabolite;
retinoid X receptor agonist
roflumilast
[no description available]		2.7220aromatic ether;
benzamides;
chloropyridine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		3.1350N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
afimoxifene
afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.		2.3920phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
metabolite
imidazolidines
[no description available]		3.96130azacycloalkane;
imidazolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
fluciclovine f-18
fluciclovine F-18: A radioactive diagnostic agent used for the detection of recurrent prostate cancer by POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; structure in first source.		2.1510
decitabine
[no description available]		2.05102'-deoxyribonucleoside
pantethine
pantethine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. pantethine : An organic disulfide that consists of two molecules of pantothenic acid linked by amide bonds to a cysteamine disulfide bridging group.		2.0810organic disulfidecoenzyme;
nutraceutical
teniposide
[no description available]		2.3920aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		2.4920
laminaran
laminaran: beta-1,3-glucan		1.9810
pa 824
pretomanid: nitroimidazopyran derived from 5-nitroimidazoles; a prodrug that requires activation by a bacterial F420-depedent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Fgd) and nitroreductase to activate components that then inhibit bacterial mycolic acid and protein synthesis; structure in first source		2.0710
glycylprolylglycine amide
glycylprolylglycine amide: structure in first source		2.1310
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		5.01420actinomycinmutagen
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
aphidicolin
Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.		1.9610tetracyclic diterpenoidantimicrobial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
apoptosis inducer;
Aspergillus metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
azaserine
Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.		2.3420carboxylic ester;
diazo compound;
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glutamine antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
lyso-pc
1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A lysophosphatidylcholine 16:0 in which a hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl) group is attached to the glycero moiety at position 1.		1.99101-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
lysophosphatidylcholine 16:0		mouse metabolite
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		8.25165L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		3.3970pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		2.0410amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		5.861nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
dmp 850
DMP 850: structure in first source		9.7250
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
streptothricins
Streptothricins: A group of antibiotic aminoglycosides differing only in the number of repeating residues in the peptide side chain. They are produced by Streptomyces and Actinomyces and may have broad spectrum antimicrobial and some antiviral properties.. streptothricin : An N-glycosyl compound consisting of 2-amino-4-O-carbamoyl-2-deoxy-N-[(3aS,7R,7aS)-7-hydroxy-4-oxooctahydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-ylidene]-beta-D-gulopyranosylamine in which the amino group at position 2 of the gulopyranosyl moiety is acylated by a peptide unit made up of between 1 and 7 N(epsilon)-linked units of beta-lysine.		1.9510
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		2.0510antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
abt 492
WQ 3034: structure in first source		3.2110
grandinin
grandinin: structure in first source		2.0110
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		4.79330flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
bx 471
BX 471: a CC chemokine receptor-1 antagonist; structure in first source		210
sodium thiocyanate
sodium thiocyanate: RN given refers to thiocyanic acid, Na salt. sodium thiocyanate : An organic sodium salt which is the monosodium salt of thiocyanic acid.		3.85120organic sodium salt
potassium thiocyanate
potassium thiocyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNS. potassium thiocyanate : A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid.		5.17111potassium salt
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		3.65100
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		11.42539one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
potassium bicarbonate
potassium hydrogencarbonate : A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab.		4.3541organic salt;
potassium salt		antifungal agrochemical;
buffer;
food acidity regulator;
raising agent
sodium chlorate
sodium chlorate : An inorganic sodium salt that has chlorate as the counter-ion. An oxidising agent, it is used for bleaching paper and as a herbicide. It is also used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives and matches.		2.9140chlorate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		herbicide
potassium acetate
Potassium Acetate: A potassium salt used to replenish ELECTROLYTES, for restoration of WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. Formerly, it was used in DIURETICS and EXPECTORANTS.. potassium acetate : A potassium salt comprising equal numbers of potassium and acetate ions		2.5820potassium saltfood acidity regulator
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		3.84110organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		14.23181organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
sodium cyanate
sodium cyanate: used in treatment of sickle cell anemia; RN given refers to cyanic acid, Na salt		2.7130cyanate salt;
one-carbon compound
ammonium carbonate
ammonium carbonate: see also record for ammonium bicarbonate (mono-NH4 salt)		2.730
ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.		5.71270acetate salt;
ammonium salt		buffer;
food acidity regulator
zn(ii)-phthalocyanine
[no description available]		2.1710metallophthalocyanine;
zinc tetrapyrrole		fluorochrome
tetronic acid
tetronic acid: structure; in fifth source		3.1210
3-mercaptohexanol
3-mercaptohexanol: structure in first source. 3-mercaptohexanol : An alkanethiol that is hexane substituted at positions 1 and 3 by hydroxy and sulfanyl groups respectively.		2.0410alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		flavouring agent;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		340organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
sodium perchlorate
sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.		3.2760inorganic sodium salt
potassium fluoride
potassium fluoride : A fluoride salt having K+ as the counterion.		210fluoride salt;
potassium salt		NMR chemical shift reference compound;
poison
peroxybenzoic acid
peroxybenzoic acid: dentavon forms perbenzoic acid in water; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9510
ditiocarb sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
oxazolidine
oxazolidine: structure given in first source		7.6630oxazolidine
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		6.735812-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
dimethyloxalylglycine
dimethyloxallyl glycine: structure in first source		2.2510glycine derivative;
methyl ester;
secondary carboxamide		EC 1.14.11.29 (hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
calix(4)arene
calix(4)arene: a cyclophane consisting of four phenolic units linked by methylene groups; structure in first source		3.9120
pyrrolopyrimidine
pyrrolopyrimidine: structure in first source		2.520
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.0510
cefpiramide
cefpiramide: antipseudomonal cephalosporin derivative. cefpiramide : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (R)-2-{[(4-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.		1.9910carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
cinnamaldehyde
3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.		2.05103-phenylprop-2-enal;
cinnamaldehydes		antifungal agent;
EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sensitiser;
vasodilator agent
trans-4-coumaric acid
hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.		4.21214-coumaric acidfood component;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
anethole
anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.		2.2110anetholeflavouring agent
glycosides
[no description available]		6.83360
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		8.1150chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
sinapinic acid
sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.		2.610sinapic acidMALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		7.91070isomethyleugenol
piplartine
piplartine: Antineoplastic Agent, Phytogenic; alkaloid from Piper; structure in first source		2.0410cinnamamides;
dicarboximide
beta-ionone
beta-ionone: stimulator of carotenogenesis; carotenoid inhibitor; intermediate in synthesis of Vit A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. beta-ionone : An ionone that is but-3-en-2-one substituted by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.		2.110iononeantioxidant;
fragrance
retinaldehyde
Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		1.9810retinal;
vitamin A		gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
piperine
piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.		7.7830benzodioxoles;
N-acylpiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary carboxamide		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		3.4820triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		4.27180stilbene
isoliquiritigenin
[no description available]		2.4520chalconesantineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
GABA modulator;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor antagonist
alpha-cyanocinnamate
alpha-cyanocinnamate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.3720
sorbic acid
Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.		3.0510alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
sorbic acid
discodermolide
[no description available]		2.0510diterpenoid
ricinoleic acid
ricinoleic acid: RN given refers to (R-(Z))-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8005. ricinoleic acid : A (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid in which the 12-hydroxy group has R-configuration..		6.9310(9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)		4.7300flavin adenine dinucleotide;
vitamin B2		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prosthetic group
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.0510olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
3-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme a
3-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA : A hydroxybutanoyl-CoA having 3-hydroxybutanoyl as the S-acyl component.		1.98103-hydroxyacyl-CoA;
hydroxybutanoyl-CoA		mouse metabolite
malonyl coenzyme a
Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.		1.9710malonyl-CoAsEC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
buprenorphine
Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.		3.5920morphinane alkaloiddelta-opioid receptor antagonist;
kappa-opioid receptor antagonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
lypressin
Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.		3.0750cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		8.371001vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		6.22460diphosphate ion
palmitoyl coenzyme a
Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A.		1.951011,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA;
3-substituted propionyl-CoA;
long-chain fatty acyl-CoA;
palmitoyl bioconjugate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
etorphine
[no description available]		2.0310alcohol;
morphinane alkaloid		opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
sedative
gw9662
2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding		2.4820benzamides
dodecylphosphocholine
dodecylphosphocholine: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; RN refers to chloride. dodecylphosphocholine : A phosphocholine that is the monododecyl ester of phosphocholine		2.4420phosphocholinesdetergent
azidopine
azidopine: structure given in first source		1.9910benzamides
amygdalin
[no description available]		3.0610
canrenoic acid
Canrenoic Acid: A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity.		1.95103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid
omapatrilat
omapatrilat: structure in first source		2.4120dipeptide
polidocanol
Polidocanol: An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS.. polidocanol : A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.		5.441hydroxypolyetherhepatotoxic agent;
nonionic surfactant;
sclerotherapy agent
iothalamate meglumine
Iothalamate Meglumine: A radiopaque medium used for urography, angiography, venography, and myelography. It is highly viscous and binds to plasma proteins.		1.9510amidobenzoic acid
sodium metabisulfite
sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.0710inorganic sodium saltfood antioxidant
isopropyl thiogalactoside
Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.		3.2560S-glycosyl compound
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		1.9810oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		4.23180pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
nsc 4347
NSC 4347: structure in first source		2.0710
arachin
[no description available]		7.3520
prothionamide
Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.		2.0510pyridines
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		6.9281
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		4.0631ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		4.91120aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil
Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.8540pyrimidone
dexketoprofen
dexketoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is (S)-hydratropic acid substituted at position 3 on the phenyl ring by a benzoyl group. A cyclooxygenase inhibitor, it is used to relieve short-term pain, such as muscular pain, dental pain and dysmenorrhoea.		1.9910benzophenones;
monocarboxylic acid		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sb 366791
N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source		2.0510
phenylthiourea
Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.		4.91120thioureasEC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
(e)-3-(4-t-butylphenyl)-n-(2,3-dihydrobenzo(b)(1,4)dioxin-6-yl)acrylamide
3-(4-t-butylphenyl)-N-(2,3-dihydrobenzo(b)(1,4)dioxin-6-yl)acrylamide: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist and antihyperalgesic agent; structure in first source		2.520
rhodotorulic acid
rhodotorulic acid: RN given refers to (1S-cis)-isomer; structure. rhodotorulic acid : A member of the class of 2,5-diketopiperazines obtained by cyclodimerisation of N(5)-acetyl-N(5)-hydroxy-L-ornithine.		2102,5-diketopiperazines;
hydroxamic acid;
L-ornithine derivative		fungal metabolite;
siderophore
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		2.9940caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone
isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone: isatizon believed to be Russian synonym		1.9410
diphenylthiourea
N,N'-diphenylthiourea : Thiourea in which each nitrogen carries a phenyl substituent.		7.0310thioureasallergen
n-benzoylalanine
N-benzoylalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd (L-Ala)-isomer. N-benzoylalanine : An N-acylamino acid that is the N-benzoyl derivative of alanine.. N-benzoyl-L-alanine : An N-acyl-L-alanine resulting from the formal condensation of L-alanine with the carboxy group of benzoic acid.		2.0410N-acyl-L-alanine;
N-benzoylalanine		metabolite
1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-thiourea
1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-thiourea: structure given in first source; used for studying the urea-facilitated transport system in the frog		1.9810
alpha-naphthyl thiourea
alpha-naphthyl thiourea: structure		2.3920naphthalenes
urocanic acid
Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.		2.730urocanic acidhuman metabolite
thionicotinamide
[no description available]		2.4420
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		2.7330N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		2.0610zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
dieldrin
Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.		4.6550epoxide;
organochlorine compound;
organochlorine insecticide		carcinogenic agent;
xenobiotic
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		5.73181aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
rhodanine
2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure		7.1710thiazolidinone
thiouracil
Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.		3.0450nucleobase analogue;
thiocarbonyl compound		antithyroid drug;
metabolite
5-(4-ethylbenzylidene)-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one
[no description available]		2.1310
thiohydantoins
Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.		5.1931
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		2.99401,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
urb 597
cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.7730biphenyls
triethylammonium cation
triethylammonium ion : An organoammonium cation having three ethyl substituents on the nitrogen atom.		2.0510ammonium ion derivative
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		3.7421diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		2.9540monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		15.49394capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
metiamide
Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.		1.9610imidazoles
terbinafine
[no description available]		5.8361acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
allylthiourea
[no description available]		2.0610thioureasmetabolite
tosylarginine methyl ester
Tosylarginine Methyl Ester: Arginine derivative which is a substrate for many proteolytic enzymes. As a substrate for the esterase from the first component of complement, it inhibits the action of C(l) on C(4).		1.9610guanidines;
L-arginine ester;
methyl ester;
sulfonamide
n-glycylalanine
Gly-Ala : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-alanine residues.		2.0310dipeptidemetabolite
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		5.1831cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
acetylthiourea
acetylthiourea: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-acetylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.		7.0310acetamides;
thioureas
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		3.01402-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid
thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.		7.9140barbituratesallergen;
reagent
1,3-dimethylthiourea
[no description available]		3.4980
tacrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
thiosemicarbazide
thiosemicarbazide: glutamate decarboxylase antagonist; structure given in first source. hydrazinecarbothioamide : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which a hydrogen of one of the amino groups is replaced by an amino group.		7.8640hydrazines;
thiocarboxamide;
thioureas
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		14.254092one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
safranine t
safranin O : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is commonly used for staining Gram negative bacteria.		2.420organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
histological dye
sodium propionate
sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.		4.3241organic sodium saltantifungal drug;
food preservative
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		11.451116cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
ponceau s
Ponceau S : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3-hydroxy-4-({2-sulfo-4-[(4-sulfophenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid.		6.9910organic sodium salt;
organosulfonate salt		fluorochrome;
histological dye
potassium oxonate
potassium oxonate: used to induce hyperuricemia in mice		2.9630organic molecular entity
sodium ethoxide
sodium ethoxide : An organic monosodium salt that has ethoxide as the counterion.		2.0510organic sodium saltnucleophilic reagent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		5.02130thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
diaminomaleonitrile, (z)-isomer
diaminomaleonitrile: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9510
unithiol
Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.		2.4320
tempo
TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.		2.7330aminoxyls;
piperidines		catalyst;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
ferric ferrocyanide
ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure		2.8930
tungsten carbide
tungsten carbide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF		2.110
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		1.9910dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
cystine dimethyl ester
cystine dimethyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		7.2510
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		10.84517cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
buthionine
buthionine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0310
n-hydroxy-n'-(4-butyl-2-methylphenyl)formamidine
HET0016: 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid synthesis inhibitor		2.4620toluenes
streptozocin
[no description available]		2.0510
capsazepine
capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.		2.9640benzazepine;
catechols;
monochlorobenzenes;
thioureas		capsaicin receptor antagonist
fumonisin b1
fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.		2.730diester;
fumonisin;
primary amino compound;
triol		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite
fumonisin b2
fumonisin B2: produced by Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting ability. fumonisin B2 : A fumonisin that is (2S,3S,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,14,15-triol in which the hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 have each been esterified by condensation with the 1-carboxy group of 3-carboxyglutaric acid (giving a 3-carboxyglutarate ester group with R configuration in each case).		210diester;
diol;
fumonisin;
primary amino compound		Aspergillus metabolite;
carcinogenic agent
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source		210benzoic acid;
imidazolines;
organic radical		apoptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
tamoxifen
[no description available]		8.74100stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
sodium taurodeoxycholate
Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.		2.7130bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite
methyltrioxorhenium
methyltrioxorhenium VII: reagent used as an oxidation catalyst for a wide range of materials		7.7230
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: structure in first source		2.110
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
[no description available]		2.7930
1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source. 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is dodecyl.		2.15101-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
nadp
[no description available]		8.791540
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		3.99120
hc-067047
HC-067047: a TRPA1 antagonist; structure in first source		2.1310
2,4-dithiobiuret
2,4-dithiobiuret: structure		6.9610
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		2.3820pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
5-cyano-2,3-ditolyltetrazolium chloride
5-cyano-2,3-ditolyltetrazolium: a fluorescent redox probe used to provide direct visualization of actively respiring bacteria		2.0110
wiskostatin
wiskostatin: induces folding of N-WASP's GTPase-binding domain into its autoinhibited conformation; structure in first source. wiskostatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-wiskostatin.. 1-(3,6-dibromocarbazol-9-yl)-3-(dimethylamino)propan-2-ol : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 1-(carbazol-9-yl)-3-(dimethylamino)propan-2-ol bearing two additional bromo substituents at positions 3 and 6 on the carbazole ring system.		2.0310carbazoles;
organobromine compound;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
t 0070907
T 0070907: a PPARgamma antagonist; structure in first source		2.0810carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
3,4-diaminocyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione
3,4-diaminocyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione: structure in first source		3.240
glucosylurea
glucosylurea: RN given refers to (D-Glc)-isomer		6.49141
krn 7000
KRN 7000: has an alpha-galactosylceramide structure; structure given in first source. alpha-galactosylceramide : A galactosylceramide in which the galactosyl residue has alpha anomeric conofiguration.. 1-O-(alpha-D-galactosyl)-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine : A glycophytoceramide having an alpha-D-galactosyl residue at the O-1 position and a hexacosanoyl group attached to the nitrogen.		2.0710glycophytoceramide;
N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylphytosphingosine		allergen;
antigen;
antineoplastic agent;
epitope;
immunological adjuvant
nsc 727447
NSC 727447: structure in first source		2.0410
zeranol
Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.		7.3720macrolide
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		3.055011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		4.5961carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		3.5790cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		11.15182barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
uc-781
[no description available]		210
estrone sulfate
estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.051017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		11.583223C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
thiambutosine
thiambutosine: thiourea antileprotic agent used in patients who cannot tolerate sulfones; minor descriptor (77-85); on-line & Index Medicus PHENYLTHIOUREA/AA (77-85)		1.9310
hmr 3647
[no description available]		2.0510
latoconazole
latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source		3.3911conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.1610tropane alkaloid
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		2.0510aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4820aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
zinc oxide
Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.		3.0450
telaprevir
[no description available]		2.0510cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
laccase
Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.		3.4270
pica
Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.		2.5220
3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-1,2,3-hexadecanetriol
3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-1,2,3-hexadecanetriol: structure in first source. phytantriol : A triol that consists of 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecane bearing three hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 2 and 3.		2.610triol
((2,6-bis(1-methylethyl)phenoxy)sulfonyl)carbamic acid 2,6-bis(1-methylethyl)phenyl ester
((2,6-bis(1-methylethyl)phenoxy)sulfonyl)carbamic acid 2,6-bis(1-methylethyl)phenyl ester: a water soluble inhibitor of ACAT; structure in first source		1.9810
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.		2.0510acetylenic compound;
methylpyridines		anxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
bms 387032
N-(5-(((5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-oxazolyl)methyl)thio)-2-thiazolyl)-4-piperidinecarboxamide: a CDK2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. N-(5-{[(5-tert-butyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of piperidine-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-{[(5-tert-butyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-amine. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of CDK2, CDK7 and CDK9 kinases and exhibits anti-cancer properties.		3.23101,3-oxazoles;
1,3-thiazoles;
organic sulfide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		8.361330alkali metal atom
zineb
Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.		1.9510dithiocarbamate salt;
macromolecule;
zinc coordination entity		antifungal agrochemical
n-ethylthiourea
[no description available]		1.9610thioureas
iodothiouracil
[no description available]		1.9710organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		2.0510cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		8.99130nitrogen oxide
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		2.8840amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
hydroxylysine
Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens.. hydroxylysine : A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is lysine. A "closed" class.. erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine : A 5-hydroxylysine consisting of L-lysine having an (R)-hydroxy group at the 5-position.. 5-hydroxylysine : A hydroxylysine that is lysine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		2.64305-hydroxylysine;
hydroxy-L-lysine		human metabolite
nizatidine
Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.		4.3111
s-pentachlorobuta-1,3-dien-yl-cysteine
S-pentachlorobuta-1,3-dien-yl-cysteine: nephrotoxic; structure given in first source		1.9610
droloxifene
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		210salicylamides
or 1259
[no description available]		2.0510hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
ranitidine bismuth citrate
ranitidine bismuth citrate: Pylorid & Tritec are tradenames		7.641313
tamoxifen aziridine
tamoxifen aziridine: estrogen receptor inactivator; structure given in first source		1.9710
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.0510steroidestrogen
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		2.4620beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene
idoxifene: structure given in first source		2.0510stilbenoid
carzelesin
carzelesin: a cyclopropylpyrroloindole analog of U 73975; longer lasting than U 77779; structure in first source		2.3920
quinine
[no description available]		6.49360cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
piridoxylate
piridoxylate: conjugation product of glyoxylic acid & pyridoxine; may be physiological regulator of cell respiration		1.9610
mitragynine
[no description available]		3.4110monoterpenoid indole alkaloid
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester
[no description available]		2.4420
2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid
2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid: in urine of workers exposed to carbon disulfide		210organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
s-(1,2,3,4,4-pentachloro-1,3-butadienyl)glutathione
S-(1,2,3,4,4-pentachloro-1,3-butadienyl)glutathione: nephrotoxin; RN given for (L)-isomer		1.9610
glycodeoxycholic acid
Glycodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.		3.1350bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
deltorphin
deltorphin: isolated from skin of Phyllomedusa sauvagei; has affinity to opioid receptor; note deltorphin I and deltorphin II are available, they have Ala in position 2		2.7430peptide
rtki cpd
RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors		2.7330
ethylenediamine platinum(ii) malonate
[no description available]		1.9710
dimethyl(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)sulfonium
dimethyl(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)sulfonium: RN given refers to bromide		1.9610
gea 3162
GEA 3162: structure given in first source; a nitric oxide-releasing compound		1.9910
tan 1057a
TAN 1057A: from Flexibacter sp. PK 74 & PK 176; has methicillin resistance to Staphylococcus aureus; inhibits protein symthesis in E. coli & S. aureus; structure given in first source		2.0110
ci 628m
[no description available]		1.9610
thioperamide
thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist		2.0610primary aliphatic amine
pacidamycin 1
pacidamycin 1: structure given in first source; isolated from Streptomyces coeruleorubidus; has anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa activity		2.110
cystine
[no description available]		6.74790
mcn 5652
McN 5652: only McN 5662-X-68 (6S,10R-enantiomer) is biologically active; structure given in first source		210isoquinolines
sch 23390
SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.		2.4820benzazepine
methenolone
Methenolone: A synthetic steroid that has been used for its anabolic action.		1.94103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
vx-745
[no description available]		3.1310aryl sulfide;
dichlorobenzene;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidopyridazine		anti-inflammatory drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
ym348
YM348: 5-HT2C receptor agonist & an antiobesity drug		2.0410
myristoyllysophosphatidylcholine
myristoyllysophosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410
safingol
safingol: RN given refers to the (R-(R*,S*))-isomer		210amino alcohol
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		3401,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
chitotetrose
chitotetrose: isolated from acid hydrolysates of chitin		1.9510
calcium ammonium nitrate
calcium ammonium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. calcium ammonium nitrate : A mixture obtained by combining ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate and water. It is widely used as a nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture.		8.0940
5-nitroso-salicylate
5-nitroso-salicylate: metabolite of 5-aminosalicylic acid		1.9610hydroxybenzoic acid
n-(3-iodo-4-azidophenylpropionamido)-s-(2-thiopyridyl)cysteine
N-(3-iodo-4-azidophenylpropionamido)-S-(2-thiopyridyl)cysteine: structure given in first source		2.0610
zd 6474
CH 331: structure in first source		2.0510aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ferrocenium
ferrocenium: structure given in first source		2.0310
calixarenes
Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.		4.75290
pp36
5'-((N-(2-decanoylamino-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropyloxycarbonyl)glycyl)amino)-5'-deoxyuridine: inhibits various membrane-associated UDP-glycosyltransferases; structure given in first source		2.0710
dipyrromethene
dipyrromethene: structure in first source. dipyrrin : A dipyrrin that consists of pyrrole bearing a pyrrol-2-ylidenemethyl substituent at the 2-position.		7.0310dipyrrins
amanitins
Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.		1.9510
silicon nitride
[no description available]		2.7830
salinomycin
salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.3110polyketide;
spiroketal		animal growth promotant;
potassium ionophore
quinagolide
quinagolide: structure & RN given in first source; a non-ergot dopamine D(2)-agonist		2.1510organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
ru 42173
RU 42173: structure given in first source		4.7432benzazepine
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.		2.4720adenosines;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
monocarboxylic acid		adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
anti-inflammatory agent
silybin
[no description available]		2.0510
phosphothreonine
Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.		2.0810L-threonine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist		210naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
n-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-n'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea
N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. 1-(1-methylindol-5-yl)-3-(3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)urea : A member of ther class of ureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens has been replaced by an N-methylindol-5-yl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen has been replaced by a 3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl group. It is a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) receptor.		9.261701,2-thiazoles;
indoles;
ureas		receptor modulator;
serotonergic antagonist
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		7.141180
tissue plasminogen activator
[no description available]		2.0210alpha-amino acid
gw 7647
GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.		2.0810aryl sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
ureas		PPARalpha agonist
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		12.695644organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
fh535
FH535: inhibits Wnt signaling		2.2110sulfonamide
blister
blebbistatin: structure in first source. blebbistatin : A pyrroloquinoline that is 1,2,3,3a-tetrahydro-H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]quinolin-4-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3a, a methyl group at position 6 and a phenyl group at position 1. It acts as an inhibitor of ATPase activity of non-muscle myosin II.		2.1710cyclic ketone;
pyrroloquinoline;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		inhibitor
dimethyldithiocarbamate
Dimethyldithiocarbamate: A chemical that acts as a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. Its salts are agricultural fungicides. It is inferior to diethyldithiocarbamate as a chelating agent.. dimethyldithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamate anions resulting from the removal of the proton from the dithiocarbamic acid moiety of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. The major species at pH 7.3.		1.9310dithiocarbamate anions
mtt formazan
MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes		210
chloramine-t
chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.		4.45230organic sodium saltallergen;
antifouling biocide;
disinfectant
sb 242084
6-chloro-5-methyl-1-((2-(2-methylpyrid-3-yloxy)pyrid-5-yl)carbamoyl)indoline: 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonist (antagonist); structure in first source		2.4420
l 663536
MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.		2.9710aryl sulfide;
indoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.		2.0810quinoxaline derivative
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: structure. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine : A C-nitro compound that is phenylhydrazine substituted at the 2- and 4-positions by nitro groups.		210C-nitro compound;
phenylhydrazines		reagent
homoserine lactone
homoserine lactone: a putative signal for starvation in E. coli; structure in first source. homoserinium lactone : The conjugate acid of homoserine lactone; major species at pH 7.3.. homoserine lactone : A butan-4-olide having an amino substituent at the 2-position.		2.9740ammonium ion derivative;
organic cation
amidosulfobetaine-14
amidosulfobetaine-14: a sulfobetaine analog		3.1410
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		7.61890
4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione
4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione: a GSK3beta inhibitor. TDZD-8 : A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). An experimental compound which was being developed for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.4620benzenes;
thiadiazolidine		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
2-amino-1,8-naphthyridine
2-amino-1,8-naphthyridine: structure in first source		7.0810
17-ketosteroids
17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.		4.19180
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		3.3570
sodium borohydride
sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3820inorganic sodium salt;
metal tetrahydridoborate
hydroxyethylcellulose
hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.		8.4170
sb 408124
SB 408124: a hypocretin receptor type 1 (HcrtR1) antagonist		2.4720organohalogen compound;
quinolines
chloramine-b
chloramine-B: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810
pd 407824
[no description available]		2.1710
iododiflunisal
iododiflunisal: an amyloid inhibitor; structure in first source		2.1510
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		2.4520long-chain fatty acid
triacetone triperoxide
triacetone triperoxide: very sensitive explosive		2.4420
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940		2.0610alkylbenzene;
ring assembly
disuccinimidyl glutarate
[no description available]		210
1-cyclohexyl-3-dodecylurea
[no description available]		8.4170
icodextrin
Icodextrin: A glucan that is structurally related to maltodextrin, with more than 85% of its molecules having molecular weights between 1640 and 45 000 Daltons (Da), and a weight-average molecular weight of about 20 000 Da; it is used in dialysis fluids as an alternative to glucose-based solutions, and to reduce adhesions after gynecological or abdominal surgery. It has also been used as a vehicle for drugs given via the peritoneal cavity.		5.2362
flosequinan
[no description available]		2.0510quinolines
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor		2.3110benzamides;
benzodioxoles;
imidazoles;
pyridines		EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.3820organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
4-cresol sulfate
p-cresol sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is p-cresol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a sulfo group.		9.27121aryl sulfategut flora metabolite;
human metabolite;
uremic toxin
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		2.52202-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
myelin basic protein
Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.		8.4880
sulfosuccinimidyl 6-(biotinamido)hexanoate
[no description available]		210
2-mercaptoacetate
2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6830monocarboxylic acid anion
ro 60-0175
Ro 60-0175: a 5HT 2C receptor agonist. 1-(6-chloro-5-fluoroindol-1-yl)-propan-2-amine : A member of the class of indoles that is 6-chloro-5-fluoroindole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 2-aminopropyl group.		2.4220indoles;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
primary amino compound
isoselenocyanic acid
[no description available]		2.4110hydracid;
one-carbon compound
tetrathiomolybdate
tetrathiomolybdate: RN given refers to (MoS4)-2; chelates copper; inhibits CopB copper ATPase and cytokine proteins important for angiogenesis; structure		2.0310
noxythiolin
Noxythiolin: Local antibacterial that probably acts by releasing formaldehyde in aqueous solutions. It is used for THERAPEUTIC IRRIGATION of infected body cavities - bladder, peritoneum, etc. and as a spray for burns.		3.3411thioureas
diethyl maleate
diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.		7.6630ethyl ester;
maleate ester		glutathione depleting agent
ganhuangenin
ganhuangenin: flavonoid from Scutellaria rehderiana; lipid peroxide antagonist		2.3420
ku 55933
2-morpholin-4-yl-6-thianthren-1-yl-pyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM; structure in first source		2.1510
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		3.0950sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		10.822017-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		16.4440015biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		8.04411prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		7.42221monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
biochanin a
[no description available]		2.17104'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
sterigmatocystin
[no description available]		6.9710sterigmatocystinsmetabolite
arachidonyltrifluoromethane
arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group		2.420fatty acid derivative;
ketone;
olefinic compound;
organofluorine compound		EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		3.5111trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		4.8113'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		3.2560octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		7.44212D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		3.75110
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		3.2660carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
11-cis-retinal
Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.		4.13160retinalchromophore;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.		4.8781dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
thromboxane a2
Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.		2.9140epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
thromboxanes A		mouse metabolite
retinol palmitate
retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.		2.4110all-trans-retinyl ester;
retinyl palmitate		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
hymecromone
Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.		2.4120hydroxycoumarinantineoplastic agent;
hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid
8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.		4.06140fatty acid 20:3;
long-chain fatty acid		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
nutraceutical
rosin
rosin: Resin from plant. Do not confuse with the specific compound: 3-phenyl-2-propenyl-(E)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, also know as rosin.		2.0510
furylfuramide
Furylfuramide: Used formerly as antimicrobial food additive. It causes mutations in many cell cultures and may be carcinogenic.. (Z)-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide : A member of the class of acrylamides that is acrylamide which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 2-furyl and 5-nitro-2-furyl groups, respectively (the trans isomer). Formerly used as a food preservative, it was withdrawn from the market following suspicions of carcenogenicity.		2.4110acrylamides;
C-nitro compound;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
primary carboxamide
alprostadil
[no description available]		7.0193prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.		2.9710HETEhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
(all-e) phytoene
(all-E) phytoene: C40 carotenoid biosynthesized in bacteria; minor descriptor (75-84); EP to CAROTENOIDS (85); on-line & Index Medicus search CAROTENOIDS (75-85); RN given refers to (all-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation. all-trans-phytoene : The all-trans-isomer of phytoene.		1.9810phytoeneplant metabolite
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		2.8840hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		6.77191D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		5.19111disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
kaempferol
[no description available]		2.08107-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		4.0731prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
11-dehydro-thromboxane b2
11-dehydro-thromboxane B2: structure given in first source. 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 : A thromboxane obtained by formal oxidation of the hemiacetal hydroxy function of thromboxane B2.		1.9810thromboxanehuman metabolite
zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.		2.0710carotenolantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
cofactor
lipoxin a4
lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.		2.4110hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
lipoxin;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid
gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.		3.1150linolenic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		2.9440linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
prostaglandin f1
prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer		1.9810prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite
harmine
Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.		2.4220harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		3.53807-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		7.81571antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		4.1631oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		4.663211beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		2.0510
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0510aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
carboprost
Carboprost: A nonsteroidal abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of PREGNANCY.. carboprost : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydrogen at position 15 is substituted by methyl (S configuration). It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.4820hydroxy monocarboxylic acidabortifacient;
oxytocic
ethchlorvynol
Ethchlorvynol: A sedative and hypnotic that has been used in the short-term management of INSOMNIA. Its use has been superseded by other drugs.. ethchlorvynol : Propargyl alcohol in which the methylene hydrogens are substituted by ethyl and 2-chlorovinyl groups. A hypnotic and sedative, it is used for treatment of insomnia in some cases where an intolerance or allergy to more commonly used drugs exists.		2.6330
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		2.0510carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		2.05102-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		2.1110hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
erucic acid
[no description available]		2.1310docosenoic acid
jasmonic acid
jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.		2.1510oxo monocarboxylic acidjasmonates;
plant metabolite
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.5220carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
fucoxanthin
fucoxanthin: RN given refers to (3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6S,6'R)-isomer. fucoxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.		2.4110
lutein
Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.		7.6730carotenolfood colouring;
plant metabolite
esculin
[no description available]		2.3820beta-D-glucoside;
hydroxycoumarin		antioxidant;
metabolite
7-hydroxycoumarin
7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.		2.4620hydroxycoumarinfluorescent probe;
food component;
plant metabolite
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		7.8283alpha-humulene
garcinol
garcinol: from stem bark of Garcinia huillensis; has chemotherapeutic activity against gram-positive & gram-negative cocci, mycobacteria & fungi		2.1510
zearalenone
Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.		4.5851macrolide;
resorcinols		fungal metabolite;
mycoestrogen
baicalein
[no description available]		2.0610trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		2.81307-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
diosmin
[no description available]		2.5220dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
fisetin
[no description available]		7.1103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
7-hydroxyflavonol;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
morin
morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.		2.05107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
myricetin
[no description available]		2.1107-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
food component;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
pterostilbene
[no description available]		7.610diether;
methoxybenzenes;
stilbenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
neurotransmitter;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.0510alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		2.9140alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid
rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.		2.0610rosmarinic acidgeroprotector;
plant metabolite
salvianolic acid a
salvianolic acid A: a nootropic depside from Salvia miltiorrhizia		2.610stilbenoid
rottlerin
rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.		2.7530aromatic ketone;
benzenetriol;
chromenol;
enone;
methyl ketone		anti-allergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
K-ATP channel agonist;
metabolite
ellagic acid
[no description available]		3.0540catechols;
cyclic ketone;
lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol		antioxidant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
cyhalothrin
cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.		2.0510aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.0510homodetic cyclic peptide
bacteriopheophytin
bacteriopheophytin: pigment which is the degradation product of bacteriochlorophyll; structure. bacteriopheophytin a : A bacteriopheophytin consisting of bacteriochlorophyll a with two hydrogen atoms replacing the magnesium centre.. bacteriopheophytin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole comprising any bacteriochlorophyll molecule with two hydrogen atoms replacing the magnesium centre.		210
rutamycin
Rutamycin: A macrolide antibiotic of the oligomycin group, obtained from Streptomyces rutgersensis. It is used in cytochemistry as a tool to inhibit various ATPases and to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation from electron transport and also clinically as an antifungal agent.. oligomycin D : An oligomycin with formula C44H72O11 that is oligomycin A in which the methyl substituent adjacent to the spirocyclic centre has been replaced by a hydrogen.		1.9610
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		2.7730ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
anandamide
anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.		8.1550endocannabinoid;
N-acylethanolamine 20:4		human blood serum metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
miocamycin
Miocamycin: A macrolide antibiotic that has a wide antimicrobial spectrum and is particularly effective in respiratory and genital infections.		3.4711
sofalcone
sofalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is benzene in which the hydrogens at positions 1,2 and 5 are replaced by carboxymethoxy, (1E)-1-{4-[(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)oxy]phenyl}-3-oxoprop-1-en-3-yl, and (3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)oxy groups, respectively. It is a gastrointestinal drug currently used for treatment of gastritis and gastric ulcers in Japan and South Korea.		6.9910aromatic ether;
chalcones;
monocarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
antibacterial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
plant metabolite
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.0510amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
gemeprost
gemeprost: used for preoperative dilation of cervix before surgical abortion; RN given refers to (2E,11alpha,13E,15R)-isomer		3.4820aliphatic alcohol
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.		4.5780stilbenoid
4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid
4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2104,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
domoic acid
domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).		2.1110L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid;
tricarboxylic acid		algal metabolite;
hapten;
marine metabolite;
neuromuscular agent;
neurotoxin
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		2.8430F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
glyceryl 2-arachidonate
glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.		2.76302-acylglycerol 20:4;
endocannabinoid		human metabolite
11-ketotestosterone
11-ketotestosterone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 11-oxotestosterone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is testosterone carrying an additional oxo substituent at position 11.		2.211011-oxo steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.3920enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		8.0240retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		4.0731
ozagrel
ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer		2.0510cinnamic acids
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		2.0510cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
zinostatin
Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.		7.6630
levomepromazine maleate
[no description available]		1.9310
