A Toll-like receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:CNA]
EC 3.2.2.6;
Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-like protein 4
| Timeframe | Studies on this Protein(%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 0 (0.00) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 1 (100.00) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 0 (0.00) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
| Drug | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Publication(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| palmitic acid | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 5.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| myristic acid | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 5.0000 | 1 | 1 |
This protein enables 13 target(s):
| Target | Category | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| lipopolysaccharide binding | molecular function | Binding to a lipopolysaccharide. [PMID:11079463] |
| amyloid-beta binding | molecular function | Binding to an amyloid-beta peptide/protein. [GOC:hjd] |
| lipopolysaccharide immune receptor activity | molecular function | Combining with a lipopolysaccharide and transmitting the signal across the cell membrane to initiate an innate immune response. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system. [PMID:14609719, PMID:15379975] |
| transmembrane signaling receptor activity | molecular function | Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction. [GOC:go_curators, Wikipedia:Transmembrane_receptor] |
| protein binding | molecular function | Binding to a protein. [GOC:go_curators] |
| Toll-like receptor binding | molecular function | Binding to a Toll-like protein, a pattern recognition receptor that binds pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response. [PMID:19076341] |
| pattern recognition receptor activity | molecular function | Combining with a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), a structure conserved among microbial species to initiate an innate immune response. [GOC:ar, GOC:bf] |
| triacyl lipopeptide binding | molecular function | Binding to a lipopeptide containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of three acyl groups. [GOC:add, PMID:12077222, PMID:12524386, PMID:2757794] |
| identical protein binding | molecular function | Binding to an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl] |
| peptidoglycan binding | molecular function | Interacting selectively and non-covalently, in a non-covalent manner, with peptidoglycan, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls. [GOC:go_curators, PMID:14698226] |
| protein-containing complex binding | molecular function | Binding to a macromolecular complex. [GOC:jl] |
| NAD+ nucleotidase, cyclic ADP-ribose generating | molecular function | Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = nicotinamide + ADP-ribose, in a two steps reaction: first an ADP-ribosyl cyclase reaction, followed by a cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase reaction. [GOC:dph, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, GOC:pde, PMID:11866528] |
| signaling receptor activity | molecular function | Receiving a signal and transmitting it in the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:bf, GOC:signaling] |
This protein is located in 9 target(s):
| Target | Category | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| cytoplasm | cellular component | The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684] |
| Golgi apparatus | cellular component | A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. [ISBN:0198506732] |
| plasma membrane | cellular component | The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363] |
| cell surface | cellular component | The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm] |
| secretory granule membrane | cellular component | The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule. [GOC:mah] |
| phagocytic vesicle membrane | cellular component | The lipid bilayer surrounding a phagocytic vesicle. [GOC:mah] |
| cell projection | cellular component | A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. [GOC:jl, http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/] |
| cell body | cellular component | The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. [GOC:go_curators] |
| membrane raft | cellular component | Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. [PMID:16645198, PMID:20044567] |
This protein is active in 1 target(s):
| Target | Category | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| plasma membrane | cellular component | The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363] |
This protein is part of 3 target(s):
| Target | Category | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| Toll-like receptor 1-Toll-like receptor 2 protein complex | cellular component | A heterodimeric protein complex containing Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). [GOC:add, GOC:signaling, PMID:17889651, PMID:21481769] |
| Toll-like receptor 2-Toll-like receptor 6 protein complex | cellular component | A heterodimeric protein complex containing Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6). [GOC:add, GOC:signaling, PMID:19931471, PMID:21481769] |
| receptor complex | cellular component | Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:go_curators] |
This protein is involved in 49 target(s):
| Target | Category | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| response to hypoxia | biological process | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. [GOC:hjd] |
| microglial cell activation | biological process | The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. [GOC:mgi_curators, PMID:10626665, PMID:10695728, PMID:12580336, PMID:9893949] |
| toll-like receptor signaling pathway | biological process | The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor of a target cell. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12467241, PMID:12524386, PMID:12855817, PMID:15585605, PMID:15728447] |
| leukotriene metabolic process | biological process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid. [GOC:ma] |
| apoptotic process | biological process | A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. [GOC:cjm, GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:18846107, PMID:21494263] |
