Compounds > humanin
Page last updated: 2024-10-15

humanin

Description

humanin: suppresses neuronal cell death induced by the Swedish mutant of amyloid precursor protein; suppresses neuronal cell death induced by three different types of FAD genes and amyloid beta; amino acid sequence in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID16131438
CHEMBL ID4447799
MeSH IDM0388892

Synonyms (15)

Synonym
gtpl1047
formyl humanin
humanin
protein humanin (human)
1-24-protein humanin (human)
t lymphocyte activation-associated protein pro86272 (human)
l-alanine, l-methionyl-l-alanyl-l-prolyl-l-arginylglycyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-seryl-l-cysteinyl-l-leucyl-l-leucyl-l-leucyl-l-leucyl-l-threonyl-l-seryl-l- alpha-glutamyl-l-isoleucyl-l-alpha-aspartyl-l-leucyl-l-prolyl-l-valyl-l-lysyl-l-arginyl-l-arginyl-
330936-69-1
protein (human clone 1 humanin sequence homolog)
CHEMBL4447799
mfcd03787970
humanin (human) trifluoroacetate (h-met-ala-pro-arg-gly-phe-ser-cys-leu-leu-leu-leu-thr-ser-glu-ile-asp-leu-pro-val-lys-arg-arg-ala-oh)
humanin trifluoroacetate
DTXSID70186749
1-24-protein humanin

Research Excerpts

Overview

Humanin is a mitochondrial-derived signaling peptide encoded by short open reading frames within the mitochondrial genome. Humanin G (HNG) is a Mitochondrial Derived Peptide (MDP) that is cytoprotective in AMD and can protect against mitochondrial and cellular stress.