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		2.0510
trans-10,cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid
(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid : An octadeca-10,12-dienoic acid having (10E,12Z)-configuration.		2.0710octadeca-10,12-dienoic acid
meteneprost
meteneprost: 9-deoxo-9-methylene-PGEs are possible solution to PGE stability problem; stable in aqueous media from pH 1 to 14 & have biological properties similar to corresponding PGEs; cpd tested for use as early pregnancy terminater & has low incidence of nausea & gastrointestinal side effects; note that cpd is derivative of both PGE2 & PGF2alpha; structure in first source		3.0610long-chain fatty acid
arbaprostil
Arbaprostil: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and can inhibit the growth of experimental tumors.		3.0610prostanoid
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2
16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.		3.7730cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid;
prostanoid;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-ulcer drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
radiation protective agent
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		5.9474thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
14,15-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid
(5Z,8Z,11Z)-14,15-dihydroxyicosatrienoic acid : A DHET obtained by formal dihydroxylation across the 14,15-double bond of arachidonic acid.		2.7330DHET;
diol;
secondary allylic alcohol		mouse metabolite
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.		2.7530HETE;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
8,9-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid
8,9-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 8,9-EET : An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 8,9-double bond of arachidonic acid.		210EETmouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.49204-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
n-oleoylethanolamine
N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.		2.110endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-acylethanolamine 18:1		EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol
Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.		2.51201-acylglycerol 18:1;
monooleoylglycerol		plant metabolite
monolinolein
monolinolein: inactivates or inhibits African Swine Fever virus. rac-1-monolinoleoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol that is composed of equal amounts of 1-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol and 3-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol.		2.21101-acylglycerol 18:2;
rac-1-monoacylglycerol		antiviral agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
menaquinone 6
menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		2.4110
cinnamyl anthranilate
[no description available]		1.9610benzoate ester
codeine
[no description available]		5.55171morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		2.4620homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		3.5690hydrochloride
natamycin
[no description available]		2.0510antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5h-pyrido(4,3-b)indole
3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole: structure		2.420pyridoindole
4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde
[no description available]		3.5720cinnamaldehydes
acetyldigitoxin
Acetyldigitoxins: Cardioactive derivatives of lanatoside A or of DIGITOXIN. They are used for fast digitalization in congestive heart failure.. 3'''-O-acetyldigitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside compound consisting of digitoxin having an acetyl substituent at the 3-position on the D-ribo-hexopyranosyl residue at the non-reducing end.		3.0410cardenolide glycosideanti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
enzyme inhibitor
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		4.2750acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		1.951017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
dihydrocodeine
dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		210morphinane alkaloid
diminazene aceturate
diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.		2.6630N-acetylglycinate saltantiparasitic agent;
trypanocidal drug
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		3.5620sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dothiepin
[no description available]		2.0510dothiepin
granisetron
Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.		210aromatic amide;
indazoles
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		7.6730morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
iodopyracet
Iodopyracet: An ionic monomeric contrast medium that was formerly used for a variety of diagnostic procedures. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). diodone : A 4-pyridone in which the pyridone is iodo-substituted at C-3 and -5 and has a carboxymethyl substituent on nitrogen; used as a radiocontrast agent urography.		4.1450
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		2.0510pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		2.3820morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		4.13150morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		2.2510organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		2.0510morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		2.3720phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
proscillaridin
Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).		2.0510organic molecular entity
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		5.58161antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		2.4720cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
gamma-cyclodextrin
gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		1.9910cyclodextrin
menaquinone 7
menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.		2.4110menaquinonebone density conservation agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
brefeldin a
[no description available]		2.4120macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
cyclosporin c
[no description available]		1.9910
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		3.8630dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol
seocalcitol: structure given in first source		2.0510
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor
kh 1060
KH 1060: structure given in first source; a new 20-epi-vitamin D3 analog		1.9810
lobeline
Lobeline: An alkaloid that has actions similar to NICOTINE on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation.		3.4111
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		11.54610morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pyoverdin
pyoverdin: a partly cyclic octapeptide linked to a chromophore, derived from 2,3-diamino-6,7-dihydroxyquinoline, which confers color and fluorescence to the molecule; yellow-green pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; pyoverdin Pf from P. fluorescens; structure has been determined		2.0310
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.0510
su 5402
SU 5402: structure given in first source. SU5402 : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 3-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.		2.0210
acipimox
acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor		4.6632pyrazinecarboxylic acid
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		2.0310amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
bibo 3457
BIBO 3304: BIBO-3457 is the inactive enantiomer		2.0810
bibp 3226
BIBP 3226: a selective non-peptide neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; BIBP-3435 is the S-enantiomer		2.0810
bw 723c86
1-(5-(2-thenyloxy)-1H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-amine: a 5-HT(2B) agonist		3.1150
clobetasol
Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.733011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
SMO receptor agonist
cloprostenol
Cloprostenol: A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.		210prostanoid
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		8.3211heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
desoximetasone
Desoximetasone: A topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in DERMATOSES, skin allergies, PSORIASIS, etc.. desoximetasone : Dexamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position is substituted by hydrogen. A synthetic corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders, including skin allergies and psoriasis.		3.351111beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		3.250medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
olvanil
[no description available]		2.520methoxybenzenes;
phenols
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		6.512211beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		4.0831carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin j2
15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2: 15-deoxy-PGJ2 is also available; check for double bonds (indicated by delta) at 12 and 14 positions. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 : A prostaglandin J derivative comprising prostaglandin J2 lacking the 15-hydroxy group and having C=C double bonds at the 12- and 14-positions.		2.110prostaglandins Jelectrophilic reagent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
metabolite
lacidipine
[no description available]		3.3911cinnamate ester;
tert-butyl ester
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		4.931201-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
mdl 100907
Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.		12.39376
n-(n-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)alanyl)phenylglycine tert-butyl ester
DAPT : A dipeptide consisting of alanylphenylglycine derivatised as a 3,5-difluorophenylacetamide at the amino terminal and a tert-butyl ester at the carboxy terminal. A gamma-secretase inhibitor.		2.110carboxylic ester;
difluorobenzene;
dipeptide;
tert-butyl ester		EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		3.5890cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
neurokinin a
Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.		2.4420
neurokinin b
Neurokinin B: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS.		2.4420polypeptide
ciguatoxins
Ciguatoxins: Polycyclic ethers produced by Gambierdiscus (DINOFLAGELLATES) from gambiertoxins, which are ingested by fish which in turn may be ingested by humans who are susceptible to the CIGUATERA POISONING.. ciguatoxin CTX1B : A ciguatoxin comprising a sequence of twelve trans-fused six-, seven-, eight- and nine-membered rings and a spiro-fused five-membered ring. A commonly encountered fish toxin.. ciguatoxin : Ciguatoxins are cyclic polyether toxins, derived from marine dinoflagellates, which are responsible for the symptoms of ciguatera poisoning. Ingestion of tropical and subtropical fin fish contaminated by ciguatoxins results in an illness characterised by neurological, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders.		2.2510ciguatoxinmetabolite
11-dehydrocorticosterone
11-dehydrocorticosterone : An 11-oxo steroid that is corticosterone in which the hydroxy substituent at the 11beta position has been oxidised to give the corresponding ketone.		2.011011-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
calyculin a
calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R*(1S*,3S*,4S*,5R*,6R*,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R*),7beta(E(S*)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer		3.150
vinorelbine
[no description available]		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
sulprostone
sulprostone: structure		3.0610prostanoid
5,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid
5,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source		2.7430octadecatrienoic acid
stearidonic acid
[no description available]		7.1710long-chain fatty acid;
octadecatetraenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		2.7230phosphatidylcholine(1+)
biliverdine
[no description available]		2.0810
ethyl caffeate
(E)-ethyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate: structure in first source. ethyl trans-caffeate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with ethanol.		2.3110alkyl caffeate ester;
ethyl ester;
hydroxycinnamic acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
andrographolide
[no description available]		8.8521carbobicyclic compound;
gamma-lactone;
labdane diterpenoid;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
isorhapontigenin
isorhapontigenin: isolated from the seeds of Aiphanes aculeata Willd. (Arecaceae); structure in first source		2.610stilbenoid
licochalcone a
licochalcone A: has both anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities; structure given in first source; isolated from root of Glycyrrhiza inflata; RN given refers to (E)-isomer		3.4711chalcones
nerolidol
nerolidol: sesquiterpene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; nerol is also available. nerolidol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-1,6,10-triene which carries methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It is a natural product that is present in various flowers and plants with a floral odor. Chemically, it exists in two geometric isomers, trans and cis forms. It is widely used in cosmetics (e.g. shampoos and perfumes), in non-cosmetic products (e.g. detergents and cleansers) and also as a food flavoring agent.. (6Z)-nerolidol : A nerolidol in which the double bond at position 6 adopts a cis-configuration.		2.110nerolidol
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.0510
acetaldehyde oxime
acetaldehyde oxime: structure. (E)-acetaldehyde oxime : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetaldehyde oxime.. acetaldehyde oxime : An aldoxime derived from acetaldehyde.		2.1110acetaldehyde oxime
thebaine
Thebaine: A drug that is derived from opium, which contains from 0.3-1.5% thebaine depending on its origin. It produces strychnine-like convulsions rather than narcosis. It may be habit-forming and is a controlled substance (opiate) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Part 1308.12 (1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.6430morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
casein kinase ii
Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.		2.9240
pd 166866
PD 166866: structure in first source. PD-166866 : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by an amino group at position 2, 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group at position 6, and by a (tert-butylcarbamoyl)nitrilo group at position 7. It is a selective ATP competitive inhibitor of the human fibroblast growth factor-1 receptor (FGFR1) tyrosine kinase with an IC50 of 52.4 nM.		3.74100biaryl;
dimethoxybenzene;
primary arylamine;
pyridopyrimidine;
ureas		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
pd 161570
PD 161570: structure in first source		3.1250
ag-490
[no description available]		2.1110catechols;
enamide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
STAT3 inhibitor
semaxinib
semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.		2.0510olefinic compound;
oxindoles;
pyrroles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib
orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.		2.0510
su 11248
[no description available]		5.732monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
fosbretabulin
fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source		2.7830
ergothioneine
ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.		1.93101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
amino-acid betaine;
L-histidine derivative;
sulfur-containing amino acid		antioxidant;
chelator;
fungal metabolite;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		6.33500carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
tin
[no description available]		4.77100carbon group element atom;
elemental tin;
metal atom		micronutrient
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.9710
bw b70c
BW B70C: arachidonic acid antagonist. BW B70C : A hydroxamic acid that is urea in which both the hydrogens attached to one of the nitrogens are replaced by a hydroxy and a (1E)-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenyl]but-1-en-3-yl group. A selective inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, it can be used for the treatment of asthma.		1.9810aromatic ether;
hydroxamic acid;
organofluorine compound;
ureas		EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		2.4620dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.0510ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
diamide
Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.		2.41201,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)		2.7430
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		9.92120metalloid atom;
pnictogen
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		10.91340alkali metal atom
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		4.39220alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		5.82310alkali metal atom
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		6.25470boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		11.86211alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		14.595433metal atom;
pnictogen
dihydromorphine
Dihydromorphine: A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors.		2.0310morphinane alkaloid
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		8.2160boron group element atom
alternariol
alternariol: structure. alternariol : A benzochromenone that is 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, and 9. It is the most important mycotoxin produced by the black mould Alternaria species, which are the most common mycoflora infecting small grain cereals worldwide.		2.4120benzochromenone;
phenols		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		6.41330metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		3.71100boron group element atom
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		4.2750cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		2.45206-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
alternariol monomethyl ether
djalonensone : A benzochromenone that is alternariol in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been converted into the corresponding methyl ether. A natural product found in Chaetomium globosum as well as being one of the two most important compounds belonging to the group of Altenaria mycotoxins.		2.4120aromatic ether;
benzochromenone		antifungal agent;
fungal metabolite;
mycotoxin
lasalocid
Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.		2.8840beta-hydroxy ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
oxanes;
oxolanes;
polyether antibiotic;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		bacterial metabolite;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		3.0640boron group element atom
cefixime
[no description available]		2.0510cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		5.8483dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		2.4320benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		3.7921azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
candoxatril
candoxatril : The 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl ester of the active enantiomer of candoxatrilat. Candoxatril is an orally active prodrug of candoxatrilat, a potent neutral endopeptidase (NEP, neprilysin) inhibitor used in the treatment of chronic heart failure.		210
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		3.2760dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		10.631102chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
2-cyano-n-((ethylamino)carbonyl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamide
2-cyano-N-((ethylamino)carbonyl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		1.9610
erucyl amide
erucyl amide: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer. erucamide : A primary fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of erucic acid with ammonia. It is commonly used as a slip additive in the plastic manufacturing industry.		2.442013-docosenamideEC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mammalian metabolite;
plant metabolite;
rat metabolite
retinamide
retinamide: metabolite of tretinoin		2.1110
isoalloxazine
isoalloxazine: structure		2.6930benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
diphenylhexatriene
Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.		2.0510alkatrienefluorochrome
veratrine
Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.		1.9410alkaloid
puerarin
[no description available]		2.0810C-glycosyl compound;
isoflavonoid
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		12.12205dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
1-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid
1-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid: metabolite from cows fed with corn silage; structure in first source		1.9610
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		8.5180
catharanthine
[no description available]		2.1310alkaloid ester;
bridged compound;
methyl ester;
monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound
cytochalasin e
cytochalasin E: structure		1.9610cytochalasan alkaloidmetabolite
sinomenine
sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic		2.4920morphinane alkaloid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		3.971301,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
deoxyribose
[no description available]		8.2660deoxypentosehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		7.06261butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phycocyanobilin
phycocyanobilin: tetrapyrrole prosthetic group of phycocyanin protein. phycocyanobilin : A bilin that consists of 8,12-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-18-ethyl-3-ethylidene-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-2,3-dihydrobilin bearing two oxo substituents at positions 1 and 19.		3.1350
beryllium
Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.		3.0450alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental beryllium;
metal allergen		adjuvant;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope
acetyl acetonate
[no description available]		2.1110
4-mercuribenzoate
[no description available]		1.9710mercuribenzoate
bleomycin
[no description available]		2.3920bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		9.92781cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
thyronines
Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.		2.3720thyronine
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		7.03251carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		15.2942822monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		3.8110boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		3.9950morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		4.5151dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
6-o-monoacetylmorphine
6-O-monoacetylmorphine: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		1.9710morphinane alkaloid
azodicarbonamide
[no description available]		2.7130organic molecular entity
quinaldine blue
quinaldine blue: RN given refers to chloride; structure		2.0510cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		2.4720
amocarzine
amocarzine : A thiourea resulting from the formal condensation of the secondary amino group of 1-methylpiperazine and the primary amino group of N-(4-nitrophenyl)benzene-1,4-diamine with carbonothioic O,O-acid.		1.9710C-nitro compound;
N-methylpiperazine;
secondary amino compound;
thioureas		antinematodal drug
ditekiren
ditekiren: orally active renin inhibitor		1.9710
imidapril
imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
imidazolidines;
N-acylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
sulindac sulfone
sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
pepstatin
pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin		7.3820pentapeptide;
secondary carboxamide		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		2.0510amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
phytochlorin
phytochlorin: RN given refers to (2S-trans)-isomer; structure given in the first source		2.3110
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		2.46201,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		7.0210cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
hr 810
cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		1.9910cephalosporin;
cyclopentapyridine
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.520dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)-
Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.		210
strontium radioisotopes
Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.		2.3820
6-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3(1h,4h)-quinoxalinedione
6-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3(1H,4H)-quinoxalinedione: inhibits AMPA receptor binding; structure given in first source		210
3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine
3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine: potent inhibitor of endogenous respiration of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells; RN given refers to iodide; RN for parent cpd not in Chemline 10/24/83; structure		1.9710
troxerutin
troxerutin: used in treatment of venous disorders; structure; venoruton & oxerutin is a mixture of hydroxyethyl rutinosides		2.5320
succinyl-alanyl-alanyl-prolyl-phenylalanine-4-nitroanilide
succinyl-alanyl-alanyl-prolyl-phenylalanine-4-nitroanilide: chromogenic chymotrypsin substrate		1.9910
lophyrotomin
lophyrotomin: isolated from the European Birch sawfly Arge pullata		1.9810
udp-n-acetylmuramic acid pentapeptide
[no description available]		2.1510
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.8930monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
vx680
[no description available]		3.2110N-arylpiperazine
bms 806
BMS 806: prevents entry of HIV into cells by binding HIV envelope protein gp120; no further info available 4/2002		2.0810
oleoyl-coenzyme a
oleoyl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		1.9810octadecenoyl-CoAEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
crotonyl-coenzyme a
crotonoyl-CoA : The (E)-isomer of but-2-enoyl-CoA.		1.9810but-2-enoyl-CoA
naltrindole
naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist		2.0110isoquinolines
guanabenz acetate
[no description available]		2.0510dichlorobenzenegeroprotector
guanabenz
Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0510dichlorobenzene
epicinchonine
epicinchonine: structure in first source. cinchonine : Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (S configuration). It occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.		2.0610cinchona alkaloid
famotidine
[no description available]		2.46201,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
methylbenzethonium chloride
[no description available]		4.7121alkylbenzene
resiniferatoxin
resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).		2.4620carboxylic ester;
diterpenoid;
enone;
monomethoxybenzene;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
ortho ester;
phenols;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		analgesic;
neurotoxin;
plant metabolite;
TRPV1 agonist
abscisic acid
Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.		4.08402-trans-abscisic acid
3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine
3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dilC18(3)(1+) : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 3,3-dimethyl-1-octadecylindoleinine units at each end.		2.0210Cy5 dye;
indolium ion		fluorochrome
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		3.4170cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
4,4'-dibenzamido-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid
4,4'-dibenzamido-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid: anion transport inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.7530
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		3.78211,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		2.0510beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
macromomycin protein
macromomycin protein: weakly basic protein isolated from Streptomyces macromomyceticus; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; macromomycin is the apoprotein (MW=11kD) of auromomycin which is a chromophore called AUR-Chr (C35H33NO12) that is the cytotoxic component		1.9510
levuglandin e2
levuglandin E2: secoprostanoid from prostaglandin endoperoxide; gamma-ketoaldehyde cpd; structure given in first source; related to prostaglandin E2		2.0210levuglandin
urobilin
[no description available]		3.7321
cinidon-ethyl
Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.		2.5220ethyl ester;
isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes		herbicide
bis(3,5-dibromosalicyl)fumarate
bis(3,5-dibromosalicyl)fumarate: structure		3.0610
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		6.251450ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
barium titanate(iv)
barium titanate(IV): RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810
2-amino-4-methoxy-3-butenoic acid
2-amino-4-methoxy-3-butenoic acid: bacterial toxin isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; RN given refers to (S-(E))-isomer		1.9610
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.		4.6990
proguanil
Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.		2.0510biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
oroidin
oroidin: from marine sponges of the genus Agelas; structure in first source		2.0510pyrroles;
secondary carboxamide		metabolite
coomassie brilliant blue
[no description available]		2.940
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		2.0510acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
ono 1301
ONO 1301: a non-prostanoid prostaglandin I2 mimetic coumpound with inhibitory activity against thromboxane A2 synthase; structure given in first source		1.9910
ro 42-5892
remikiren : An L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a (2S)-2-[(2-methylpropane-2-sulfonyl)methyl]-3-phenylpropanoyl group and the carboxy group is replaced by a [(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-4-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]amino group. It is a renin inhibitor which was under development for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued).		2.0510cyclopropanes;
diol;
L-histidine derivative;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.23.15 (renin) inhibitor;
peptidomimetic;
vasodilator agent
saralasin
Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.		3.3470oligopeptide
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		3.87120azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		8.43592chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
phosphorus pentoxide
phosphorus pentoxide: drying agent for bacterial cultural extracts analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography; structure. diphosphonate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from diphosphonic acid.		2.4620
selenocysteine
Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.		2.9740
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		2.6730chalcogen;
metalloid atom
boron oxide
boron oxide: RN given refers to B2O3		2.0510boron oxide
selenourea
[no description available]		6.91500
triethyllead
triethyllead: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9510
radium
Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.		2.6330alkaline earth metal atom
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		8.05790
clinoptilolite
clinoptilolite: clinoptilolite was SY to zeolite (NM); use zeolites (NM) to search through 1993; RN is for cpd with unknown MF		7.4420
sybraloy
Sybraloy: high copper spherical amalgam		2.420
permite c
Permite C: a high-copper admix (lathe-cut plus spherical particle) amalgam		2.0110
valiant phd
Valiant PhD: composed of 52.5% silver, 29.5% tin, 17.5% copper, and 0.5% palladium		1.9810
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.		3.1910(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
stains-all
stains-all: cationic dye; RN given refers to bromide salt		2.0410cyanine dye;
organic bromide salt		fluorochrome
epoprostenol sodium
[no description available]		2.0510prostanoid
selenocyanic acid
[no description available]		3.4110organic radical
tytin
tytin: composed of Ag, Cu, Sn		1.9810
diacetylmonoxime
diacetylmonoxime: used diagnostically for determining urea in blood; structure; myosin ATPase antagonist. diacetylmonoxime : A ketoxime obtained via formal condensation of butane-2,3-dione with hydroxylamine. It is a reversible myosin ATPase inhibitor.		3.97140
fk 409
FK 409: structure given in first source; from Streptomyces griseoporeus		2.0310
mevalonolactone
mevalonolactone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation; structure. mevalonolactone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-mevalonolactone and (S)-mevalonolactone.		1.98104-hydroxy-4-methyloxan-2-onefungal metabolite;
plant metabolite
dihydroergotoxine
Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.		1.9610
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		3.1450maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a
Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.		3.5690amidobenzoic acid
pregnanediol
[no description available]		3.0450
cobalt oxide
[no description available]		3.1920
bay 19-8004
BAY 19-8004: a PDE4 inhibitor; structure in first source		3.411
s-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine: RN given refers to (L-Cys)-isomer; structure given in first source. S-(cis-1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine : An S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in which the dichlorovinyl group has cis- (Z-) geometry.		1.9810S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine
dolichols
Dolichols: A class of polyprenols which contain approximately 20 isoprene residues. Although considered ISOPRENOIDS, they terminate with an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group at the hydroxy end of the molecule.		3.2310polyterpene
quaternium-15
quaternium-15 : A quaternary ammonium salt derived from hexamethylenetetramine; used as a preservative in many cosmetics and industrial substances. Also acts as a disinfectant and allergenic agent.		6.55160
bambermycins
Bambermycins: Antibiotic complex obtained from Streptomyces bambergiensis containing mainly Moenomycins A and C. They are used as feed additives and growth promoters for poultry, swine, and cattle.		1.9510
tiacrilast
tiacrilast: structure given in first source		2.0510
cilastatin
[no description available]		1.9710carboxamide;
L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organic sulfide		EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
fusarin c
fusarin C: structure given in first source		1.9710sesquiterpenoid
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		3.6790
nitrocefin
nitrocefin: chromogenic cephalosporin used for detection of beta-lactamase activity; Cefinase is name for nitrocefin on paper disc; RN given refers to (6R-(3(E),6 alpha,7 beta))-isomer; structure for mono-Na salt in second source		2.7130
cinodine
cinodine: glycocinnamoylspermidine antibiotic; gyrase inhibitor found in Nocardia; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		3.520
bafilomycin a1
bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.		2.0210cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide antibiotic;
oxanes		apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
fungicide;
potassium ionophore;
toxin
carboprostacyclin
carboprostacyclin: potent stable prostacyclin analog which inhibits platelet aggretation; do not confuse with carboprost (15-methyl-PGF2alpha); RN given refers to (3aS-(2Z,3aalpha,4alpha(1E,R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0110prostanoid
propenylphosphonic acid
propenylphosphonic acid: RN given is for (Z) isomer; structure given in first source		210
involucrin
involucrin: soluble precursor protein of cross-linked envelope characteristic of epidermal s. corneum synthesized by keratinocytes in natural & cultured human epithelia; see also related records for prekeratin & stratum corneum basic protein precursor		3.3711
dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine
dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine: chemical name in article is incorrect - phosphatidylethandamine instead of phosphatidylethanolamine. dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		2.0110phosphatidylethanolamine
concanamycin a
concanamycin A: from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes S-45; inhibits vacuolar H+ ATPase. concanamycin A : A concanamycin in which the lactone ring contains 4 double bonds and is substituted by 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxy groups, 2 methoxy groups and an ethyl group.		2.0210carbamate ester;
concanamycin		antifungal agent;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
metabolite
herboxidiene
herboxidiene: structure in first source; isolated from Streptomyces chromofuscus; a potent and selective herbicide (e.g. inactive against wheat); up-regulates the gene expression of LDL receptor		2.1510
glidobactin a
glidobactin A: structure given in first source; isolated from polyangium brachysporum & Pseudomonas		3.5720
bacteriochlorophylls
Bacteriochlorophylls: Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.		3.1550
sanshool
sanshool: isolated from the stem bark of Zanthoxylum liebmannianum; RN given for (E,E,Z,E)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0510fatty amide
everolimus
[no description available]		2.110cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
emerin
emerin: a serine-rich protein; responsible for Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD)		2.1310
meso-zeaxanthin
meso-zeaxanthin: diastereomer of zeaxanthin. meso-zeaxanthin : A carotenol that is beta,beta-carotene carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3R,3'S-diastereomer). It is rarely found in diet and is believed to be formed at the macula by metabolic transformations of ingested carotenoids.		2.0710carotenolanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine metabolite
ixabepilone
[no description available]		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
arvanil
arvanil: structure in first source		2.520methoxybenzenes;
phenols
i(3)so3-galactosylceramide
Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.		3.9740galactosylceramide sulfate;
N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine
rilpivirine
[no description available]		2.1510aminopyrimidine;
nitrile		EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
cobaltite
cobaltite: a sulfosalt mineral composed of cobalt, arsenic and sulfur, CoAsS		7.1710
manganese phosphate
manganese phosphate: a reddish-white fine crystalline powder relatively insoluble in water		2.0110
valyl-prolyl-glycyl-valyl-glycine
valyl-prolyl-glycyl-valyl-glycine: a synthetic elastin peptide; do not confuse with polymeric VPGVG		2.0510
allolactose
[no description available]		2.0110glycosylglucoseEscherichia coli metabolite
cyclosporin g
cyclosporin G: similar immunosuppressive actions as cyclosporin, but without nephrotoxic side effects; cyclosporin A analog; MW 1217		1.9710
beta-escin
Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.		1.9510triterpenoid saponin
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.4120penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		2.0310
beta-escin
[no description available]		4.26190
melibiose
alpha-D-Galp-(1->6)-alpha-D-Glcp : A glycosylglucose consisting of alpha-D-galactopyranose and alpha-D-glucopyranose residues joined in sequence by a (1->6) glycosidic bond.		2.0110glycosylglucose
4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate
[no description available]		2.0210
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		2.0110nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
dantrolene sodium
dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.		2.0510
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		5.36141imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
am 404
[no description available]		2.0710anilide
sb 334867-a
1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea: selective OX1 receptor antagonist		11.063230naphthyridine derivative
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		2.0510nitrofuran antibiotic
shellac
shellac: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4920
peplomycin
Peplomycin: An antineoplastic agent derived from BLEOMYCIN.		1.9610glycopeptide
dioxotechnetium
technetium dioxide : A metal oxide with formula TcO2.		2.610metal oxide;
technetium molecular entity
gadolinium dtpa
Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)		1.9810gadolinium coordination entityMRI contrast agent
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		4.0240isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		9.43610diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
carboxyl radical
[no description available]		2.1310carbon oxide;
organic radical anion		xenobiotic metabolite
platensimycin
platensimycin: has antidiabetic and antisteatotic activities; a pentacyclic ketolide (structurally similar to adamantane) connected by an amide bond to 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid; inhibits cellular lipid biosynthesis; discovered while screening compounds from Streptomyces platensis bacteria in a South African soil sample with S. aureus bacteria deficient in FabF protein; structure in first source. platensimycin : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the amino group of 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with the carboxy group of the oxatetracyclic cage component. It is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces platensis and exhibits inhibitory activity against fatty acid synthase.		7.1510aromatic amide;
cyclic ether;
cyclic ketone;
dihydroxybenzoic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
polycyclic cage		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).		2.0310nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		3.6730cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
fostriecin
fostriecin: compound contains a conjugated triene and an unsaturated lactone; from Streptomyces pulveraceus; structure given in second source. fostriecin : A structurally unique, naturally-occurring phosphate monoester isolated from the soil bacterium Streptomyces pulveraceus. It inhibits DNA topoisomerase II as well as several protein phosphatase including PP2A and PPA4, and exhibits potent antitumor activity against several cancer cell lines.		1.99102-pyranones;
olefinic compound;
phosphate monoester;
polyketide;
primary allylic alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
topoisomerase II inhibitor
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.0510roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cj-15,801
CJ-15,801: an antibiotic from a fungus, Seimatosporium sp; structure in first source		2.0210olefinic compound
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine
Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.		1.9710
epostane
[no description available]		3.3511
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		2.0510artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-arg(6)-
enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Arg(6)-: RN refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr-D-Ala-L-Phe-L-Leu)-isomer		1.9710
beraprost
beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.		2.0510enyne;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
lanreotide
[no description available]		2.0510
sitafloxacin
sitafloxacin: structure in first source		3.4711
oleoyl-estrone
oleoyl-estrone: induces the loss of body fat in rats		2.6930
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		2.0510diarylmethane
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.5820amino acid amide
leucyl-phenylalanine
Leu-Phe : A dipeptide formed from L-leucine and L-phenylalanine residues.		710dipeptidemetabolite
bromopyruvate
[no description available]		2.07102-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion
epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine
epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine: cross-link in proteins. epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine : An N(6)-acyl-L-lysine derivative in which the acyl group is specified as gamma-glutamyl.		2.3820L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
N(6)-acyl-L-lysine
acetylcarnitine
O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.		2.0510O-acetylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		4.92110ammonium ion derivative
chloralose
Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.		1.9310
1-isoquinolin-5-yl-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-urea
1-isoquinolin-5-yl-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-urea: structure in first source		3.84110
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		6.69181phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pq 401
PQ 401: an IGF receptor type I antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310quinolines
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		7.83223biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
mannich bases
Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.		2.0110
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		210
thioacetazone
Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.		5.6861
s 1743
Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.		10.121614magnesium saltanti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
aldicarb
Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.. aldicarb : The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.		210
phoxim
phoxim: structure		7.4920
nifurtoinol
nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.		2.0510hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.4811benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
fosinopril
[no description available]		2.0510
ferrihydrite
ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O		2.1710
fpl 15896ar
[no description available]		2.2510
clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone
clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone: active metabolite of lactacystin; inhibits 20 S proteasome; structure in first source		2.1110
disilver oxide
[no description available]		2.0610
eflucimibe
eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor		2.0510
bay 58-2667
BAY 58-2667: activates guanylyl cyclase; structure in first source. cinaciguat : A benzoic acid that is 4-(aminomethyl)benzoic acid in which the amino group is substituted by 4-carboxybutyl and 2-(2-{[4-(2-phenylethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)ethyl groups. It is a soluble guanylate cyclase activator, used for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure.		3.1910aromatic ether;
benzoic acids;
dicarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.		2.0210
cp 547632
3-(4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzyloxy)-5-(3-(4-pyrrolidin-1-ylbutyl)ureido)isothiazole-4-carboxylic acid amide: inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase; structure in first source		4.7321
variolin b
variolin B: from Antartic sponge, Kirkpatrickia variolosa; structure in first source		2.0810
malayamycin a
malayamycin A: from Streptomyces malaysiensis; structure in first source		2.0310
lenvatinib
lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.		2.2110aromatic amide;
aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist;
orphan drug;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
kb r7943
2-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl)ethyl)isothiourea methanesulfonate: inhibits the reverse mode of Na+/Ca++ exchange in cells expressing NCX1; structure in first source		2.0610
pd 0325901
mirdametinib: has antineoplastic activity; appears to be a MEK inhibitor. PD 0325901 : A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).		2.1310difluorobenzene;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monofluorobenzenes;
organoiodine compound;
propane-1,2-diols;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
l 755507
L 755507: a benzenesulfonamide derivative; structure in first source		210
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		2.0210oligopeptide
vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(o- methyl-l-tyrosine)-8-l-arginine-
vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(O- methyl-L-tyrosine)-8-L-arginine-: highly potent antagonist of vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin; structure in first source		1.9810
ucb 34714
brivaracetam: A pyrrolidinone compound that is used to treat partial onset seizures in adult patients; structure in first source.. brivaracetam : A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative that is butanamide in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl. Used for treatment of partial onset seizures related to epilepsy.		2.1510gamma-lactam;
non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative		anticonvulsant
etomoxir
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine
N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist		2.0210
istaroxime
Istaroxime: PST-2744 is the (E,Z)-isomer; a positive cardiac inotropic agent; structure in first source		3.5520
pr-104a
PR-104A: 3,5-dinitrobenzamide nitrogen mustard, an alkyating antineoplastic; PR-104A is the corresponding alcohol of PR104		2.110
ursodoxicoltaurine
tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.		1.9910bile acid taurine conjugateanti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
sk&f 45905
2-(2-(3-(4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ureido)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)-4,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonic acid: a CoA-independent transacylase inhibitor; structure given in first source		3.4980
gambogic acid
gambogic acid: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,1(Z),3abeta,5alpha,11beta,14aS*))-isomer		7.610pyranoxanthonesmetabolite
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		4.5880organic molecular entity
rwj-56110
RWJ-56110: a PAR-1 antagonist; structure in first source		3.6590
flag peptide
FLAG peptide: engineered as a tag for immunoaffinity purification of genetically-engineered proteins; amino acid sequence given in first source; a polar octapeptide. FLAG peptide : An eight amino acid peptide consisting of L-aspartic acid, L-tyrosine, L-lysine, four L-aspartic acid residues, and L-lysine joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is widely used as a fusion tag for the purification and detection of a wide variety of recombinant proteins.		1.9910peptide
sm 346
SM 346: 2-mercaptobenzimidazole derivative		2.4720
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		5.07410aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
sabiporide
sabiporide: a NHE-1 inhibitor and a cardioprotective agent; structure in first source		2.110
jnj 10397049
JNJ 10397049: a selective orexin receptor-2 antagonist		3.2150
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.4311carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticagrelor
Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.		3.5311aryl sulfide;
hydroxyether;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
triazolopyrimidines		P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		2.2110aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
lipid a
Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).		1.9710dodecanoate ester;
lipid A;
tetradecanoate ester		Escherichia coli metabolite
ns 1652
NS 1652: an anion conductance inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4320
shu 9119
SHU 9119: an agouti mimetic; structure in first source		2.0510
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510
triglycidylamine
triglycidylamine: a crosslinking reagent		2.1710
miv 150
MIV 150: structure in first source		7.66242
k 134 compound
OPC 33509: has both anti-thrombotic and anti-hyperplastic activities; structure in first source		6.79122
ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate
[no description available]		4.2841
sb 705498
SB 705498: structure in first source		10.6227
pd 166285
PD 166285: structure in first source		2.0410
secoisolariciresinol diglucoside
secoisolariciresinol diglucoside: major precursor of mammalian lignans; structure given in first source; RN given refers to B-D-GLUCO isomer		5.7822
pamaqueside
pamaqueside: structure in first source		210
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		2.1110N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
n-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2h)-carboxamide
N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)-carboxamide: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist and analgesic; structure in first source		2.0510piperazines;
pyridines
cc 1065
CC 1065: from Streptomyces zelensis; structure in second sourc		5.180
zeolites
[no description available]		9.49220
linaprazan
linaprazan: structure in first source		2.0710
tetramethylrhodamine
tetramethylrhodamine: RN given refers to perchlorate; structure		2.5120xanthene dye
u 18666a
3-beta-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one: inhibits cycloartenol synthase. 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. It is a cholesterol synthesis and transport inhibitor.		1.9710hydrochlorideantiviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.72 (Delta(24)-sterol reductase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
nicotinic antagonist;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
ns 3623
NS 3623: structure in first source		2.0110
chir 99021
Chir 99021: structure in first source. CHIR 99021 : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2-aminopyrimidine substituted at positions N2, 5 and 6 by (5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)ethyl, 4-methylimidazol-2-yl and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups respectively.		2.4920aminopyridine;
aminopyrimidine;
cyanopyridine;
diamine;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles;
secondary amino compound		EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
g(m1) ganglioside
G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.		2.420alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine;
sialotetraosylceramide
imidocarb dipropionate
[no description available]		2.6530
potassium oxide
potassium oxide : A metal oxide with formula K2O.		2.0810metal oxide;
potassium salt
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		7.03132
l 159884
L 159884: structure in first source		210
cgp 20712a
CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A		210
methionine sulfoxide
methionine sulfoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-methionine (R)-S-oxide : The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.		2.1510amino acid zwitterion;
L-methionine S-oxide		Escherichia coli metabolite
pimavanserin
pimavanserin: A 5-HT(2A) inverse agonist; ACP-103 is the dihydroxybutanedioate (2:1) salt. It is used to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with PARKINSON DISEASE; structure in first source.. pimavanserin : A member of the class of ureas in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by 4-fluorobenzyl, 1-methylpiperidin-4-yl, and 4-(isopropyloxy)benzyl groups. An atypical antipsychotic that is used (in the form of its tartrate salt) for treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease.		17.5112922aromatic ether;
monofluorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound;
ureas		5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor inverse agonist;
antipsychotic agent;
serotonergic antagonist
vorapaxar
vorapaxar: has antiplatelet activity; structure in first source. vorapaxar : A carbamate ester that is the ethyl ester of [(1R,3aR,4aR,6R,8aR,9S,9aS)-9-{(E)-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethynyl}-1-methyl-3-oxododecahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-6-yl]carbamic acid. A protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist used (as its sulfate salt) for the reduction of thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or with peripheral arterial disease. It has been shown to reduce the rate of a combined endpoint of cardiovascular death, MI, stroke and urgent coronary revascularisation.		2.1710carbamate ester;