| immune response | biological process | Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add] |
| signal transduction | biological process | The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11] |
| I-kappaB phosphorylation | biological process | The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, PMID:21772278, PMID:7594468] |
| learning | biological process | Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience. [ISBN:0582227089, ISBN:0721662544] |
| negative regulation of cell population proliferation | biological process | Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators] |
| response to toxic substance | biological process | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus. [GOC:lr] |
| positive regulation of gene expression | biological process | Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). [GOC:txnOH-2018] |
| microglia development | biological process | The process aimed at the progression of a microglial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. [GOC:dgh, GOC:ef] |
| positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signal transduction. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb] |
| lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway | biological process | The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Lipopolysaccharides are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:15379975] |
| central nervous system myelin formation | biological process | The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by an oligodendrocyte in the central nervous system. [GOC:dgh] |
| response to progesterone | biological process | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a progesterone stimulus. [GOC:sl] |
| positive regulation of chemokine production | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production. [GOC:mah] |
| positive regulation of interferon-beta production | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production. [GOC:mah, PMID:15546383] |
| positive regulation of interleukin-10 production | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production. [GOC:mah] |
| positive regulation of interleukin-12 production | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production. [GOC:mah] |
| positive regulation of interleukin-18 production | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production. [GOC:mah] |
| positive regulation of interleukin-6 production | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production. [GOC:mah] |
| positive regulation of interleukin-8 production | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production. [GOC:mah] |
| positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:10891884, PMID:15560120] |
| response to insulin | biological process | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732] |
| toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway | biological process | The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 2. [GOC:add, PMID:16551253, PMID:17328678] |
| toll-like receptor TLR6:TLR2 signaling pathway | biological process | The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding of a heterodimeric TLR6:TLR2 complex, followed by transmission of the signal by the activated receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:nhn, GOC:signaling, PMID:17318230] |
| innate immune response | biological process | Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:ebc, GOC:mtg_sensu] |
| positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH] |
| nitric oxide metabolic process | biological process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water. [GOC:ai] |
| positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation. [GOC:vp, PMID:15139015] |
| positive regulation of inflammatory response | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. [GOC:ai] |
| negative regulation of phagocytosis | biological process | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis. [GOC:ai] |
| defense response to Gram-positive bacterium | biological process | Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:ai] |
| positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:15087454, PMID:15170030] |
| defense response to virus | biological process | Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:ai] |
| positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitric oxide synthase enzyme. [GOC:ai] |
| negative regulation of synapse assembly | biological process | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. [GOC:ai, GOC:pr] |
| response to fatty acid | biological process | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fatty acid stimulus. [GOC:lp] |
| cellular response to bacterial lipopeptide | biological process | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipopeptide stimulus. [GOC:mah] |
| cellular response to lipoteichoic acid | biological process | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoteichoic acid stimulus; lipoteichoic acid is a major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and typically consists of a chain of glycerol-phosphate repeating units linked to a glycolipid anchor. [GOC:mah] |
| cellular response to type II interferon | biological process | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far. [GOC:mah] |
| cellular response to diacyl bacterial lipopeptide | biological process | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus. [GOC:add, PMID:12077222, PMID:12524386, PMID:2757794] |
| cellular response to triacyl bacterial lipopeptide | biological process | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a triacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus. [GOC:add, PMID:12077222, PMID:12524386, PMID:2757794] |
| positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the non-canonical NF-kappaB cascade. [GOC:TermGenie] |
| positive regulation of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:nc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19100238] |
| positive regulation of matrix metallopeptidase secretion | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of matrix metallopeptidase secretion. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:8679543] |
| inflammatory response | biological process | The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. [GO_REF:0000022, ISBN:0198506732] |