ExcerptReference
"Humanin is a gene cloned from an apparently normal region of an AD brain and encodes a 24-aa peptide."( Humanin, a newly identified neuroprotective factor, uses the G protein-coupled formylpeptide receptor-like-1 as a functional receptor.
Cui, Y; Gong, W; Iribarren, P; Le, Y; Wang, JM; Ying, G; Yu, ZX; Zhang, N; Zhou, Y, 2004)
"Humanin is an endogenous mitochondria-derived peptide that plays critical roles in oxidative stress, inflammation and CAD. "( Circulating humanin is lower in coronary artery disease and is a prognostic biomarker for major cardiac events in humans.
Cai, H; Cao, P; Forno, E; Gong, Z; Li, R; Muzumdar, R; Shao, W; Sun, W; Wang, L; Zheng, Y; Zou, L, 2022)
"Humanin is an autophagy inducer."( Humanin-induced autophagy plays important roles in skeletal muscle function and lifespan extension.
Cohen, P; Devgan, A; Kim, SJ; Kumagai, H; Lee, SM; Mehta, HH; Miller, B; Wassef, G; Wilson, KA; Wong, R; Yen, K, 2022)
"Humanin (HN) is an endogenous peptide factor and known as a member of mitochondrial-derived peptides. "( Humanin and Alzheimer's disease: The beginning of a new field.
Niikura, T, 2022)
"Humanin is a mitochondrial-derived signaling peptide encoded by short open reading frames within the mitochondrial genome."( Humanin Ameliorates Late-onset Hypogonadism in Aged Male Rats.
Abdullah, DM; Abozaid, ER; El Kattawy, HA, 2022)
"Humanin (HN) is a mitochondrial-derived peptide found in brain tissues of patients with familial AD and has been increasingly investigated in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases."( Roles of humanin and derivatives on the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases and cognition.
Chattipakorn, K; Chattipakorn, N; Chattipakorn, SC; Thiankhaw, K, 2022)
"Humanin G (HNG) is a Mitochondrial Derived Peptide (MDP) that is cytoprotective in AMD and can protect against mitochondrial and cellular stress induced by damaged AMD mitochondria."( Effect of Humanin G (HNG) on inflammation in age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Cohen, P; Kenney, MC; Nashine, S; Wan, J, 2022)
"Humanin (HN) is an endogenous 24-residue peptide that was first identified as a protective factor against neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). "( Humanin derivative, HNG, enhances neurotransmitter release.
Ikegawa, N; Kozuka, A; Morita, N; Murakami, M; Niikura, T; Sasakawa, N, 2022)
"Humanin is a potent cytoprotective agent that protects the cells against oxidative stress and apoptosis."( An evidence of Humanin-like peptide and Humanin mediated cryosurvival of spermatozoa in buffalo bulls.
Bhure, SK; Chandra, V; Devi, HL; Dhara, SK; Gemeda, AI; Ghosh, SK; Karikalan, M; Katiyar, R; Kumar, A; Pande, M; Patra, MK; Rautela, R; Singh, M; Srivastava, N, 2022)
"Humanin-G (HNG) is a variant of Humanin that has significantly higher cytoprotective properties."( Stability Determination of Intact Humanin-G with Characterizations of Oxidation and Dimerization Patterns.
Katz, B; Kenney, MC; Kuppermann, BD; Nasralla, N; Nesburn, AB; Ozgul, M; Taylan, E, 2023)
"Humanin is a mitochondrial peptide with cytoprotective properties against cellular stress."( PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF HUMANIN-G IN HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK IN FEMALE MICE VIA AMPKα1-INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS.
Ammann, A; Lahni, P; O'Connor, M; Piraino, G; Wagner, ML; Wolfe, V; Ziady, A; Zingarelli, B, 2023)
"S14G-humanin (HNG) is an HNG that has been reported to have a protective effect against myocardial fibrosis."( The humanin analogue (HNG) alleviates intrauterine adhesions by inhibiting endometrial epithelial cells ferroptosis: a rat model-based study.
Huang, J; Mo, H; Rao, M; Xia, W; Zhang, Q; Zhu, C; Zou, L, 2023)
"Humanin (HN) is a hydrophobic 24-amino acid peptide derived from mitochondrial DNA that modulates cellular responses to oxidative stress and protects human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells from apoptosis. "( The humanin peptide mediates ELP nanoassembly and protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress.
Hinton, DR; Kannan, R; Li, Z; MacKay, JA; Peddi, S; Sreekumar, PG, 2020)
"Humanin is a small regulatory peptide encoded within the 16S ribosomal RNA gene ("( High-intensity interval exercise increases humanin, a mitochondrial encoded peptide, in the plasma and muscle of men.
Berridge, MV; Cameron-Smith, D; Cohen, P; D'Souza, RF; Hedges, CP; Hickey, AJR; Merry, TL; Mitchell, CJ; Wan, J; Woodhead, JST, 2020)
"Humanin (HN) is an extensive neuroprotective peptide. "( Humanin protects cortical neurons from calyculin A-induced neurotoxicities by increasing PP2A activity and SOD.
Du, H; Shi, J; Wang, Y; Wu, B; Zeng, Y; Zhao, J; Zhao, W, 2021)
"Humanin (HN) is a mitochondrial-derived peptide with cytoprotective effect in many tissues. "( Humanin Promotes Tumor Progression in Experimental Triple Negative Breast Cancer.
Asad, AS; Candolfi, M; Creton, A; Gottardo, MF; Imsen, M; Isla Larrain, M; Moreno Ayala, MA; Nicola Candia, AJ; Pidre, ML; Romanowski, V; Seilicovich, A; Zuccato, CF, 2020)
"Humanin is a member of a new family of peptides that are encoded by short open reading frames within the mitochondrial genome. "( The mitochondrial derived peptide humanin is a regulator of lifespan and healthspan.
Atzmon, G; Barzilai, N; Bi, Q; Brandhorst, S; Breton, CV; Buffenstein, R; Cohen, P; Guerrero, N; Hoang, J; Kim, SJ; Lewis, KN; Longo, V; Lue, Y; Mattison, JA; Mehta, HH; Navarrete, G; Port, J; Swerdloff, R; Wallace, D; Wan, J; Wang, C; Yen, K, 2020)
"Humanin (HN) is a mitochondrial‑related peptide that serves a cytoprotective role in various cell types and animal models."( Cytoprotective role of humanin in lens epithelial cell oxidative stress‑induced injury.
Cui, Y; Shentu, X; Tang, X; Tang, Y; Yang, H; Yin, Q; Yu, X; Zhou, J, 2020)
"Humanin (HN) is a 24-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide, best known for its ability to protect neurons from damage caused by ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative insults and cardiomyocytes from myocardial infarction or doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cardiotoxicity. "( Novel humanin analogs confer neuroprotection and myoprotection to neuronal and myoblast cell cultures exposed to ischemia-like and doxorubicin-induced cell death insults.
Gilon, C; Gilon, D; Gitlin-Domagalska, A; Hoffman, A; Lahiani, A; Lazarovici, P; Sekler, I; Shumacher-Klinger, A; Taha, M; Yehoshua-Alshanski, S, 2020)
"Humanin (HN) is a small mitochondrial-derived cytoprotective polypeptide encoded by mtDNA. "( Humanin: A mitochondrial-derived peptide in the treatment of apoptosis-related diseases.