lactone;
naphthofuran;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines		cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist
candicidin
Candicidin: Mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides from Streptomyces griseus or Actinomyces levoris used topically in candidiasis. The antibiotic complex is composed of candicidins A, B, C, and D, of which D is the major component.. candicidin D : A 38-membered ring lactone containing seven (E)-double bonds between positions 22 and 35 and substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11, 13, 17 and 19, oxo groups at positions 3, 7 and 15, a carboxy group at position 18, a 3-amino-3,6-dideoxymannopyranosyloxy group at position 21, a methyl group at position 36 and a 7-(4-aminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-7-oxoheptan-2-yl group at position 37. It is the major component of candicidin, a mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus.. candicidin : A mixture of the antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus. It is composed of candicidins A, B, C and D, with candicidin D being the major component. Candicidin is active against some fungi of the genus Candida, and has been used in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.		1.9510macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal drug;
bacterial metabolite
linagliptin
Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.		7.4110aminopiperidine;
quinazolines		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate		12.053122
abbott 66193
N-dehydroxyzileuton: structure given in first source		5.39531-benzothiophenes
cystathionine
Cystathionine: Sulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of METHIONINE to CYSTEINE.. cystathionine : A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine.		3.0650cysteine derivative
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.4620benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
phenobarbital sodium
2-(phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid: an N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase) antagonist		3.4670
1-(2-(1-adamantyl)ethyl)-1-pentyl-3-(3-(4-pyridyl)propyl)urea
1-(2-(1-adamantyl)ethyl)-1-pentyl-3-(3-(4-pyridyl)propyl)urea: structure in first source		3.3160
heptakis(2,6-o-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin
heptakis(2,6-O-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin: stimulant for Bordetella pertussis Phase I		2.0310
act 058362
1-(2-(4-benzyl-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(2-methylquinolin-4-yl)urea: a urotensin-II receptor antagonist; structure in first source		11.73328
n-acetylcysteinamide
[no description available]		2.610
2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarbonylurea
2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarbonylurea: has anticonvulsant activity; structure in first source		7.9440
dimethylarginine
dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.		2.4520
vitamin u
Vitamin U: A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.. S-methyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-methyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.1310methyl-L-methionine;
sulfonium betaine
sb674042
SB674042: nonpeptide antagonist to the human orexin-1 receptor; structure in first source		2.4420
fluorapatite
fluorapatite: RN refers to fluorapatite [Ca5F(PO4)3]). apatite : A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl.. fluorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F.		1.9610
struvite
Struvite: The mineral magnesium ammonium phosphate with the formula NH4MgPO4. It is associated with urea-splitting organisms in a high magnesium, high phosphate, alkaline environment. Accumulation of crystallized struvite is found in the urinary tract as struvite CALCULI and as scale on sewage system equipment and wastewater pipes.		4.98120hydrate;
phosphate mineral		fertilizer
sb-611812
SB-611812: urotensin-II antagonist		3.1410
saracatinib
[no description available]		2.1710aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
diether;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
oxanes;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		5.29150
eledoisin
Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)		1.9810peptide
1-azafagomine
1-azafagomine: inhibits processing glycosidase; structure in first source		2.110
circulin b
[no description available]		1.9910
nigerloxin
nigerloxin: an inhibitor of aldose reductase and lipoxygenase with Free radical scavenging activity. nigerloxin : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 by carbamoyl, hydroxy, E)-prop-1-en-1-yl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Obtained from solid-state fermentation of Aspergillus niger CFR-W-105, it inhibits soy bean lipoxygenase-1 (LOX-1) and rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR). It also shows free radical scavenging activity.		2.110aromatic ether;
benzamides;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
styrenes		antioxidant;
Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
sb 215505
SB 215505: a neuroleptic with equivalent or higher antagonist affinity for 5-HT2 than for dopamine D2 receptor		2.0810
e 5555
E 5555: a 2-iminopyridine derivative and platelet aggregation inhibitor		2.1710aromatic ketone
volasertib
BI 6727: a polo-like kinase inhibitor with broad antitumor activity; structure in first source		2.1510
glycerol phenylbutyrate
glycerol phenylbutyrate: for treating urea cycle disorders		8.4863triglyceride
isotocin
isotocin: hormone found in some teleosts; Gln in position 4 of oxytocin replaced by Ser & Leu in position 8 by Ile; structure		210
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		6.79191
vinflunine
vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
ly 341495
LY 341495: structure in first source		2.0210
digalactosyldiacylglycerol
digalactosyldiacylglycerol: two Galactoses bound to diacylglycerol; the mono Gal MGDG is also available; constitutes 20% of plant chloroplast lipids; see also 1,2-distearoyldigalactosyldiglyceride		2.0110
baci-im
[no description available]		2.0510homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
ucn 1028 c
calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides		1.9910
ribose
ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.		4.35210D-ribose;
ribopyranose
urb602
URB602: inhibitor of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)-deactivating enzyme, monoacylglycerol lipase, structure in first source		2.0610
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		8.17272alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		8.26212
palytoxin
palytoxin: coelenterate toxin; composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides. palytoxin : A polyol marine coelenterate toxin composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides and produced by species of Palythoa and Zoanthus soft corals (collectively called zoantharians), either as a defence mechanism or to assist them in capturing prey. An ionophore that forms cation channels through Na+/K+-ATPase, it is a potent vasoconstrictor useful in evaluation of anti-angina agents. It is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.		2.0810polyoltoxin
cariprazine
cariprazine: Structure in first source. cariprazine : An N-alkylpiperazine that is N,N-dimethyl-N'-{trans-4-[2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}urea substituted at position 4 on the piperazine ring by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.		2.1510
bx 517
BX 517: a phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0310
regorafenib
[no description available]		2.2110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tedizolid
DA 7157: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. tedizolid : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a 2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl group at position 2 and by a 2-fluoro-4-[(5R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl group at position 5. It is used as its phosphate pro-drug used for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible strains), various Streptococcus species, and Enterococcus faecalis.		2.1110carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
primary alcohol;
pyridines;
tetrazoles		antimicrobial agent;
drug metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lurasidone hydrochloride
Lurasidone Hydrochloride: A thiazole derivative and atypical ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, serotonin 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, and antagonist of the adrenergic α2A and α2C receptors, as well as a partial SEROTONIN 5-HT1A RECEPTOR AGONIST. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER.. lurasidone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of lurasidone with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An atypical antipsychotic agent used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		2.0710hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
abt 102
ABT 102: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source		9.04163
cardanol
cardanol: from pink pepper; phenol with hydrocarbon side chain which can vary in length & unsaturation		2.920phenols
rgb 286638
RGB 286638: a protein kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		5.6951
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		5.35141nystatins
bay 63-2521
riociguat: guanylate cyclase stimulator; structure in first source. riociguat : A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of {4,6-diamino-2-[1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl]pyrimidin-5-yl}methylcarbamic acid. It is used for treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension		3.3110aminopyrimidine;
carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazolopyridine		antihypertensive agent;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator
telcagepant
telcagepant: structure in first source		2.110
potassium cyanate
potassium cyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNO		4.790cyanate salt;
one-carbon compound		herbicide
penthiopyrad
penthiopyrad: a fungicide. penthiopyrad : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-penthiopyrad. Used to control rust and Rhizoctonia diseases and also shows activity against grey mould, powdery mildew and apple scab.. 1-methyl-N-[2-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)-3-thienyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)thiophen-3-amine.		2.610aromatic amide;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
thiophenes
a 784168
1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-(4-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-4-carboxamide: a TRPV1 antagonist		2.0310
nutlin-3a
nutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source		2.7930stilbenoid
danusertib
[no description available]		4.0920piperazines
3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate
3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole phosphate : A phosphate salt obtained by reacting 3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole with one equivalent of phosphoric acid. It is a nitrification inhibitor and when used on crops, it prevents nitrogen loss from soil, increases nitrogen use efficiency, and boosts crop yields.		8.3160phosphate saltnitrification inhibitor
abt 869
[no description available]		2.1110aromatic amine;
indazoles;
phenylureas		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
arginine aspartate
arginine aspartate: RN given refers to (L)-isomer of aspartic acid with L-arginine (1:1)		4.3622
ly2183240
LY2183240: structure in first source		3.3260biphenyls
snap7941
SNAP7941: structure in first source		2.0510
carfilzomib
[no description available]		4.811epoxide;
morpholines;
tetrapeptide		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
sitagliptin phosphate
Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.		2.1710
lysol
[no description available]		1.9710amino alcohol
2-(4-(6-chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yloxy)phenoxy)-2'-fluoro-n-methylpropionanilide
2-(4-(6-chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yloxy)phenoxy)-2'-fluoro-N-methylpropionanilide: metamifop is the (R)-isomer; an herbicide; structure in first source		2.6102-{4-[(6-chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}-N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-methylpropanamideEC 6.4.1.2 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) inhibitor;
phenoxy herbicide
lorcaserin
lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.		3.1810benzazepine;
organochlorine compound		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant
omecamtiv mecarbil
[no description available]		17.6712724ureas
trametinib
[no description available]		2.1310acetamides;
aromatic amine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound;
organoiodine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
ring assembly		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
mln8054
[no description available]		3.2110benzazepine
zj43
ZJ43: N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) peptidase inhibitor; structure in first source		4.2160
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		12.03866
zincophorin
zincophorin: 25 carbon polypropionate from Streptomyces griseus; griseochelin and M 144255 are the same monocarboxylic acid ionophore		2.4420pyransbacterial metabolite;
ionophore
imidazolone
imidazolone: a reaction product of arginine with 3-deoxyglucosone which markedly accumulates in uremic serum; structure in first source		2.9740organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
pulvomycin
pulvomycin: isolated from culture MA-2465; structure		2.0210
narlaprevir
narlaprevir: an antiviral agent that inhibits hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. narlaprevir : An azabicyclohexane that is (1R,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane substituted by [(3S)-1-(cyclopropylamino)-1,2-dioxoheptan-3-yl]aminoacyl and N-({1-[(tert-butylsulfonyl)methyl]cyclohexyl}carbamoyl)-3-methyl-L-valyl groups at positions 2S and 3, respectively. It is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A serine protease inhibitor (Ki = 6 nM) that is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C.		7.83114azabicyclohexane;
cyclopropanes;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone;
tertiary carboxamide;
ureas		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor
empagliflozin
[no description available]		6.9651aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
tetrahydrofuryl ether		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
palmitoylcarnitine
Palmitoylcarnitine: A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.. O-palmitoyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl).		2.4220O-palmitoylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
boldenone undecylenate
[no description available]		2.5220
ly2603618
[no description available]		2.5420ureas
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		4.05150benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		2.4820
2-amino-5-ureidopentanamide
2-amino-5-ureidopentanamide: neuroprotective agent isolated from Parawixia bistriata spider venom; structure in first source		3.3260
sar 1118
lifitegrast: An LFA-1 (LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1) antagonist that is used in the treatment of DRY EYE SYNDROMES.. lifitegrast : An N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-[2-(1-benzofuran-6-carbonyl)]-5,7-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 3-(methanesulfonyl)-L-phenylalanine. Used for treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome).		2.15101-benzofurans;
isoquinolines;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 antagonist
delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate: (L)-isomer is the biologically active form; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.21101-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		5.15470
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		10.081011,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		3.2160
vindoline
[no description available]		2.1310
brexpiprazole
brexpiprazole: a serotonin agent; structure in first source		3.3510N-arylpiperazine
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		16.043865
virginiamycin
Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.		2.520
th 302
TH 302: an hypoxia-activated prodrug of bromo-isophosphoramide mustard; an antineoplastic agent		2.1110
n4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4h-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-n2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine
N4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4H-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-N2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor; structure in first source		2.1110
pf 03491390
[no description available]		2.0510
pyrostatin a
pyrostatin A: inhibits N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase; isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source. 5-hydroxyectoine : A carboxamidine heterocycle which is obtained by formal condensation of 4-amino-L-allothreonine with acetic acid.		2.77301,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
iminium betaine;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol
n-monoacetylcystine
N-monoacetylcystine: antidote for paracetamol poisoning		1.9810
thienopyridine
thienopyridine: patients were treated with thienopyridine after percutaneous coronary intervention; Antiplatelet Agents. thienopyridine : Any organic heterobicyclic compound whose skeleton results from the formal ortho-fusion of any bond of a pyridine with any bond of a thiophene.		2.7630
phytosterols
Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.		2.1510
tyvelose
tyvelose: see also records for paratose & colitose; RN given refers to (D)-isomer		1.9910
enerbol
Life: The state that distinguishes organisms from inorganic matter, manifested by growth, metabolism, reproduction, and adaptation. It includes the course of existence, the sum of experiences, the mode of existing, or the fact of being. Over the centuries inquiries into the nature of life have crossed the boundaries from philosophy to biology, forensic medicine, anthropology, etc., in creative as well as scientific literature. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)		2.6430
dihydrotachysterol
Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.		1.9410
rifamycins
[no description available]		2.3520
ethidium homodimer-1
[no description available]		2.0510
thienopyrimidine
thienopyrimidine: structure in first source. thienopyrimidine : A class of aromatic heterobicyclic compounds each of which contains a pyrimidine ring ortho fused to a 5-membered thiophene ring.		7.0210
clove
Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)		2.4420
amicarbalide diisethionate
amicarbalide diisethionate: structure		2.8840
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		7.46692
ants
Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)		2.8630
3-hydroxyquinidine
3-hydroxyquinidine: RN given refers to (9S)-isomer		1.9810
bleomycetin
bleomycetin: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1110
ammonium citrate
[no description available]		2.0210ammonium salt;
citrate salt		buffer;
food emulsifier
aflatoxin g1
aflatoxin G1: RN given refers to (7aR-cis)-isomer & is from 9th CI Form Index		2.2510
eth 1001
ETH 1001: Ca++ carrier; structure given in first source		2.0110
ag 2000
AG 2000: structure given in first source		1.9810
3-methylcytidine
[no description available]		4.5111methylcytidine
ureidoglycine
ureidoglycine: structure in first source		3.1650
icatibant
icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.		1.9910
jaw
[no description available]		2.6630indolecarboxamide
3-mercaptopropylphosphonic acid
[no description available]		2.2510
pluramycin
[no description available]		1.9910
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside
cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.		2.1710
s-adenosylethionine
[no description available]		2.110
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		9.152050organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cefathiamidine
cefathiamidine: structure		2.110cephalosporin
mdv 3100
[no description available]		2.2110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzamides;
imidazolidinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
thiocarbonyl compound		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
l 054522
L 054522: somatostatin receptor subtype 2 agonist; structure in first source		210
vonoprazan
1-(5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-N-methylmethanamine: a proton pump inhibitor; structure in first source		2.5420pyrroles
macitentan
[no description available]		2.1510aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
pyrimidines;
ring assembly;
sulfamides		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist;
orphan drug
3-o-methylfluorescein phosphate
[no description available]		1.9810aryl phosphate
a 803467
A 803467: an Nav1.8 sodium channel blocker; structure in first source		2.0510
gsk 1034702
GSK 1034702: structure in first source		2.110
5-(alpha-methyl-4-bromobenzylamino)phosphonomethyl-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
5-(alpha-methyl-4-bromobenzylamino)phosphonomethyl-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: an excitatory amino acid antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
enmd 2076
ENMD 2076: an antiangiogenic agent with aurora kinase inhibitory and antineoplastic activities		3.2110
unbs 5162
UNBS 5162: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		4.7661
amodiaquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		5.13420
picogreen
PicoGreen: a DNA-specific dye; has strong affinity for double-stranded DNA and is designed to quantify these molecules in solution; a UV-excitable dye; no further information available 6/96. PicoGreen : A cyanine dye that is 1-phenylquinoline which is substituted at position 2 by a bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]amino group and at position 4 by a (3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium-2-yl)methylene group. The counter ion is not stated. A fluorochrome that selectively binds double-stranded DNA and has characteristics similar to that of SYBR-Green I.		2.0210benzothiazoles;
cyanine dye;
quinolines;
tertiary amine		fluorescent dye
calcitonin
[no description available]		210
cosyntropin
Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.		2.3720
melitten
Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.		3.7630
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		4.4470
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		2.4320oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
dynorphins
Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.		2.1710
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		14.01313polypeptide
tannins
gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).		2.0510tannin
cgp 23996
CGP 23996: nonreducible analog of somatostatin; used to test binding sites for somatostatin		1.9910
glycoprotein e2, hepatitis c virus
glycoprotein E2, Hepatitis C virus: RN refers to quasispecies 4E; amino acid sequence known; caution: HCV also stands for hog cholera virus		2.3110
fibrinopeptide b
Fibrinopeptide B: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the beta chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin. Each peptide chain contains 20 amino acid residues. The removal of fibrinopeptides B is not required for coagulation.		1.9510
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		8.48226
gramicidin a
Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.		5.5290
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		16.1828620peptide hormone
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		1.9810
viscotoxin
viscotoxin: 5 kDa, 46 aa peptide from VISCUM related to other thionins; do not confuse with other proteins from VISCUM		3.3811
thymosin beta(4)
thymosin beta(4): biological active peptide present in thymosin fractions 5 & 5A; participates in the regulation, differentiation & function of thymus-derived lymphocytes & may also act directly or indirectly on macrophages & other cells involved in cell-mediated immunity		2.0410
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		3.6690
ularitide
Ularitide: a 32-amino acid peptide derived from (95-126 residues) of ANP PROHORMONE (1-126 residues); not biologically inactivated by a peptidase from dog kidney cortex membranes		4.5440
angiotensinogen
Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.		3.3670
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		4.38210
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		5.04410
anticodon
Anticodon: The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.		1.9510
liraglutide
[no description available]		4.7211lipopeptide;
polypeptide		glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		4.551
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		2.4220polypeptide
insulin detemir
Insulin Detemir: A recombinant long-acting insulin and hypoglycemic agent in which a MYRISTIC ACID is conjugated to a LYSINE at position B29. It is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE levels in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.		2.0510
prosaptide
prosaptide: 22-mer active peptide of prosaposin; amino acid sequence in first source		2.0810
incretins
Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.		2.3110
pardaxin
pardaxin: acidic protein from flatfish Pardachirus marmoratus; amino aicd sequence known		1.9610
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		7.41252
gastrin 17
gastrin-17 : One of the primary forms of gastrin that is a 17-membered peptide consisting of Glp, Gly, Pro, Trp, Leu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Ala, Tyr, Gly, Trp, Met, Asp and Phe-NH2 residues joined in sequence.		3.4811gastrinantineoplastic agent
natriuretic peptide, c-type
Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.		2.9540
ge 2270 a
GE 2270 A: from Planobispora rosea; inhibits bacterial protein synthesis in vitro by affecting specifically the GTP-bound form of elongation factor Tu; structure given in first source		2.0210
ristocetin
Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.		5.0880glycopeptide;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
tetrasaccharide derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		13.8927013glycoside
sodium borate
borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.		2.9440
perovskite
calcium titanate : A calcium salt with the formula CaTiO3, generally obtained in the form of the mineral perovskite.		2.6920
ferrous gluconate
ferrous gluconate: iron important in this cpd; RN given refers to ferrous cpd		2.0810
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		4.21160
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		9.048311,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atractyloside
Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.		2.8740
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.		3.41121-hydroxy steroid
mk-8776
MK-8776: a checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) inhibitor; SCH900776 was renamed MK-8776; structure in first source		2.1710pyrazolopyrimidine
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		5.46660chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
phenylmercuric acetate
Phenylmercuric Acetate: A phenyl mercury compound used mainly as a fungicide. Has also been used as a herbicide, slimicide, and bacteriocide.		2.3520arylmercury compound;
benzenes
bismuth subsalicylate
bismuth subsalicylate: bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient of Pepto-Bismol and in Kaopectate; used to treat nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach; used with Azoles and other drugs to treat Helicobacter. bismuth subsalicylate : A bismuth salt of salicylic acid.		7.0393
4-aminophenylmercuriacetate
4-aminophenylmercuriacetate: covalently linked to agarose for purification of FAD & COA with chromatography		1.9610
vendex
Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.		2.9540organotin acaricide
triethyltin sulfate
Triethyltin sulfate: not the sulfate salt of triethyltin		1.9410
urea stibamine
[no description available]		3.96140
thimerosal
Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.		2.4120alkylmercury compoundantifungal drug;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
drug allergen
platencin
platencin: inhibits both FabF and FabH; structure in first source. platencin : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the amino group of 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with the carboxy group of the polycyclic cage component. It is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces platensis and exhibits inhibitory activity against fatty acid synthase.		7.1510aromatic amide;
cyclic ketone;
dihydroxybenzoic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
polycyclic cage		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor
xu 62-320
fluvastatin sodium : A racemate that is the sodium salt of fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.		1.9910
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		3.89130organic molecular entity
sphingosine kinase
[no description available]		2.6920
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		5.03130
1-palmitoyl-2-(6-(n-(7-nitrobenz)-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)aminocaproyl)phosphatidylcholine
1-hexadecanoyl-2-{6-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]hexanoyl}-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are hexadecanoyl and 6-[(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]hexanoyl respectively.		2.04101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)fluorescent probe
alpha-amanitin
Alpha-Amanitin: A cyclic octapeptide with a thioether bridge between the cystine and tryptophan. It inhibits RNA POLYMERASE II. Poisoning may require LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.. alpha-amanitin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of eight amino acid residues and containing a thioether bridge between a cysteine and a tryptophan residue. It is found in a number of poisonous mushrooms, including Amanita phalloides (the death cap), Galerina marginata, and and Conocybe filaris.		2.4620
bluensomycin
bluensomycin: differs from dihydrostreptomycin only in absence of guanidino group; structure		1.9610amino sugar
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		3.2560
tetronic 701
tetronic 701: series of surface-active block polymers with added hydrophilic (polyoxyethylene) and hydrophobic (polyoxypropylene) side chains to ethylene-diamine; used as a drug carrier		1.9810
sb-706375
SB-706375: nonpeptidic urotensin-II receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.1410
n-acetyl-s-pentachloro-1,3-butadienylcysteine
N-acetyl-S-pentachloro-1,3-butadienylcysteine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source		1.9610
n,n'-bis(2-hydroxy-5-(ethylene-beta-carboxy)benzyl)ethylenediamine n,n'-diacetic acid
N,N'-bis(2-hydroxy-5-(ethylene-beta-carboxy)benzyl)ethylenediamine N,N'-diacetic acid: structure given in first source; a hexadentate ligand that chelates gallium; suitable for immunoscintigraphy with PET		2.9910
guanidine isothiocyanate
[no description available]		3.1250
n-methylcarbamate
N-methylcarbamate: RN given refers to parent cpd		7.0110amino-acid anion
scalaradial
scalaradial: RN refers to the (5alpha,12alpha,17abeta)-isomer; a marine natural product isolated from the sponge Cacospongia sp.; structure given in first source. scalaradial : A scalarane sesterterpenoid with formula C27H40O4. It is a natural product found in the marine sponges Spongia officinalis and Cacospongia mollior, and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.		1.9910acetate ester;
carbotetracyclic compound;
dialdehyde;
enal;
scalarane sesterterpenoid		animal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
marine metabolite;
TRP channel blocker
chitosan
[no description available]		7.19811
invert sugar
invert sugar: mixture of approx 50% dextrose & 50% levulose obtained by acid hydrolysis of cane sugar		2.3420
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine
[no description available]		1.9810
15-deoxyprostaglandin j2
15-deoxyprostaglandin J2: 15d-PGJ2 abbreviation is also used for 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)PGJ2		2.0210
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor		2.4120
s-(2-carboxyethyl)cysteine
[no description available]		2.0710
arginine butyrate
arginine butyrate: protects against lethal effect of encelphalomyocarditis virus in mice; also used to administer butyrate to stimulate globin gene expression in beta-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia		1.9710
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		2.5320organosulfonic acid
methallyl sulfonate
[no description available]		2.1510
sodium oxybate
Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.		2.3520
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		4.452303',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
cerivastatin sodium
cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
statin (synthetic)
lithium perchlorate
lithium perchlorate: stabilizes DNA-polycation complex; RN given refers to parent compound		1.9710
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		10.29487inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
sodium bisulfite
sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.		2.7830inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		allergen;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
mutagen;
reducing agent
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		210lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
monensin
[no description available]		2.0510
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
urografin 76
urovision: urovision contains a mixture of sodium & meglumine salts of diatrizoic acid in the ratio of 50:18 in aqueous solution used in urography		2.3620
4-hydroxymercuribenzoate
[no description available]		3.0850
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.		3.86120inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
amphotericin b, deoxycholate drug combination
[no description available]		3.8221
sarkosyl
sarkosyl: RN given is for sarkosyl L, the parent cpd; structure		3.5280
sodium diatrizoate
histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
potassium bromate
potassium bromate: used as bread improver		2.7930bromate salt;
potassium salt		flour treatment agent
methyl orange
methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds		2.4720
docusate sodium
[no description available]		2.0210organic sodium salt
sodium glutamate
Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.		8.68100monosodium glutamateflavouring agent
merocyanine dye
merocyanine dye: fluorescent dye used for studying axons 2 position on pyrimidine ring may be S or O; RN given refers to Na salt; structure		2.0710
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		4.3441
sodium ethylxanthate
Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.		3.260
mersalyl
Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.		2.3520
arginine
Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.		1.9510
syringolin a
syringolin A: a cyclic dipeptide composed of the two non-proteinogenic amino acids. syringolin A : A syrbactin that has a (3E,9E)-2,7-dioxo-1,6-diazacyclododeca-3,9-diene skeleton that is substituted by an isopropyl group at position 5 and by a [(2S)-2-({[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-methylpropyl]carbamoyl}amino)-3-methylbutanoyl]nitrilo group at the 8-pro-S position. It is produced by the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.		4.6680dipeptide
olaparib
[no description available]		2.7830cyclopropanes;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-acylpiperazine;
phthalazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
almorexant
almorexant: a dual orexin receptor antagonist for treatment of insomnia		2.4920isoquinolines
methyl jasmonate
[no description available]		7.830
azd1386
AZD1386: TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source		3.1710
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		3.3570organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arry-614
pexmetinib: inhibits both p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and Tie2 protein		4.231
uridine diphosphate n-acetylmuramic acid
Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylmuramic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which is formed from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and phosphoenolpyruvate. It serves as the building block upon which peptidoglycan is formed.. UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate(3-) : A UDP-N-acetyl-D-muramate(3-) in which the anomeric centre of the pyranose fragment has alpha-configuration.		2.1510UDP-N-acetylmuramate(3-)
picrotoxin
Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.		4.5680
canagliflozin
canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.		2.2110C-glycosyl compound;
organofluorine compound;
thiophenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
ethyl cellulose
[no description available]		3.1650glycoside
insulin, isophane
Insulin, Isophane: An intermediate-acting INSULIN preparation with onset time of 2 hours and duration of 24 hours. It is produced by crystallizing ZINC-insulin-PROTAMINES at neutral pH 7. Thus it is called neutral protamine Hagedorn for inventor Hans Christian Hagedorn.		2.0310
superphosphate
superphosphate: RN given refers to normal or enriched superphosphate, MF unknown		8.1150
arabinogalactan
[no description available]		2.3820
intrinsic factor
Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.		1.9410
mk-1775
adavosertib: a Wee1 kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		3.83100piperazines
oxymatrine
oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects		2.2110
niraparib
niraparib: structure in first source. niraparib : A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.		4.8112-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamideantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
suvorexant
suvorexant: an orexin receptor antagonist; structure in first source. suvorexant : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group of 5-chloro-2-[(5R)-5-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1,3-benzoxazole. An orexin receptor antagonist used for the management of insomnia.		3.63201,3-benzoxazoles;
aromatic amide;
diazepine;
organochlorine compound;
triazoles		central nervous system depressant;
orexin receptor antagonist
navitoclax
[no description available]		2.3110aryl sulfide;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
piperazines;
secondary amino compound;
sulfone;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
sns 314
SNS 314: an aurora kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		3.1510ureas
egg white
Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		7.17512
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene
[no description available]		2.9430BODIPY compound
quetiapine fumarate
Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		7.15101fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		10.32236
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		2.0310oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
neurotensin
neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91		2.9140peptide hormonehuman metabolite;
mitogen;
neurotransmitter;
vulnerary
fibrinopeptide a
Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.		3.0750
osteogenic growth peptide
osteogenic growth peptide: circulating stimulator of osteoblastic activity; identical to the C-terminus of histone H4; see also osteogenin; amino acid sequence of 14 amino acids given in first source		2.5320
cabozantinib
cabozantinib: a multikinase inhibitor. cabozantinib : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is N-phenyl-N'-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring is substituted by a (6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy group. A multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, used (as its malate salt) for the treatment of progressive, metastatic, medullary thyroid cancer.		2.2110aromatic ether;
dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organofluorine compound;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mannans
[no description available]		4.981
bms-790052
daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.		3.5911biphenyls;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
imidazoles;
valine derivative		antiviral drug;
nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
ver 155008
VER 155008: structure in first source		2.3110purine nucleoside
nitrogenase
Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.		5.04130
thiopeptin
[no description available]		1.9610
guanidinosuccinic acid
guanidinosuccinic acid: a metabolite in uremia; metabolic product of amino acid metabolism; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-amidino-L-aspartate(1-) : Conjugate base of N-amidino-L-aspartate arising from deprotonation of the carboxy groups and protonation of the guanidino group; major species at pH 7.3.		7.93212L-alpha-amino acid anion
s-ethylcysteine
S-ethylcysteine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. S-ethyl-L-cysteine zwitterion : A S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of S-ethyl-L-cysteine; major species at pH 7.3.		1.9510S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion;
S-alkyl-L-cysteine		antitubercular agent
11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid
11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (11S,12R)-EET : An 11,12-EET in which the epoxy moiety has 11S,12R-configuration.. 11,12-EET : An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 11,12-double bond of arachidonic acid.		21011,12-EEThuman xenobiotic metabolite
peptones
Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)		4.11160
lysophosphatidylserine
lysophosphatidylserine: stimulates histamine secretion from isolated mast cells in mouse plasma. lysophosphatidylserine : An acylglycerophosphoserine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylserine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl. Formula C7H13NO9PR, where R represents the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acyl group.. 1-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerophosphoserine in which the acyl group is specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl).		2.17101-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine
zosterin
zosterin: a polysaccharide preparation of a sea grass belonging to Zoster		2.0210
adenosine diphosphate glucose
Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose: Serves as the glycosyl donor for formation of bacterial glycogen, amylose in green algae, and amylopectin in higher plants.. ADP alpha-D-glucoside(2-) : A nucleotide-sugar oxoanion resutling from the deprotonation of both free OH groups of the diphosphate group of ADP alpha-D-glucoside.		2.3720NDP-alpha-D-glucose(2-);
ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate-alpha-D-glucose(2-)		human metabolite
plx4032
[no description available]		5.1221aromatic ketone;
difluorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrrolopyridine;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
triiodothyronine, reverse
Triiodothyronine, Reverse: A metabolite of THYROXINE, formed by the peripheral enzymatic monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the inner ring of the iodothyronine nucleus.. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine zwitterion : Zwitterionic form of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine.		3.22603,3',5'-triiodothyronine;
amino acid zwitterion
mk-7655
relebactam: structure in first source		2.0610
cytochromes c1
Cytochromes c1: The 30-kDa membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C GROUP in the mitochondrial and bacterial RESPIRATORY CHAIN. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p545)		2.8840
10,10-difluoro-13-dehydroprostacyclin
10,10-difluoro-13-dehydroprostacyclin: RN given refers to parent cpd(5Z,9alpha,11alpha,15S)-isomer; structure given in first source		1.9710
glycolipids
[no description available]		6.72320
alamandine
alamandine: heptapeptide generated by catalytic action of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 angiotensin A or directly from angiotensin-(1-7)		2.3110peptide
v158411
V158411: a Chk1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.110
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		18.3423928
pht 427
4-dodecyl-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		2.0510
ornithine phenylacetate
[no description available]		4.1310
thymosin
Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.		2.0410
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		7.87204
pki 587
gedatolisib: inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR; structure in first source		2.4110
11-nor-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid
11-nor-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; a major acidic metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol in human urine		2.21101-benzopyran
muraymycin d2
muraymycin D2: structure in first source		2.0710zwitterionantimicrobial agent
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		6.6154
hydroxocobalamin
Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.		2.8640
tylosin
[no description available]		7.0210
fosinopril
Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.. fosinopril : A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.		210
exenatide
Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.		2.5120
2-deoxyribose 5-phosphate
[no description available]		2.0110phospho sugar
endrin
Endrin: An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the United States. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). endrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of isodrin. It is the endo, endo stereoisomer of dieldrin. It is an insecticide mainly used on field crops such as cotton and grains and has also been used as a rodenticide to control mice and voles. The product is banned in many countries since it is a persistent organic pollutant.		1.9510
atorvastatin calcium
pinnatoxin G: isolated from Pinna muricata; structure in first source		2.1110
6-chloro-5-(1-naphthyloxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1h-benzimidazole
6-chloro-5-(1-naphthyloxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazole: antiparasitic; structure in first source		2.1310
dinaciclib
[no description available]		3.2310pyrazolopyrimidine
fructose-1,6-diphosphate
fructose-1,6-diphosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer		2.4120
calcipotriene
calcipotriene: a topical dermatologic for the treatment of moderate plaque psoriasis; structure in first source. calcipotriol hydrate : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of calcipotriol. It is used in combination with betamethasone dipropionate, a corticosteroid, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.		5.4641hydrateantipsoriatic
birinapant
birinapant: a Smac mimetic with antineoplastic activity		2.1310dipeptide
abt-199
venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.. venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.		3.811aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
oxanes;
pyrrolopyridine		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
ve 821
3-amino-6-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-N-phenylpyrazine-2-carboxamide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		2.1110aromatic amide
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		4.52250
2-(1h-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate: activator for peptide synthesis		3.81110
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		2.6930
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		11.03247polypeptide
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		7.45960
leukotoxin
leukotoxin: do not confuse with leukotoxin which is 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoate		210
urb937
URB937: a peripherally restricted inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase		2.0710
lesinurad
lesinurad: a uric acid reabsorption inhibitor. lesinurad : A member of the class of triazoles that is [(3-bromo-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]acetic acid substituted at position 1 of the triazole ring by a 4-cyclopropylnaphthalen-1-yl group. Used for treatment of gout.		2.1510aryl sulfide;
cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthalenes;
organobromine compound;
triazoles		uricosuric drug
chondroitin
Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		3.5590
heparitin sulfate
Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.		3.98130
dihydronicotinamide
[no description available]		2.2510
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		12.541768ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
vericiguat
vericiguat: a guanylate cyclase stimulator; FDA approved for the treatment of chronic heart failure.. vericiguat : A pyrazolopyridine that is 5-fluoro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine in which the amino hydrogen at position 1 has been substituted by a 2-fluorobenzyl group and the hydrogen at position 3 has been substituted by a 4,6-diamino-5-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]pyrimidin-2-yl group. It is a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator which is used for treatment of chronic heart failure.		4.3320aminopyrimidine;
carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazolopyridine		antihypertensive agent;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		2.9440carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		15.499926
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		4.92120
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		7.35202
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		2.6730
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		16.869011monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		3.0650hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		3.6590benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		5.11521,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.0510heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.0510benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		6.49350benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
tenuazonic acid
Tenuazonic Acid: 3-Acetyl-5-sec-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one. A metabolite found in a strain of the fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct. which functions as an antibiotic with antiviral and antineoplastic properties, and may also act as a mycotoxin.. tenuazonic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is 5-(butan-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2,4-dione carrying an additional acetyl group at position 3. A mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi.		2.1310
ascorbate-2-phosphate
ascorbate-2-phosphate: inhibitor of ascorbate-2-sulfate sulfohydrolase from bovine liver. L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate : An aldonolactone phosphate that is the 2-phosphate ester of L-ascorbic acid. It can stimulate collagen formation.		2.8930aldonolactone phosphate
6-o-palmitoylascorbic acid
[no description available]		1.9910fatty acid ester
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		4.8360
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		3.8421hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
citrinin
Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.		2.6120
tetrocarcin a
tetrocarcin A: from cultures of strain No. T-90 designated as Micromonospora chalcea subsp. kazunoensis		1.9710
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		3.1210sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
antimycin
[no description available]		1.9710
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.6730
ethyl biscoumacetate
Ethyl Biscoumacetate: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. It has actions similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p226)		1.9410hydroxycoumarin
choline salicylate
choline salicylate: exists as gel or solution		3.2710hydroxybenzoic acid
pd 178390
PD 178390: structure in first source		3.1210
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.0510heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
pnu 103017
PNU 103017: an HIV aspartyl protease inhibitor; structure in first source		3.1210
aureo sp 250
chlorotetracycline, penicillin G, sulfamethazine drug combination: drug combination containing the above three cpds; used in the treatment of ureolytic bacteria found in the pig large intestine		1.9710
neoagarotetraose
[no description available]		2.0410
pacidamycin d
pacidamycin D: isolated from the fermentation broth of the Streptomyces coeruleorubiduns strain; structure in first source		2.110
byl719
[no description available]		4.811proline derivative
nickel nitrilotriacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0410
estradiol benzoate, progesterone drug combination
estradiol benzoate, progesterone drug combination: contains estradiol benzoate & progesterone		210
hexaminecobalt (iii) trichloride
hexaminecobalt (III) trichloride: structure		2.0510
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		4.63270
microcystin
microcystin: microcystins have the general structure cyclo(D-Ala-L-X-D-erythro--methylisoasp-L-Y-Adda-D-isoGlu-N-methyldehydroAla) where X and Y are variable L-amino acids;. microcystin : A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.		2.5420peptide
gastrin-releasing peptide
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.		3.3711
calca protein, human
CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741		4.760
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		3.4370aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		4.14140
sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride
[no description available]		2.0110
nebacetin
Nebacetin: contains bacitracin and neomycin		1.9610
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		5.97241
bismuth titanate
[no description available]		2.0510
antimony potassium tartrate
Antimony Potassium Tartrate: A schistosomicide possibly useful against other parasites. It has irritant emetic properties and may cause lethal cardiac toxicity among other adverse effects.		1.9510
cyanophycin
[no description available]		2.1710
saxitoxin
Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.		7.4520alkaloid;
carbamate ester;
guanidines;
ketone hydrate;
paralytic shellfish toxin;
pyrrolopurine		cyanotoxin;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
sodium channel blocker;
toxin
bms 193885
BMS 193885: a neuropeptide YY1 receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.4720
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		2.6930ketal
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-glutamyl-seryl-proline
[no description available]		1.9810
brine
brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above		2.4520
sybr green i
SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.		3.3510benzothiazolium ion;
cyanine dye;
quinolines;
tertiary amine		fluorescent dye
doravirine
[no description available]		2.2510
rki-1447
RKI-1447: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits ROCK1 and ROCK2; structure in first source		3.2850
pyrethrins
[no description available]		5.06130
globotriaosylceramide
globotriaosylceramide: receptor for Shigella. alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide : A glycotriaosylceramide having alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl component attached to the primary hydroxy function of a ceramide with undefined sphingoid base.		2.0610
siroheme
[no description available]		1.9610
ajmaline
[no description available]		2.0510
kiss1 protein, human
Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.		2.1710