Ahmad, S; Amjad, M; Asad, J; Batool, A; Chaudhry, SN; Ghani, U; Ghuman, HF; Hazafa, A; Khan, HM; Naeem, M, 2021)
"Humanin (HN) is a mitochondrial-derived peptide that protects many cells/tissues from damage. "( The IL-27 component EBI-3 and its receptor subunit IL-27Rα are essential for the cytoprotective action of humanin on male germ cells†.
Cohen, P; Dai-Ju, J; Jia, Y; Lue, Y; Surampudi, P; Swerdloff, RS; Wang, C, 2021)
"Humanin (HN) is a short peptide involved in many biological processes such as apoptosis, cell survival, inflammatory response, and reaction to stressors like oxidative stress, between others. "( Mitochondrial humanin peptide acts as a cytoprotective factor in granulosa cell survival.
Conte, JG; Duncan, FE; Gottardo, MF; Imsen, M; Irizarri, M; Jaita, G; Manuel, SL; Martin, D; Marvaldi, C; Pidre, ML; Romanowski, V; Seilicovich, A, 2021)
"Humanin (HN) is an endogenous peptide that exerts cytoprotection against oxidative stress and apoptosis. "( Humanin directly protects cardiac mitochondria against dysfunction initiated by oxidative stress by decreasing complex I activity.
Chattipakorn, N; Chattipakorn, SC; Jaiwongkam, T; Khamseekaew, J; Shinlapawittayatorn, K; Thummasorn, S, 2018)
"Humanin (HN) is a 24-residue peptide that manipulates cell survival under various stresses. "( Humanin affects object recognition and gliosis in short-term cuprizone-treated mice.
Abe, Y; Murakami, M; Nagahama, M; Niikura, T, 2017)
"Humanin (HN) is a mitochondria-associated peptide that offers cytoprotective, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective effects in vivo and in vitro."( Humanin is an endogenous activator of chaperone-mediated autophagy.
Anguiano, J; Cuervo, AM; Cui, L; Diaz, A; Gong, Z; Kühn, B; Kuliawat, R; Liu, H; Muzumdar, R; Tas, E; Tasset, I, 2018)
"Humanin (HN) is a 24-residue peptide identified from the brain of a patient with Alzheimer's disease (AD). "( Humanin decreases mitochondrial membrane permeability by inhibiting the membrane association and oligomerization of Bax and Bid proteins.
Liu, DX; Ma, ZW, 2018)
"Humanin is an endogenous cytoprotective peptide."( Humanin promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in pancreatic MIN6 β-cells.
He, F; He, J; Jin, J; Li, T; Qin, Q; Zhang, Y; Zheng, Y, 2018)
"Humanin (MT-RNR2) is an endogenous polypeptide that is involved in many diseases, including T2DM. "( Comparison of serum concentrations of humanin in women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus.
Huang, J; Huang, Q; Lai, M; Li, S; Ma, Y; Peng, Y; Wang, N; Wang, Y; Wei, X; Zhao, L, 2018)
"Humanin is a peptide known to bind residues 215-232 of mature IGFBP-3 in the C-terminal region of the protein."( Interaction of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 3 With Hyaluronan and Its Regulation by Humanin and CD44.
Esckilsen, D; Evans, HG; Guthrie, J; Heyl, D; McEachern, S; Muterspaugh, R; Price, D, 2018)
"Humanin is a novel neuronal peptide that has displayed potential in the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease through the suppression of inflammatory IL-6 cytokine receptors. "( Humanin Nanoparticles for Reducing Pathological Factors Characteristic of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.
Kasher, R; Nathan, I; Parola, AH; Pathak, Y; Smalling, R; Solanki, A; Sutariya, V, 2019)
"Humanin (HN) is a polypeptide that has a cardioprotective effect against apoptosis and oxidative stress."( Plasma humanin as a prognostic biomarker for canine myxomatous mitral valve disease: a comparison with plasma NT-roBNP.
Boonyapakorn, C; Chattipakorn, N; Mangkhang, K; Pongkan, W; Punyapornwithaya, V; Tankaew, P, 2018)
"Humanin is a novel regulator of Hedgehog signaling and prevents glucocorticoid-induced bone growth impairment."( Humanin is a novel regulator of Hedgehog signaling and prevents glucocorticoid-induced bone growth impairment.
Celvin, B; Chrysis, D; Cohen, P; Fadeel, B; Mehta, HH; Ohlsson, C; Sävendahl, L; Wan, J; Zaman, F; Zhao, Y, 2019)
"Humanin is a secreted bioactive peptide that is protective in a variety of death models, including cell-based neuronal death models related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). "( Secreted calmodulin-like skin protein inhibits neuronal death in cell-based Alzheimer's disease models via the heterotrimeric Humanin receptor.
Hashimoto, Y; Iwamatsu, A; Kurita, M; Matsuoka, M; Nawa, M; Tokizawa, M, 2013)
"Humanin (HN) is a novel 24-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide that has demonstrated diverse cytoprotective effects, including an emerging role in diabetes. "( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of humanin and its analogues in male rodents.
Anene, F; Chin, YP; Cobb, LJ; Cohen, P; Jia, Y; Keni, J; Lue, YH; Mehta, H; Swerdloff, R; Wan, J; Wang, C, 2013)
"Humanin is a secreted bioactive peptide that suppresses cell toxicity caused by a variety of insults. "( SH3-binding protein 5 mediates the neuroprotective effect of the secreted bioactive peptide humanin by inhibiting c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase.
Hashimoto, Y; Matsuoka, M; Nawa, M; Takeshita, Y; Uchino, H, 2013)
"Humanin (HN) is a 24-aa polypeptide that offers protection from Alzheimer's disease and myocardial infarction, increases insulin sensitivity, improves survival of β cells, and delays onset of diabetes. "( Potent humanin analog increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through enhanced metabolism in the β cell.
Barzilai, N; Bastie, C; Cui, L; Fleischer, N; Gong, Z; Huffman, D; Klein, L; Kuliawat, R; Muzumdar, R; Nemkal, A; Nicoletta-Gentile, M; Su, K; Surana, M, 2013)
"Humanin is a recently introduced, mitochondrial-derived peptide with neuroprotective effects."( Humanin: a possible linkage between Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes.
Gan, SH; Golmirzaei, J; Jalalian, M; Kamal, MA; Mahboobi, H, 2014)
"Humanin is a 24-aa peptide cloned from the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD)."( Humanin rescues cultured rat cortical neurons from NMDA-induced toxicity not by NMDA receptor.
Cui, AL; Feng, ZB; Gong, L; Li, CL; Li, JZ; Li, K; Ma, GL; Zhang, C, 2014)
"Humanin is a 24-amino acid, secreted bioactive peptide that prevents various types of cell death and improves some types of cell dysfunction. "( Protective effects of Humanin and calmodulin-like skin protein in Alzheimer's disease and broad range of abnormalities.
Matsuoka, M, 2015)
"Humanin is a novel signaling peptide that acts as a potent regulator of cellular stress responses and protects from a variety of in vitro and in vivo toxic and metabolic insults."( IGF-I regulates the age-dependent signaling peptide humanin.
Bartke, A; Cohen, P; Fang, Y; Guevara-Aguirre, J; Lee, C; Longo, V; Miyazaki, B; Wan, J; Yen, K, 2014)
"Humanin (HN) is a 24-amino acid peptide with cytoprotective action in several cell types such as neurons and testicular germ cells. "( Antiapoptotic factor humanin is expressed in normal and tumoral pituitary cells and protects them from TNF-α-induced apoptosis.
Candolfi, M; Eijo, G; Ferraris, J; Gottardo, MF; Jaita, G; Magri, ML; Moreno Ayala, M; Pisera, D; Seilicovich, A; Zárate, S, 2014)
"Humanin (HN) is a secretory peptide that inhibits the neurotoxicity of Aβ."( Humanin attenuates Alzheimer-like cognitive deficits and pathological changes induced by amyloid β-peptide in rats.
Chai, GS; Duan, DX; Li, HL; Liu, G; Luo, Y; Ma, RH; Ma, ZW; Mousseau, DD; Qi, XH; Shen, JY; Wang, JZ; Wang, L; Wang, Q; Wei, Z, 2014)
"Humanin (HN) is an endogenous mitochondria-associated peptide that has been shown to protect against various Alzheimer's disease-associated insults, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and reactive oxygen species-induced cell death. "( Central effects of humanin on hepatic triglyceride secretion.
Cui, L; Dong, HH; Gong, Z; Muzumdar, RH; Su, K; Tas, E; Yakar, S; Zhang, T, 2015)
"Humanin is a small secreted peptide that is encoded in the mitochondrial genome. "( The mitochondrial-derived peptide humanin activates the ERK1/2, AKT, and STAT3 signaling pathways and has age-dependent signaling differences in the hippocampus.
Cohen, P; Guerrero, N; Kim, SJ; Mehta, HH; Wassef, G; Xiao, J; Yen, K, 2016)
"Humanin (HN) is a small mitochondrial-encoded peptide with neuroprotective properties. "( Humanin Protects RPE Cells from Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis by Upregulation of Mitochondrial Glutathione.
Barron, E; Cohen, P; Hinton, DR; Ishikawa, K; Kannan, R; Matsunaga, D; Sreekumar, PG; Terasaki, H, 2016)
"Humanin (HN) is an endogenous 24-residue peptide. "( Humanin ameliorates diazepam-induced memory deficit in mice.
Maruyama, T; Murakami, M; Nagahama, M; Niikura, T, 2017)
"Humanin (HN) is a mitochondrially encoded and secreted peptide linked to glucose metabolism and tissue protecting mechanisms. "( Humanin skeletal muscle protein levels increase after resistance training in men with impaired glucose metabolism.
Gidlund, EK; Heinonen, OJ; Norrbom, J; Risérus, U; Sundberg, CJ; Venojärvi, M; von Walden, F, 2016)
"Humanin (HN) is an anti-apoptotic peptide that suppresses neuronal cell death induced by Alzheimer's disease, prion protein fragments, and serum deprivation. "( Neuroprotective effect of humanin on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury is mediated by a PI3K/Akt pathway.
Chua, BH; Chua, CC; Chua, KW; Gao, J; Hamdy, RC; Wang, H; Xu, X, 2008)
"Humanin (HN) is a recently identified peptide that suppresses neuronal death initiated by AD-related insults."( [Effects of humanin on elevation of intracellular calcium concentration induced by beta-amyloid peptide(31-35) in cultured cortical neurons.].
Li, LM; Qiao, JT; Zhang, C, 2009)
"Humanin (HN) is a recently identified neuroprotective peptide able to inhibit neurotoxicity induced by various insults which can be related to Alzheimer disease (AD) as well as to cell death induced by other stimuli. "( Humanin structural versatility and interaction with model cerebral cortex membranes.
Basosi, R; Ferro, E; Pistolesi, S; Pogni, R; Rossini, L; Trabalzini, L, 2009)
"Humanin (HN) is a recently identified neuroprotective and antiapoptotic peptide derived from a portion of the mitochondrial MT-RNR2 gene. "( Evidence for potential functionality of nuclearly-encoded humanin isoforms.
Bodzioch, M; Dembinska-Kiec, A; Kamysz, W; Kiec-Wilk, B; Lapicka-Bodzioch, K; Zapala, B, 2009)
"Humanin (HN) is a binding partner of IGFBP3, and both are expressed in rat testes."( Opposing roles of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 and humanin in the regulation of testicular germ cell apoptosis.
Cobb, LJ; Cohen, P; Hikim, AS; Hwang, D; Jia, Y; Lee, KW; Liu, Q; Lue, Y; Mehta, H; Swerdloff, R; Wang, C, 2010)
"Humanin (HN) is a 24-amino acid peptide that has been shown to have an anti-apoptotic function against neuronal cell death caused by Alzheimer's disease. "( Humanin is expressed in human vascular walls and has a cytoprotective effect against oxidized LDL-induced oxidative stress.
Bachar, AR; Cobb, LJ; Cohen, P; Lerman, A; Lerman, LO; Nakamura, HK; Oh, YK; Pagano, RE; Scheffer, L; Schroeder, AS, 2010)
"Humanin (HN) is a newly discovered 24-amino acid peptide, which may suppress neuronal cell death. "( Humanins, the neuroprotective and cytoprotective peptides with antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties.
Dembińska-Kieć, A; Kaczyński, Ł; Kieć-Wilk, B; Knapp, A; Staszel, T; Thoresen, GH; Wybrańska, I; Zapała, B, )
"Humanin is a bioactive peptide that is likely to inhibit both neuronal death and dysfunction only related to AD by binding to a Humanin receptor on the cell-surface and by activating a STAT3-mediated signal, preventing the onset of dementia."( Humanin signal for Alzheimer's disease.
Matsuoka, M, 2011)
"Humanin (HN) is a 24-residue peptide displaying a protective activity in vitro against a range of cytotoxic and neurotoxic insults, as well as mediating in vivo amelioration of Alzheimer disease (AD)-related memory impairment in experimental models. "( VSTM2L is a novel secreted antagonist of the neuroprotective peptide Humanin.
Caricasole, A; Franceschini, D; Gianfriddo, M; Hashimoto, Y; Kurita, M; Matsuoka, M; Pollio, G; Roncarati, R; Rossini, L; Scali, C; Suzuki, H; Terstappen, GC; Trabalzini, L, 2011)
"Humanin (HN) is a cytoprotective peptide derived from endogenous mitochondria, expressed in the endothelial layer of human vessels, but its role in atherogenesis in vivo is not known. "( Humanin preserves endothelial function and prevents atherosclerotic plaque progression in hypercholesterolemic ApoE deficient mice.
Bachar, AR; Cobb, LJ; Cohen, P; Kim, SG; Lerman, A; Lerman, LO; Oh, YK; Wan, J; Zacharias, DG, 2011)
"Humanin (HN) is a newly discovered 24-amino acid peptide, which may suppress neuronal cell death. "( [Humanin and its derivatives as peptides with potential antiapoptotic and confirmed neuroprotective activities].
Dembińska-Kieć, A; Kaczyński, Ł; Kieć-Wilk, B; Knapp, A; Polus, A; Staszel, T; Wybrańska, I; Zapała, B, 2011)
"Humanin (HN) is a newly emerging endogenously expressed cytoprotective peptide."( Humanin, a cytoprotective peptide, is expressed in carotid atherosclerotic [corrected] plaques in humans.