spiroiminodihydantoin
spiroiminodihydantoin: structure in first source. spiroiminodihydantoin : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,6,8-tetraazaspiro[4.4]non-6-ene which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 4, and 9. Both enantiomers are highly mutagenic products resulting from the oxidation of guanine and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine in DNA by reactive oxygen species.		2.0210azaspiro compoundmutagen
4-((1-butyl-3-phenylureido)methyl)-n-hydroxybenzamide
4-((1-butyl-3-phenylureido)methyl)-N-hydroxybenzamide: inhibits HDAC6; structure in first source		2.0710
kibdelomycin
kibdelomycin: an antibiotic that inhibits both gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV; isolated from Kibdelosporangium; structure in first source		3.2110
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		7.05460
as 1842856
5-amino-7-(cyclohexylamino)-1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid: inhibits Foxo1 transactivation; inhibits mRNA levels of glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; structure in first source. AS1842856 : A quinolone that is 4-quinolone substituted at positions 1, 3, 5, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, amino, fluorine, and cyclohexylamino groups, respectively. It can directly bind to and block the transcription activity of the active forkhead box protein O1 (Foxo1), but not the Ser256-phosphorylated form. It induces cell death and growth arrest in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines at low concentrations.		2.110organofluorine compound;
primary amino compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
forkhead box protein O1 inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
cobra cardiotoxin proteins
Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins: Most abundant proteins in COBRA venom; basic polypeptides of 57 to 62 amino acids with four disulfide bonds and a molecular weight of less than 7000; causes skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, interferes with neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission, depolarizes nerve, muscle and blood cell membranes, thus causing hemolysis.		1.9510
hirudin
Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.		3.0550
glutaminase
[no description available]		6.79490
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		8.4470
alcohol oxidase
[no description available]		2.0810
alpha-conotoxin pnia
alpha-conotoxin PnIA: blocks neuronal acetylcholine receptors of Aplysia; isolated from the snail Conus pennaceus; amino acid sequence in first source		210
lysophosphatidylinositol
[no description available]		2.1310
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		20.2323715
thearubigin
thearubigin: from black tea leaves; a catechin oxidized product; a mixture of heterogenous polyphenols		2.1710
azd0914
zoliflodacin: a DNA gyrase inhibitor for treatment of gonorrhea		3.2110
mvt 101
MVT 101: peptide inhibitor		210
oligomycins
Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).		4.47240
nitroguanidine
nitroguanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. nitroguanidine : An N-nitro compound that is guanidine in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a nitro group. It can exist in distinct tautomeric forms, as 1-nitroguanidine (a nitroimine) or 2-nitroguanidine (a nitroamine); in both solid and in solution, the nitroimine form predominates.		2.0510nitroguanidine;
one-carbon compound
ferbam
ferbam: structure. ferbam : A dithiocarbamate salt that is the iron(III) salt of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. Formerly used as a fungicide.		1.9310
carubicin
Carubicin: A very toxic anthracycline-type antineoplastic related to DAUNORUBICIN, obtained from Actinomadura carminata.. carminomycin(1+) : An anthracyline cation that is the conjugate acid of carminomycin, obtained by protonation of the amino group.		1.9510anthracycline cation
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor		2.420
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		6.52370
bassianolide
bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.		3.1450cyclodepsipeptide;
cyclooctadepsipeptide		antineoplastic agent;
fungal metabolite;
insecticide
lewis x antigen
Lewis X Antigen: A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, Lewis X antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.		2.0510
carboxypeptidase b
Carboxypeptidase B: A ZINC-dependent carboxypeptidase primary found in the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. The enzyme catalyzes the preferential cleavage of a C-terminal peptidyl-L-lysine or arginine. It was formerly classified as EC 3.4.2.2 and EC 3.4.12.3.		7.6830
peptide yy
peptide YY (3-36): amino acid sequence given in first source		2.7330
calpastatin
calpastatin: large mol wt, heat-stable calpain inhibitor; not based on sequestering Ca++ from medium, but binding to calpain does require Ca++. calpastatin peptide Ac 184-210 : A 27-membered polypeptide comprising the sequence Ac-Asp-Pro-Met-Ser-Ser-Thr-Tyr-Ile-Glu-Glu-Leu-Gly-Lys-Arg-Glu-Val-Thr-Ile-Pro-Pro-Lys-Tyr-Arg-Glu-Leu-Leu-Ala-NH2. An acetylated synthetic peptide from human calpastatin that strongly inhibits both calpains I and II but not papain (a cysteine protease) or trypsin (a serine protease).		1.9710polypeptideEC 3.4.22.52 (calpain-1) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.53 (calpain-2) inhibitor
tws 119
[no description available]		2.1310
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		3.2560angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
ferric oxide, saccharated
Ferric Oxide, Saccharated: A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical.		2.4320
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		3.96140
3-methylglutarylcarnitine
3-methylglutarylcarnitine: diagnostic metabolite of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase deficiency; structure given in first source. O-3-methylglutarylcarnitine : An O-methylglutarylcarnitine compound having 3-methylglutaryl as the acyl substituent.		2.2110O-methylglutarylcarnitinemetabolite
adrenomedullin
Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.		5.8160
feldspar
feldspar: structure		5.0391
epoetin alfa
Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.		2.8540
lipofectamine
Lipofectamine: mediates gene transfer; a polycationic lipid reagent		2.0710
nephrin
nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)		2.7530
muraymycin a1
muraymycin A1: a uridyl peptide; muraymycins have a core skeleton consisting of an unusual nucleotide disaccharide and a lipophilic derivative of glycine linked to a unique dipeptide urea; inhibits MraY synthesis of peptidoglycan; in vitro activity against Gram-positive bacteria; found in Streptomyces; structure in first source		4.6680
gonyautoxin ii
gonyautoxin II: RN given refers to (3aS-(3aalpha,4alpha,9beta,10aR*))-isomer; gonyautoxin III is the (9alpha)-isomer of gonyautoxin II		2.0210organic heterotricyclic compound;
paralytic shellfish toxin		marine metabolite
carboxyatractyloside
carboxyatractyloside: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.6530
oridonin
[no description available]		7.3110
gibberellins
[no description available]		4.8460
sorbicillinol
sorbicillinol: structure in first source		2.0310
t-2 toxin
T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.		2.4110
copper bis(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate)
copper bis(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate): copper is intricate part of molecule; not copper salt; RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methylethyl moieties		2.0110
aldrin
Aldrin: A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). aldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.		7.3620
nonactin
nonactin: macrolide tetrolide antibiotic isolated from cycloheximide-producing species of Streptomyces; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ANTIBIOTICS (75-86)		2.730
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		11.01874
butirosin sulfate
Butirosin Sulfate: A water-soluble aminoglycosidic antibiotic complex isolated from fermentation filtrates of Bacillus circulans. Two components (A and B) have been separated from the complex. Both are active against many gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria.		1.9510
insulin degludec
[no description available]		2.5520
norgestrel
Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.		1.9810
sermorelin
Sermorelin: The biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor, consisting of GHRH(1-29)-amide. This N-terminal sequence is identical in several mammalian species, such as human, pig, and cattle. It is used to diagnose or treat patients with GROWTH HORMONE deficiency.. sermorelin : A 29 amino acid polypeptide that is used to treat growth problems (usually in children) due to growth hormone deficiency. It is the biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRH).		1.9610
transforming growth factor alpha
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.		2.0610
cystobactamid 919-2
[no description available]		2.2510
psma-617
PSMA-617: inhibits prostate-specific membrane antigen; structure in first source		2.3110
dodecaborate
dodecaborate: RN given for disodium salt; structure in first source		2.1710
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		12.04798
flavin mononucleotide
Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.		4.7300
cytochalasin d
Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.		1.9610
peptide yy
Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.		2.7330
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		11.08111
glucagon, n(alpha)-trinitrophenyl-his(1)-homo-arg(12)-
glucagon, N(alpha)-trinitrophenyl-His(1)-homo-Arg(12)-: potent antagonist of glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase system; lowers blood sugar		2.3720
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55)
[no description available]		2.1310
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		5.85120
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		3.99140
technetium tc 99m medronate
Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.		2.1310
apyrase
Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.		2.4220
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		2.8740
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		14.052620
lipofundin s
Lipofundin S: emulsion containing soy bean oil, soy phosphatides & glycerol		3.3611
chromomycins
Chromomycins: A complex of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics from Streptomyces griseus. The major component, CHROMOMYCIN A3, is used as a fluorescent stain of DNA where it attaches and inhibits RNA synthesis. It is also used as an antineoplastic agent, especially for solid tumors.. chromomycin : A family of antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces griseus.		3.110
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		2.0610
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		3.94130
all-bond 2
All-Bond 2: a 2-component primer system; primer A contains 2% sodium salt of N-p-tolylglycineglycidyl methacrylate		210
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		6.28131
angiogenin
angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400		2.0310
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		7.52202-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		4.51702-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		4.512403',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		3.76100purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydrofolate
dihydrofolic acid : A folic acid derivative acted upon by dihydrofolate reductase to produce tetrahydrofolic acid. It interacts with bacteria during cell division and is targeted by various drugs to prevent nucleic acid synthesis.		7.3820dihydrofolic acidsEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		3.7100guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine diphosphate glucose
guanosine diphosphate glucose: acts as a source of glucose for cellulose synthesis in some plants; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search GUANOSINE DIPHOSPHATE SUGARS (75-83); RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer. GDP-alpha-D-glucose : A GDP-D-glucose having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.		1.9710GDP-D-glucose
guanosine monophosphate
Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		3.2560guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		5.9330guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		7.126902-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine
ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.		4.05150guanosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine
[no description available]		10.65181nucleobase analogue;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid
Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.110inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		9.5780inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sapropterin
sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).		3.11505,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterincoenzyme;
cofactor;
diagnostic agent;
human metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		11.59685folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
viomycin
[no description available]		2.3620heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide antibiotic		antitubercular agent
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		3.3970nucleoside triphosphate analogue
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		3.4670
neopterin
[no description available]		2.8130
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		5.31131cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		5.8790benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.7530dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		5.2431purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		2.76302-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		2.0510L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		2.0510piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		4.2750benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		2.05102-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
oxypurinol
Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.		2.7130pyrazolopyrimidinedrug metabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
chir-124
[no description available]		2.0610
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.4120N-acyl-amino acid
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acid
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acid: RN refers to parent cpd(L-Glu)-isomer		2.0510benzamides;
methylenetetrahydrofolic acid
ro 3306
RO 3306: structure in first source		2.0710
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		13.06721nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine: a nitric oxide (NO) generating compound. 1,1-bis(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.		1.9910
azaguanine
Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.		1.9410nucleobase analogue;
triazolopyrimidines		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		2.0510formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanylyl imidodiphosphate
Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).		2.940nucleoside triphosphate analogue
hematein
hematein: structure. hematein : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is -6a,7-dihydrobenzo[b]indeno[1,2-d]pyran-9-one carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 3, 4, 6a and 10.		2.0510
5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one
5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one: impact-insensitive explosive; structure in first source		2.7630
ammeline
ammeline: causes retinal degeneration		2.1310diamino-1,3,5-triazine;
monohydroxy-1,3,5-triazine
noc 18
NOC 18: releases nitric oxide; structure in first source		210
alanosine
[no description available]		2.0510
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		2.5220N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.4420aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		3.2350citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vardenafil dihydrochloride
Vardenafil Dihydrochloride: A piperazine derivative, PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITOR and VASODILATOR AGENT that is used as a UROLOGICAL AGENT in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.		2.1110
rifabutin
[no description available]		2.0510
amido black
Amido Black: A dye used to stain proteins in electrophoretic techniques. It is used interchangeably with its acid form.. Amido Black 10B (acid form) : A bis(azo) compound that is naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 3, 4, 5, and 6 are replaced by (p-nitrophenyl)azo, amino, hydroxy, and phenylazo groups, respectively. A biological stain, it can be used interchangeably with its disodium salt, Amido Black 10B.		2.0510
dimethylglyoxime
dimethylglyoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.8940
8-bromocyclic gmp
8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.		2.67303',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
organobromine compound		muscle relaxant;
protein kinase G agonist
8-hydroxyguanine
7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.		2.7130oxopurine
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		3.2360
8-bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine: structure in first source. 8-bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine : An organobromine compound comprising 2'-deoxyguanosine having a bromo substituent at position 8 of the guanine ring system.		2.2110guanosines;
organobromine compound
bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid
[no description available]		2.110cyclic purine dinucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		immunomodulator;
signalling molecule
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		3.4570guanosinesbiomarker
2-naphthol orange
2-naphthol orange: structure; see also record for C.I. Solvent Orange 2		2.110
inosine pranobex
Inosine Pranobex: An alkylamino-alcohol complex of inosine used in the treatment of a variety of viral infections. Unlike other antiviral agents, it acts by modifying or stimulating cell-mediated immune processes rather than acting on the virus directly.		2.0210
prodigiosin
Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.		2.110
8-bromoguanosine
[no description available]		2.0110purine nucleoside
mocimycin
mocimycin: induces GTPase activity of EF-TU; N-demethyl analog of antibiotic X-5108; structure		2.0210C-glycosyl compound
imidacloprid
imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.		7.4820imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine		environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
nucleoside q
Nucleoside Q: A modified nucleoside which is present in the first position of the anticodon of tRNA-tyrosine, tRNA-histidine, tRNA-asparagine and tRNA-aspartic acid of many organisms. It is believed to play a role in the regulatory function of tRNA. Nucleoside Q can be further modified to nucleoside Q*, which has a mannose or galactose moiety linked to position 4 of its cyclopentenediol moiety.. queuosine : A nucleoside found in tRNA that has an additional cyclopentenyl ring added via an NH group to the methyl group of 7-methyl-7-deazaguanosine. The cyclopentenyl ring may carry other substituents.		2.01107-deazaguanine ribonucleoside
pf-477736
PF 00477736: a Chk1 inhibitor; structure in first source. PF-00477736 : A diazepinoindole that is 8-amino-4,5-dihydro-6H-[1,2]diazepino[4,5,6-cd]indol-6-one which is substituted at position 2 by a 1-methylpyrazol-4-yl group and in which the amino group at position 8 has undergone condensation with the carboxy group of (2R)-2-cyclohexylglycine to give the corresponding carboxamide. It is an inhibitor of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk 1).		3.4970
defibrotide
defibrotide: Single-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotide extracted from mammalian organs and used in the treatment of HEPATIC VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE in patients with kidney or lung abnormalities following HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION		1.9710
fenobam
fenobam: in USAN fenobam refers to monohydrate		7.4620ureas
3'-o-methylguanosine
3'-O-methylguanosine : Guanosine with the hydrogen on the hydroxyl at position C-3' substituted with a methyl group.		2.0410methylguanosinemetabolite
8-nitroguanosine
8-nitroguanosine: structure in first source. 8-nitroguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a nitro group.		2.110nitroguanosine
clothianidin
clothianidin: structure in first source. clothianidin : An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.		2.11101,3-thiazoles;
2-nitroguanidine derivative;
clothianidin;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
molybdenum cofactor
molybdenum cofactor: also see records for molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide and molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor(2-) : An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor.. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor : An Mo-molybdopterin cofactor in which the coordinated molybdenum species is MoO2.		1.9810Mo-molybdopterin cofactor;
organophosphate oxoanion
trehazolin
trehazolin: from Micromonospora strain SANK 62390; structure given in first source		7.0110
lon 954
LON 954: RN given refers to mono-HCl; structure		8.4680
lipoteichoic acid
lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.		2.1310
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		2.8740
eye
[no description available]		9.66290
fructooligosaccharide
[no description available]		210oligosaccharide
swinholide a
swinholide A: from Okinawan marine sponge Theonella swinhoei; structure given in first source		2.0110
maltodextrin
maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.		3.4711
ferric carboxymaltose
ferric carboxymaltose: effective for treatment of postpartum anemia		3.8220
syringolin b
syringolin B: a proteasome inhibitor isolated from Pseudomonas syringae; structure in first source		4.5570
acetylcellulose
acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.		4.9991
enterocin
enterocin: antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces candidus var. enterostaticus WS-8096 & Streptomyces viridochromogenes M-127; molecular formula: C22-H20-010; structure		7.0110
tiqueside
tiqueside: reduces intestinal cholesterol absorption with little change in HDL-cholesterol levels & without interfering with enterohepatic bile acid recirculation ; structure given in first source		210
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		4.83340
trypsinogen
Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)		4.09160
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		3.5280
antimony sodium gluconate
Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.		1.9710
yo-pro 1
YO-PRO 1: a generally membrane impermeable fluorescent dye		2.1510
dinitrobenzenes
Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.		2.6830
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein
[no description available]		2.0510
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		4.55260
rada16-i
RADA16-I: a self-assembling peptide nanomaterial used as a scaffold for bone regeneration; composed of alanine, arginine, and aspartic acid		2.0510
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		15.56454
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		7.08600
somatomedin b
somatomedin B: not the same as sulfation factor it is growth hormone dependent and has trypsin inhibitor activity; see also record for somatomedin A		1.9910
aluminum magnesium silicate
aluminum magnesium silicate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified composition		1.9610
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		3.3370
sybr green ii
SYBR Green II: product of Molecular Probes, Inc.; developed for the fluorometric detection of RNA in gels; no further information available 4/96		2.2110
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		09.6822
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		09.6822
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		018.2266810
Jejunal Diseases
Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.0510
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		020.4970445
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		015.5818414
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		015.5818414
Encephalitis, Polio
[description not available]		03.0650
Poliomyelitis
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)		03.0650
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		016.6819420
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		016.6819420
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.6930
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		07.6930
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		025.271,120271
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		030.271,120271
Metastase
[description not available]		011.12627
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		04.56100
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		011.12627
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		04.981
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		018.9221644
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		018.9221644
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		022.2130110
Inborn Urea Cycle Disorder
[description not available]		010.86363
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		08.44104
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		07.35190
Urea Cycle Disorders, Inborn
Rare congenital metabolism disorders of the urea cycle. The disorders are due to mutations that result in complete (neonatal onset) or partial (childhood or adult onset) inactivity of an enzyme, involved in the urea cycle. Neonatal onset results in clinical features that include irritability, vomiting, lethargy, seizures, NEONATAL HYPOTONIA; RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS; HYPERAMMONEMIA; coma, and death. Survivors of the neonatal onset and childhood/adult onset disorders share common risks for ENCEPHALOPATHIES, METABOLIC, INBORN; and RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS due to HYPERAMMONEMIA.		010.86363
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		03.83120
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		03.68100
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		018.2724637
Hangman Fracture
[description not available]		02.3110
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		03.83120
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		08.68100
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		018.2724637
Spinal Fractures
Broken bones in the vertebral column.		02.3110
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer
[description not available]		04.3860
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.		04.3860
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		014.022004
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		016.642161
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		09.89783
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		09.89783
Debility
[description not available]		02.3110
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		014.232624
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		021.8392145
Sarcopenia
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.		03.9230
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		030.185953
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm
[description not available]		013.022712
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		014.5113610
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		014.5113610
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).		013.022712
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		011.71816
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		011.71816
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		020.211,09550
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		03.5880
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		07.71381
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		07.58123
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		07.71381
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		07.78239
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		013.95323
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		07.78239
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		022.6218922
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		017.6218922
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		013.869121
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		013.869121
BH4 Deficiency
[description not available]		08.02241
Phenylketonurias
A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).		08.02241
Deficiency, Protein
[description not available]		08.84881
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		03.72100
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		07.17351
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		07.17351
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		022.11,299132
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		024.961,00140
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		024.961,00140
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		06.0191
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		06.0191
Adipocere
[description not available]		05.76340
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		05.7660
Hypermelanosis
[description not available]		03.9721
Acanthosis Nigricans
A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.		05.252
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.		03.9721
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		012.92711
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		010.45372
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		010.45372
Hyperammonemia
Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.		015.951249
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		026.511,787180
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		026.511,787180
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		012.55405
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		04.2170
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		011.21375
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		05.19190
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		06.44114
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		04.2170
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		016.21375
Hypernatremia
Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		08.05490
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		05.19190
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		06.44114
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		016.0113438
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		013.2212711
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		118.0113438
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		013.2212711
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		03.4620
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		09.73172
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		08.55215
Grippe
[description not available]		04.89140
Fallot's Tetralogy
[description not available]		03.5730
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		010.8384
Brugada ECG Pattern
[description not available]		03.9520
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		07290
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		09.1360
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		08.55215
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		04.89140
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		015.4515918
Tetralogy of Fallot
A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.		03.5730
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		010.8384
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		03.4620
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		09.73172
Brugada Syndrome
An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit.		03.9520
Ache
[description not available]		012.869212
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		114.869212
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		010.82783
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		010.82783
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		04.2860
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		09.2860
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		07.82212
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		07.82212
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		013.5817014
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		013.81988
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		014.481598
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		07.21211
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		115.81988
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		014.481598
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		012.21211
Malnourishment
[description not available]		08.6213
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		08.6213
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4110
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		014.98838
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		014.98838
Multiple System Atrophy
A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)		02.4110
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		07.21361
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		07.21361
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		06.33131
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		09.36581
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		018.1218520
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		06.33131
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		09.36581
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		018.1218520
Tooth Discoloration
Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)		018.9620765
Deficiency Disease, Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase
[description not available]		015.151473
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		014.831885
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		014.831885
Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease
An inherited urea cycle disorder associated with deficiency of the enzyme ORNITHINE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE, transmitted as an X-linked trait and featuring elevations of amino acids and ammonia in the serum. Clinical features, which are more prominent in males, include seizures, behavioral alterations, episodic vomiting, lethargy, and coma. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp49-50)		117.151473
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		013.076710
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		013.076710
Degenerative Disc Disease
[description not available]		02.6120
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.		02.6120
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		019.0938959
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		019.0938959
Lassitude
[description not available]		09.61258
Itching
[description not available]		015.66247
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		07.63131
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		09.61258
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		010.66247
Convulsions, Febrile
[description not available]		02.3110
Pyrexia
[description not available]		08.23411
Seizures, Febrile
Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)		02.3110
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		08.23411
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		010.63336
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		015.63336
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.830
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		02.830
Protein Aggregation, Pathological
A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.		04.680
Chemotherapy-Induced Acral Erythema
[description not available]		011.51610
Hand-Foot Syndrome
Chemotherapy-induced dermal side effects that are associated with the use of various CYTOSTATIC AGENTS. Symptoms range from mild ERYTHEMA and/or PARESTHESIA to severe ulcerative dermatitis with debilitating pain involving typically palmoplantar and intertriginous areas. These cutaneous manifestations are sometimes accompanied by nail anomalies.		113.51610
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.		05.4741
Anoxemia
[description not available]		09.72772
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		014.6323116
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		09.72772
Hypernutrition
[description not available]		02.3110
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		010.38608
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		010.38608
Chloasma
[description not available]		02.4110
Abnormalities, Skin
[description not available]		02.6920
Melanosis
Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.		02.4110
Skin Abnormalities
Congenital structural abnormalities of the skin.		02.6920
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		013.221721
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		017.4350326
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		04.3170
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		04.2870
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		09.2870
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		06.2262
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		06.2262
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		011.26985
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		011.26985
Aura
[description not available]		010.51944
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		010.51944
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		06.28520
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		011.3510510
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		06.28520
Apoplexy
[description not available]		06.87231
Cerebral Microangiopathies
[description not available]		02.4110
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		07.37271
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		07.37271
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		06.87231
Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases
Pathological processes or diseases where cerebral MICROVESSELS show abnormalities. They are often associated with aging, hypertension and risk factors for lacunar infarcts (see LACUNAR INFARCTION); LEUKOARAIOSIS; and CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE.		02.4110
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		015.438614
Amentia
[description not available]		09.13192
Psychoses
[description not available]		015.679014
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		09.13192
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		015.679014
Acidemia Propionic
[description not available]		06.4551
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn
[description not available]		015.592093
Acetonemia
[description not available]		07.42173
Propionic Acidemia
Autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations in PROPIONYL-COA CARBOXYLASE genes that result in dysfunction of branch chain amino acids and of the metabolism of certain fatty acids. Neonatal clinical onset is characterized by severe metabolic acidemia accompanied by hyperammonemia, HYPERGLYCEMIA, lethargy, vomiting, HYPOTONIA; and HEPATOMEGALY. Survivors of the neonatal onset propionic acidemia often show developmental retardation, and intolerance to dietary proteins. Late-onset form of the disease shows mild mental and/or developmental retardation, sometimes without metabolic acidemia.		011.4551
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		010.39202
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		010.39202
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum
[description not available]		08.35246
Keratosis
Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.		013.35246
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		010.13656
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		010.13656
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		010.7200
Gastritis, Atrophic
GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.		06.76122
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		09.29190
Ventricular Dysfunction
A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.		02.920
Asystole
[description not available]		07.26241
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		06.55270
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		07.26241
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		06.55270
Urethral Obstruction
Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.		04.0250
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		014.44956
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		014.44956
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		02.730
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		02.730
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		08.19271
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		08.19271
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		06.66171
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		06.66171
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		018.571332
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		013.571332
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		06.77342
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		07.69440
Argininosuccinate Synthase Deficiency Disease
[description not available]		09.09251
Citrullinemia
A group of diseases related to a deficiency of the enzyme ARGININOSUCCINATE SYNTHASE which causes an elevation of serum levels of CITRULLINE. In neonates, clinical manifestations include lethargy, hypotonia, and SEIZURES. Milder forms also occur. Childhood and adult forms may present with recurrent episodes of intermittent weakness, lethargy, ATAXIA, behavioral changes, and DYSARTHRIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p49)		111.09251
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		04.38190
Atheroma
[description not available]		03.140
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		04.38190
Auricular Flutter
[description not available]		07.83145
Atrial Flutter
Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).		07.83145
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		05.54120
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		016.714710
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		05.69112
Collodion Baby Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3310
Xeroderma
[description not available]		012.594310
Ichthyosis
Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.		012.594310
Ichthyosis, Lamellar
A chronic, congenital ichthyosis inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Infants are usually born encased in a collodion membrane which sheds within a few weeks. Scaling is generalized and marked with grayish-brown quadrilateral scales, adherent at their centers and free at the edges. In some cases, scales are so thick that they resemble armored plate.		03.3310
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.4110
Hypovolemic
[description not available]		05.2170
Hypovolemia
An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).		05.2170
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes
[description not available]		05.7360
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture
Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.		05.7360
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		010.22962
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		014.3414218
Indigestion
[description not available]		015.2612530
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		015.2612530
Azotaemia
[description not available]		06.45440
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		09.75782
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		08.34321
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		08.39172
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		08.39172
Abdominal Obesity
[description not available]		05.1431
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		011.99456
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		016.99456
Acantholytic Dyskeratotic Epidermal Nevi
[description not available]		02.8630
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		013.0512310
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		014.866716
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		119.374012
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		05.19190
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		05.19190
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		010.73677
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		010.73677
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		05.0191
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		03.0950
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		03.0950
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		09.08261
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		014.241225
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		019.241225
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		09.44245
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		09.44245
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		02.6630
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		02.6630
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		04.88130
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		05.73112
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		04.88130
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		05.73112
Dry Eye
[description not available]		04.9280
Dry Eye Syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.		04.9280
E coli Infections
[description not available]		08.01371
Gasser Syndrome
[description not available]		05.4140
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		08.01371
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.		05.4140
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		08.97335
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		08.97335
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		012.95496
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		017.95496
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		08.11241
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		05.6471
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		05.6471
MODS
[description not available]		07.31222
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		07.31222
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		07.83431
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		04.9460
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		07.83431
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		04.9460
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		03.91120
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		07.87412
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		07.87412
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		04.49240
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		04.49240
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		014.97786
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome
A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.		014.97786
Asialia
[description not available]		06.59102
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		011.59102
Nail Diseases
Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.		06.01152
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		011.616114
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		113.616114
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		010.44477
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		010.44477
Amyloid Deposits
[description not available]		0340
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		03.84110
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		03.84110
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		08.72415
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		08.72415
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		04.5290
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		09.5290
Aneurysm, Ruptured
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.		02.610
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		04.65110
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		09.82232
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		07.31181
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		04.65110
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		012.31181
Acne
[description not available]		08.3134
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		013.3134
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		06450
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		015.218018
Emesis
[description not available]		08.67658
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		015.218018
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		08.67658
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		04.4751
Regurgitation, Gastric
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX wherein the retrograde flow passes through the UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER		02.4110
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		06.09113
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		04.4751
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux
Back flow of gastric contents to the LARYNGOPHARYNX where it comes in contact with tissues of the upper aerodigestive tract. Laryngopharyngeal reflux is an extraesophageal manifestation of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.		02.4110
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		03.5180
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		03.5180
Organophosphorus Poisoning
[description not available]		02.8840
Organophosphate Poisoning
Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.		02.8840
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		07.78940
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.4110
Leiomyosarcoma
A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)		02.4110
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		013.46712
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		013.46712
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		010.22512
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		010.91173
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.		09.93372
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		010.91173
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		021.253119
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		011.4308
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		021.253119
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		011.4308
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		06.692
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		09.39644
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		012.65818
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		09.39644
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		012.65818
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		010.371234
Foot and Mouth Disease
[description not available]		02.4920
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		07.51501
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		06.97162
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		06.3141
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		06.3141
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		02.9640
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		02.9640
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced
[description not available]		02.4110
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		05.6871
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		05.0152
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		05.6871
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		05.0152
Breathlessness
[description not available]		04.5290
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		04.5290
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		011.646711
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.5920
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		03.580
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		08.98436
Infections, Vibrio
[description not available]		02.4120
Dentin Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		018.7511776
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy
[description not available]		04.6961
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous
A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.		04.6961
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		02.920
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		02.920
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		06.06291
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		06.06291
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		011.28590
Aortic Dissection
[description not available]		03.1340
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		06.13111
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		06.13111
Tuberculosis, Bovine
An infection of cattle caused by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. It is transmissible to man and other animals.		02.4110
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		03.4460
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		03.4460
Brain Dead
[description not available]		03.6190
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		012.64320
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		07.7352
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		07.7352
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		08.79740
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		012.37433
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.57213
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		08.79740
Envenomation, Snakebite
[description not available]		02.4110
Biliary Calculi
[description not available]		02.7130
Gallstones
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.		02.7130
Aneurysm, False
Not an aneurysm but a well-defined collection of blood and CONNECTIVE TISSUE outside the wall of a blood vessel or the heart. It is the containment of a ruptured blood vessel or heart, such as sealing a rupture of the left ventricle. False aneurysm is formed by organized THROMBUS and HEMATOMA in surrounding tissue.		03.3310
Vascular Injuries
[description not available]		03.7330
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous
[description not available]		04.0450
Bleeding
[description not available]		016.66597
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		011.66597
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.		05.1931
Adrenal Cortex Cancer
[description not available]		06.4561
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		06.4561
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		08.17342
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		08.17342
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		02.9640
Fournier Disease
[description not available]		04.1250
Fasciitis, Necrotizing
A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.		02.4110
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		09.47661
IgA Vasculitis
A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.		03.0750
Urinary Lithiasis
[description not available]		03.6790
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		013.63621
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		08.63621
Urolithiasis
Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.		08.6790
Tendinitis
Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.		02.610
Tendinopathy
Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.		02.610
Lipid Metabolism Disorders
Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.		05.1221
Axonal Injury, Diffuse
[description not available]		02.4110
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		04.0840