Bachar, AR; Cohen, P; Herrmann, J; Kim, SG; Lerman, A; Lerman, LO; Massat, AE; Oh, YK; Rodriguez-Porcel, M; Zacharias, DG, 2012)
"Humanin (HN) is a linear 24-aa peptide recently detected in human Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. "( Interaction structure of the complex between neuroprotective factor humanin and Alzheimer's β-amyloid peptide revealed by affinity mass spectrometry and molecular modeling.
Exner, TE; Maftei, M; Manea, M; Przybylski, M; Schwanzar, D; Tian, X; von Arnim, CA, 2012)
"Humanin (HN) is an endogenous mitochondrial-derived cytoprotective peptide that has shown protective effects against atherosclerosis and is expressed in human vessels. "( Humanin prevents intra-renal microvascular remodeling and inflammation in hypercholesterolemic ApoE deficient mice.
Bachar, AR; Bell, CC; Cohen, P; Crane, JA; Eirin, A; Jordan, KL; Korsmo, MJ; Lerman, A; Lerman, LO; Oh, YK; Tang, H; Urbieta-Caceres, VH; Zhang, X; Zhu, XY, 2012)
"Humanin is a small endogenous antiapoptotic peptide, originally identified as protective against Alzheimer's disease, but subsequently also found on human endothelium as well as carotid artery plaques. "( Circulating humanin levels are associated with preserved coronary endothelial function.
Cohen, P; Flammer, AJ; Herrmann, J; Lerman, A; Lerman, LO; Rodriguez-Porcel, M; Wan, J; Widmer, RJ, 2013)
"Humanin (HN) is a newly identified neuroprotective peptide that specifically suppresses Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related neurotoxicity. "( A tripartite motif protein TRIM11 binds and destabilizes Humanin, a neuroprotective peptide against Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults.
Aiso, S; Hashimoto, Y; Ishizaka, M; Kawasumi, M; Nawa, M; Niikura, T; Nishimoto, I; Tajima, H; Terashita, K; Yamagishi, Y, 2003)
"Humanin (HN) is a secretory peptide that inhibits neurotoxicity by various Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults. "( Identification of essential amino acids in Humanin, a neuroprotective factor against Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults.
Hashimoto, Y; Niikura, T; Nishimoto, I; Yamagishi, Y, 2003)
"Humanin is a novel, 24-mer residue bioactive peptide, which antagonizes Alzheimer's disease (AD) related neurotoxicity and offers a hope for developing new therapeutics against AD. "( High-yield, solid-phase synthesis of humanin, an Alzheimer's disease associated, novel 24-mer peptide which contains a difficult sequence.
Evangelatos, GP; Evangelou, A; Livaniou, E; Zikos, C, 2004)
"Humanin is an anti-apoptotic peptide which is encoded in the mitochondrial genome."( Increased expression of humanin peptide in diffuse-type pigmented villonodular synovitis: implication of its mitochondrial abnormality.
Goldring, MB; Ijiri, K; Komiya, S; Majima, HJ; Matsuyama, T; Sakakima, H; Shimoonoda, K; Taniguchi, N; Tomita, K; Tsuruga, H, 2005)
"Humanin (HN) is a novel neuroprotective factor that consists of 24 amino acid residues. "( Humanin: after the discovery.
Aiso, S; Chiba, T; Matsuoka, M; Niikura, T; Nishimoto, I, 2004)
"Humanin (HN) is a recently identified endogenous peptide that protects cells against cytotoxicity induced by various stimuli. "( Cytoprotective peptide humanin binds and inhibits proapoptotic Bcl-2/Bax family protein BimEL.
Bailly-Maitre, B; Luciano, F; Reed, JC; Ricci, JE; Satterthwait, AC; Zhai, D; Zhu, X, 2005)
"Humanin (HN) is a 24-amino acid peptide that protects neuronal cells from death caused by Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related genes and amyloid-beta (Abeta). "( A humanin derivative, S14G-HN, prevents amyloid-beta-induced memory impairment in mice.
Aiso, S; Chiba, T; Kawasumi, M; Kita, Y; Kouyama, K; Matsuoka, M; Nawa, M; Niikura, T; Nishimoto, I; Tajima, H; Yamada, M; Yamashita, K, 2005)
"Humanin is a newly identified 24-residue peptide that suppresses neuronal cell death caused by a wide spectrum of familial Alzheimer's disease genes and the beta-amyloid peptide. "( Solution structure of humanin, a peptide against Alzheimer's disease-related neurotoxicity.
Benaki, D; Evangelou, A; Livaniou, E; Mikros, E; Pelecanou, M; Vlassi, M; Zikos, C, 2005)
"Humanin (HN) is an endogenous peptide that inhibits neuronal cell death caused by mutant Alzheimer's disease genes, and this neuroprotective factor has recently been reported to suppress apoptosis by inhibiting activation of ASK1."( Humanin attenuates apoptosis induced by DRPLA proteins with expanded polyglutamine stretches.
Fujikake, N; Furiya, Y; Hirano, M; Kariya, S; Nagai, Y; Toda, T; Ueno, S, 2005)
"Humanin (HN) is a newly identified neuroprotective peptide. "( Humanin delays apoptosis in K562 cells by downregulation of P38 MAP kinase.
Bai, C; Chen, L; Li, H; Pei, X; Wang, D; Yuan, H; Zheng, M, 2005)
"Humanin (HN) is a short bioactive peptide abolishing neuronal cell death induced by various familial AD (FAD)-causative genes and amyloid-beta (Abeta) in vitro."( Development of a femtomolar-acting humanin derivative named colivelin by attaching activity-dependent neurotrophic factor to its N terminus: characterization of colivelin-mediated neuroprotection against Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults in vitro and i
Aiso, S; Chiba, T; Hashimoto, Y; Kita, Y; Matsuoka, M; Nishimoto, I; Sasabe, J; Sato, M; Terashita, K; Yamada, M, 2005)
"Humanine is a human neuroprotective peptide with a wide action spectrum. "( [Identification of the proteins interacting with neuroprotective peptide humanin in a yeast two-hybrid system].
Arman, IP; Maksimov, VV; Tarantul, VZ, 2006)
"Humanin (HN) is a 24 amino acids peptide with potent neuro-survival properties that protects against damage associated with Alzheimer's disease. "( Anti-apoptotic factor humanin is expressed in the testis and prevents cell-death in leydig cells during the first wave of spermatogenesis.
Carlsson-Skwirut, C; Cohen, P; Colón, E; Söder, O; Strand, ML; Svechnikov, KV; Wahlgren, A, 2006)
"Humanin is a short endogenous peptide, which can provide protection from cell death through its association with various receptors, including the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins Bid, Bim, and Bax. "( Mapping the specific cytoprotective interaction of humanin with the pro-apoptotic protein bid.
Choi, J; Marassi, FM; Reed, JC; Satterthwait, A; Zhai, D; Zhou, X, 2007)
"Humanin is a very recently discovered 24 amino acid linear polypeptide, which protects against cell death induced by either familial Alzheimer's disease mutant of amyloid precursor protein, presenilin-1 or presenilin-2 in vitro. "( [Gly(14)]-Humanin improved the learning and memory impairment induced by scopolamine in vivo.
Mamiya, T; Ukai, M, 2001)

Effects

Humanin has been shown to protect cells from beta amyloid toxicity and preserve endothelial cell function in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. Humanin (HN) has been proved to be an extensive neuroprotective peptide against AD-related and unrelated insults. Little is know about the effect of HN in inflammation response.

ExcerptReference
"Humanin (HN) has been shown to have protective effects on cognitive impairments induced by factors such as Aβ, muscarinic receptor antagonists, and aging in rodents."( Protective effects of chronic humanin treatment in mice with diabetic encephalopathy: A focus on oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.
Adam, M; Bulut, F; Canpolat, S; Hekim, MG; Ozcan, M; Ozcan, S; Özgen, A, 2023)
"Humanin has been shown to protect cells from beta amyloid toxicity and preserve endothelial cell function in a mouse model of atherosclerosis."( Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides Exacerbate Senescence.
Larrick, JW; Mendelsohn, AR, 2018)
"Humanin (HN) has been identified as an endogenous peptide that inhibited AD-relevant neuronal cell death. "( [Gly14]-Humanin reduces histopathology and improves functional outcome after traumatic brain injury in mice.
Bao, H; Chang, P; Chen, X; Dai, D; Dong, W; Liu, W; Tao, L; Wang, L; Wang, T; Wang, Y; Zhang, L; Zhang, M, 2013)
"Humanin (HN) has been proved to be an extensive neuroprotective peptide against AD-related and unrelated insults, but little is know about the effect of HN in inflammation response. "( Neuroprotective Peptide humanin inhibits inflammatory response in astrocytes induced by lipopolysaccharide.
Li, JH; Zhao, L; Zhao, ST, 2013)
"Humanin (HN) has been reported to be an endogenous peptide that exerts highly selective neuroprotection against cell death induced by various types of Alzheimer's disease-related insults. "( Humanin improves impaired metabolic activity and prolongs survival of serum-deprived human lymphocytes.
Hirano, M; Kariya, S; Takahashi, N; Ueno, S, 2003)

Treatment

Humanin treatment significantly improved serum testosterone, sperm characteristics, and antioxidant defenses. Humanin cotreatment inhibited tBH-induced reactive oxygen species formation and significantly restored mitochondrial bioenergetics in hRPE cells.

ExcerptReference
"Humanin treatment significantly improved serum testosterone, sperm characteristics, and antioxidant defenses. "( Humanin Ameliorates Late-onset Hypogonadism in Aged Male Rats.
Abdullah, DM; Abozaid, ER; El Kattawy, HA, 2022)
"Humanin cotreatment inhibited tBH-induced reactive oxygen species formation and significantly restored mitochondrial bioenergetics in hRPE cells."( The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide Humanin Protects RPE Cells From Oxidative Stress, Senescence, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction.
Cohen, P; Hinton, DR; Ishikawa, K; Kannan, R; Mehta, HH; Spee, C; Sreekumar, PG; Wan, J; Yen, K, 2016)
"Humanin treatment during ischaemia and in the reperfusion period provided no neuroprotection."( Humanin prevents brain mitochondrial dysfunction in a cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion injury model.
Charununtakorn, ST; Chattipakorn, N; Chattipakorn, SC; Jaiwongkam, T; Kumfu, S, 2016)
"Humanin treatment increases phosphorylation in AKT, ERK 1/2, and STAT3 where PI3K, MEK, and JAK are involved in the activation of those three signaling pathways, respectively."( The mitochondrial-derived peptide humanin activates the ERK1/2, AKT, and STAT3 signaling pathways and has age-dependent signaling differences in the hippocampus.
Cohen, P; Guerrero, N; Kim, SJ; Mehta, HH; Wassef, G; Xiao, J; Yen, K, 2016)
"Humanin analogue pretreatment exerted cardioprotective effects against I/R injury through the attenuation of cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction."( Humanin exerts cardioprotection against cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury through attenuation of mitochondrial dysfunction.
Apaijai, N; Chattipakorn, N; Chattipakorn, SC; Kerdphoo, S; Shinlapawittayatorn, K; Thummasorn, S, 2016)
"Treatment with humanin-G improved lung injury, mean arterial blood pressure, and survival in both WT and KO mice, without affecting systemic cytokine or humanin levels."( PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF HUMANIN-G IN HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK IN FEMALE MICE VIA AMPKα1-INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS.
Ammann, A; Lahni, P; O'Connor, M; Piraino, G; Wagner, ML; Wolfe, V; Ziady, A; Zingarelli, B, 2023)

Toxicity

The 24-residue peptide humanin (HN) has been proposed as a peptide-based inhibitor. Humanin seems, however, not to inhibit other toxic insults to neurons, such as Fas or etoposide.