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		04.0840
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		012.335411
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		017.335411
Nail Fungus
[description not available]		010.313613
Onychomycosis
A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.		010.313613
Central Nervous System Cysticercosis
[description not available]		02.4110
Cyst
[description not available]		03.9950
Neurocysticercosis
Infection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal structures with the larval forms of the genus TAENIA (primarily T. solium in humans). Lesions formed by the organism are referred to as cysticerci. The infection may be subacute or chronic, and the severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the host immune response and the location and number of lesions. SEIZURES represent the most common clinical manifestation although focal neurologic deficits may occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp46-50)		02.4110
Visceral Pain
Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.		08.0840
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		03.2260
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		03.2260
Exertional Heat Illness
[description not available]		04.2631
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		02.4110
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		02.4110
Berger Disease
[description not available]		03.4270
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		07.57540
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.		03.4270
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		05.39130
Sinus Tachycardia
[description not available]		04.4541
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		05.39130
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		06.58260
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		06.58260
chronic COVID syndrome
[description not available]		05.2840
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		010.06467
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		010.06467
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		07.98123
Autokinetic Effect
[description not available]		03.3310
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		07.98123
Anuria
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.		09.671162
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		04.04140
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia) Deficiency Disease
[description not available]		09.77232
Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase I Deficiency Disease
A urea cycle disorder manifesting in infancy as lethargy, emesis, seizures, alterations of muscle tone, abnormal eye movements, and an elevation of serum ammonia. The disorder is caused by a reduction in the activity of hepatic mitochondrial CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA). (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp50-1)		111.77232
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		03.93110
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		03.93110
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		07.72620
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		07.72620
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		04.97390
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		04.97390
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis
[description not available]		04.2190
Neurofibromatosis 1
An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).		04.2190
Cerebral Malaria
[description not available]		011.16110
Communicable Diseases, Imported
Infectious diseases originating in one geographically delineated ecosystem that are carried (by travel or immigration) to another geographically delineated ecosystem by an infected individual, animal, or disease vector.		03.3340
Nephrolithiasis
Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.		06.86141
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		03.3340
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.		03.3340
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		03.3340
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		03.3340
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		06.82140
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		06.82140
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		09.671311
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		09.671311
Teeth, Devitalized
[description not available]		09.46436
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		09.81327
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		09.81327
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		012.481396
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		012.481396
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		08.12373
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		08.12373
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		015.9517810
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		015.9517810
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		08.01292
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		05.79360
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		08.01292
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		05.79360
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		07.52221
Coma, Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic
[description not available]		02.6930
Acidosis, Diabetic
[description not available]		06.93281
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.		06.93281
Abdominal Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.		03.2360
Arginino Succinase Deficiency
[description not available]		010.41431
Argininosuccinic Aciduria
Rare autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle which leads to the accumulation of argininosuccinic acid in body fluids and severe HYPERAMMONEMIA. Clinical features of the neonatal onset of the disorder include poor feeding, vomiting, lethargy, seizures, tachypnea, coma, and death. Later onset results in milder set of clinical features including vomiting, failure to thrive, irritability, behavioral problems, or psychomotor retardation. Mutations in the ARGININOSUCCINATE LYASE gene cause the disorder.		112.41431
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		09.82785
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		09.82785
Femoral Hernia
[description not available]		02.610
Inguinal Hernia
[description not available]		02.730
Hernia, Inguinal
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.		02.730
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		08.4680
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		09.981002
Stillbirth
The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.		02.610
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		04.3140
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		013.326412
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		02.610
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		07.98313
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.610
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		07.98313
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		09.461071
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		09.461071
Menstruation, Painful
[description not available]		02.610
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation.		02.610
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12
[description not available]		03.7940
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)		03.7940
Hyperoxaluria
Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.		03.4470
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		012.155813
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		012.155813
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		03.4260
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		03.4260
Recrudescence
[description not available]		015.3810014
Leishmania Infection
[description not available]		03.1960
Black Fever
[description not available]		04.06150
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).		08.1960
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.		04.06150
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		015.0710821
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		08.73232
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		015.0710821
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		03.3150
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		03.3150
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		09.01140
Pneumoperitoneum
A condition with trapped gas or air in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the LUNG and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, or to recent surgery. Pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination.		02.610
Anasarca
[description not available]		011.761027
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		011.761027
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		015.2530418
Adolescent Obesity
[description not available]		02.6920
Angiolipoma
A benign neoplasm composed of a mixture of adipose tissue and blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.610
Actinic Keratosis
[description not available]		03.5520
Keratosis, Actinic
White or pink lesions on the arms, hands, face, or scalp that arise from sun-induced DNA DAMAGE to KERATINOCYTES in exposed areas. They are considered precursor lesions to superficial SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA.		03.5520
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		03.9321
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		03.9321
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		08.06151
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		05.27210
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		05.27210
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		08.54501
Melena
The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.		02.4520
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		08.54501
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		04.950
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		04.950
Pre-Hypertension
[description not available]		02.610
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		05.2280
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		05.2280
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.		05.3572
Vascular Calcification
Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.		02.8930
Biliary or Urinary Stones
[description not available]		03.64100
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		016.47636
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus
[description not available]		02.5220
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.		02.5220
Hypomenorrhea
[description not available]		02.420
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		04.8421
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		04.8421
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity
[description not available]		03.1210
Ototoxicity
Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		03.1210
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		03.77100
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		07.25241
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		05.0852
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		07.75401
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		07.75401
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		02.9440
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		011.191097
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		011.191097
Adenopathy
[description not available]		02.2510
Enlarged Spleen
[description not available]		05.07170
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		05.9293
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2110
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		07.2110
ARG1 Deficiency
[description not available]		08.4330
Hyperargininemia
A rare autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle. It is caused by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme ARGINASE. Arginine is elevated in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and periodic HYPERAMMONEMIA may occur. Disease onset is usually in infancy or early childhood. Clinical manifestations include seizures, microcephaly, progressive mental impairment, hypotonia, ataxia, spastic diplegia, and quadriparesis. (From Hum Genet 1993 Mar;91(1):1-5; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p51)		08.4330
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism
A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.		02.8940
Hypoparathyroidism
A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.		02.8940
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		08.94115
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		08.94115
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		07.8681
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		04.9680
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		04.9680
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		04.89140
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		04.89140
Cyclospora Infection
[description not available]		02.2110
Diseases in Twins
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.		02.420
Cross-Transfusion, Intrauterine
[description not available]		02.8630
Bladder Neck Obstruction
[description not available]		03.4680
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		03.67100
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		03.0950
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.		04.56260
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		08.24163
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		05.34131
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		013.24163
Yellow Fever
An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. The severe form is characterized by fever, HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE, and renal damage.		02.2110
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		010.57215
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		010.57215
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
[description not available]		02.4420
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola
A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.		02.4420
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		010.53365
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		010.53365
Adult Onset Nemaline Myopathy
[description not available]		02.2110
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		09.34931
Myopathies, Nemaline
A group of inherited congenital myopathic conditions characterized clinically by weakness, hypotonia, and prominent hypoplasia of proximal muscles including the face. Muscle biopsy reveals large numbers of rod-shaped structures beneath the muscle fiber plasma membrane. This disorder is genetically heterogeneous and may occasionally present in adults. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1453)		02.2110
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		05.4251
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		010.4251
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		06.482
Blood Clot
[description not available]		014.33493
Cardiac Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.2110
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		014.33493
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		06.482
Cortical Lewy Body Disease
[description not available]		04.2730
Lewy Body Disease
A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)		04.2730
Avian Diseases
[description not available]		04.7770
Sleepiness
Compelling urge to sleep.		03.1710
Dizzyness
[description not available]		03.7930
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		03.7930
Armstrong Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9340
Allodynia
[description not available]		06.93251
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		03.6280
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		03.6280
CKD-MBD
[description not available]		04.2670
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder
Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.		04.2670
Urethral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETHRA.		02.4220
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		06.71112
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		06.71112
Synovioma
[description not available]		02.4820
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		08.5890
Sarcoma, Synovial
A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363)		02.4820
Diathesis
[description not available]		07.86241
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		07.9224
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		07.9224
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		06.88310
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		06.88310
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		03.9940
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		03.9940
Candida Infection
[description not available]		05.72201
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		05.72201
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		03.5790
Craniofacial Pain
[description not available]		03.4360
Facial Pain
Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.		03.4360
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		04.35200
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		04.35200
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.		04.02140
Acidosis, Respiratory
Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.		02.6730
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		04.1360
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		04.1360
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		05.97101
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		02.3720
Bacterial Eye Infections
[description not available]		02.2510
Eye Infections, Fungal
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.		02.2510
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		02.3720
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		03.0650
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		03.0650
ADPKD
[description not available]		06.13111
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant
Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.		06.13111
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		07.19520
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		07.74222
Autosomal Dominant Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia
[description not available]		03.1710
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.19520
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		07.74222
Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary
A group of inherited diseases that share similar phenotypes but are genetically diverse. Different genetic loci for autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and x-linked forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia have been identified. Clinically, patients present with slowly progressive distal limb weakness and lower extremity spasticity. Peripheral sensory neurons may be affected in the later stages of the disease. (J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998 Jan;64(1):61-6; Curr Opin Neurol 1997 Aug;10(4):313-8)		03.1710
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		02.4820
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		02.4820
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		07.41152
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		07.41152
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		09.73802
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		09.73802
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		02.8130
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		02.8130
(pPNET) Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors
[description not available]		02.4420
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral
A group of highly cellular primitive round cell neoplasms which occur extracranially in soft tissue and bone and are derived from embryonal neural crest cells. These tumors occur primarily in children and adolescents and share a number of characteristics with EWING SARCOMA.		02.4420
Dysuria
Painful URINATION. It is often associated with infections of the lower URINARY TRACT.		02.2510
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
[description not available]		05.130
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone
Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.		05.130
Demineralization, Tooth
[description not available]		07.86356
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		011.54825
Acquired Meningomyelocele
[description not available]		02.2510
Sex Disorders
[description not available]		02.2510
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.		02.2510
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		06.2961
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		08.66121
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		06.2961
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		010.75455
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		010.75455
Amyloid Neuropathy Type 1
[description not available]		02.4820
Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial
Inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. The different clinical types based on symptoms correspond to the presence of a variety of mutations in several different proteins including transthyretin (PREALBUMIN); APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; and GELSOLIN.		02.4820
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		06.11220
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		06.11220
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		02.7430
Graft Occlusion, Vascular
Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.		03.8840
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		06.27141
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		06.27141
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		03.4980
Hyperkeratosis Palmaris et Plantaris
[description not available]		05.0391
Ainhum
Spontaneous autoamputation of the fourth or fifth toe.		02.2510
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		03.4980
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		010.02484
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		09.93214
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus
[description not available]		03.6930
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		06.41161
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent
A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.		03.6930
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		06.41161
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		05.62102
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		05.62102
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		03.4670
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		03.4670
Angina Pectoris, Stable
[description not available]		03.6411
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		07.69116
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		07.69116
Angina, Stable
Persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. The symptoms are manifestations of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA.		03.6411
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		07.15211
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		07.15211
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		06.9261
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.		06.9261
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		07.6294
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		07.6294
Adenocystic Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.3110
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic
Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3110
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		04.1360
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		04.1360
Intestinal Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.730
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		06.9320
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		06.9320
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		07.27131
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		07.91470
DDD MPGNII
[description not available]		04.0350
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		07.27131
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		07.91470
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative
Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.		04.0350
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		07.9303
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		06.54102
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		07.9303
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		06.54102
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		06.72122
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		06.72122
Agitation, Psychomotor
[description not available]		04.3541
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		05.372
Psychomotor Agitation
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.		04.3541
Nociceptive Pain
Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.		02.8930
Morphine Abuse
[description not available]		03.83110
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		06.65201
Morphine Dependence
Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.		03.83110
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		06.65201
Prediabetes
[description not available]		04.4641
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		04.4641
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		07.08152
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		07.08152
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		08.11201
Attachment Loss, Periodontal
[description not available]		06.7642
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		09.68462
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		06.5632
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		05.8521
Liver Abscess, Pyogenic
Single or multiple areas of PUS due to bacterial infection within the hepatic parenchyma. It can be caused by a variety of BACTERIA, local or disseminated from infections elsewhere such as in APPENDICITIS; CHOLECYSTITIS; PERITONITIS; and after LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.		04.6211
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		010.07406
Ancylostomiasis
Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.		05.5232
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic
[description not available]		05.5261
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		09.72616
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		09.38464
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		011.19131
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		05.3751
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		05.7271
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		06.372
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		07.7143
Pocket, Periodontal
[description not available]		07.0762
Pericementitis
[description not available]		06.01101
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		06.92121
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		07.11192
Linear Skull Fracture
[description not available]		06.26141
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		05.341
Zoonoses
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.		04.6211
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		04.6211
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		05.0731
Shoulder Injuries
Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.		04.6211
Hemorrhage, Gingival
[description not available]		07.353
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		010.96101
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.		05.5261
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		014.72616
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		09.38464
Gingival Hemorrhage
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.		07.353
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		05.3751
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		05.7271
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		06.372
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		07.7143
Periodontal Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.		07.0762
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		011.01101
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		06.92121
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		07.11192
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		05.341
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		011.0161
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		04.6211
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		09.68462
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		06.5632
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		010.8521
Suicidal Ideation
A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.		03.7621
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF)
[description not available]		03.2310
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure
Sudden liver failure in the presence of underlying compensated chronic LIVER DISEASE (e.g., LIVER CIRRHOSIS; HEPATITIS; and liver injury and failure) due to a precipitating acute hepatic insult.		03.2310
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		011.541572
Hypocapnia
Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		02.4720
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		011.541572
Infection
[description not available]		010.59315
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		015.59315
Deficiency Diseases
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		06.23350
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		03.4270
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.		03.4270
Cryptosporidium Infection
[description not available]		02.2510
Cryptosporidiosis
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.		02.2510
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		03.2260
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		03.2260
Dermatoses
[description not available]		013.02688
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		115.02688
Methemoglobinemia
The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3470
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		06.72221
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		03.92130
Thrombocythemia
[description not available]		02.3720
Maggot Infestations
[description not available]		02.2510
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		010.14153
Systolic Heart Failure
[description not available]		016.79265
Heart Failure, Systolic
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying.		011.79265
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		06.28104
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		06.28104
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		011.034113
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		113.034113
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		05.8283
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		05.8283
Mucopolysaccharidosis
[description not available]		04.4550
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Group of lysosomal storage diseases each caused by an inherited deficiency of an enzyme involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). The diseases are progressive and often display a wide spectrum of clinical severity within one enzyme deficiency.		04.4550
Ciguatera
[description not available]		02.2510
Ciguatera Poisoning
Poisoning caused by ingestion of SEAFOOD containing microgram levels of CIGUATOXINS. The poisoning is characterized by gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiovascular disturbances.		02.2510
Endomyometritis
Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.		03.3870
Endometritis
Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.		03.3870
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		011.61498
Potassium Deficiency
A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		012.89181
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		010.76515
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		010.76515
Papulosquamous Disorders
[description not available]		02.520
Feuerstein-Mims Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3110
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		013.25314
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		08.25314
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		06.05210
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		06.05210
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		011.3369
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		011.3369
Torsade de Pointes
[description not available]		02.3110
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.5720
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		02.730
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		02.730
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		02.5720
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		03.92130
Angiitis
[description not available]		02.4420
Boutonneuse Fever
A febrile disease of the Mediterranean area, the Crimea, Africa, and India, caused by infection with RICKETTSIA CONORII.		02.4320
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.4420
Poisoning, Mercury
[description not available]		03.5790
Mercury Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.		03.5790
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		015.36484
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		010.36484
Aggressive Systemic Mastocytosis
A form of systemic mastocytosis in which patients have impaired organ functions due to multifocal infiltrates of pathological MAST CELLS in bone marrow, liver, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, or skeletal system. The cytomorphology shows a low to high grade.		02.3110
Mastocytosis, Systemic
A group of disorders caused by the abnormal proliferation of MAST CELLS in a variety of extracutaneous tissues including bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract. Systemic mastocytosis is commonly seen in adults. These diseases are categorized on the basis of clinical features, pathologic findings, and prognosis.		02.3110
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		02.5220
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		02.5220
Absence Status
[description not available]		02.6530
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		02.6530
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		015.82589
Muscle Pain
[description not available]		04.5822
Myalgia
Painful sensation in the muscles.		04.5822
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		013.38567
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		013.38567
Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection
[description not available]		02.8330
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction
[description not available]		03.711
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		06142
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		03.711
Keratosis Seborrheica
[description not available]		02.4110
Keratosis, Seborrheic
Benign eccrine poromas that present as multiple oval, brown-to-black plaques, located mostly on the chest and back. The age of onset is usually in the fourth or fifth decade.		02.4110
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		05.7112
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		05.7112
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		06.54300
HbS Disease
[description not available]		013.981146
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		013.981146
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)		02.6830
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.8940
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed
[description not available]		05.62102
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)		010.62102
Aortic Incompetence
[description not available]		02.7330
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).		02.7330
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		04.84130
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		04.84130
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		02.3720
Verruca
[description not available]		02.7130
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		010.73015
Warts
Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.		02.7130
Anochlesia
[description not available]		03.2760
Carcinoma 256, Walker
A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.99140
AL Amyloidosis
[description not available]		02.1510
Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis
A nonproliferative disorder of the PLASMA CELL characterized by excessive production and misfolding of IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS that form insoluble amyloid fibrils (see AMYLOID DEPOSITS) in various tissues. Clinical features include LIVER FAILURE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY, and neuropathies.		02.1510
Hypercalciuria
Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.		08.8721
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		03.83120
Infections, Proteus
[description not available]		05.08170
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		03.83120
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		02.5120
Alcoholic Hepatitis
[description not available]		0652
Hepatitis, Alcoholic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		0652
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		02.5120
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		07.95195
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		07.95195
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		011.58181
Genital Tract Infections
[description not available]		02.1510
Retinal Degeneration
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)		03.66100
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		05.54160
Acute Cholecystitis
[description not available]		02.1510
Cholecystitis, Acute
Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.		02.1510
Chemically-Induced Disorders
Disorders caused by the intentional or unintentional ingestion or exposure to chemical substances such as PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; NOXAE; and PESTICIDES.		02.1510
Tick Infestations
Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.		02.3820
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		04.9280
AIDS, Simian
[description not available]		03.96120
ACD-MPV
[description not available]		02.7330
Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome
A syndrome of persistent PULMONARY HYPERTENSION in the newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN) without demonstrable HEART DISEASES. This neonatal condition can be caused by severe pulmonary vasoconstriction (reactive type), hypertrophy of pulmonary arterial muscle (hypertrophic type), or abnormally developed pulmonary arterioles (hypoplastic type). The newborn patient exhibits CYANOSIS and ACIDOSIS due to the persistence of fetal circulatory pattern of right-to-left shunting of blood through a patent ductus arteriosus (DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, PATENT) and at times a patent foramen ovale (FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT).		02.7330
Root Resorption
Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)		09.71180
Disseminated Superficial Actinic Porokeratosis
[description not available]		03.8940
Porokeratosis
A heritable disorder of faulty keratinization characterized by the proliferation of abnormal clones of KERATINOCYTES and lesions showing varying atrophic patches surrounded by an elevated, keratotic border. These keratotic lesions can progress to overt cutaneous neoplasm. Several clinical variants are recognized, including porokeratosis of Mibelli, linear porokeratosis, disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis, palmoplantar porokeratosis, and punctate porokeratosis.		03.8940
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		08.2360
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		08.2360
Colonic Polyps
Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.1510
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		02.8840
Peptic Ulcer Perforation
Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.		02.9140
Apnea
A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		02.940
Genome Instability
[description not available]		02.8330
Epidermal Cyst
Intradermal or subcutaneous saclike structure, the wall of which is stratified epithelium containing keratohyalin granules.		03.0610
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		02.8230
Oliguria
Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.		07.6192
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		03.92130
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		03.92130
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		06.08113
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		07.21143
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		012.21143
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		07.87331
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		07.87331
Cancer of Penis
[description not available]		02.420
Penile Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the PENIS or of its component tissues.		02.420
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		06.16320
Cocarcinogenesis
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.		02.730
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		07.26151
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		05.4282
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		05.4282
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		07.78261
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		07.78261
Crisis, Thyrotoxic
[description not available]		03.1650
Myoglobinuria
The presence of MYOGLOBIN in URINE usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis.		05.02160
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		010.958411
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		02.9440
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		02.9340
Caprine Diseases
[description not available]		05.6171
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		02.9340
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.		02.1710
Ichthyosis Simplex
[description not available]		04.1831
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		07.8784
Pancreatic Insufficiency
[description not available]		04.8121
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.		04.8121
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain
[description not available]		06.28130
Corynebacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.		04.2870
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		04.2970
Tachycardia, Supraventricular
A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.		07.22133
Infections, Paramyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.3820
Paramyxoviridae Infections
Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.		02.3820
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		04.8781
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		04.8781
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
A chronic skin disease characterized by small follicular papules, disseminated reddish-brown scaly patches, and often, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. The papules are about the size of a pin and topped by a horny plug.		02.1510
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		03.5890
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction
[description not available]		05.380
Adrenal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.		010.380
Parodontosis
[description not available]		08.06131
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		013.06131
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		03.2860
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		03.2860
Vaginal Discharge
A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract.		07.1710
Lethargy
A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.		02.4920
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		03.4370
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		03.4370
Apical Ballooning Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8630
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.		02.8630
Cardio-Renal Syndrome
Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY).		07.1710
Balkan Endemic Nephropathy
[description not available]		03.2560
Cancer of the Ureter
[description not available]		02.6530
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		03.5890
Ureteral Neoplasms
Cancer or tumors of the URETER which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, HYDRONEPHROSIS, and PYELONEPHRITIS. HEMATURIA is a common symptom.		02.6530
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		02.6530
Co-infection
[description not available]		03.9421
Intertrochanteric Fractures
[description not available]		02.7430
Hip Fractures
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).		02.7430
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		013.641385
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		013.641385
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		09.7371
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		05.21121
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		03.5990
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		05.27210
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		03.5990
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		05.27210
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		02.520
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		02.520
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.5220
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.5220
Bessel-Hagen Disease
[description not available]		02.5220
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		05.55171
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		05.55171
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		04.17170
Ectopic Junctional Tachycardia
[description not available]		03.0340
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		04.17170
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		03.3470
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		15.3470
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		04.6361
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		04.6361
Clerambault Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3920
Cannabis Abuse
[description not available]		05.1531
Marijuana Abuse
Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.		05.1531
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		08.12339
Drowning
Death that occurs as a result of anoxia or heart arrest, associated with immersion in liquid.		03.2360
Giardia duodenalis Infection
[description not available]		03.5611
Giardiasis
An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.		03.5611
Glenoid Labral Tears
[description not available]		02.1710
Rotator Cuff Injuries
Injuries to the ROTATOR CUFF of the shoulder joint.		02.1710
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		03.2260
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1710
Acid-Base Imbalance
Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.		04.84130
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		04.1760
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		04.1760
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		03.3660
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		03.3660
Injuries, Knee
[description not available]		02.3820
Knee Injuries
Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.		02.3820
Enterocele
An intestinal HERNIA.		02.5520
Hernia
Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.		07.5520
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		03.5911
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.		03.5911
Nephrocalcinosis
A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		03.98140
Cerebral Intraventricular Haemorrhage
[description not available]		02.2110
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst manifested by excessive fluid intake. It is characteristic of many diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS; and NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS. The condition may be psychogenic in origin.		02.2110
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		03.76110
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		03.76110
Joint Pain
[description not available]		05.2941
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		05.2941
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		011.672610
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		011.672610
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms
[description not available]		02.3920
Spasms, Infantile
An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)		02.3920
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		02.9440
Paralysis, Sleep
[description not available]		03.0910
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		05.77221
Brain Hemorrhage, Traumatic
Bleeding within the brain as a result of penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Traumatically induced hemorrhages may occur in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRUM; BRAIN STEM (see BRAIN STEM HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC); and CEREBELLUM.		02.2110
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		010.77221
Adenoma, Oxyphilic
A usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askanazy cells.		02.1710
Wasting Disease
[description not available]		02.2110
Catheter-Associated Infections
[description not available]		02.830
Brain Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Granulomas
[description not available]		03.5790
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		03.5790
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		05.03420
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		05.03420
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		09.38172
Schistosoma mansoni Infection
[description not available]		03.0750
Schistosomiasis mansoni
Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.		08.0750
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
[description not available]		02.1710
Ectopic Ossification
[description not available]		02.1710
Myositis Ossificans
A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.		02.1710
Dental Leakage
The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.		06.9194
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
[description not available]		02.2110
Ocular Hypotension
Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).		07.3820
Glaucoma, Open-Angle
Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.		02.2110
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		06.38670
Bullous Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma
[description not available]		03.8821
Cerebral Concussion
[description not available]		03.4680
Closed Head Injuries
[description not available]		02.6730
Brain Concussion
A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)		03.4680
Airway Remodeling
The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.		02.5120
Cancer of Spleen
[description not available]		03.0550
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		04.9691
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		04.9691
Haemonchiasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.		03.3770
Sporothrix brasiliensis Infection
[description not available]		02.2110
Sporotrichosis
The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound with SPOROTHRIX.		07.2110
Acne Rosacea
[description not available]		04.4750
Rosacea
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).		04.4750
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		02.2110
Central Nervous System Schistosomiasis
[description not available]		02.2110
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		02.2110
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		04.2560
Single Functioning Kidney
[description not available]		02.2110
Gestational Hypertension
[description not available]		03.3360
Allotriophagy
An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.		02.5220
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced
A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (		03.3360
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		05.152
Enteropathy, Exudative
[description not available]		02.3920
Protein-Losing Enteropathies
Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.3920
Spherocytosis, Hereditary
A group of familial congenital hemolytic anemias characterized by numerous abnormally shaped erythrocytes which are generally spheroidal. The erythrocytes have increased osmotic fragility and are abnormally permeable to sodium ions.		02.6630
Hyperphagia
Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.		02.9240
Hepatorenal Syndrome
Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.		09.5490
Rupture
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.		03.3770
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		06.9142
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		06.9142
Purine Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors
[description not available]		06.1371
Great Pox
[description not available]		02.8740
Syphilis
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.		02.8740
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		07.43860
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		04.0950
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		04.0950
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		06.0252
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		06.0252
Consciousness, Loss of
[description not available]		03.2360
Heavy Metal Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.		03.4820
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		03.8940
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		03.8940
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		07.53370
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		07.53370
Charles Bonnet Syndrome
Repetitive visual hallucinations experienced mostly by elderly with diminished visual acuity or visual field loss, with awareness of the fictional nature of their hallucinations. It is not associated with delusions and other sensory hallucinations.		02.2110
Abdomen, Acute
A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.		05.5261
Acute Pain
Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.		02.2110
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		03.68100
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		04.3170
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		05.5270
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		04.3170
Brill-Symmers Disease
[description not available]		02.6320
Cancer, Second Primary
[description not available]		02.2110
Lymphoma, Follicular
Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.		02.6320
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
[description not available]		02.5320
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.		02.5320
Sensation Disorders
Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).		02.2110
Ketron-Goodman Disease
A generalized or disseminated form of pagetoid reticulosis. Some authors consider it to be a primary cutaneous aggressive epidermotrophic CD8+ T-Cell lymphoma.		02.0710
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		06.8293
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		18.8293
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		02.0810
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		02.9140
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		02.9140
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		02.0810
Babesia Infection
[description not available]		06.58282
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		03.1450
Aberrant Tissue
[description not available]		02.0810
Hepatitis, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.		03.0650
Nycturia
[description not available]		03.6830
Nocturia