ExcerptReference
" Humanin seems, however, not to inhibit other toxic insults to neurons, such as Fas or etoposide, an agent against carcinomatous cells in clinical therapy."( [Recent progress in neuroprotection of humanin against Alzheimer's disease-relevant neurotoxicity].
Cui, AL; Li, LM; Qiao, JT; Zhang, C; Zhao, L, 2006)
"The 24-residue peptide humanin (HN) has been proposed as a peptide-based inhibitor able to interact directly with amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers and interfere with the formation and/or biological properties of toxic Aβ species."( Humanin Specifically Interacts with Amyloid-β Oligomers and Counteracts Their in vivo Toxicity.
Beeg, M; Cagnotto, A; Corbelli, A; Diomede, L; Fiordaliso, F; Gobbi, M; Romeo, M; Rossi, A; Salmona, M; Stravalaci, M, 2017)
" In the absence of Dox, HNG, DRZ, or DRZ + HNG had no adverse effect on the heart."( Humanin analog enhances the protective effect of dexrazoxane against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.
Atienza, V; Avetisyan, R; Chen, M; Gao, C; Hoang, J; Jia, Y; Lue, Y; Rao, M; Ren, S; Song, Y; Swerdloff, R; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Yu, J; Zhang, Y, 2018)
" Pretreatment or co-treatment of HN with AgNPs protected cells from several of these AgNPs induced adverse effects."( Mitochondrial Peptide Humanin Protects Silver Nanoparticles-Induced Neurotoxicity in Human Neuroblastoma Cancer Cells (SH-SY5Y).
Gurunathan, S; Jeyaraj, M; Kang, MH; Kim, JH, 2019)

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReference
" WT mice treated with HNGF6A and IGFBP-3(-/-) mice treated with HNG displayed a longer half-life of HN compared with WT mice treated with HNG."( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of humanin and its analogues in male rodents.
Anene, F; Chin, YP; Cobb, LJ; Cohen, P; Jia, Y; Keni, J; Lue, YH; Mehta, H; Swerdloff, R; Wan, J; Wang, C, 2013)
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (2)