Frequent URINATION at night that interrupts sleep. It is often associated with outflow obstruction, DIABETES MELLITUS, or bladder inflammation (CYSTITIS).		03.6830
Benign Hypothalamic Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0810
Adenoma, Villous
An adenoma of the large intestine. It is usually a solitary, sessile, often large, tumor of colonic mucosa composed of mucinous epithelium covering delicate vascular projections. Hypersecretion and malignant changes occur frequently. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0810
Insect Bites
[description not available]		02.0810
Insect Bites and Stings
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.		02.0810
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		08201
Scalp Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the SCALP.		05.0652
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		05.04100
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		04.590
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		04.590
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas
[description not available]		02.0810
Chagas Cardiomyopathy
A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.		02.0810
Short Bowel Syndrome
A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		02.7130
Rida
[description not available]		03.690
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		04.1960
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		03.8140
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		03.8140
Dementias, Transmissible
[description not available]		04.0450
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		03.77100
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		03.77100
Dysembryoma
[description not available]		02.8840
Teratoma
A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)		02.8840
Hay Fever
[description not available]		011.4663
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.		06.4663
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		010.52483
Tooth Erosion
Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)		09.56203
Smear Layer
Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.		07.12123
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		05.2270
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		05.2270
Anhidrosis
[description not available]		02.0810
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		05.7883
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		05.76350
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		05.7883
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		05.76350
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
[description not available]		03.2960
Albinism
General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.		04.0830
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		04.7850
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		05.3572
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		010.3572
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		010.43150
Rotavirus Infections
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.		02.4120
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		02.4220
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		02.4220
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		09.8704
Vesicoureteral Reflux
[description not available]		04.58100
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.		04.58100
Bewilderment
[description not available]		09.29241
Infections, Pasteurella
[description not available]		02.6630
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		05.96190
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		05.96190
Pernicious Vomiting of Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.9340
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
Intractable VOMITING that develops in early PREGNANCY and persists. This can lead to DEHYDRATION and WEIGHT LOSS.		02.9340
Apnea, Sleep
[description not available]		05.0331
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.		05.0331
Coronary Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		04.4122
Coronary Stenosis
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.		04.4122
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		011.29141
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary
Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.		06.29141
Angina at Rest
[description not available]		02.0810
Angina, Unstable
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.0810
Thyrotoxicosis
A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.		02.4620
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		011.66311
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		011.66311
Neuralgia, Sciatic
[description not available]		02.110
Sciatica
A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.		02.110
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		04.7160
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		04.7160
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		03.6590
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		03.6590
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		03.8140
Cervix Dysplasia
[description not available]		04.7421
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		03.8440
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia
Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		04.7421
Manganese Poisoning
Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)		02.110
Erysipelas
An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.		02.0810
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		05.3651
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		05.3651
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency
[description not available]		02.7130
Fabry Disease
An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.		02.7130
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell
An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)		02.110
Carcinoma, Large Cell
A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.110
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		05.99270
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		05.99270
Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome
[description not available]		03.0110
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		05.9861
Gelineau Syndrome
[description not available]		03.2820
Hypersomnia, Post-Traumatic
[description not available]		03.0110
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		05.9861
Narcolepsy
A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)		03.2820
Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm
Dyssomnias associated with disruption of the normal 24 hour sleep wake cycle secondary to travel (e.g., JET LAG SYNDROME), shift work, or other causes.		03.0110
Dental Fluoroses
[description not available]		07.43134
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.		09.962916
Fluorosis, Dental
A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)		07.43134
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		09.7821
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		04.7821
Hypertension, Essential
[description not available]		02.3720
Essential Hypertension
Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500		07.3720
Athlete's Foot
[description not available]		06.3576
Tinea Pedis
Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum.		06.3576
Male Genitourinary Diseases
[description not available]		02.110
Neoplasms, Bone Marrow
[description not available]		02.520
Bone Marrow Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.		02.520
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		010.3653
Adenohypophyseal Diseases
[description not available]		02.3320
Pituitary Diseases
Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.		02.3320
Petechiae
Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.		04.67300
Purpura
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is		04.67300
Plant Poisoning
Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.		03.84120
Jaundice, Cholestatic
[description not available]		02.9140
Jaundice, Obstructive
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.		02.9140
Burning Mouth Syndrome
A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders.		03.4811
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection
[description not available]		03.0450
Gonorrhea
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.		03.0450
Heatstroke
[description not available]		02.4920
Heat Stroke
A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.		02.4920
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		02.110
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		02.110
Leanness
[description not available]		03.2260
Buruli Ulcer Disease
[description not available]		02.110
Buruli Ulcer
A lesion in the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to infections by MYCOBACTERIUM ULCERANS. It was first reported in Uganda, Africa.		02.110
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.6690
Trypanosomiasis
Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.		04.58100
HPV Infection
[description not available]		02.5120
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		02.5120
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
[description not available]		02.6630
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.		02.6630
Scurf
[description not available]		02.110
Dandruff
Excessive shedding of dry scaly material from the scalp in humans.		02.110
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		09.87119
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		09.87119
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
A clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of hereditary conditions characterized by malformed DENTAL ENAMEL, usually involving DENTAL ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA and/or TOOTH HYPOMINERALIZATION.		02.110
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		013.18451
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error
[description not available]		04.2670
Suffocation
[description not available]		03.2260
Asphyxia
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.		03.2260
Seasonal Affective Disorders
[description not available]		02.110
Seasonal Affective Disorder
A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (PHOTOTHERAPY), during the season of recurrence.		02.110
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		02.6830
Dermatophytoses
[description not available]		03.9850
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		02.6830
Tinea
Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.		03.9850
African Sleeping Sickness
[description not available]		03.94130
Trypanosomiasis, African
A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.		03.94130
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		02.5220
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		02.5220
Vascular Malformations
A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.		02.4920
Binge Eating
[description not available]		02.4220
Bulimia
Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.		02.4220
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		05.6571
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		05.6571
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		06.76231
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		06.76231
Dermatitis, Irritant
A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.		06.1262
Disease Resistance
The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.		03.420
Genetic Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.		01.9510
Delayed Graft Function
General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		04.3741
Tooth Fractures
Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.		04.5590
Neointima
The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.		06.51100
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		06.12510
Marasmus
[description not available]		012.4605
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.		012.4605
Angiohemophilia
[description not available]		02.7130
von Willebrand Diseases
Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.		02.7130
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone
[description not available]		02.110
Osteonecrosis
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.		02.110
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		03.2860
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		03.2860
Blood Loss, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.520
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		012.529127
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		012.529127
Icterus
[description not available]		010.77220
Cane-Cutter Fever
[description not available]		03.5690
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		010.77220
Leptospirosis
Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.		03.5690
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus
[description not available]		03.2960
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).		03.2960
Hyperphosphatemia
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.		05.6161
Epulides
[description not available]		08.81147
Gingival Diseases
Diseases involving the GINGIVA.		08.81147
Cardiac Conduction Defect
[description not available]		03.0110
Asphyxia Neonatorum
Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.2870
Crigler Najjar Syndrome
[description not available]		03.6630
Central Nervous System Neoplasm
[description not available]		03.8821
Central Nervous System Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.		03.8821
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion
[description not available]		04.8581
Hypopituitarism
Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.		04.8581
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		08.7268
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		08.7268
Black Water Fever
[description not available]		02.110
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		02.3820
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.1110
Epilepsies, Myoclonic
A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.		02.1110
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		06.6983
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		06.6983
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes
[description not available]		04.231
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		04.231
Erythro et Keratodermia Variabilis
[description not available]		02.1110
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		02.6530
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		02.6530
Cracked Tooth Syndrome
Incomplete fracture of any part of a tooth, characterized by pain during mastication and sensitivity to heat, cold, sweet or sour tastes, and alcohol; it is often undiagnosed because the tooth is usually X-ray negative and normal to pulp vitality tests.		02.1110
Binge Alcohol Consumption
[description not available]		02.8130
Deficiency, Factor 13
[description not available]		03.4780
Factor XIII Deficiency
A deficiency of blood coagulation FACTOR XIII or fibrin stabilizing factor (FSF) that prevents blood clot formation and results in a clinical hemorrhagic diathesis.		08.4780
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		03.65100
Ureteral Calculi
Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.		02.7130
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		07.3251
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		07.3251
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		04.1360
Ataxia with Lactic Acidosis 2
[description not available]		03.3220
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		06.01460
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		06.6981
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		06.6981
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		03.2160
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.2160
Hypotension, Postural
[description not available]		06.3382
Hypotension, Orthostatic
A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.		06.3382
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		06.7991
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		0340
Odontalgia
[description not available]		07.0875
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		0340
Toothache
Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth.		07.0875
Infections, Hantavirus
[description not available]		02.1110
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		09.55455
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		014.55455
Hantavirus Infections
Infections with viruses of the genus HANTAVIRUS. This is associated with at least four clinical syndromes: HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME caused by viruses of the Hantaan group; a milder form of HFRS caused by SEOUL VIRUS; nephropathia epidemica caused by PUUMALA VIRUS; and HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME caused by SIN NOMBRE VIRUS.		02.1110
Femoral Fractures
Fractures of the femur.		03.3570
Monkey Diseases
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).		02.3820
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		0111134
Acute Renal Colic
[description not available]		02.1110
Renal Colic
A severe intermittent and spasmodic pain in the lower back radiating to the groin, scrotum, and labia which is most commonly caused by a kidney stone (RENAL CALCULUS) passing through the URETER or by other urinary track blockage. It is often associated with nausea, vomiting, fever, restlessness, dull pain, frequent urination, and HEMATURIA.		02.1110
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		011.02280
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.		02.1110
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		02.3820
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		02.3820
Netherton Disease
[description not available]		02.1110
Netherton Syndrome
Rare autosomal recessive disease with variable expressions. Clinical features of the disease include variable ICHTHYOSIFORM ERYTHRODERMA, CONGENITAL; bamboo hair (trichorrhexis invaginata); and ATOPIC DERMATITIS. The disease is caused by mutations in the SPINK5 gene.		02.1110
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		02.5320
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		02.5320
Primary Graft Dysfunction
A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.		02.1110
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.1110
Genital Herpes
[description not available]		04.3741
Herpes Genitalis
Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.		04.3741
Protozoan Infections, Animal
Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.		02.4120
Coxsackie Virus Infections
[description not available]		03.0550
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		04.59100
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		05.8691
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		04.59100
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		04.8981
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		04.8981
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		06.5671
Barrett Epithelium
[description not available]		02.1110
Barrett Esophagus
A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.		02.1110
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		07.53131
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		07.53131
Chromosomal Instability
An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.		02.1110
Hepatic Insufficiency
Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.		02.1110
Erythrocytosis
[description not available]		09.57100
Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1110
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated
[description not available]		02.4920
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell
A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).		02.4920
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		02.1110
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.1110
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy
[description not available]		04.9690
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		05.42151
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		05.42151
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		02.940
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		07.940
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.		07.56331
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease)
[description not available]		02.6930
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome
A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))		02.6930
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung
A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.		02.1110
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		02.1310
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		02.1310
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.4820
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		02.7330
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		02.7330
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated
Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.		02.4820
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		03.78110
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		03.78110
Hemorrhagic Fever, Epidemic
[description not available]		02.6730
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome
An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Milder forms are caused by SEOUL VIRUS and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, and the PUUMALA VIRUS with transmission by Clethrionomys galreolus.		02.6730
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		02.1310
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		02.1310
Rift Valley Fever
An acute infection caused by the RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS, an RNA arthropod-borne virus, affecting domestic animals and humans. In animals, symptoms include HEPATITIS; abortion (ABORTION, VETERINARY); and DEATH. In humans, symptoms range from those of a flu-like disease to hemorrhagic fever, ENCEPHALITIS, or BLINDNESS.		02.1310
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.3920
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).		02.3920
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		07.17220
Friedreich Disease
[description not available]		02.1310
Friedreich Ataxia
An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)		02.1310
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		02.5320
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.		02.5320
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		05.91180
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		02.1310
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis
[description not available]		05.29210
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute
Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.		05.29210
Acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
[description not available]		04.3340
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		02.4920
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		02.4920
Injuries, Spinal
[description not available]		02.3820
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		04.6632
Radiodermatitis
A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.		16.6632
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		05.5270
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		05.5270
Hypercoagulability
[description not available]		02.3820
Thrombophilia
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.		02.3820
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		03.5690
Cancer of Pharynx
[description not available]		02.6630
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		03.5690
Pharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.		02.6630
Late Onset Diseases
[description not available]		02.1310
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		04.4990
Hypoalbuminemia
A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).		03.1550
Hypogalactia
A condition of less than normal MILK secretion.		02.3820
Rigor Mortis
Muscular rigidity which develops in the cadaver usually from 4 to 10 hours after death and lasts 3 or 4 days.		02.1310
Blastomyces brasiliensis Infection
[description not available]		02.1310
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		03.91130
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		03.91130
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		02.940
Sexually Transmitted Disease, Viral
[description not available]		03.5111
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.		02.1310
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		04.3270
Polyuria
Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).		05.62300
Alcohol Problem
[description not available]		02.5420
Alcohol-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.		02.5420
Bacillus anthracis Infection
[description not available]		02.4820
Anthrax
An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.		02.4820
Licheniform Eruptions
[description not available]		03.0410
Lichen Ruber Planus
[description not available]		03.320
Lichen Planus
An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.		03.320
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		09.9591
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection
[description not available]		02.8740
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		02.1510
Histoplasmosis
Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.		02.8740
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		02.6830
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		02.6830
Refractory Depression
[description not available]		02.1310
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
Failure to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant monotherapy or failure to respond to four or more trials of different antidepressant therapies. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.)		02.1310
Polydipsia, Primary
[description not available]		03.0610
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		03.5930
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine
A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.1510
Thalassemias
[description not available]		04.4450
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
[description not available]		03.2160
Thalassemia
A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.		04.4450
Iron Overload
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)		07.4720
Transfusion Reaction
Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.		03.2160
Keratoconus
A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.5520
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		02.1510
Spondylisthesis
[description not available]		02.1510
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		06.3651
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		06.3651
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.1710
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)		02.1710
Mange, Sarcoptic
[description not available]		02.3920
Scabies
A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.		02.3920
Sickle Cell Trait
The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.		09.68110
Adenoma, alpha-Cell
[description not available]		02.4220
Epiretinal Membrane
A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with RETINAL HOLES, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)		02.1510
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		02.1510
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.1510
Bouillaud Disease
[description not available]		03.2160
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.		03.2160
Enterically-Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.1510
Hepatitis E
Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.		02.1510
Pyrosis
[description not available]		03.8521
Heartburn
Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.		03.8521
Extrasystole, Ventricular
[description not available]		04.3341
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		04.69110
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		02.0410
Action Tremor
[description not available]		04.1160
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		02.0410
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		04.1160
Endometrial Diseases
[description not available]		02.7330
Uterine Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.		02.7330
Di Guglielmo Disease
[description not available]		03.77110
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.		03.77110
Dental Fissure
[description not available]		03.4311
Femur Neck Fractures
[description not available]		04.4951
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.		04.4951
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		05.42150
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		02.6830
Alkalosis, Respiratory
A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)		06.7651
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		02.9540
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		02.9540
Cushing's Syndrome
[description not available]		015.281710
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.		010.281710
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		09.07443
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		09.07443
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		08.2460
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		03.9130
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		09.49404
Dermatitis, Occupational
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.		07.1201
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		02.6830
Hives
[description not available]		06.63112
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		09.49404
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		011.63112
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		02.3820
Mandibular Fractures
Fractures of the lower jaw.		02.0410
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		02.3820
Esophagitis, Reflux
[description not available]		02.4120
Esophagitis, Peptic
INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.		02.4120
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		02.8940
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		02.8940
Purpura, Thrombopenic
[description not available]		04.99160
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic
Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.		04.99160
Alkalosis
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.		07.65231
Bacterial Meningitides
[description not available]		02.3320
Meningitis, Bacterial
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.		02.3320
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		03.1960
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection
[description not available]		02.3320
Diphtheria
A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.		02.3320
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		04.79330
Atrophy of Gingiva
[description not available]		06.7342
Abrasion, Dental
[description not available]		07.2982
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		05.37100
Leg Dermatoses
A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.0850
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis
[description not available]		02.4620
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.		02.4620
Helminthiasis, Animal
Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.		02.4420
Bunyaviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the BUNYAVIRIDAE.		02.0510
Viremia
The presence of viruses in the blood.		02.4120
Hemisensory Neglect
[description not available]		02.0410
Perceptual Disorders
Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.		02.0410
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		04.4890
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		04.4890
Altitude Hypoxia
Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.		04.0731
Altitude Sickness
Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.		04.0731
Aphthae
[description not available]		04.0531
Stomatitis, Aphthous
A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)		04.0531
Diabetic Coma
A state of unconsciousness as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs in cases of extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA or extreme HYPOGLYCEMIA as a complication of INSULIN therapy.		08.96140
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, Familial Gestational Spontaneous
[description not available]		04.3511
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.		04.3511
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		03.3970
Hepatoblastoma
A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4420
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		07.02191
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		07.02191
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)		02.0510
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		05.0291
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis
[description not available]		02.4620
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses
A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.		02.4620
Calculus, Dental
[description not available]		06.71122
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		04.9590
Compartment Syndromes
Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.		02.4320
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		04.9590
Blastocyst Disintegration
[description not available]		02.0510
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		06.2340
Onycholysis
Separation of nail plate from the underlying nail bed. It can be a sign of skin disease, infection (such as ONYCHOMYCOSIS) or tissue injury.		02.0510
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve
[description not available]		02.7330
Neuromuscular Blockade
The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.		03.4311
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		05.5192
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		03.0550
Cryoglobulinemia
A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.		02.7130
Carditis
[description not available]		02.6730
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		02.6530
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		02.6730
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		02.6530
Atrial Ectopic Beats
[description not available]		02.0510
Acrania
[description not available]		02.7430
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		02.7430
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		04.96150
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex
[description not available]		02.4620
AIDS Dementia Complex
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)		02.4620
Amphetamine Abuse
[description not available]		02.0510
Amphetamine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.		02.0510
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
Heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by frontal and temporal lobe atrophy associated with neuronal loss, gliosis, and dementia. Patients exhibit progressive changes in social, behavioral, and/or language function. Multiple subtypes or forms are recognized based on presence or absence of TAU PROTEIN inclusions. FTLD includes three clinical syndromes: FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA, semantic dementia, and PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE NONFLUENT APHASIA.		02.0510
Halitosis
An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods.		02.940
Burns, Chemical
Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.		04.4351
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		05.7200
Glaucoma, Neovascular
A form of secondary glaucoma which develops as a consequence of another ocular disease and is attributed to the forming of new vessels in the angle of the anterior chamber.		02.0510
Aspiration, Meconium
[description not available]		02.4420
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
A condition caused by inhalation of MECONIUM into the LUNG of FETUS or NEWBORN, usually due to vigorous respiratory movements during difficult PARTURITION or respiratory system abnormalities. Meconium aspirate may block small airways leading to difficulties in PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE and ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA.		02.4420
Burns, Inhalation
Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals.		02.0510
Emaciation
Clinical manifestation of excessive LEANNESS usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition (MALNUTRITION).		02.940
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		07.17221
Glaucoma, Suspect
[description not available]		02.0510
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		07.11630
Ocular Hypertension
A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.		02.0510
Phlegmon
[description not available]		03.2460
Dental Focal Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		03.5690
Pus
[description not available]		04.0431
Bacteroides Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.		02.3820
Ludwig's Angina
Severe cellulitis of the submaxillary space with secondary involvement of the perimandibular spaces. It usually results from infection in the lower molar area or from an infection following a penetrating injury to the MOUTH FLOOR.		02.0510
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		03.2460
Mushroom Poisoning
Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.		03.0550
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		06.87382
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		06.87382
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		07.61251
Multiple Hemangioblastomas
[description not available]		02.0510
Brain Stem Neoplasms, Primary
[description not available]		02.0510
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		04.7371
Hemangioblastoma
A benign tumor of the nervous system that may occur sporadically or in association with VON HIPPEL-LINDAU DISEASE. It accounts for approximately 2% of intracranial tumors, arising most frequently in the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis. Histologically, the tumors are composed of multiple capillary and sinusoidal channels lined with endothelial cells and clusters of lipid-laden pseudoxanthoma cells. Usually solitary, these tumors can be multiple and may also occur in the brain stem, spinal cord, retina, and supratentorial compartment. Cerebellar hemangioblastomas usually present in the third decade with INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION, and ataxia. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2071-2)		02.0510
Brain Stem Neoplasms
Benign and malignant intra-axial tumors of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; or MEDULLA OBLONGATA of the BRAIN STEM. Primary and metastatic neoplasms may occur in this location. Clinical features include ATAXIA, cranial neuropathies (see CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES), NAUSEA, hemiparesis (see HEMIPLEGIA), and quadriparesis. Primary brain stem neoplasms are more frequent in children. Histologic subtypes include GLIOMA; HEMANGIOBLASTOMA; GANGLIOGLIOMA; and EPENDYMOMA.		02.0510
Cardiac Sinus Arrest
[description not available]		02.0510
HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome
[description not available]		03.4411
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome
Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.		03.4411
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (		02.4320
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		03.0850
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		08.0850
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		04.73120
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		04.73120
Arachnidism
[description not available]		03.3620
Marfan Syndrome, Type I
[description not available]		02.6830
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		07.88162
Marfan Syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.		02.6830
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia
[description not available]		02.0510
Dental Wear
[description not available]		02.4620
Arsenic Encephalopathy
[description not available]		03.0550
Deficiency, Vitamin A
[description not available]		04.2670
Vitamin A Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)		04.2670
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		05.6873
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		05.6873
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex
[description not available]		02.6730
Infections, Parvoviridae
[description not available]		02.4320
Lymphogranuloma Inguinale
[description not available]		01.9210
Abscess, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.0450
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		02.8640
Lung Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		03.0450
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		03.5590
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		03.5590
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		04.1160
Nasal Diseases
[description not available]		02.3420
Enteric Fever
[description not available]		02.6230
Typhoid Fever
An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.		07.6230
Alport Syndrome
[description not available]		03.7940
Nephritis, Hereditary
A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		03.7940
Day Blindness
[description not available]		05.7781
Ametropia
[description not available]		03.320
Refractive Errors
Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.		03.320
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		02.6530
Cadmium Poisoning
Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.		02.8940
Thrombocytopathy
[description not available]		09.4790
Blood Platelet Disorders
Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.		04.4790
Cerebral Cortical Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.0510
4p Deletion Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		04.34210
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		02.6630
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		02.6630
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.		02.420
Hyaline Membrane Disease
A respiratory distress syndrome in newborn infants, usually premature infants with insufficient PULMONARY SURFACTANTS. The disease is characterized by the formation of a HYALINE-like membrane lining the terminal respiratory airspaces (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and subsequent collapse of the lung (PULMONARY ATELECTASIS).		03.7940
Polyomavirus Infections
Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).		02.0510
Fibroma, Shope
[description not available]		03.7840
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		03.4880
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		03.4880
4 Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Deficiency Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Tyrosinemias
A group of disorders which have in common elevations of tyrosine in the blood and urine secondary to an enzyme deficiency. Type I tyrosinemia features episodic weakness, self-mutilation, hepatic necrosis, renal tubular injury, and seizures and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetase. Type II tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY, painful corneal ulcers, and keratoses of the palms and plantar surfaces and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme TYROSINE TRANSAMINASE. Type III tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme 4-HYDROXYPHENYLPYRUVATE DIOXYGENASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp42-3)		02.0510
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.9440
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		02.9440
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		05.9251
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		05.9251
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		02.0510
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		02.0510
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		03.8321
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured
[description not available]		02.6630
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		03.8321
Infections, Nematode
[description not available]		04.2970
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.		03.2460
Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.4420
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal
Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.		02.4420
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.4720
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		02.4720
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.		02.0510
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		04.25190
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		09.25190
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		03.83120
Anomalous Dysplasia of Dentin
[description not available]		02.730
ADDH
[description not available]		03.1350
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		03.1350
Fungemia
The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.		02.0610
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		03.9850
Coronary Restenosis
Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.		02.0510
Eclampsia
Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).		03.1960
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		08.77321
Deficiency, Riboflavin
[description not available]		02.3420
Clostridium tetani Infection
[description not available]		03.4580
Tetanus
A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.		08.4580
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		012.46211
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		07.46211
Congenital Pachyonychia
[description not available]		02.0510
Keratosis, Oral
[description not available]		02.0510
Angle's Classification
[description not available]		02.0510
Leukoplakia, Oral
A white patch seen on the oral mucosa. It is considered a premalignant condition and is often tobacco-induced. When evidence of Epstein-Barr virus is present, the condition is called hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		02.0510
Malocclusion
Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)		02.0510
Pachyonychia Congenita
A group of inherited ectodermal dysplasias whose most prominent clinical feature is hypertrophic nail dystrophy resulting in PACHYONYCHIA. Several specific subtypes of pachyonychia congenita have been associated with mutations in genes that encode KERATINS.		02.0510
Capdepont Teeth
[description not available]		02.3520
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		03.4680
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		03.8540
Clasp-Knife Spasticity
[description not available]		02.3820
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		05.5161
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)		02.3820
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		05.5161
Blast Injuries
Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3820
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic
[description not available]		02.0610
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		03.2460
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		03.2460
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency
[description not available]		06.5773
Dwarfism, Pituitary
A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.		06.5773
Infections, Pneumococcal
[description not available]		04.2740
Pneumococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		04.2740
Dermatitis Exfoliativa
[description not available]		02.6630
Dermatitis, Exfoliative
The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.6630
Restless Leg Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4320
Restless Legs Syndrome
A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.		02.4320
Cystine Diathesis
[description not available]		03.3120
Cystinosis
A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.		03.3120
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		05.21200
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		05.21200
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0610
Gaucher Disease
An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.		02.0610
Hyperactivity, Motor
[description not available]		05.0252
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		04.1260
Fetal Malnutrition
[description not available]		03.4511
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0610
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous
A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.		02.0610
Intermittent Claudication
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.		05.7542
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
[description not available]		04.2570
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.		04.2570
Adenitis, Salivary Gland
[description not available]		02.0610
Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0610
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic
A systemic, large-cell, non-Hodgkin, malignant lymphoma characterized by cells with pleomorphic appearance and expressing the CD30 ANTIGEN. These so-called hallmark cells have lobulated and indented nuclei. This lymphoma is often mistaken for metastatic carcinoma and MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS.		02.0610
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		03.5790
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		09.53971
Exanthem
[description not available]		04.4451
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		04.4451
Hypoproteinemia
A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.		05.21121
Glomerular Necrosis
[description not available]		05.16110
Lipidoses
Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.		03.0850
Abnormal Movements
[description not available]		02.0610
Asthenia
Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.		02.6530
Vesico-Vaginal Fistula
[description not available]		02.3820
Ureteral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.		04.3880
Dermatitis Seborrheica
[description not available]		04.7471
Dermatitis, Seborrheic
A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.		04.7471
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		07.31168
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		07.09331
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		07.09331
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		02.6830
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		02.6830
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		05.8381
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		05.8381
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		03.6430
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		03.6430
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		06.59203
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		06.59203
Deficiency, Thiamine
[description not available]		02.6830
Thiamine Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)		02.6830
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		04.96150
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		04.1760
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		04.1760
Chronic Bronchitis
[description not available]		03.4611
Bronchitis, Chronic
A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.		03.4611
Koehler Disease
[description not available]		02.0710
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		07.15351
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		07.15351
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		02.9240
Opisthorchis felineus Infection
[description not available]		02.0710
Opisthorchiasis
Infection with flukes of the genus Opisthorchis.		02.0710
Aspiration, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.0710
Bronchial Pneumonia
[description not available]		03.5690
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		010.51565
Fecal Impaction
Formation of a firm impassable mass of stool in the RECTUM or distal COLON.		02.0710
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		04.58100
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		010.51565
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
[description not available]		02.0710
Coenuri Infection
[description not available]		02.0710
Cysticercosis
Infection with CYSTICERCUS, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS.		02.0710
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3820
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal
A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.		02.3820
Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Lowered Platelets
[description not available]		02.0810
HELLP Syndrome
A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in pregnant women with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.		02.0810
Gait Disorders, Animal
[description not available]		03.8321
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		06.7571
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4520
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic
A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)		02.4520
Pleuropericarditis
Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.		02.6630
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.		02.6630
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		04.9691
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		04.9691
Intraventricular Septal Defects
[description not available]		02.3720
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.		02.3720
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		05.3651
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		05.3651
Encephalopathy, Mercury
[description not available]		02.0710
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		06.6370
Amaurosis
[description not available]		03.4680
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		03.4680
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		02.4220
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular
Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.0810
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.3720
Polyploid
[description not available]		02.8840
Wounds, Penetrating
Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.		03.3720
Parakeratosis
Persistence of the nuclei of the keratinocytes into the stratum corneum of the skin. This is a normal state only in the epithelium of true mucous membranes in the mouth and vagina. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0710
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		05.54171
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		04.2180
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		04.2180
Diastema
An abnormal opening or fissure between two adjacent teeth.		02.0710
Electric Injuries
Injuries caused by electric currents. The concept excludes electric burns (BURNS, ELECTRIC), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock.		02.0810
Burns, Electric
Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity.		02.0810
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia
[description not available]		04.4790
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.		04.4790
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		011.46171
Agenesis of Hemidiaphragm
[description not available]		02.0110
Diaphragmatic Hernia
[description not available]		02.730
Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital
Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of embryologic defects in the DIAPHRAGM often present in the neonatal period. It can be isolated, syndromic, non-syndromic or be a part of chromosome abnormality. Associated pulmonary hypoplasia and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION can further complicate stabilization and surgical intervention.		02.0110
Dermatomycoses
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.		03.4780
Bacterial Skin Diseases
[description not available]		03.3320
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		07.05182
Skin Diseases, Bacterial
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.		03.3320
Mouth Breathing
Abnormal breathing through the mouth, usually associated with obstructive disorders of the nasal passages.		02.4120
Bed Sores
[description not available]		05.2872