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Phosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.06090.06090.06090.0609AID1618788
G-protein coupled receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.06090.06090.06090.0609AID1618788
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (15)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cholesterol metabolic processPhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol transportPhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid metabolic processPhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic processPhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol metabolic processPhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodelingPhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
high-density lipoprotein particle remodelingPhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
lipoprotein biosynthetic processPhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasisPhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
reverse cholesterol transportPhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylcholine metabolic processPhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle assemblyPhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
lipid metabolic processPhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayG-protein coupled receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasisG-protein coupled receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide signaling pathwayG-protein coupled receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (10)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase activityPhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase activityPhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
sterol esterase activityPhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingPhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
apolipoprotein A-I bindingPhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
platelet-activating factor acetyltransferase activityPhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingG-protein coupled receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
adipokinetic hormone receptor activityG-protein coupled receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
adipokinetic hormone bindingG-protein coupled receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide bindingG-protein coupled receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityG-protein coupled receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (8)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
extracellular regionPhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spacePhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomePhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
high-density lipoprotein particlePhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spacePhosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmG-protein coupled receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneG-protein coupled receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleG-protein coupled receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionG-protein coupled receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneG-protein coupled receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (3)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1345855Mouse FPR2/ALX (Leukotriene receptors)2004Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), Jun-01, Volume: 172, Issue:11
Humanin, a newly identified neuroprotective factor, uses the G protein-coupled formylpeptide receptor-like-1 as a functional receptor.
AID1345806Human FPR2/ALX (Leukotriene receptors)2004Biochemical and biophysical research communications, Nov-05, Volume: 324, Issue:1
N-Formylated humanin activates both formyl peptide receptor-like 1 and 2.
AID1345897Human FPR3 (Formylpeptide receptors)2004Biochemical and biophysical research communications, Nov-05, Volume: 324, Issue:1
N-Formylated humanin activates both formyl peptide receptor-like 1 and 2.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (281)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's84 (29.89)29.6817
2010's134 (47.69)24.3611
2020's63 (22.42)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials4 (1.38%)5.53%
Reviews37 (12.76%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational2 (0.69%)0.25%
Other247 (85.17%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
glycine
[no description available]		3.1450alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
dithionite
Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.		2.110sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		2.0210bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.0210acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.0210indolesfluorochrome
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		7.15101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		7.610
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.1110dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.0110aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
temozolomide
[no description available]		7.2110imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
urethane
[no description available]		2.0510carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		2.0210glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
aldosterone
[no description available]		2.111011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.4220alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.9540L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
puromycin aminonucleoside
3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.		2.02103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.0810pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		2.4220amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		2.0510aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.0110arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
trifluoroethanol
Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.		7.7330fluoroalcohol
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		7.41106-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		2.0410mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.4220anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2.31101,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.77301,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		2.520diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
cuprizone
[no description available]		7.1510organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		2.1310benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.5220dialdehydebiomarker
congo red
Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.		2.0710bis(azo) compound
thioflavin t
thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.		2.0710organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
geroprotector;
histological dye
ethylene dimethanesulfonate
ethylene dimethanesulfonate: antispermatogenic agent; structure		2.1110
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		3.1950amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		8.7320copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		2.0310cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.0210acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
osmium tetroxide
Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.. osmium tetroxide : An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.		2.0210osmium coordination entityfixative;
histological dye;
oxidising agent;
poison
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.0210glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.110organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		7.1710razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
coumarin 6
coumarin 6: structure in first source		2.07107-aminocoumarinsfluorochrome
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		2.4520cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.0110imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
wortmannin
[no description available]		2.0410acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
bortezomib
[no description available]		7.520amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
elastin
[no description available]		2.2510oligopeptide
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.0410cyclodextrin
acetyl coenzyme a
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.		2.1510acyl-CoAacyl donor;
coenzyme;
effector;
fundamental metabolite
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.		2.0110tetrapeptideprotease inhibitor
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan: structure in first source		2.0510organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		2.0710cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.0410organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		2.0510carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
genistein
[no description available]		2.71307-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.17104-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
calyculin a
calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R*(1S*,3S*,4S*,5R*,6R*,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R*),7beta(E(S*)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer		7.3110
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		2.0510phosphatidylcholine(1+)
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		7.0310cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		2.110azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		2.0510ammonium ion derivative
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.7130
lhrh, ala(6)-gly(10)-ethylamide-
LHRH, Ala(6)-Gly(10)-ethylamide-: a growth hormone agonistic analog; RN given is for acetate salt		2.0510
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.9640
acyline
[no description available]		2.0810
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		2.610
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.05101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		2.1710
chitosan
[no description available]		2.2110
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) in which both acyl groups are specified as oleoyl.		2.05101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		2.1710polypeptide
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.0710benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		2.0110
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		7.110ketal
colivelin
Colivelin: a hybrid peptide composed of activity-dependent neurotrophic factor (ADNF) C-terminally fused to AGA-(C8R)HNG17, a potent humanin derivative		5.2560
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		2.0110
amyloid beta-peptides
[no description available]		2.4220
akt-i-1,2 compound
Akt-I-1,2 compound: an aminopeptidase P inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0410
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		2.11103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		2.0210nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		08.6630
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		08.6630
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		02.4110
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		04.4341
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		04.4870
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.8830
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		02.4110
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		04.4341
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		04.4870
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		02.8830
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		04.4260
Anoxemia
[description not available]		03.6820
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		03.6820
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		03.3310
Hyperoxia
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.		03.3310
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		03.3310
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		03.5720
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		03.5720
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		03.3310
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		03.3310
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.4540
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		04.4540
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		02.4110
Hypogonadism
Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).		07.4110
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		05.8790
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		06.7171
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		03.8120
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		05.1970
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		06.7171
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		03.8120
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		05.1970
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		05.8790
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.4110
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		02.5720
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		02.4110
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		02.5720
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.520
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		07.520
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.4110
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		07.4110
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		02.610
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		02.7620
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.610
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		07.610
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.610
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.610
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.610
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		02.610
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		02.610
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		07.9630
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		02.9630
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		09.3960
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		03.9440
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		07.610
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.610
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.6920
Endometrial Diseases
[description not available]		02.610
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		07.6920
Uterine Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.		02.610
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.2110
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.2110
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		04.4170
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		04.4170
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.2110
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		0840
Blood Clot
[description not available]		02.2510
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		02.2510
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.2510
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		04.7860
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		04.7860
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		02.2510
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		09.6530
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		02.2510
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		02.2510
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.7930
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.2510
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.2510
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.2510
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		02.2510
MELAS
[description not available]		07.7530
MELAS Syndrome
A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)		02.7530
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		02.2510
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.2510
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		05.11150
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		03.0130
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		03.0130
Psychoses
[description not available]		02.3110
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		02.3110
Cancer of Granulosa Cells
[description not available]		02.3110
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		07.1510
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		02.1510
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		02.5420
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.3660
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		02.5420
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		02.1510
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		02.1510
Job Stress
[description not available]		02.1710
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		02.4620
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		02.4620
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		02.5320
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		02.5320
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		07.1710
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.1710
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		07.1710
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		02.1710
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		02.1710
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		02.2110
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		02.2110
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		08.4220
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		03.4220
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.1710
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		02.1710
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		02.1710
Astheno Teratozoospermia
[description not available]		02.2110
Hypospermatogenesis
[description not available]		02.2110
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.2110
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed
[description not available]		02.8130
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)		07.8130
Acute Q Fever
[description not available]		02.2110
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2110
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic
A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)		02.2110
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia
[description not available]		03.5911
Dementia, Vascular
An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)		03.5911
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		07.5520
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.0810
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.0810
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		07.0810
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		03.0110
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		03.9140
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		03.0110
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		03.9140
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		02.4820
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.4720
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		02.1110
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.4720
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		02.4820
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.110
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.1110
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.1110
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		03.4370
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		03.4370
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		02.9940
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		02.4920
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		07.4920
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.		02.9940
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		03.3820
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		03.3820
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		02.1310
Prediabetes
[description not available]		03.5111
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.5111
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		07.1710
Palsy
[description not available]		02.1510
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		02.1510
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.0410
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		07.0410
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.0410
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.0410
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		04.260
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		02.0510
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		02.0510
Atheroma
[description not available]		02.0610
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		02.4720
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		02.4720
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		02.0710
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		02.0710
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.0710
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.0710
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		02.0810
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		02.0810
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		02.0810
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		02.0810
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.0810
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		02.0810
Dementias, Transmissible
[description not available]		02.0210
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		02.0210
Diffuse Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.0210
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		02.0210
Synovitis, Pigmented Villonodular
Diffuse outgrowth arising from the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE; SYNOVIAL BURSA; or TENDON sheath around the joint cavity, with extension to surrounding soft tissue. It is characterized by pigmented HEMOSIDERIN-containing MACROPHAGES; FOAM CELLS; and multinucleated GIANT CELLS. It usually occurs in the hands and feet, and around large joints, such as in the ankle and knee joints.		02.0210
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		02.0210
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		02.0210
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)		02.0210
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.0310
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia
[description not available]		07.0310
Encephalomyelitis, Subacute Necrotizing
[description not available]		02.0310
Leigh Disease
A group of metabolic disorders primarily of infancy characterized by the subacute onset of psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, ataxia, weakness, vision loss, eye movement abnormalities, seizures, dysphagia, and lactic acidosis. Pathological features include spongy degeneration of the neuropile of the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord. Patterns of inheritance include X-linked recessive, autosomal recessive, and mitochondrial. Leigh disease has been associated with mutations in genes for the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX; CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE; ATP synthase subunit 6; and subunits of mitochondrial complex I. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p850).		02.0310
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.9410
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		07.9410
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0410
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous
A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.		02.0410