Pressure Ulcer
An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.		05.2872
Hyperidrosis
[description not available]		02.3720
Hyperhidrosis
Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.		02.3720
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		012.278412
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		012.278412
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		02.8840
Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.3920
Hepatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.		02.3920
Injuries, Multiple
[description not available]		05.08101
Goiter
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).		03.5590
Duodenal Diseases
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).		010.3951
Kwashiorkor
A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		011.25202
Child Malnutrition
Malnutrition occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.		02.3620
Anemia, Cooley's
[description not available]		02.4120
beta-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.		02.4120
Tooth Diseases
Diseases involving the TEETH.		02.940
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic
[description not available]		02.3820
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).		02.3820
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		07.6183
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		07.6183
Hepatic Veno Occlusive Disease
[description not available]		02.0110
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease
Liver disease that is caused by injuries to the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessels and subendothelial EDEMA, but not by THROMBOSIS. Extracellular matrix, rich in FIBRONECTINS, is usually deposited around the HEPATIC VEINS leading to venous outflow occlusion and sinusoidal obstruction.		02.0110
Eperythrozoonosis
[description not available]		04.2570
Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections
[description not available]		02.0110
Tooth Loss
The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury.		02.0110
Adult Fanconi Syndrome
[description not available]		04.2741
Emphysema
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.		08.7621
Hemoglobinuria
The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.		04.94150
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
[description not available]		06.91121
Intracranial Hypertension
Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.		06.91121
Dental Deposit
[description not available]		02.9240
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		02.0110
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		02.0110
Inner Ear Disease
[description not available]		02.6730
Labyrinth Diseases
Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).		02.6730
Glossitis
Inflammation of the tongue.		02.0110
Amyloidosis, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.0110
Amyloidosis, Familial
Diseases in which there is a familial pattern of AMYLOIDOSIS.		02.0110
Abscess, Abdominal
[description not available]		02.0110
Abdominal Abscess
An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0110
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		07.55531
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		0531
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		03.0650
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		0531
Anovulation
Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.		02.0110
Body Weight, Fetal
[description not available]		03.1150
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		04.72120
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		09.72120
Brucella Infection
[description not available]		02.3620
Brucellosis
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.		02.3620
Narcosis
A state of depressed CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM marked by stupor or insensibility.		02.6230
Infections, Trichomonas
[description not available]		01.9310
Trichomonas Infections
Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.		01.9310
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		03.0350
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		03.0350
Porphyria
[description not available]		06.14180
Porphyrias
A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.		06.14180
Anal Fistula
[description not available]		01.9310
Anus Diseases
Diseases involving the ANUS.		04.0331
Deficiency, Pyridoxine
[description not available]		04.73120
Catatonia
A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		02.3420
Rheumatism
[description not available]		03.9650
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		03.9650
Cataleptic Attacks
[description not available]		02.3620
Hypermyotonia
[description not available]		01.9310
External Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		02.6330
Otitis Externa
Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.		02.6330
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		03.64100
Chylopericardium
[description not available]		03.3370
Pericardial Effusion
Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.		03.3370
Leukorrhea
A clear or white discharge from the VAGINA, consisting mainly of MUCUS.		02.6330
Bacterial Vaginitides
[description not available]		02.3520
Vaginosis, Bacterial
Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.		02.3520
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		03.260
Hepatitis, Infectious
[description not available]		05.6300
Hepatitis A
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.		05.6300
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		08.3570
Ileitis
Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		01.9310
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		07.17221
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		07.17221
Diaper Rashes
[description not available]		03.0450
Diaper Rash
A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.		03.0450
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		05.57290
Insulin Coma
Severe HYPOGLYCEMIA induced by a large dose of exogenous INSULIN resulting in a COMA or profound state of unconsciousness from which the individual cannot be aroused.		03.1860
Hypophosphatemia
A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.		07.6630
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		06.53350
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		06.53350
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory
[description not available]		01.9310
Encephalomyelitis
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.		01.9310
Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum
[description not available]		01.9310
Necrobiosis Lipoidica
A degenerative disease of the dermal connective tissue characterized by the development of erythematous papules or nodules in the pretibial area. The papules form plaques covered with telangiectatic vessels. More than half of the affected patients have diabetes.		01.9310
Besnoitiasis
[description not available]		02.8640
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		05.1641
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		05.1641
Cranial Nerve II Diseases
[description not available]		01.9310
Optic Nerve Diseases
Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.		01.9310
Hemorrhage, Vitreous
[description not available]		01.9310
Vitreous Hemorrhage
Hemorrhage into the VITREOUS BODY.		06.9310
Lathyrism
A paralytic condition of the legs caused by ingestion of lathyrogens, especially BETA-AMINOPROPIONITRILE or beta-N-oxalyl amino-L-alanine, which are found in the seeds of plants of the genus LATHYRUS.		03.5590
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		05.27131
Addison's Disease
[description not available]		03.3370
Addison Disease, X-Linked
[description not available]		02.3420
Hypoadrenocorticism, Familial
Hereditary forms of Addison disease that may exhibit autosomal recessive or X-linked inheritance. They are characterized by severe neurological symptoms, APNEA; and death in infancy. OMIM: 240200		02.3420
Addison Disease
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.		03.3370
Lichen Simplex Chronicus
[description not available]		06.7982
Neurodermatitis
An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus.		011.7982
Myelopathy
[description not available]		02.3420
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		02.3420
Keratoderma, Palmoplantar, Diffuse
An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a widely distributed, well-demarcated hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles. There is more than one genotypically distinct form, each of which is clinically similar but histologically distinguishable. Diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma is distinct from palmoplantar keratoderma (KERATODERMA, PALMOPLANTAR), as the former exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance and hyperhidrosis is frequently present.		01.9310
Splenic Diseases
Diseases involving the SPLEEN.		02.3620
Bladder Calculi
[description not available]		04.2441
Dysautonomia
[description not available]		01.9310
Glaucoma, Angle Closure
[description not available]		03.3270
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure
A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.		03.3270
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		02.3620
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		02.3420
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		02.3420
Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.		01.9310
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with XEROSTOMIA and polyarthritis, it is called SJOGREN'S SYNDROME.		06.9310
Keratoconjunctivitis
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.		06.9310
Cystic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		03.65100
Tuberculosis, Renal
Infection of the KIDNEY with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.		03.1960
Kidney Diseases, Cystic
A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).		03.65100
Autolysis
The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.		09.73120
Axonotmesis
[description not available]		01.9310
Trauma, Nervous System
Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.		01.9310
Headache, Tension
[description not available]		01.9310
Tension-Type Headache
A common primary headache disorder, characterized by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band-like (or vice-like) PAIN of mild to moderate intensity in the HEAD; SCALP; or NECK. The subtypes are classified by frequency and severity of symptoms. There is no clear cause even though it has been associated with MUSCLE CONTRACTION and stress. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		01.9310
Impotence
[description not available]		04.5961
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		04.5961
Ear Infection
[description not available]		01.9310
Hepatic Porphyria
[description not available]		01.9310
Porphyrias, Hepatic
A group of metabolic diseases due to deficiency of one of a number of LIVER enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME. They are characterized by the accumulation and increased excretion of PORPHYRINS or its precursors. Clinical features include neurological symptoms (PORPHYRIA, ACUTE INTERMITTENT), cutaneous lesions due to photosensitivity (PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA), or both (HEREDITARY COPROPORPHYRIA). Hepatic porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic tissues.		01.9310
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		02.8640
Toxemia
A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.		09.2570
Paranoia
[description not available]		02.8740
Bleb
[description not available]		04.65110
Bone Cysts
Benign unilocular lytic areas in the proximal end of a long bone with well defined and narrow endosteal margins. The cysts contain fluid and the cyst walls may contain some giant cells. Bone cysts usually occur in males between the ages 3-15 years.		01.9310
Dissociation
[description not available]		01.9310
Boils
[description not available]		01.9310
Impetigo Contagiosa
[description not available]		02.6230
Pruritus Ani
Intense chronic itching in the anal area.		01.9310
Impetigo
A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.		07.6230
Intertrigo
A superficial dermatitis occurring on skin surfaces in contact with each other, such as the axillae, neck creases, intergluteal fold, between the toes, etc. Obesity is a predisposing factor. The condition is caused by moisture and friction and is characterized by erythema, maceration, burning, and exudation.		01.9310
Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.		02.3420
Vulvovaginitis
Inflammation of the VULVA and the VAGINA, characterized by discharge, burning, and PRURITUS.		02.6430
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9310
Renal Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		010.28552
Renal Artery Obstruction
Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).		015.28552
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.		03.1960
Pyoderma
Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).		02.3420
Acquired Encephalocele
[description not available]		02.6330
Injuries, Eye
[description not available]		03.73110
Eye Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.		03.73110
Nephrosclerosis
Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.		03.81120
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		04.1160
Hydrosyringomyelia
[description not available]		01.9310
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		04.1160
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		05.04101
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		05.04101
Meningitis, Tuberculous
[description not available]		02.3520
Tuberculosis, Meningeal
A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)		02.3520
Pulmonary Stenoses
[description not available]		02.6330
Cardiac Septal Defect
[description not available]		01.9310
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		08.62402
Brachmann-De Lange Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9310
De Lange Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by growth retardation, severe MENTAL RETARDATION, short stature, a low-pitched growling cry, brachycephaly, low-set ears, webbed neck, carp mouth, depressed nasal bridge, bushy eyebrows meeting at the midline, hirsutism, and malformations of the hands. The condition may occur sporadically or be associated with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance or duplication of the long arm of chromosome 3. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p231)		01.9310
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		08.62402
Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica
A fibrous degeneration, cyst formation, and the presence of fibrous nodules in bone, usually due to HYPERPARATHYROIDISM.		03.7740
Infant Malnutrition
Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.		04.65110
Hyphema
Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.		03.1960
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida
[description not available]		02.8640
Gastric Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.		03.260
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		04.65110
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		09.65110
Choked Disk
[description not available]		03.73110
Benign Intracranial Hypertension
[description not available]		03.5730
Acute Rheumatic Fever
[description not available]		01.9310
Papilledema
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)		03.73110
Pseudotumor Cerebri
A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).		03.5730
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.8640
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		03.3370
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		04.8130
Neurilemoma
[description not available]		03.96140
Anaplastic Ependymoma
[description not available]		05.34141
Ependymoma
Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)		05.34141
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		02.8640
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		03.3370
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		04.8130
Neurilemmoma
A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)		03.96140
Aminoaciduria, Renal
[description not available]		05.41151
Intussusception
A form of intestinal obstruction caused by the PROLAPSE of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. There are four types: colic, involving segments of the LARGE INTESTINE; enteric, involving only the SMALL INTESTINE; ileocecal, in which the ILEOCECAL VALVE prolapses into the CECUM, drawing the ILEUM along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the COLON.		01.9310
Mitral Stenosis
[description not available]		02.3420
Mitral Valve Stenosis
Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.		02.3420
Deficiency, Magnesium
[description not available]		03.82120
Focal Neurologic Deficits
[description not available]		06280
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		02.3420
Spasmophilia
[description not available]		02.6430
Magnesium Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)		08.82120
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.3420
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9310
Fibromyalgia
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)		01.9310
Malignant Hypertension
[description not available]		06.38260
Hypertension, Malignant
A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.		06.38260
Prolapse
The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.		01.9310
Sun Stroke
[description not available]		01.9410
Wounds, Gunshot
Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.		01.9410
Chorioretinitis
Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.		04.0330
Hyperventilation
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.		04.4790
Central Nervous System Syphilis
[description not available]		01.9310
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		04.66110
Arnold-Chiari Deformity
[description not available]		02.3420
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		04.66110
Kidney Papillary Necrosis
A complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving KIDNEY PAPILLA in the KIDNEY MEDULLA. Damages to this area may hinder the kidney to concentrate urine resulting in POLYURIA. Sloughed off necrotic tissue may block KIDNEY PELVIS or URETER. Necrosis of multiple renal papillae can lead to KIDNEY FAILURE.		05.27131
Acrodermatitis
Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome.		01.9410
Hemorrhage, Retinal
[description not available]		02.6530
Neuroretinitis
[description not available]		01.9310
Retinitis
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).		01.9310
Collagen Diseases
Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)		03.0450
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		02.3420
Pyuria
The presence of white blood cells (LEUKOCYTES) in the urine. It is often associated with bacterial infections of the urinary tract. Pyuria without BACTERIURIA can be caused by TUBERCULOSIS, stones, or cancer.		03.3370
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		06.2133
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial
[description not available]		01.9410
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		03.89130
Neuroses
[description not available]		02.6330
Neurotic Disorders
Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.		02.6330
Neoplasms, Bronchial
[description not available]		03.5590
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis
[description not available]		04.2540
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis
[description not available]		02.3420
Bronchial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.		03.5590
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis
Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.		02.3420
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.		04.2540
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		02.8540
Convalescence
The period of recovery following an illness.		05.04100
Water Intoxication
A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.		05.96101
Hyperoxia
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.		02.6530
Shock, Traumatic
Shock produced as a result of trauma.		05.03100
Eye Manifestations
Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.		02.8640
Blood Protein Disorders
Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.		03.65100
alpha-L-Iduronidase Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9410
Mucopolysaccharidosis I
Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDURONIDASE) and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of DERMATAN SULFATE and HEPARAN SULFATE. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include DWARFISM; hepatosplenomegaly; thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge; corneal clouding; cardiac complications; and noisy breathing.		01.9410
Dysentery
Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.		07.3420
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		02.6530
Brill Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne
The classic form of typhus, caused by RICKETTSIA PROWAZEKII, which is transmitted from man to man by the louse Pediculus humanus corporis. This disease is characterized by the sudden onset of intense headache, malaise, and generalized myalgia followed by the formation of a macular skin eruption and vascular and neurologic disturbances.		01.9410
Aldosteronism
[description not available]		06.65210
Hyperaldosteronism
A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.		06.65210
Avian Leukosis
A group of transmissible viral diseases of chickens and turkeys. Liver tumors are found in most forms, but tumors can be found elsewhere.		01.9410
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		04.25190
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		04.94150
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		09.94150
Calculosis
[description not available]		02.3320
Stye
[description not available]		01.9410
Paronychia
An inflammatory reaction involving the folds of the skin surrounding the fingernail. It is characterized by acute or chronic purulent, tender, and painful swellings of the tissues around the nail, caused by an abscess of the nail fold. The pathogenic yeast causing paronychia is most frequently Candida albicans. Saprophytic fungi may also be involved. The causative bacteria are usually Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Streptococcus. (Andrews' Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p271)		01.9410
Stasis Ulcer
[description not available]		02.3520
Hordeolum
Purulent infection of one of the sebaceous glands of Zeis along the eyelid margin (external) or of the meibomian gland on the conjunctival side of the eyelid (internal).		01.9410
Varicose Ulcer
Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.		02.3520
Essential Polyarteritis
[description not available]		01.9410
Anti-GBM Disease
[description not available]		02.3620
Hemoptysis
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.		01.9410
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease
An autoimmune disease of the KIDNEY and the LUNG. It is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies targeting the epitopes in the non-collagenous domains of COLLAGEN TYPE IV in the basement membranes of kidney glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) and lung alveoli (PULMONARY ALVEOLI), and the subsequent destruction of these basement membranes. Clinical features include pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis.		02.3620
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change
[description not available]		03.7940
Nephrosis, Lipoid
A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.		03.7940
Aprosodia
[description not available]		02.3420
Ecchymosis
Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.		02.3520
Bruise
[description not available]		02.3520
Contusions
Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.		02.3520
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		03.260
Cardiac Complex, Premature
[description not available]		02.3520
Hemorrhagic Diathesis
[description not available]		09.56100
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		07.8242
Hemorrhagic Disorders
Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).		04.56100
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		07.8242
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		04.2441
Glandular Fever
[description not available]		03.2620
Infectious Mononucleosis
A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.		03.2620
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		07360
Hysteria
Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.		01.9410
Astasia-Abasia
[description not available]		01.9410
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		02.8740
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis
[description not available]		02.3720
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		02.8740
Bronchiectasis
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.		02.8640
Familial Mediterranean Fever
A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.		02.3720
Embryopathies
[description not available]		06.09170
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		03.0550
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		03.0550
Hairy Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9410
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		03.9650
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9410
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		05.12111
Leukemia, Hairy Cell
A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.		01.9410
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).		01.9410
Carcinoma, Bronchial
[description not available]		05.2772
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction
[description not available]		03.0550
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction
Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.		03.0550
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.		05.2772
Mouth, Edentulous
Total lack of teeth through disease or extraction.		02.6530
Adrenal Gland Diseases
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.		02.6330
C gattii Infection
[description not available]		03.3370
Cryptococcosis
Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.		03.3370
Absence Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		04.0231
Epilepsy, Absence
A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)		04.0231
Addison's Anemia
[description not available]		05.2772
Anemia, Macrocytic
Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).		03.260
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		012.85175
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		03.5590
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		03.5590
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		05.34141
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		05.34141
Anemia, Leukoerythroblastic
[description not available]		01.9410
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		04.4251
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		04.7371
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		04.7371
Deficiency, Vitamin E
[description not available]		02.3520
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis Type B
[description not available]		01.9410
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3620
Moniliasis, Oral
[description not available]		01.9410
Candidiasis, Oral
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Palsy
[description not available]		03.82120
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		08.82120
Anterior Optic Neuritis
[description not available]		01.9410
Optic Neuritis
Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).		06.9410
Androgenization
[description not available]		01.9410
Cystinuria
An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.		06.83111
Cacchi Ricci Disease
[description not available]		02.3520
Exophthalmos
Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.		02.6530
Salivary Gland Diseases
Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.		01.9410
Central Diabetes Insipidus
[description not available]		07.3720
Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic
A genetic or acquired polyuric disorder caused by a deficiency of VASOPRESSINS secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. Clinical signs include the excretion of large volumes of dilute URINE; HYPERNATREMIA; THIRST; and polydipsia. Etiologies include HEAD TRAUMA; surgeries and diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This disorder may also be caused by mutations of genes such as ARVP encoding vasopressin and its corresponding neurophysin (NEUROPHYSINS).		02.3720
Coccidioides immitis Infection
[description not available]		02.3420
Fungal Lung Diseases
[description not available]		02.6530
Coccidioidomycosis
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.		02.3420
Abortion, Septic
Any type of abortion, induced or spontaneous, that is associated with infection of the UTERUS and its appendages. It is characterized by FEVER, uterine tenderness, and foul discharge.		02.8540
Anemia, Splenic
[description not available]		03.5530
Nanism
[description not available]		02.8740
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome
This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.		04.1160
Dwarfism
A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.		02.8740
Turner Syndrome
A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.		04.1160
Infarct
[description not available]		04.4790
Black Death
[description not available]		02.8640
Plague
An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.		02.8640
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		05.41151
Hematoma, Subdural
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.		03.0450
Tuberculoma
A tumor-like mass resulting from the enlargement of a tuberculous lesion.		02.3520
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		010.41151
Mixed Pineocytoma-Pineoblastoma
[description not available]		01.9410
Pinealoma
Neoplasms which originate from pineal parenchymal cells that tend to enlarge the gland and be locally invasive. The two major forms are pineocytoma and the more malignant pineoblastoma. Pineocytomas have moderate cellularity and tend to form rosette patterns. Pineoblastomas are highly cellular tumors containing small, poorly differentiated cells. These tumors occasionally seed the neuroaxis or cause obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS or Parinaud's syndrome. GERMINOMA; CARCINOMA, EMBRYONAL; GLIOMA; and other neoplasms may arise in the pineal region with germinoma being the most common pineal region tumor. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2064; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p670)		01.9410
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula
[description not available]		03.0550
Autotomy Human
[description not available]		01.9410
Athetoid Movements
[description not available]		02.3520
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly)
[description not available]		04.5861
Cancer of Parathyroid
[description not available]		04.56100
Acromegaly
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)		04.5861
Parathyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.		04.56100
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I
[description not available]		06.25200
Acidosis, Renal Tubular
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.		06.25200
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		04.9591
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		04.9591
Embolus
[description not available]		03.7740
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion
Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)		01.9410
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		03.7740
Botulism, Infantile
[description not available]		01.9410
Hypoventilation
A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.		02.3520
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		01.9410
Polyradiculitis
[description not available]		01.9410
Botulism
A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)		01.9410
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		01.9410
Polyradiculopathy
Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.		01.9410
Chicken Pox
[description not available]		02.8740
Chickenpox
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		07.8740
Pregnancy in Diabetes
[description not available]		06.51181
Dystocia
Slow or difficult OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH.		01.9410
Bacteriuria
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.		06.22350
Anterior Urethral Stricture
[description not available]		02.8640
Urethral Stricture
Narrowing of any part of the URETHRA. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.		02.8640
Hemoperitoneum
Accumulations of blood in the PERITONEAL CAVITY due to internal HEMORRHAGE.		01.9410
Ascariasis
Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.		01.9310
Encephalitis, Japanese B
[description not available]		02.3620
Encephalitis, Japanese
A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)		02.3620
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus
[description not available]		02.8540
Dysentery, Bacillary
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).		02.8540
Bertielliasis
[description not available]		01.9310
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8640
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		02.8640
Hemorrhage, Intracranial, Traumatic
[description not available]		01.9310
Maculopapular Cutaneous Mastocytosis
[description not available]		02.0110
Athletic Injuries
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.		02.0110
Chromosomal Fragility
[description not available]		02.0110
Adrenoleukodystrophy, Autosomal Neonatal Form
[description not available]		02.9310
Lactic Acidosis
[description not available]		08.3320
Ataxias, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.9310
Lysosomal Enzyme Disorders
[description not available]		02.9310
Acidosis, Lactic
Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.		03.3320
Peroxisomal Disorders
A heterogeneous group of inherited metabolic disorders marked by absent or dysfunctional PEROXISOMES. Peroxisomal enzymatic abnormalities may be single or multiple. Biosynthetic peroxisomal pathways are compromised, including the ability to synthesize ether lipids and to oxidize long-chain fatty acid precursors. Diseases in this category include ZELLWEGER SYNDROME; INFANTILE REFSUM DISEASE; rhizomelic chondrodysplasia (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC); hyperpipecolic acidemia; neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy; and ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY (X-linked). Neurologic dysfunction is a prominent feature of most peroxisomal disorders.		02.9310
Catatonic Rigidity
[description not available]		02.6530
Muscle Rigidity
Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)		02.6530
Pemphigoid
[description not available]		02.420
Pemphigoid, Bullous
A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.		02.420
Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures
A condition where seizures occur in association with ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) without other identifiable causes. Seizures usually occur within the first 6-48 hours after the cessation of alcohol intake, but may occur during periods of alcohol intoxication. Single generalized tonic-clonic motor seizures are the most common subtype, however, STATUS EPILEPTICUS may occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1174)		02.0210
Far East Scarlet-like Fever
[description not available]		02.6330
As If Personality
[description not available]		02.3420
Acute Yellow Atrophy
[description not available]		06.9310
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		04.9490
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		04.9490
Tauopathies
Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.		02.0210
AIDS Wasting Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4120
HIV Wasting Syndrome
Involuntary weight loss of greater than 10 percent associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue for more than 30 days in the absence of a defined cause other than HIV infection. A constant feature is major muscle wasting with scattered myofiber degeneration. A variety of etiologies, which vary among patients, contributes to this syndrome. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1611).		02.4120
Amino Acid Transport Disorders, Inborn
Disorders characterized by defective transport of amino acids across cell membranes. These include deficits in transport across brush-border epithelial cell membranes of the small intestine (MICROVILLI) and KIDNEY TUBULES; transport across the basolateral membrane; and transport across the membranes of intracellular organelles. (From Nippon Rinsho 1992 Jul;50(7):1587-92)		03.3420
Francisella tularensis Infection
[description not available]		02.0210
Tularemia
A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness.		02.0210
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		05.8790
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		05.8790
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		03.4580
Fra(X) Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0210
Fragile X Syndrome
A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)		02.0210
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe
[description not available]		02.0210
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.		02.0210
Pyelitis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY PELVIS and KIDNEY CALICES where urine is collected before discharge, but does not involve the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS) where urine is processed.		02.9310
Shingles
[description not available]		04.661
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		04.661
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		02.3920
Ageusia
Complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of taste, frequently accompanied by OLFACTION DISORDERS.		02.3320
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		03.3370
Placental Insufficiency
Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.		02.6730
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		02.6630
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		02.6630
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell
[description not available]		02.6830
Leukemia, T-Cell
A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.		02.6830
Claustrophobia
[description not available]		02.0210
Phobic Disorders
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.		02.0210
Kaposi Disease
[description not available]		02.0210
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.		02.0210
Autism
[description not available]		02.4320
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		02.4320
Bone Diseases, Endocrine
Diseases of the bones related to hyperfunction or hypofunction of the endocrine glands.		02.0210
Angiostrongylus Infections
[description not available]		02.0210
Infections, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		03.3220
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		06.11140
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		06.11140
Soft Tissue Infections
Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)		03.3220
Adult Rickets
[description not available]		04.2641
Milk Fever, Animal
[description not available]		02.0210
Osteomalacia
Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.		04.2641
Glycogenosis
[description not available]		09.9360
Glycogen Storage Disease
A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.		04.9360
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		03.0650
Campylobacter Infection
[description not available]		05.8221
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		02.0210
Hypogonadism
Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).		02.0210
Long QT Syndrome 1
[description not available]		02.0210
Trichostrongyloidiasis
Infection by roundworms of the superfamily TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA, including the genera TRICHOSTRONGYLUS; OSTERTAGIA; Cooperia, HAEMONCHUS; Nematodirus, Hyostrongylus, and DICTYOCAULUS.		04.7571
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		03.0650
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		03.0650
Encephalitozoonosis
Infection with FUNGI of the genus ENCEPHALITOZOON. Lesions commonly occur in the BRAIN and KIDNEY tubules. Other sites of infection in MAMMALS are the LIVER; ADRENAL GLANDS; OPTIC NERVES; RETINA; and MYOCARDIUM.		02.730
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		02.0310
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		02.0310
Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Familial
[description not available]		02.9410
Anterior Fascicular Block
[description not available]		02.3720
Agricultural Worker Disease
[description not available]		02.3720
Neurogenic Inflammation
Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.		02.0210
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		04.0831
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
An abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing. The cycle begins with slow, shallow breaths that gradually increase in depth and rate and is then followed by a period of apnea. The period of apnea can last 5 to 30 seconds, then the cycle repeats every 45 seconds to 3 minutes.		02.0310
Ostertagiasis
A disease of herbivorous mammals, particularly cattle and sheep, caused by stomach worms of the genus OSTERTAGIA.		02.0310
Arenaviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ARENAVIRIDAE.		02.0310
Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral
A group of viral diseases of diverse etiology but having many similar clinical characteristics; increased capillary permeability, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are common to all. Hemorrhagic fevers are characterized by sudden onset, fever, headache, generalized myalgia, backache, conjunctivitis, and severe prostration, followed by various hemorrhagic symptoms. Hemorrhagic fever with kidney involvement is HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME.		02.3820
Chronic Progressive Epilepsia Partialis Continua
[description not available]		02.9410
Epilepsia Partialis Continua
A variant of EPILEPSY characterized by continuous focal jerking of a body part over a period of hours, days, or even years without spreading to other body regions. Contractions may be aggravated by movement and are reduced, but not abolished during sleep. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY demonstrates epileptiform (spike and wave) discharges over the hemisphere opposite to the affected limb in most instances. The repetitive movements may originate from the CEREBRAL CORTEX or from subcortical structures (e.g., BRAIN STEM; BASAL GANGLIA). This condition is associated with Russian Spring and Summer encephalitis (see ENCEPHALITIS, TICK BORNE); Rasmussen syndrome (see ENCEPHALITIS); MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; and CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS. (From Brain, 1996 April;119(pt2):393-407; Epilepsia 1993;34;Suppl 1:S29-S36; and Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p319)		02.9410
Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction
[description not available]		02.0310
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		02.8840
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		02.8840
Blue Toe Syndrome
A condition that is caused by recurring atheroembolism in the lower extremities. It is characterized by cyanotic discoloration of the toes, usually the first, fourth, and fifth toes. Discoloration may extend to the lateral aspect of the foot. Despite the gangrene-like appearance, blue toes may respond to conservative therapy without amputation.		02.0310
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		04.58100
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		04.58100
Bagassosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.		02.0310
Pneumoconiosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.		02.0310
Hip Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the hip.		02.9410
Nail Abnormalities
[description not available]		02.8840
Bedwetting
[description not available]		02.0310
Nocturnal Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of URINE during sleep at night after expected age of completed development of urinary control.		02.0310
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.0310
Gulf War Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.0310
Persian Gulf Syndrome
Unexplained symptoms reported by veterans of the Persian Gulf War with Iraq in 1991. The symptoms reported include fatigue, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, headaches, loss of memory, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and extreme sensitivity to commonly occurring chemicals. (Nature 1994 May 5;369(6475):8)		02.0310
Otitis Media, Purulent
[description not available]		03.4111
Aural Cholesteatoma
[description not available]		03.4111
Otitis Media, Suppurative
Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.		03.4111
Ebstein Anomaly
A congenital heart defect characterized by downward or apical displacement of the TRICUSPID VALVE, usually with the septal and posterior leaflets being attached to the wall of the RIGHT VENTRICLE. It is characterized by a huge RIGHT ATRIUM and a small and less effective right ventricle.		02.0310
Nasopharyngitis
Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.		03.4111
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		02.0310
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		05.5161
Alactasia
[description not available]		02.0310
Lactose Intolerance
The condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of LACTASE in the MUCOSA cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, and the inability to break down LACTOSE in milk for ABSORPTION. Bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (DYSPEPSIA) to severe DIARRHEA. Lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired.		02.0310
Cancer of Gallbladder
[description not available]		02.6530
Xanthoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Gallbladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.		02.6530
Sick Sinus Node Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Lens Diseases
Diseases involving the CRYSTALLINE LENS.		02.0310
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		05.3130
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
[description not available]		03.3320
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.		03.3320
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)		03.0850
Central Nervous System Fungal Infections
MYCOSES of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges which may result in ENCEPHALITIS; MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; MYELITIS; BRAIN ABSCESS; and EPIDURAL ABSCESS. Certain types of fungi may produce disease in immunologically normal hosts, while others are classified as opportunistic pathogens, causing illness primarily in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME).		02.0310
Haim-Monk Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Hemoglobinopathies
A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.		04.7370
Esophageal Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the ESOPHAGUS. The most common type is TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA between the esophagus and the TRACHEA.		02.0310
ARPKD
[description not available]		02.4220
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive
A genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance, characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS and associated LIVER lesions. Serious manifestations are usually present at BIRTH with high PERINATAL MORTALITY.		02.4220
Bladder Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		03.8710
Urethritis
Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.		05.560
Cystitis, Interstitial
A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.		03.8710
Salmonella Infections, Animal
Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.		02.940
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		02.4220
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		02.4220
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.8940
Eardrum Perforation
[description not available]		02.0310
Tympanic Membrane Perforation
A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.		02.0310
Peritoneal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.		02.8940
Ambulation Difficulty
[description not available]		03.4211
Bronchiolitis
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.		02.0310
Complex Partial Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.0310
Epilepsy, Complex Partial
A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)		02.0310
Postgastrectomy Syndromes
Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.		03.7621
Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9510
Carcinoma, Medullary
A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.4120
Fusiform Aneurysm
Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		02.3820
Aneurysm
Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.		02.3820
Cerebral Cryptococcosis
[description not available]		02.4120
Meningitis, Cryptococcal
Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)		02.4120
BCKD Deficiency
[description not available]		06.27120
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
An autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple forms of phenotypic expression, caused by a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN). These metabolites accumulate in body fluids and render a maple syrup odor. The disease is divided into classic, intermediate, intermittent, and thiamine responsive subtypes. The classic form presents in the first week of life with ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, emesis, neonatal seizures, and hypertonia. The intermediate and intermittent forms present in childhood or later with acute episodes of ataxia and vomiting. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p936)		06.27120
Pyloric Stenosis
Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.		02.8640
Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		03.1960
Muscular Dystrophies
A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.		03.1960
Herpes Simplex Keratitis
[description not available]		02.3520
Keratitis, Herpetic
A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)		02.3520
Erosive Duodenitis
[description not available]		02.6930
Duodenitis
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.		02.6930
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
[description not available]		02.0410
Break-Bone Fever
[description not available]		02.0410
Dengue
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.		02.0410
Severe Dengue
A virulent form of dengue characterized by THROMBOCYTOPENIA and an increase in vascular permeability (grades I and II) and distinguished by a positive pain test (e.g., TOURNIQUET PAIN TEST). When accompanied by SHOCK (grades III and IV), it is called dengue shock syndrome.		02.0410
Sore Throat
[description not available]		02.0410
Skin Syphilis
[description not available]		02.0410
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		02.0410
Acathisia, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.0410
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.6730
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		02.6730
Extravasation of Contrast Media
[description not available]		03.3620
Hemorrhage, Oral
[description not available]		04.6821
Infections, Legionella pneumophila
[description not available]		02.0410
Optic Atrophy
Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.		01.9410
Polyneuropathy, Acquired
[description not available]		02.3520
Polyneuropathies
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.		02.3520
Pigmentary Retinopathy
[description not available]		02.3420
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.		02.3420
Congenital Limb Deformities
[description not available]		02.6330
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral
[description not available]		01.9410
Cerebral Arterial Diseases
Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.		01.9410
Coarctation of Aorta
[description not available]		02.6430
Aortic Coarctation
A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.		02.6430
Cancer of the Tonsil
[description not available]		01.9410
Palatal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PALATE, including those of the hard palate, soft palate and UVULA.		01.9410
Tonsillar Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PALATINE TONSIL.		01.9410
Arthropathies
[description not available]		03.9650
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		03.9650
Idiopathic Tropical Malabsorption Syndrome
[description not available]		03.2620
Myxedema
A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.		02.6330
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		05.12111
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		06.27141
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		011.27141
Mandibular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.		02.3420
Heat Collapse
[description not available]		02.6330
Microcephaly
A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)		02.8640
Esophageal Varices
[description not available]		012.24132
Esophageal and Gastric Varices
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).		07.24132
African Lymphoma
[description not available]		03.0450
Burkitt Lymphoma
A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.		03.0450
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		03.260
CBS Deficiency
[description not available]		05.96120
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome
[description not available]		04.4450
Amaurotic Familial Idiocy
An outdated term for Tay-Sachs disease.		02.8710
Homocystinuria
Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)		05.96120
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)		09.4450
Tay-Sachs Disease
An autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the onset in infancy of an exaggerated startle response, followed by paralysis, dementia, and blindness. It is caused by mutation in the alpha subunit of the HEXOSAMINIDASE A resulting in lipid-laden ganglion cells. It is also known as the B variant (with increased HEXOSAMINIDASE B but absence of hexosaminidase A) and is strongly associated with Ashkenazic Jewish ancestry.		02.8710
Chromosomal Triplication
[description not available]		02.3820
Froehlich's Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Fasciolopsiasis
[description not available]		02.8810
Priapism
A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.		03.2720
Penile Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.		02.8640
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		01.9510
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		01.9510
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		02.6530
ALDOB Deficiency
[description not available]		03.7420
Classic Galactosemia
[description not available]		05.2970
Deficiency, Hexosediphosphatase
[description not available]		02.8710
Galactosemias
A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)		05.2970
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		04.640
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		01.9610
Autolysis, Dental Pulp
[description not available]		01.9610
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		04.7550
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		04.5832
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		04.5832
Bladder Exstrophy
A birth defect in which the URINARY BLADDER is malformed and exposed, inside out, and protruded through the ABDOMINAL WALL. It is caused by closure defects involving the top front surface of the bladder, as well as the lower abdominal wall; SKIN; MUSCLES; and the pubic bone.		02.3620
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.3720
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy
[description not available]		07.15350
Uveal Diseases
Diseases of the uvea.		02.8810
Fractures, Compound
[description not available]		03.7621
Cancer of Nose
[description not available]		03.7520
Liver Diseases, Parasitic
Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).		03.2820
Sarcocystosis
Infection of the striated muscle of mammals by parasites of the genus SARCOCYSTIS. Disease symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, and paralysis are produced by sarcocystin, a toxin produced by the organism.		02.3620
Conjunctival Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the CONJUNCTIVA.		01.9610
Pterygium
An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9610
Cot Death
[description not available]		04.2770
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		02.6430
Hemorrhage, Uterine
[description not available]		05.13110
Uterine Hemorrhage
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.		05.13110
Teeth, Unerupted
[description not available]		04.0631
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.		02.3620
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma
[description not available]		03.65100
Oligodendroglioma
A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)		03.65100
Measles, German
[description not available]		03.2360
Onchocerciasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus ONCHOCERCA. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, PRURITUS, and ocular lesions.		01.9610
Uterine Perforation
A hole or break through the wall of the UTERUS, usually made by the placement of an instrument or INTRAUTERINE DEVICES.		04.0430
Auditory Vertigo
[description not available]		03.83120
Meniere Disease
A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.		03.83120
Animal Diseases
Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.		03.9750
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		01.9610
Avitaminosis
A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.5630
Delusional Disorder
Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.		01.9510
Cerebro-Oculo-Renal Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9510
Gall Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		04.0331
Abdominal Epilepsy
[description not available]		03.3411
Epilepsies, Partial
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)		03.3411
Acoustic Neuroma
[description not available]		02.3820
Cancer of the Thymus
[description not available]		04.73120
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3620
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.		04.73120
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		01.9610
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		01.9610
Cervicitis
[description not available]		01.9510
Uterine Cervicitis
Inflammation of the UTERINE CERVIX.		01.9510
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		01.9610
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		01.9610
Edema Disease of Swine
An acute disease of young pigs that is usually associated with weaning. It is characterized clinically by paresis and subcutaneous edema.		01.9510
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		05.36140
Hyperlipoproteinemia
[description not available]		04.8342
Hyperlipoproteinemias
Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.		04.8342
Osseous Paget's Disease
[description not available]		03.9650
Osteitis Deformans
A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.		03.9650
Cancer of Lip
[description not available]		01.9610
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		05.46260
Bends
[description not available]		02.6430
Hypospermatogenesis
[description not available]		01.9610
Erythema Nodosum
An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.		01.9610
Keloid
A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.		02.3520
Cranial Airocele
[description not available]		01.9610
Colon Diverticula
[description not available]		01.9510
Diverticulum, Colon
A pouch or sac opening from the COLON.		01.9510
Pregnancy, Prolonged
A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.		04.1260
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		02.3520
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		02.3520
Uterine Rupture
A complete separation or tear in the wall of the UTERUS with or without expulsion of the FETUS. It may be due to injuries, multiple pregnancies, large fetus, previous scarring, or obstruction.		07.3620
Affective Disorders, Psychotic
Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.		01.9510
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		01.9610
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
[description not available]		02.3720
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.		02.3720
Granulomatosis, Wegener's
[description not available]		02.6630
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.		02.6630
Abdominal Muscle Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Dental Enamel Hypoplasia
An acquired or hereditary condition due to deficiency in the formation of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS). It is usually characterized by defective, thin, or malformed DENTAL ENAMEL. Risk factors for enamel hypoplasia include gene mutations, nutritional deficiencies, diseases, and environmental factors.		01.9810
Leukoma
[description not available]		02.6430
Corneal Opacity
Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.		02.6430
Amyloid Neuropathies
Disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. Familial, primary (nonfamilial), and secondary forms have been described. Some familial subtypes demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Clinical manifestations include sensory loss, mild weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1349)		04.9931
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.		02.3620
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue
[description not available]		07.1272
Inflammation, Endodontic
[description not available]		04.2841
Pulpitis
Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.		04.2841
Hyperthyroxinemia
Abnormally elevated THYROXINE level in the BLOOD.		01.9810
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		03.84120
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective
[description not available]		02.910
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II
A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).		02.910
Hair Diseases
Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.		02.3820
Congenital Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		01.9810
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Toxoplasmosis, Congenital
Prenatal protozoal infection with TOXOPLASMA gondii which is associated with injury to the developing fetal nervous system. The severity of this condition is related to the stage of pregnancy during which the infection occurs; first trimester infections are associated with a greater degree of neurologic dysfunction. Clinical features include HYDROCEPHALUS; MICROCEPHALY; deafness; cerebral calcifications; SEIZURES; and psychomotor retardation. Signs of a systemic infection may also be present at birth, including fever, rash, and hepatosplenomegaly. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p735)		01.9810
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral
Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)		01.9810
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		03.5790
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		03.5790
Bronchospasm
[description not available]		01.9810
Bronchial Spasm
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.		01.9810
Autoimmune Thyroiditis
[description not available]		01.9810
Oxaluria, Primary
[description not available]		01.9810
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
A genetic disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of OXALATES in urine; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NEPHROCALCINOSIS; early onset of RENAL FAILURE; and often a generalized deposit of CALCIUM OXALATE. There are subtypes classified by the enzyme defects in glyoxylate metabolism.		01.9810
alpha-LCAT Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9810
Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase Deficiency
An autosomal recessive disorder of lipoprotein metabolism caused by mutation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE gene. It is characterized by low HDL-cholesterol levels, and the triad of CORNEAL OPACITIES; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; and PROTEINURIA with renal failure.		01.9810
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		01.9810
Avian Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
[description not available]		02.8940
Prostatic Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.		02.3620
Varicocele
A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.		07.3820
Spermatic Cord Torsion
The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.		01.9910
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid
[description not available]		03.260
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency
A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)		03.260
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		02.3920
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		02.3920
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.		01.9910
Jaw, Edentulous
The total absence of teeth from either the mandible or the maxilla, but not both. Total absence of teeth from both is MOUTH, EDENTULOUS. Partial absence of teeth in either is JAW, EDENTULOUS, PARTIALLY.		01.9910
Jaw, Edentulous, Partially
Absence of teeth from a portion of the mandible and/or maxilla.		01.9910
Erythema Multiforme
A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.		02.3620
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		03.0550
MEA 2a
[description not available]		01.9910
Neurally Mediated Faint
[description not available]		01.9910
Cardiac Murmurs
[description not available]		01.9910
Hydramnios
[description not available]		02.3720
Argentaffinoma
[description not available]		02.6530
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		05.2120
Carcinoid Tumor
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)		02.6530
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		05.2120
Bradykinesia
[description not available]		01.9910
Diseases of Pharynx
[description not available]		01.9910
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		01.9910
Bronchial Diseases
Diseases involving the BRONCHI.		03.7521
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		01.9910
Tick Paralysis
Paralysis caused by a neurotropic toxin secreted by the salivary glands of ticks.		01.9910
Hyperprolactinaemia
[description not available]		01.9910
Hyperprolactinemia
Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)		01.9910
Infections, Chlamydia
[description not available]		02.3720
Chlamydia Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.		02.3720
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal
A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		01.9910
Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase
[description not available]		04.0530
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I
An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.		04.0530
Endolymphatic Hydrops
An accumulation of ENDOLYMPH in the inner ear (LABYRINTH) leading to buildup of pressure and distortion of intralabyrinthine structures, such as COCHLEA and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS. It is characterized by SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; and sometimes VERTIGO.		01.9910
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		04.2640
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		04.2640
Congenital Rubella Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Rubeola
[description not available]		02.8740
Measles
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.		02.8740
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic
[description not available]		02.3820
Adenomatosis, Familial Endocrine
[description not available]		01.9910
Microglossia
[description not available]		03.7521
Cystic Hygroma Colli
[description not available]		01.9910
Hydatid Mole
[description not available]		02.6530
Hydatidiform Mole
Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.		07.6530
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		02.3720
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		02.3720
Stomatitis, Denture
Inflammation of the mouth due to denture irritation.		01.9810
Fasciola Infection
[description not available]		02.6630
Fascioliasis
Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.		02.6630
Human Trichinellosis
[description not available]		02.3820
Trichinellosis
An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.		07.3820
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		03.3811
Acidosis, Renal Tubular Type IV
[description not available]		04.311
Acquired Communication Disorders
[description not available]		01.9910
Communication Disorders
Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive LANGUAGE DISORDERS, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., MENTAL RETARDATION), psychiatric conditions, and HEARING DISORDERS.		01.9910
Cognitive Manifestations
[description not available]		02.420
Neurobehavioral Manifestations
Signs and symptoms of higher cortical dysfunction caused by organic conditions. These include certain behavioral alterations and impairments of skills involved in the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge or information.		02.420
Anemia, Hemolytic, Hereditary
[description not available]		04.0530
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital
Hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte.		04.0530
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		02.3720
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
[description not available]		01.9910
Menorrhagia
Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.		01.9910
Mumps
An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)		01.9910
Injuries, Teeth
[description not available]		01.9910
Abscess, Periapical
[description not available]		01.9910
Dental Fistula
An abnormal passage in the oral cavity on the gingiva.		01.9910
Alveolar Proteinoses, Pulmonary
[description not available]		01.9910
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR.		01.9910
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome
[description not available]		02.420
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).		02.420
Dysphagia
[description not available]		01.9910
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		01.9910
Anodontia
Congenital absence of the teeth; it may involve all (total anodontia) or only some of the teeth (partial anodontia, hypodontia), and both the deciduous and the permanent dentition, or only teeth of the permanent dentition. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		02.6530
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		02.6530
Fetal Distress
A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters.		0210
Asthmatic Crisis
[description not available]		0210
Status Asthmaticus
A sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts.		0210
E chaffeensis Infection
[description not available]		0210
Angioma, Cavernous
A tumor-like mass with large vascular space that is filled with blood or lymph.		03.7721
Trichostrongylosis
Infestation with nematode worms of the genus TRICHOSTRONGYLUS. Man and animals become infected by swallowing larvae, usually with contaminated food or drink, although the larvae may penetrate human skin.		02.6930
Abnormality, Torsion
[description not available]		0210
P carinii Pneumonia
[description not available]		0210
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.		0210
Gastric Dilatation
Abnormal distention of the STOMACH due to accumulation of gastric contents that may reach 10 to 15 liters. Gastric dilatation may be the result of GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION; ILEUS; GASTROPARESIS; or denervation.		0210
Abdominal Cryptorchidism
[description not available]		0210
Air Embolism
[description not available]		03.5630
Thoracic Diseases
Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.		03.2820
Hypersensitivity, Type III
[description not available]		03.2260
Actinomyces Infections
[description not available]		02.9110
Excessive Periodic Sleep-Related Leg Movements
[description not available]		0210
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin
[description not available]		0210
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)		0210
Left Heart Hypoplasia Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4120
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
A condition caused by underdevelopment of the whole left half of the heart. It is characterized by hypoplasia of the left cardiac chambers (HEART ATRIUM; HEART VENTRICLE), the AORTA, the AORTIC VALVE, and the MITRAL VALVE. Severe symptoms appear in early infancy when DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS closes.		02.4120
Psoriasis Arthropathica
[description not available]		04.311
Arthritis, Psoriatic
A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.		04.311
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral, Traumatic
[description not available]		03.3911
Lichen Nitidus
A chronic inflammatory disease characterized by shiny, flat-topped, usually flesh-colored micropapules no larger than the head of a pin. Lesions are localized in the early stages, found chiefly on the lower abdomen, penis, and inner surface of the thighs. Distribution may become generalized as the disease progresses.		0210
Hemoglobin C Disease
A disease characterized by compensated hemolysis with a normal hemoglobin level or a mild to moderate anemia. There may be intermittent abdominal discomfort, splenomegaly, and slight jaundice.		02.8740
Deficiency, Muscle Phosphorylase
[description not available]		0210
Glycogen Storage Disease Type V
Glycogenosis due to muscle phosphorylase deficiency. Characterized by painful cramps following sustained exercise.		0210
Gingival Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.		02.3820
Infantile Diarrhea
[description not available]		02.6530
Diarrhea, Infantile
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.		02.6530
Carcinosarcoma
A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3520
Aortitis Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8610
Takayasu Arteritis
A chronic inflammatory process that affects the AORTA and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK) and CAROTID ARTERIES. It results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. The pulse in the arm is hard to detect. Patients with aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy.		02.8610
Angioneurotic Edema
[description not available]		02.3520
Angioedema
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.		02.3520
Ectopic Pregnancy
[description not available]		01.9510
Pregnancy, Ectopic
A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (		01.9510
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head
[description not available]		03.2720
Auricular Cancer
[description not available]		03.9650
Ear Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).		03.9650
Embolism, Fat
Blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of CORTICOSTEROIDS.		03.0550
Conjugate Nystagmus
[description not available]		02.3520
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.6430
Alcaptonuria
[description not available]		03.7520
Diabetes, Phosphate
[description not available]		03.2620
Adult Refsum Disease
[description not available]		03.2720
Amino Acid Transport Disorder, Neutral
[description not available]		04.0330
Alkaptonuria
An inborn error of amino acid metabolism resulting from a defect in the enzyme HOMOGENTISATE 1,2-DIOXYGENASE, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of PHENYLALANINE and TYROSINE. It is characterized by accumulation of HOMOGENTISIC ACID in the urine, OCHRONOSIS in various tissues, and ARTHRITIS.		03.7520
Hypophosphatemia, Familial
An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.		03.2620
Choroid Neoplasms
Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).		03.2720
Adiadochokinesis
[description not available]		02.6430
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)		02.6430
Infections, Yersinia
[description not available]		01.9510
Deficiency, Vitamin B
[description not available]		02.3520
Vitamin B Deficiency
A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.		02.3520
Arthus Phenomenon
[description not available]		02.3520
Tricuspid Incompetence
[description not available]		02.3620
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound
[description not available]		02.3620
Gas Poisoning
Poisoning that results from exposure to gases such as CARBON MONOXIDE; NOBLE GASES; OXYGEN; or NATURAL GAS.		01.9510
Facial Palsy
[description not available]		02.8610
Infectious Myelitis
[description not available]		02.8610
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		03.2720
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		03.2720
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue
Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves.		03.4580
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.96140
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)		03.96140
Bilateral Wilms Tumor
[description not available]		02.8640
Wilms Tumor
A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.		02.8640
Island Cell Tumor
[description not available]		06.68122
Adenoma, Islet Cell
A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.		06.68122
Cardiac Tamponade
Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.		02.6430
Absence of Brain, Congenital
[description not available]		02.6430
Bovine Virus Diarrhea Mucosal Disease
[description not available]		02.3520
Albers-Schoenberg Disease
[description not available]		01.9510
Osteopetrosis
Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; OSTEITIS; SPLENOMEGALY with infarct; ANEMIA; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).		01.9510
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous
[description not available]		02.3520
Craniopharyngioma
A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)		02.3520
Placenta Increta
Invasion of CHORIONIC VILLI occurs deep into the MYOMETRIUM.		02.3520
Placenta Accreta
Abnormal placentation in which all or parts of the PLACENTA are attached directly to the MYOMETRIUM due to a complete or partial absence of DECIDUA. It is associated with POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE because of the failure of placental separation.		02.3520
Neoplasms, Nervous System
[description not available]		01.9510
Pink Eye
[description not available]		02.6430
Cancer of Eye
[description not available]		04.1160
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		02.6430
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		03.7840
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		03.7840
Placenta Diseases
Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.		03.0550
Vulvar Diseases
Pathological processes of the VULVA.		01.9510
Carcinoma, Basosquamous
A skin carcinoma that histologically exhibits both basal and squamous elements. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3620
Eyelid Neoplasms
Tumors of cancer of the EYELIDS.		02.8640
Cerebromalacia
[description not available]		02.3520
Acatalasemia
[description not available]		03.2720
Drooling
[description not available]		01.9510
Sialorrhea
Increased salivary flow.		01.9510
Mucorales Infection
[description not available]		01.9510
Mucormycosis
Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order MUCORALES (e.g., RHIZOPUS; MUCOR; CUNNINGHAMELLA; APOPHYSOMYCES; ABSIDIA; SAKSENAEA and RHIZOMUCOR) There are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION.		01.9510
Epididymitis
Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.		02.6430
Cyst, Pulmonary Hydatid
[description not available]		02.3520
Cramp
[description not available]		04.0331
Muscle Cramp
A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)		04.0331
Ventral Hernia
[description not available]		02.3520
Hernia, Ventral
A hernia caused by weakness of the anterior ABDOMINAL WALL due to midline defects, previous incisions, or increased intra-abdominal pressure. Ventral hernias include UMBILICAL HERNIA, incisional, epigastric, and spigelian hernias.		02.3520
Varices
[description not available]		01.9510
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		01.9510
Deficiency, Factor 5
[description not available]		01.9510
Fetal Resorption
The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).		02.3520
Hand Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the hand.		03.7421
Sphingolipid Storage Diseases
[description not available]		02.8710
Mastoiditis
Inflammation of the honeycomb-like MASTOID BONE in the skull just behind the ear. It is usually a complication of OTITIS MEDIA.		01.9510
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.19180
Spinal Cord Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.		04.19180
Apple Peel Small Bowel Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9510
Viral Hepatitis, Human
[description not available]		01.9510
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).		01.9510
Cor Pulmonale
[description not available]		02.6430
Psychoses, Alcoholic
A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.		03.0450
Cephalgia, Vascular
[description not available]		02.3520
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
A herpesvirus infection of CATTLE characterized by INFLAMMATION and NECROSIS of the mucous membranes of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		02.8740
Erythremia
[description not available]		01.9510
Polycythemia Vera
A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.		01.9510
Ambiguous Genitalia
[description not available]		01.9510
Hypospadias
A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.		01.9510
Disorders of Sex Development
In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.		01.9510
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		03.260
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		03.260
Gingival Hyperplasia
Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400)		04.322
Pleurisy
INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.		02.6430
Rachitis
[description not available]		04.5961
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		01.9510
Psychophysiologic Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)		04.0231
Urinary Fistula
An abnormal passage in any part of the URINARY TRACT between itself or with other organs.		02.8740
Chylothorax
The presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Bacterial Endocarditides
[description not available]		02.8640
Endocarditis, Bacterial
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.		02.8640
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary
Inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood.		02.6430
Cold Fingers, Hereditary
[description not available]		01.9510
Raynaud Disease
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.		01.9510
Kaposi Sarcoma
[description not available]		01.9510
Sarcoma, Kaposi
A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.		01.9510
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		01.9510
Cardiac Edema
[description not available]		03.3311
Edema, Cardiac
Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).		03.3311
Dysgeusia
A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality.		01.9510
Complications, Labor
[description not available]		02.3620
Uterine Prolapse
Downward displacement of the UTERUS. It is classified in various degrees: in the first degree the UTERINE CERVIX is within the vaginal orifice; in the second degree the cervix is outside the orifice; in the third degree the entire uterus is outside the orifice.		01.9510
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A
[description not available]		01.9510
Infections, Meningococcal
[description not available]		01.9510
Meningitis, Meningococcal
A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)		01.9510
Meningococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.		01.9510
Carcinoma, Brown-Pearce
A transplantable EPITHELIAL CELL neoplasm of rabbits.		02.3520
Serum Sickness
Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. When they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses.		01.9510
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic
[description not available]		01.9510
Brittle Bone Disease
[description not available]		01.9510
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.		01.9510
Orchitis
Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.		03.5530
Foot Rot
A disease of the horny parts and of the adjacent soft structures of the feet of cattle, swine, and sheep. It is usually caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes or Bacteroides nodosus (see DICHELOBACTER NODOSUS). It is also known as interdigital necrobacillosis. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 18th ed)		06.9510
Bone Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9810
Cardiac Output, Low
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.		03.7721
Leukemia P388
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.		02.3820
Causalgia Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3611
Causalgia
A complex regional pain syndrome characterized by burning pain and marked sensitivity to touch (HYPERESTHESIA) in the distribution of an injured peripheral nerve. Autonomic dysfunction in the form of sudomotor (i.e., sympathetic innervation to sweat glands), vasomotor, and trophic skin changes may also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1359)		03.3611
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		01.9810
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		02.6730
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome
[description not available]		03.5830
Rett Syndrome
An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)		08.5830
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		01.9710
Nodular Goiter
[description not available]		01.9710
Goiter, Nodular
An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.		01.9710
ARC
[description not available]		01.9710
AIDS-Related Complex
A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.		01.9710
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		02.3620
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic
[description not available]		01.9710
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic
A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.		01.9710
Infections, Mycoplasmatales
[description not available]		01.9710
Pericoronitis
Inflammation of the gingiva surrounding the crown of a tooth.		01.9710
Slow Virus Diseases
Diseases of viral origin, characterized by incubation periods of months to years, insidious onset of clinical manifestations, and protracted clinical course. Though the disease process is protracted, viral multiplication may not be unusually slow. Conventional viruses produce slow virus diseases such as SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL), and AIDS. Diseases produced by unconventional agents were originally considered part of this group. They are now called PRION DISEASES.		01.9710
ATLL
[description not available]		01.9710
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell
Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.		01.9710
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		01.9710
Histomoniasis
[description not available]		02.3720
Tumour Lysis Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
A syndrome resulting from cytotoxic therapy, occurring generally in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. It is characterized by combinations of hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.		01.9710
Dirofilariasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.		02.6430
Bancroftian Elephantiasis
[description not available]		02.8810
Elaeophoriasis
[description not available]		02.8810
Elephantiasis, Filarial
Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.		02.8810
Filariasis
Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.		02.8810
Hypervitaminosis A
A symptom complex resulting from ingesting excessive amounts of VITAMIN A.		01.9610
Coronaviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by CORONAVIRIDAE.		02.8840
Schistosoma haematobia Infection
[description not available]		01.9710
Schistosomiasis haematobia
A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.		01.9710
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		03.0450
Choriocarcinoma
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).		01.9710
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		03.0450
Muscle Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9710
Carboxylase Deficiency, Combined
[description not available]		02.8910
SC Disease
[description not available]		02.8910
Hemoglobin SC Disease
One of the sickle cell disorders characterized by the presence of both hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C. It is similar to, but less severe than sickle cell anemia.		02.8910
Malassezia furfur Infection
[description not available]		01.9710
Tinea Versicolor
A common chronic, noninflammatory and usually symptomless disorder, characterized by the occurrence of multiple macular patches of all sizes and shapes, and varying in pigmentation from fawn-colored to brown. It is seen most frequently in hot, humid, tropical regions and is mostly caused by MALASSEZIA FURFUR (formerly Pityrosporum orbiculare).		01.9710
Congenital Familial Lymphedema
[description not available]		01.9710
Lymphedema
Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.		01.9710
Venous Insufficiency
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.		01.9710
Pellagra
A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's).		01.9710
Ectopic Hormone Syndromes
[description not available]		01.9610
Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		01.9610
Adenoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.		01.9610
Pancytopenia
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.		01.9610
Corridor Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Schistosoma japonicum Infection
[description not available]		01.9710
Fractures, Closed
Fractures in which the break in bone is not accompanied by an external wound.		01.9710
Anoxia, Fetal
[description not available]		01.9710
Fetal Hypoxia
Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.		01.9710
Frostbite
Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures.		01.9710
Thoracic Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.		01.9710
Heartwater Disease
A tick-borne septicemic disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by EHRLICHIA RUMINANTIUM.		01.9710
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
[description not available]		03.260
Deficiency of GP 2b 3a Complex
[description not available]		01.9710
Empyema
Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.		01.9710
Congenital Hypocupremia
[description not available]		02.8810
Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome
An inherited disorder of copper metabolism transmitted as an X-linked trait and characterized by the infantile onset of HYPOTHERMIA, feeding difficulties, hypotonia, SEIZURES, bony deformities, pili torti (twisted hair), and severely impaired intellectual development. Defective copper transport across plasma and endoplasmic reticulum membranes results in copper being unavailable for the synthesis of several copper containing enzymes, including PROTEIN-LYSINE 6-OXIDASE; CERULOPLASMIN; and SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE. Pathologic changes include defects in arterial elastin, neuronal loss, and gliosis. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p125)		02.8810
Pityriasis
A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9610
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		02.3620
Hearing Loss, Functional
Hearing loss without a physical basis. Often observed in patients with psychological or behavioral disorders.		01.9610
Hemarthrosis
Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.		01.9610
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		02.3620
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
[description not available]		03.2720
Benign Monoclonal Gammopathies
[description not available]		01.9610
Gammapathy, Monoclonal
[description not available]		01.9610
Paraproteinemias
A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.		01.9610
Cystadenocarcinoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9610
Cerebellar Diseases
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		01.9610
Facial Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.		01.9610
Segond Fracture
[description not available]		01.9610
Tibial Fractures
Fractures of the TIBIA.		01.9610
ENT Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Brain Ventricular Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.6430
Echo Virus Infections
[description not available]		01.9410
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome
[description not available]		03.3311
Thyroiditis
Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.		01.9510
Skin Manifestations
Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.		02.3520
Haemophilus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.		01.9510
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		04.7271
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		04.7271
Inflammation, Perinephrium
[description not available]		02.3520
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		02.6430
Franklin Disease
[description not available]		03.2620
Synovial Cyst
Non-neoplastic tumor-like lesions at joints, developed from the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE of a joint through the JOINT CAPSULE into the periarticular tissues. They are filled with SYNOVIAL FLUID with a smooth and translucent appearance. A synovial cyst can develop from any joint, but most commonly at the back of the knee, where it is known as POPLITEAL CYST.		01.9410
Periphlebitis
Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.		04.0231
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).		04.0231
Osteosclerosis
An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.		01.9410
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		04.2570
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		09.2570
Encephalitis, Inclusion Body, Measles
[description not available]		01.9510
Aleutian Disease of Mink
[description not available]		01.9510
Bunostomiasis
[description not available]		04.0231
Hookworm Infections
Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.		04.0231
Parasite Infections
[description not available]		02.8510
Arbovirus Infections
Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified.		01.9410
Back Ache
[description not available]		03.7421
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		03.7421
Appendiceal Cancer
[description not available]		01.9410
Appendiceal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the APPENDIX.		01.9410
Alopecia Circumscripta
[description not available]		02.8610
Alopecia Areata
Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.		02.8610
Bowel Incontinence
[description not available]		02.3520
Fecal Incontinence
Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.		02.3520
Infective Endocarditis
[description not available]		01.9510
Fever of Unknown Origin
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.		01.9510
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.		01.9510
Radius Fractures
Fractures of the RADIUS.		01.9510
Infectious Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.3520
Skin Diseases, Infectious
Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.		02.3520
Abscess, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.8640
Liver Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		07.8640
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous
[description not available]		01.9410
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid
A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.		01.9410
Epithelial Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9410
Carcinoma, Thymic
[description not available]		02.8640
Thymoma
A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.8640
Cancer, Embryonal
[description not available]		01.9410
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.		01.9410
Cancer of Mediastinum
[description not available]		02.6330
Mediastinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.		02.6330
Dental Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3520
Neurofibroma
A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)		02.6430
Polysyndactyly
[description not available]		02.3520
Gas Gangrene
A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases.		01.9410
Hamartoma
A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.		02.3520
Adenoma, Sweat Gland
A benign neoplasm derived from epithelial cells of sweat glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9410
Cleft Palate, Isolated
[description not available]		03.2620
Congenital Micrognathia
[description not available]		01.9410
Clubfeet
[description not available]		01.9410
Cleft Palate
Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.		03.2620
Otospongiosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Otosclerosis
Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.		01.9410
Genito-urinary Cancer
[description not available]		02.3520
Urogenital Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.		02.3520
Cardiac Cancer
[description not available]		03.0450
Anemia, Congenital Nonspherocytic Hemolytic
[description not available]		02.3520
Chordoma
A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3311
Ewing Sarcoma
[description not available]		03.7321
Sarcoma, Ewing
A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.		03.7321
Abscess, Amebic, Hepatic
[description not available]		01.9410
Bronze Diabetes
[description not available]		01.9410
Hemochromatosis
A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)		01.9410
Blue Tongue
[description not available]		01.9510
Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous
An adenocarcinoma with a hard (Greek skirrhos, hard) structure owing to the formation of dense connective tissue in the stroma. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Central European Encephalitis
[description not available]		01.9410
Spider Veins
[description not available]		01.9410
Telangiectasis
Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.		01.9410
Pancreatic Cyst
A true cyst of the PANCREAS, distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a lining of mucous EPITHELIUM. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of PANCREATIC DUCTS secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)		02.3520
Cancer of the Vagina
[description not available]		02.6430
Blood Vessel Tumors
[description not available]		01.9510
Vaginal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.		02.6430
Hypoascorbemia
[description not available]		02.6430
Scurvy
An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.		02.6430
Hypergammaglobulinemia
An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.		01.9510
Plasma Cell Tumor
[description not available]		03.4580
Plasmacytoma
Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.		03.4580
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
[description not available]		01.9510
Peritonitis, Tuberculous
A form of PERITONITIS seen in patients with TUBERCULOSIS, characterized by lesion either as a miliary form or as a pelvic mass on the peritoneal surfaces. Most patients have ASCITES, abdominal swelling, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and other systemic symptoms such as FEVER; WEIGHT LOSS; and ANEMIA.		01.9510
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		01.9510
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic
[description not available]		01.9510
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.		01.9510
Actinomycetoma
[description not available]		01.9510
Mycetoma
A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.		01.9510
Christmas Disease
[description not available]		03.7421
Hemophilia B
A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)		03.7421
Cyanosis
A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.		03.2620
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans
Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.		03.3311
Dental Pulp Disease
[description not available]		03.3311
Dental Pulp Diseases
Endodontic diseases of the DENTAL PULP inside the tooth, which is distinguished from PERIAPICAL DISEASES of the tissue surrounding the root.		03.3311
Pulsatile Tinnitus
[description not available]		04.2511
Tinnitus
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.		04.2511
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.		02.8610
Bang Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Paratyphoid Fever
A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.		01.9410
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		02.8640
Fibrosis, Inflammatory Perianeurysmal
[description not available]		02.3520
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis.		02.3520
Asthma, Cardiac
[description not available]		01.9410
Cancer of Cecum
[description not available]		01.9410
Glycosuria, Renal
An autosomal inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of GLUCOSE by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. The urinary loss of glucose can reach beyond 50 g/day. It is attributed to the mutations in the SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2 encoded by the SLC5A2 gene.		02.3520
Cystadenoma
A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9510
Fibromatosis
[description not available]		02.3520
Fibroma
A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.		02.3520
Hypertrichosis
Excessive hair growth at inappropriate locations, such as on the extremities, the head, and the back. It is caused by genetic or acquired factors, and is an androgen-independent process. This concept does not include HIRSUTISM which is an androgen-dependent excess hair growth in WOMEN and CHILDREN.		01.9510
Meniscitis
[description not available]		01.9510
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease
[description not available]		01.9510
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell
A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.		01.9510
Tuberculosis, Miliary
An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.		01.9510
Atelectasis
[description not available]		02.3520
Deficiency, Folic Acid
[description not available]		02.6430
Folic Acid Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		02.6430
Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).		01.9510
Oral Manifestations
Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury.		02.3520
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		03.5530
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		03.5530
Fowl Paralysis
[description not available]		01.9510
Aujeszky Disease
[description not available]		01.9510
Cornea Injuries
[description not available]		01.9410
Corneal Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.		01.9410
Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy
[description not available]		03.2620
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
A hereditary syndrome clinically similar to HYPOPARATHYROIDISM. It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; and associated skeletal development impairment and caused by failure of response to PARATHYROID HORMONE rather than deficiencies. A severe form with resistance to multiple hormones is referred to as Type 1a and is associated with maternal mutant allele of the ALPHA CHAIN OF STIMULATORY G PROTEIN.		03.2620
Infections, Mycobacterium
[description not available]		03.2620
Mycobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.		03.2620
Constrictive Pericarditis
[description not available]		01.9410
Flatus
[description not available]		03.3311
Flatulence
Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.		03.3311
Interstitial Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.8610
Emphysema, Mediastinal
[description not available]		02.8610
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Neoplasms, Skull
[description not available]		01.9410
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		01.9410
Dominant Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Type III
[description not available]		02.6430
Dysautonomia, Familial
An autosomal disorder of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems limited to individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. Clinical manifestations are present at birth and include diminished lacrimation, defective thermoregulation, orthostatic hypotension (HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC), fixed pupils, excessive SWEATING, loss of pain and temperature sensation, and absent reflexes. Pathologic features include reduced numbers of small diameter peripheral nerve fibers and autonomic ganglion neurons. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1348; Nat Genet 1993;4(2):160-4)		02.6430
Chest Injuries
[description not available]		02.3520
Jaundice, Spirochetal
[description not available]		02.3520
Sulfhemoglobinemia
A morbid condition due to the presence of sulfmethemoglobin in the blood. It is marked by persistent cyanosis, but the blood count does not reveal any special abnormality in the blood. It is thought to be caused by the action of hydrogen sulfide absorbed from the intestine. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9410
Child Behavior Disorders
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.		01.9410
Mycosis Fungoides
A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.		06.9410
Aortic Arteritis, Giant Cell
[description not available]		01.9410
Giant Cell Arteritis
A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)		01.9410
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.3520
Neoplasms, Pleural
[description not available]		01.9410
Anaplasma Infection
[description not available]		01.9410
Dermatosclerosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Scleroderma, Localized
A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.		01.9410
Amblyopia, Developmental
[description not available]		01.9410
Amblyopia
A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.		01.9410
Adam-Stokes Attacks
[description not available]		01.9410
Cacosmia
[description not available]		02.3520
Distorted Hearing
[description not available]		02.3520
Cancer of Duodenum
[description not available]		01.9410
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating
[description not available]		01.9410
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.		01.9410
Esophageal Stricture
[description not available]		01.9410
Esophageal Stenosis
A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.		01.9410
Congenital Syphilis
[description not available]		01.9410
Syphilis, Congenital
Syphilis acquired in utero and manifested by any of several characteristic tooth (Hutchinson's teeth) or bone malformations and by active mucocutaneous syphilis at birth or shortly thereafter. Ocular and neurologic changes may also occur.		01.9410
Steatitis
A disease of cats and mink characterized by a marked inflammation of adipose tissue and the deposition of ceroid pigment in the interstices of the adipose cells. It is believed to be caused by feeding diets containing too much unsaturated fatty acid and too little vitamin E. (Merck Veterinary Manual, 5th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9410
Carcinoma, Krebs 2
A transplantable neoplasm of mice.		01.9410
Sarcoma 37
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		01.9410
Parotid Duct Calculi
[description not available]		02.3420
Femoral Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FEMUR.		01.9410
Cranial Nerve II Injuries
[description not available]		01.9410
Spinal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.		01.9410
Afibrinogenemia, Congenital
[description not available]		01.9410
Afibrinogenemia
A deficiency or absence of FIBRINOGEN in the blood.		01.9410
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9410
Amyotrophic Neuralgia
[description not available]		03.3311
Brachial Plexus Neuritis
A syndrome associated with inflammation of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical features include severe pain in the shoulder region which may be accompanied by MUSCLE WEAKNESS and loss of sensation in the upper extremity. This condition may be associated with VIRUS DISEASES; IMMUNIZATION; SURGERY; heroin use (see HEROIN DEPENDENCE); and other conditions. The term brachial neuralgia generally refers to pain associated with brachial plexus injury. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1355-6)		03.3311
Pancreatic Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.		01.9410
Endomyocardial Fibrosis
A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).		01.9410
Tracheal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.		01.9410
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		01.9410
Adolescent Gynecomastia
[description not available]		01.9410
Acropachy, Hereditary
[description not available]		01.9410
Gynecomastia
Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.		01.9410
Fetomaternal Transfusion
Transplacental passage of fetal blood into the circulation of the maternal organism. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Asthenopia
Term generally used to describe complaints related to refractive error, ocular muscle imbalance, including pain or aching around the eyes, burning and itchiness of the eyelids, ocular fatigue, and headaches.		01.9410
Ureterocele
A cystic dilatation of the end of a URETER as it enters into the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by the ballooning of the ureteral orifice into the lumen of the bladder and may obstruct urine flow.		01.9410
Cranial Epidural Hematoma
[description not available]		01.9410
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex
[description not available]		01.9410
Reflex, Abnormal
An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.		01.9410
Acquired Meningocele
[description not available]		02.3420
Arterial Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9410
Male Genital Tuberculosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Paraphilias
[description not available]		01.9410
Arthritis, Post-Infectious
[description not available]		01.9410
Arthritis, Reactive
An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.		01.9410
Borrelia hermsii Infection
[description not available]		01.9410
Prurigo
A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Injuries, Leg
[description not available]		01.9410
Keratoacanthoma
A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption.		01.9410
Cancer of Jaw
[description not available]		01.9410
Tracheitis
INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.		01.9410
Aneuploid
[description not available]		01.9410
Neoplasms, Sweat Gland
[description not available]		01.9410
Sclerema Neonatorum
A severe, sometimes fatal, disorder of adipose tissue occurring chiefly in preterm or debilitated infants suffering from an underlying illness and manifested by a diffuse, nonpitting induration of the affected tissue. The skin becomes cold, yellowish, mottled, and inflexible.		06.9410
Anal Fissure
[description not available]		01.9410
Fissure in Ano
A painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal.		01.9410
Atrial Septal Defect
[description not available]		01.9410
Scleroma, Nasal
[description not available]		01.9410
Rhinoscleroma
A granulomatous disease caused by KLEBSIELLA RHINOSCLEROMATIS infection. Despite its name, this disease is not limited to the nose and NASOPHARYNX but may affect any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, sometimes with extension to the lip and the skin.		01.9410
Anus Prolapse
[description not available]		01.9410
Cerebral Nocardiosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Rectovaginal Fistula
An abnormal anatomical passage between the RECTUM and the VAGINA.		01.9410
Cancer of Paranasal Sinus
[description not available]		01.9410
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		01.9410
Borrelia Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BORRELIA.		01.9410
Brain Abscess
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)		01.9410